DOCSLIB.ORG

An Ethnobotanical Study on Capsicum Peppers in Maluku Province, Indonesia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Ethnobotanical Study on Capsicum Peppers in Maluku Province, Indonesia Trop. Agr. Develop. 65（1）： 1 － 9，2021 An Ethnobotanical Study on Capsicum Peppers in Maluku Province, Indonesia Sota YAMAMOTO1, * and Wardis GIRSANG2 1 International Center for Island Studies, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University, Jl. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka Campus, Ambon, Maluku 97233, Indonesia Abstract We conducted an ethnobotanical survey on Capsicum peppers on the islands in Maluku Province, Indonesia to investigate the local nomenclature for, and distribution and usage of, Capsicum peppers. Two species, C. annuum and C. frutescens, are distributed in Maluku Province. A general name for Capsicum peppers on Ambon Island is“ cili”, which is probably derived from“ chile” in Spanish. However, other general names, which have unknown origins, are used on the other islands. On Buru Island, the C. frutescens cultivar with small fruit that are green when immature (GR type) has a specific local name“ arbasina”. Furthermore, many people think that the GR type is native to their region. It is possible that the GR type was the first to be widely distributed across islands in the Pacific region. The GR type is commonly thought to be the spiciest and have a pleasing aroma. Fresh, dried, and salted fruit, as well as fruit soaked in palm vinegar or lime juice are widely used as spices and condiments. Fresh fruit are also added to palm wine or liquor to make it spicier and stronger-tasting. Few people use Capsicum leaves as a vegetable. In terms of medicinal usage, leaves are used to treat boils and swellings, and fruit are applied to wounds. These two remedies are commonly applied throughout Maluku Province. Regarding popular beliefs, fruit are used to stop rain events and for getting rid of snakes from houses or fields. Key words: Capsicum frutescens, Dispersal routes, Leaves as a vegetable, Local nomenclature, Medicinal use found that C. chinense is distributed widely in Indonesia Introduction with several morphologically different fruit types on Capsicum peppers are native to tropical and temper- Java, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi islands and it was likely ate regions of the Americas (Eshbaugh, 1993). Of the introduced before World War II. This species is an im- approximately 35 species currently recognized (Carrizo portant spice in South Sulawesi Province, as well as an García et al., 2016), five species are economically impor- ornamental plant throughout three islands. tant; C. annuum, C. frutescens, C. chinense, C. baccatum, Maluku Province is located in the eastern part of and C. pubescens. Capsicum peppers are thought to Indonesia, and Ambon Island is the center of the prov- have been introduced to Europe in 1493 by Columbus ince and where the capital city is located. Capsicum pep- (Boswell, 1949) and to Asia, via Africa and India, in the pers are very important economically in Indonesia, with late sixteenth century (Sturtevant, 1885; Kumazawa et 2,542,358 t of “chillies and peppers, green” produced in al., 1954; Andrews, 1995). However, the details of how 2018, making Indonesia the fourth largest producer of Capsicum peppers were introduced into Indonesia and Capsicum peppers in the world (FAO, 2018). However, dispersed remain unknown. very few studies have been conducted on the local no- In Southeast and East Asia, C. annuum and C. menclature for, and usage and distribution of, Capsicum frutescens are primarily used as food and medicine, and peppers in Maluku Province compared to other regions the distributions of other species were unknown until