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Lepidopteros Asociados Al Cultivo Del Arándano En Andalucía Occidental

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Lepidopteros Asociados Al Cultivo Del Arándano En Andalucía Occidental Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 24: 763-772, ¡998 Lepidopteros asociados al cultivo del arándano en Andalucía Occidental J. M.a MOLINA Se trata la composición taxonómica, frecuencia, fenología y daños causados por las especies de Lepidópteros que habitan los cultivos de arándano en Andalucía Occiden- tal. Se recolectaron catorce especies, la mayoría han incorporado recientemente esta planta en su dieta larvaria. Algunas de ellas pudieran revestir importancia en el futuro, debido a sus características bioecológicas, la abundancia de sus poblaciones, su amplia distribución o el tipo de daño causado. Entre éstas, los Tortrícidos Cacoecimorpha pro- nubana (Hbn.) y Lobesia botrana (Hbn.), el pirálido Criptobables gnidiella (Mill.) y los noctuidos Spodoptera littoralis (B.) y Acronicta auricoma ([D. & S.]), se conside- ran las especies de lepidópteros que pueden requerir un futuro seguimiento y/o control. J. M." MOLINA: Dpto. Protección Vegetal. CIFA «Las Torres». Aptdo. Oficial. 41200 Alcalá del Rio (Sevilla, España). Palabras clave. Plagas de frutales, plantas nutricias, cambio de hospedador, arán- dano, Vaccinium, Lepidoptera INTRODUCCIÓN potencial repercusión económica; siendo además empleados como elementos para la El arándano americano, Vaccinium evaluación de los cultivares introducidos. corymbosum L. {Ericaceae), es un arbusto Los estudios iniciales han permitido identi- de hoja ancha, caduca, que se distribuye por ficar 35 especies de insectos. En este artícu- el centro este norteamericano (PRITTS y lo se presentan los resultados del inventario HANCOCK, 1992). Introducido en 1993 en la de Lepidópteros. provincia de Huelva (Andalucía), el cultivo En Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, país del arándano incrementó su superficie de 16 de origen de la mayoría de los cultivares de has iniciales a una extensión actual cercana arándano, entre el 30 y el 50% de las espe- a las 100 has, presentándose como una acti- cies de insectos que pueden requerir inter- vidad agrícola capaz de mejorar la viabili- vención fitosanitaria son Lepidópteros dad de pequeñas explotaciones, y destinada (MILLHOLLAND y MEYER, 1984; PRITTS y a compartir el mercado de exportación con HANCOCK, op cit.). En zonas de reciente in- la fresa y otros pequeños frutos (COQUE et troducción de la planta, tales como Chile o al., 1993). Con vista a sentar las bases nece- Australia, aproximadamente la cuarta parte sarias para ello se viene trabajando en diver- de los insectos que atacan al cultivo pertene- sos aspectos relacionados con el arándano cen a este orden. CASALS (1994) menciona en la costa onubense. En la vertiente de pro- como plagas primarias en Chile cuatro espe- tección vegetal, desde 1995, se realiza el in- cies; mientras que, en la costa australiana, ventariado y seguimiento de la fauna de in- MACDONALD (1993) menciona tres. En Eu- sectos asociada, con el fin de conocer su po- ropa los datos concretos son escasos, consi- sición en el agrosistema, incidencia real y/o derándose que la mayoría de las especies ca- recen de importancia económica, constitu- pleada por CHAPMAN (1973), y el potencial yendo plagas secundarias, reguladas de como plaga de cada especie. A este cuerpo modo natural (p.e. ECCHER et al, 1993; principal de datos se añadieron observacio- HAFFNER, 1993; NAUMANN, 1993). En nes realizadas fuera de los muéstreos siste- nuestro país se han mencionado tres espe- máticos, como se señala en cada caso. cies potencialmente perjudiciales suscepti- En las tablas confeccionadas se listan las bles de seguimiento: Mineóla vaccinii, especies encontradas, periodo de aparición, Grapholita (Laspeyresia) packardi, y Chei- su frecuencia relativa y, si fue posible su matobia brumata (COQUE et al, op cit.). cálculo, una estimación de la densidad de orugas total en el periodo estudiado, y en función del área muestreada en cada cultivar de arándano y año de estudio. Muestras de MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS los ejemplares capturados o criados en cau- tividad, convenientemente preparados y eti- Las observaciones se realizaron en vive- quetados, se encuentran depositados en la ros y campos de producción de arándanos colección de referencia del Dpto. Protección en la provincia de Huelva (Finca El Cebo- Vegetal, CIFA «Las Torres-Tomejil», Junta llar, Moguer y Finca Atlantic Blue, El de Andalucía. Rocío, Almonte), sobre una extensión total de 17 hectáreas, en plantaciones de 3-4 años de antigüedad, desde octubre de 1995 a julio de 1997. Se examinaron cinco cultivares RESULTADOS americanos de arándano (Vaccinium x corymbosum L.) del grupo «highbush» me- El arándano americano es hospedador de, ridional: O'Neal, Sharpeblue, Reveille, al menos, catorce especies de lepidópteros, Misty y