i66 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW or components are most effective in is not infrequent in Greek. Far from the Latin hexameter ? There are two that, it is one of the chief causes possibilities: (a) the number of ictus why the Homeric is so unlike the may be the same in both clauses, but Virgilian hexameter. In Latin the their length, measured in breves, un- trochaic division of a dactyl made co- equal ; or (6) the lengths may be incidence of accent and ictus inevitable equal, but the number of ictus unequal. (Iaside Palinure—quaeque viae tibi M. Cahen finds 49 types of (a), while causa—). Again, the infrequency of those of (b) are few and infrequent. the division after the third dactyl is The penthhemimeral caesura divides not due to ' equality' of clauses simply, the line into parts which have the same but to the fact that equality with the number of ictus, but are related in clauses each containing three ictus (is length as 10 : 13 (13, on the doubtful subversive of the principle of the verse. assumption that the last foot should The hypothesis of the hexameter is that count as a trochee). This division is it is not constructed on the principle of extremely frequent. The ' trochaic ' putting equal clauses in juxtaposition ; caesura brings the parts nearer to that is the principle of the pentameter, equality (11 : 12 or 13), and is far less and of some other forms of metre. It frequent (only seven instances in the was done before the technique of the Metamorphoses). Division after the third verse had been mastered (Ennius: dactyl is a still closer approach to it spernitur orator bonus, horridus miles (12 : 11, according to M. Cahen, but amatur; Virgil's pulverulentus equis furit, rather 12 : 12), and of this there are omnes arma requirunt is a reminiscence only five instances. of an older poet). Apart from this, it M. Cahen seems to take too narrow is not perfectly clear that the lines a view of his subject. There are advan- which M. Cahen discusses are divided tages in looking at a thing through a where he supposes. Nescit utro potius microscope, but there are also disad- ruat I et ruere ardet utroque; but there vantages. He makes no allusion what- is a slight pause after et (hephthe- ever to the forms taken by the hexameter mimeral). M. Cahen himself seems in Greek, or to the possibility that the to feel at the end (p. 120) that he has incidence of the Latin accent affected the only been working out what is involved choice of forms at Rome. Infrequency of in the ' caesura.' It is rather a tabula- the' trochaic' caesura cannot be deduced tion of facts than an explanation of from the structure of the hexameter, them. taken in the abstract; for that caesura W. R. HARDIE. THE CLAUSULA IN AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS. The Clausula in Ammianus Marcellinus. innovation of punctuating his author By A. M. HARMON. Transactions of according to the numeri, i.e., according the Connecticut Academy of Arts to delivery, not grammatical construc- and Sciences. Vol. 16. Pp. 117-245. tion. He says of his work recensuit October, 1910. rhythmiceque distinxit, and in his Preface lays down in a few words the principles MR. HARMON'S dissertation has been followed by the author. Harmon has published separately under the auspices written a valuable monograph, in which of Yale University. It possesses special he has made very considerable addi- interest in view of the very important tions to our knowledge of prose- edition of Ammianus Marcellinus by rhythm at that interesting period when C. U. Clark, Professor at the same numeri based an stress-accent took the University, the first volume of which, place of their metrical predecessors. containing Books XIV.-XXV., also The only reference to C. U. Clark's appeared in 1910. C. U. Clark has edition in this treatise is on p. 236, introduced into his text the notable where it is said to be in course of pub- THE CLASSICAL REVIEW 167 lication: although on two occasions and all clausulae, i.e. those at the there is a reference to his previous end of the K$>\ay or clauses, as well work on ' the text-tradition of Am- as at the end of the sentences, in mianus,' and once a conjecture of his is Book XXL, 1462 in number. He has mentioned. As in the preface to C. U. printed Book XXL in full with all the Clark's work we find among those who clausulae marked, a method which have co-operated, Harmon, Austin M., should carry conviction to anyone who discipulus in seminario Clarkii Ammianeo, approaches the subject with an open we should have expected from Harmon mind. He agrees with other writers a precise statement concerning the