re- of Indonesia. This is partly because many islands are cently. Yamamoto et al. (2013) revealed that C. pubescens scattered widely throughout the province, and access was introduced to Indonesia before 1916, likely during to each island from Ambon Island is limited, costly, the Dutch Era, and that Bandung and the surrounding and time-consuming; thus, comprehensive surveys of highlands in West Java and the Dieng Plateau in Central Capsicum peppers as well as other crops are difficult Java are the center of the C. pubescens distribution on to conduct. Therefore, as a first step, we carried out Java Island. In addition, C. pubescens is cultivated in an ethnobotanical survey of Capsicum peppers in the some highland areas on Sumatra and Sulawesi islands major islands in Maluku Province to investigate the (Yamamoto et al., 2016). Yamamoto et al. (2014) also distribution of Capsicum peppers in this region and to compare the local nomenclature and usage with those in Communicated by K. Matsushima other areas in the Asia-Pacific region for understanding Received Mar. 23, 2020 the relationship between Maluku people and Capsicum Accepted Aug. 11, 2020 peppers. * Corresponding author [email protected] 2 Trop. Agr. Develop. 65（1）2021 Study Sites and Data Collection Results and Discussion Fieldwork was conducted between 2015 and 2019 Local nomenclature for Capsicum peppers and on Ambon Island, Seram Island, Buru Island, the Kei perceptions of pungent Capsicum peppers Islands, the Aru Islands, the Tanimbar Islands, and the According to the survey results, C. annuum and C. Leti Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia (Fig. 1). The frutescens are cultivated and used in Maluku Province work consisted of interviews and visual observations of but C. pubescens and C. chinense are not. A general name Capsicum peppers in local markets, home gardens, and for Capsicum peppers on Ambon Island is “cili” (Table fields. A total of 73 people (40 males and 33 females; 1). The local names for Capsicum peppers in Cebuano 13 on Ambon Island, 13 on Seram Island, 9 on Buru and Tagalog, two major languages in the Philippines, Island, 10 in the Kei Islands, 9 in the Aru Islands; 14 in are “sili” and “siling”, which were probably derived from the Tanimbar Islands, and 5 in the Leti Islands) were “chile” in Spanish (Santos, 1988). Similar names are also interviewed regarding the local nomenclature for, and used in nearby areas: “sili”, “karisi”, and “sini” in the use of, Capsicum peppers, in terms of perceptions of Batanes Islands, Philippines and in Taiwan (Yamamoto pungent Capsicum peppers; knowledge of weedy forms and Nawata, 2009b); and “sele” and “jeli” in Pohnpei of C. frutescens; bird behavior toward Capsicum fruit; State, the Federated States of Micronesia (Yamamoto, usage as a condiment, vegetable, and/or medicine; and 2011). It is likely that “cili”, the local name used on popular beliefs and rituals related to this genus. The Ambon Island, was also derived from “chile” in Spanish. interviewees ranged in age from 21 to 92 years, with a On the other islands in Maluku Province, other gen- median age of 53 years. eral names are used on each island in addition to “cili” Indonesia 0 1000km Seram Buru Island Island Ambon Island The Aru Islands The Kei Islands The Leti Islands Maluku Province The Tanimbar Islands 0 200 km Fig. 1. The study sites (●) in Maluku Province, Indonesia. Fig. 1. The study sites (●) in Maluku Province, Indonesia. Yamamoto and Girsang: Ethnobotanical study on Capsicum peppers in Maluku 3 Table 1. Local names for Capsicum peppers in Maluku Province, Indonesia. Mainly C. frutescens Area Mainly C. annuum Immature fruit color Green Greenish-yellow Ambon Island cili besar (=big) cili kecil (=small) cili bugis (=Bugis people) cili