Gulf Coast, seleccionados por sus representando para éstas un nuevo registro de requerimientos de horas frío y precocidad y, planta nutricia. Algunas de sus características por tanto, previsible mejor adaptación, pro- ecológicas se listan en los cuadros 1 y 2. ductividad y adecuación al mercado en El 46,15% de las especies han sido men- clima andaluz (BALLINGTON y KREWER, cionadas, dentro de su rango de distribución, 1984; PRITTS y HANCOCK, op cit.). sobre plantas de la familia de las ericáceas Se recogieron datos sobre la presencia y (cuadro 1). Todas son polífagas, sensu Wl- densidad de estadios preimaginales de lepi- KLUND (1982), excepto Charaxes jasius, que dópteros mediante el muestreo semanal de se muestra localmente como monófaga sobre las plantas presentes en parcelas elementales madroño (Fig. 1). El grupo ecológico mejor de 10 m2 de cada uno de los cultivares men- representado son los defoliadores (71,43% cionados -10-12 según edad y marco de de las especies); apareciendo también espe- plantación establecido-; contrastados poste- cies enrolladoras de hojas (7,14%), florícolas riormente con los registros de actividad de y/o carpófagas (21,43%) (cuadro 2). sus adultos conseguidos mediante el empleo Los datos bibliográficos, la experiencia de de trampas de luz y/o cebadas con feromo- campo y laboratorio permiten estimar que, al nas. La lista de especies obtenida se cotejó menos, 7 de ellas (50%) están utilizando el con las características bioecológicas de cada arándano como planta hospedadora primaria una de ellas recogidas de la bibliografía es- o secundaria (sensu CHAPMAN, op cit., cua- pecífica. Este método, junto con el manteni- dro 2). Habiéndose observado la puesta en miento y desarrollo en cautividad, bajo con- pies de arándano de Cacoecimorpha pronu- diciones controladas, de parte del material bana, Saturnia pavonia, Ch. jasius, Streblote observado, permitió estimar la relación in- panda y Spodoptera littoralis , y obtenién- secto/planta, cuya terminología sigue la em- dose en laboratorio el desarrollo hasta imago 765 Cuadro 1.-Algunas características de las especies de Lepidópteros asociadas al arándano en Huelva Especie Distribución Grupo trófico (*) Voltinismo C. pronubana (Hbn.) (Tortricidae) Asiáticomediterránea Polífaga multivoltina L botrana (D.& S.) (Tortricidae) Asiáticomediterránea Polífaga (Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo) bivoltina C. consimilana (Hbn.) (Tortricidae) Paleartica Polífaga bivoltina C. gnidiella (Mill.) (Pyralidae) Mediterránea (subtropical) Polífaga bivoltina S. panda (Hbn.) (Lasiocampidae) Subtropical Polífaga (Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo) multivoltina L trifolii (D. & S) (Lasiocampidae) Asiáticomediterránea Polífaga univoltina S. pavonia (DA S.) (Saturnüdae) Euroasiática Polífaga (Ericaceae: Vaccinium myrtillus, univoltina Calluna vulgaris, Arbutus unedo) H. livornica (Esp.) (Sphingidae) Migradora Polífaga bivoltina Holopaleártica C. cribaría (L) (Arctiidae) Euroasiática Polífaga (Ericaceae: Calluna vulgaris, multivoltina Erica spp.) A. auricoma (D.&S.) (Noctuidae) Euroasiática Polífaga (Ericaceae: Vaccinium myrtillus) bivoltina S. littoralis (B.) (Noctuidae) Migradora Subtropical Polífaga multivoltina H.armigera (Hbn.) (Noctuidae) Cosmopolita Polífaga multivoltina Tropical-Subtropical Ch. jasius (L) (Nymphalidae) Atlantomediterránea Monófaga local (Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo) bivoltina (*) Fundamentalmente según GÓMEZ-BUSTULO etal. (1979), CARTER (1984), FRIEDRICH (1986), ZHANG (1994) y observaciones propias. Cuadro 2-Patrones de utilización de las plantas de arándano por las especies de Lepidópteros encontradas, según CHAPMAN (1973). Tipo de asociación Importancia Especie Comportamiento Parte atacada lana 2aria accid. incid. económica C. pronubana FL,EH brotes foliares, botones, hojas L. botrana FL,CP brotes florales, frutos C. consimilana (1) - - C. gnidiella CP frutos S. panda D hojas L. trifolii (*) D hojas S. pavonia (*) D brotes foliares, hojas H. livornica D hojas C. cribaría D hojas A. auricoma D hojas S. littoralis D brotes foliares, tallos jóvenes H. armígera FL,D brotes florales, hojas Ch. jasius D hojas Geometrídae spp. (2) D hojas Claves: FL = florícola, CP = carpófago, EH = enrollador de hojas, D = defoliador. - Sin importancia económica; + Según cultivo, puede requierir tratamiento; ++ Suele requierir tratamiento; +++ Económicamente importante. (*) Especies observadas fuera de lo muéstreos sistemáticos. (1) Encontrados sólo imagos. (2) No se obtuvo la emergencia del imago. sobre frutos de arándano de los estadios ini- ciales de Lobesia botrana y Criptobables gnidiella. Las orugas que aparecieron con mayor frecuencia fueron las de C. pronubana, Ch. jasius, A. auricoma y S. littoralis, todas ellas por encima del 5% del total de presen- cias de lepidópteros durante el periodo estu- diado, se corresponden también con las en- contradas más constantemente y con mayor
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