in the conclusion, which is indeed extent of his obligations. necessary, that there is no essential The laws of prose rhythm at this difference between the nutneri of the period were first laid down by W. sentence and the KWKOV. The same Meyer of Speyer in his review of L. rhythms predominate in both. It may Havet, La Prose metrique de Symmaque. be doubted whether he does not go I state them as briefly as possible. too far in seeking to remove the rarer Roman writers, following in the steps rhythms. Thus for spectdntibus et vilibus of Greek predecessors, showed a marked (XXX. 6.3), he proposes spectdn- preference for three forms of cadence, in dus et vilibus 'to better the rhythm.' which the cretic plays a predominant It should be noticed, however, that part, viz.: —tantibus et vilibus is a very fair metrical 1. -«w- -c;, e.g. m6rte vicistis. clausula, viz. Zielinski's 2 tr. in which 2. -«w- .«_-o, e.g. cessit audiciae. 3. -— —-w, e.g. gatidium pervenire. a choriambus takes the place of the cretic in the base (239 examples in i.e. cretic + trochee, cretic + cretic, Cicero's speeches). All accentual clau- cretic + double trochee. (The last syl- sulae are developed from metrical pre- lable is always anceps as in verse.) decessors, and I do not see why 2 tr., This preference became more marked which still survives in the metrical in course of time, and finally in writers prose of Symmachus, should perish like St. Cyprian and Symmachus the wholly aircus. Also, in other writers of three forms become almost invariable. the period, e.g. St. Jerome, we find The next stage is reached when now and then among the accentual stress-accent came in and quantity clausulae a sprinkling of others which was ignored. The result was what can only be classified by the metrical Meyer terms "a cursus mixtus, i.e where method. The cursus mixtus, as Meyer some of the clausulae are correct calls it, belongs to a period of transi- metrically as well as accentually, while tion. others are based on accent only. Thus Harmon's minute study of Ammianus mSrte vicistis and genus humdnum, cessit has enabled him to reach several in- auddcia and bdna remedia, gdudium per- teresting conclusions. Thus, he tells venire and gdudia pervenire are found us that the author, while in accented side by side. The accentual clausulae syllables he is wholly indifferent to at a later date became known as the quantity, in unaccented syllables ob- cursus planus, tardus and velox, and rules serves quantity, when due to position. for their use were drawn up by Gre- The question is too technical for dis- gory VIII. and others in the twelfth cussion here, but the point appears to be century. made out. Great light is thrown upon The prose of Ammianus is especially questions of accentuation by the suitable for a study of this singular clausula. Thus, Ammianus appears development, and Harmon's treatise to have accented adhuc, subinde, deinde, may be recommended without reserve deinceps, quilibet, quovis, hoc mddo (but to any students who are willing to huitismodi). It appears that a short consider the facts. final vowel, e.g. a or &, when followed Harmon has examined the clausulae by -que takes the accent. Greek words, at the end of the sentences in nine as is also pointed out by C. U. Clark, books of Ammianus, 1181 in number, generally keep the Greek accent, e.g. i68 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW a-vpiyyai appellamus{ = 3), Abdera visitur notes to be the reading of one of the (= 2), apud Platonem legitur (=2), fiirias inferior MSS., or of an early editor. TSiv[ievi8a<: ( = 3), fiaaCkea et reliqua (=2)Severa, l emendations of other scholars atque Cyclddas (=1). are shown to be supported by the He compares the scansions Cyclddas, rhythm, which is also decisive in sundry questions of punctuation. The supple- Aratus, emblema, problema, idolum in the ments of Gelenius, the authenticity of verses of Venantius Fortunatus. which has been doubted, are vindicated The most surprising statement, of by the rhythm, and therefore must have which Harmon says that ' at first sight been taken from the lost Hersfeld MS., it seems almost incredible,' is that in fragments of which now survive at the combination qu the letter u may Marburg. Perhaps the most interest- count as a syllable. In the case of some ing service performed by the new test words this is said to be the regular is to show that the speeches in Am- practice: thus equus, aqua and quies are mianus are the composition of the always treated as trisyllables. The author himself. This is true even of scansion aqua is indeed found in Lu- the warning of Procopius to Ursicinus cretius (VI.