bunga (=flower) cili padi (=dry land rice) cili padi cili cengkeh (=clove) cili padi kecil cili padi besar cili keriting (=curly) cili putih (=white) cili lombok cili putih kecil cili panjang (=long) cili putih besar Seram Island araputa araputa cili garos (=bigger level) cili belimbing (=starfruit) cili padi cili putih cili kenop (=button) karatupa karatupa cili keriting katupa katupa putie (=white) cili sayur (=vegetable) maisa wata maisa kutile (=white) cili tomat (=tomato) nisa karatupa panjang karatupa une tain (=goat droppings) katupa hatute maisa ila Buru Island cili arbasina cili cili besar cili padi cili sedang (=medium level) cili panjang pasat kastena putih kastena besar pasat fuan emdoing tain pasat kastena panjang pasat fuan roin (=small fruit) pasat fuan hat (=big fruit) pasat pasat mdoing tain (=cockroach fece) pasat fuan roit pasat fuan rema (=long fruit) pasat roin pasat huan hat pasat fuan reman (=long fruit) pasat mentifu The Kei Islands cili bangkok (=Bangkok) baresan cotocot cili ambon (=Ambon) cili jambu (=fruits of Myrtaceae) baresan ketkut cili lombok cili kaki ayam (=chicken leg) cili padi cili kenop cili keriting cili nona (=Miss) cili thailand (=Thailand) The Aru Islands cili besar cili padi cili putih cili keriting maresan maresan cili panjang maresan bontombi (=small) maresan delai cili sayur maresan gegade (=small) cili thailand maresan italengai (=small) maresan bari (=big) maresan kokli maresan borin (=big) maresan kwauwa (=small) maresan debariye maresan sisiai (=small) maresan gambundi (=big) maresan ucul maresan gnginai (=big) maresan jinjinai (=big) maresan keriting The Tanimbar Islands cili besar cili padi cili ambon cili botol (=bottle) maresan cili manado (=Manado) cili bulat (=round) maresan anak (=child) cili padi sedang cili kaki ayam maresan fase cili putih cili keriting maresan gagangge (=fine) maresan lange (=big) cili sayur maresan kakange (=small) maresan wuan dawan cili tongka langit (=up to the sky) maresan mefanas (=spicy) maresin aruwalu lombok maresan wuan kou (=small fruit) maresin yabun maresan as utin (=dog penis) maresin maresan kabal (=big) maresin batyawik maresan silai maresin kayanik maresan tabadiri (=up to the sky) maresin batyarwal maresin wak The Leti Islands cili besar kaimulake prurute (=small) cili sedang cili keriting kamlaka ana (=small) kamlaka wawarsa (=white) cili panjang kamlaku luwu (=small) kaimulake laulaune (=big) cili sayur kamlaku propete (=small) kamlaka sapona (=big) kamlaku sine (=Chinese) kamlaku lavne (=big) kamlaku lawan (=big) 4 Trop. Agr. Develop. 65（1）2021 (Table 1): “araputa”, “karatupa”, “katupa”, or “maisa” than the GY type. Of the remaining respondents, one in- by the Wemale ethnic group and “nisa” by the Alune dicated that “cili thailand” (referring to Thailand; C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia
    Report on Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in Indonesia Submitted in accordance with Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 February 20, 2004 Prepared for USAID/Indonesia Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5 Jakarta 10110 Indonesia Prepared by Steve Rhee, M.E.Sc. Darrell Kitchener, Ph.D. Tim Brown, Ph.D. Reed Merrill, M.Sc. Russ Dilts, Ph.D. Stacey Tighe, Ph.D. Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................. i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures............................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary.................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................1- 1 2. Legislative and Institutional Structure Affecting Biological Resources...............................2 - 1 2.1 Government of Indonesia................................................................................................2 - 2 2.1.1 Legislative Basis for Protection and Management of Biodiversity and
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia Weather Bulletin for Shipping
    BADAN METEOROLOGI KLIMATOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA STASIUN METEOROLOGI MARITIM KLAS I TANJUNG PRIOK Jln. Padamarang no. 4A Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok Jakarta 14310 Telp. 43912041, 43901650, 4351366 Fax. 4351366 Email : [email protected] BMKG TH TANJUNG PRIOK, JUNE 23 2015 INDONESIA WEATHER BULLETIN FOR SHIPPING I. PART ONE : STORM WARNING : TROPICAL CYCLONE KUJIRA 990 HPA AT 20.1N 109.4E MOVEMENT TO NORTHWEST SLOWLY, MAXIMUM/GUST WIND 35/50 KTS. II. PART TWO : SYNOPTIC WEATHER ANALYSIS : FOR 00.00 UTC DATE JUNE 23TH, 2015 - GENERAL SITUATION WEAK TO MODERATE NORTHEAST TO SOUTHWEST WINDS. - INTER TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE [ I.T.C.Z. ] PASSING OVER : NIL. - CONVERGENCE LINE (C.L.) PASSING OVER : NIL. - LOW PRESSURE AREA 1008 HPA AT 08N 147E ALMOST STATIONARY. III. PART THREE : TH SEA AREA FORECAST VALID 24 HOURS FROM : 10. 00 UTC DATE JUNE 23 , 2015 AS FOLLOWS : A. WEATHER : 1. THE POSSIBILITY OF SCATTERED TO OVERCAST AND MODERATE RAIN OCCASIONALLY FOLLOWED BY THUNDERSTORM COULD OCCUR THE OVER AREAS OF : ANDAMAN SEA, SOUTH TIONGKOK SEA, MALACA STRAIT, SULAWESI SEA, SANGIHE-TALAUD ISLANDS WATERS, TOLO GULF, HALMAHERA WATERS, HALMAHERA SEA, SERAM ISLAND WATERS AND AMBON WATERS. 2. THE POSSIBILITY OF SCATTERED TO BROKEN CLOUDS AND RAIN OR LOCAL RAIN COULD OCCUR THE OVER AREAS OF : BANGGAI ISLANDS WATERS, SOUTHERN MACASAR STRAIT, KENDARI WATERS, SORONG-RAJA AMPAT ISLANDS WATERS, CENDERAWASIH GULF, BIAK WATERS, FAKFAK-KAIMANA WATERS AND YOS SUDARSO ISLAND WATERS . B. WINDS DIRECTION AND SPEED FROM SURFACE UP TO 3000 FEET : WINDS OVER INDONESIA WATERS, NORTHERN EQUATOR GENERALLY SOUTH TO SOUTHWEST AND SOUTHERN EQUATOR GENERALLY SOUTHEAST TO SOUTH AT ABOUT 3 TO 30 KNOTS.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birds of Babar, Romang, Sermata, Leti and Kisar, Maluku, Indonesia
    Colin R. Trainor & Philippe Verbelen 272 Bull. B.O.C. 2013 133(4) New distributional records from forgoten Banda Sea islands: the birds of Babar, Romang, Sermata, Leti and Kisar, Maluku, Indonesia by Colin R. Trainor & Philippe Verbelen Received 5 July 2011; fnal revision accepted 10 September 2013 Summary.—Many of the Banda Sea islands, including Babar, Romang, Sermata and Leti, were last surveyed more than 100 years ago. In October–November 2010, birds were surveyed on Romang (14 days), Sermata (eight days), Leti (fve days) and Kisar (seven days), and on Babar in August 2009 (ten days) and August 2011 (11 days). Limited unpublished observations from Damar, Moa, Masela (of Babar) and Nyata (of Romang) are also included here. A total of 128 bird species was recorded (85 resident landbirds), with 104 new island records, among them fve, 12, 20, four and three additional resident landbirds for Babar, Romang, Sermata, Leti and Kisar, respectively. The high proportion of newly recorded and apparently overlooked resident landbirds on Sermata is puzzling but partly relates to limited historical collecting. Signifcant records include Ruddy-breasted Crake Porzana fusca (Romang), Red-legged Crake Rallina fasciata (Sermata), Bonelli’s Eagle Aquila fasciata renschi (Romang), Elegant Pita Pita elegans vigorsii (Babar, Romang, Sermata), Timor Stubtail Urosphena subulata (Babar, Romang), the frst sound-recordings of Kai Cicadabird Coracina dispar (Babar?, Romang) and endemic subspecies of Southern Boobook Ninox boobook cinnamomina (Babar) and N. b. moae (Romang, Sermata?). The frst ecological notes were collected for Green Oriole Oriolus favocinctus migrator on Romang, the lowland-dwelling Snowy-browed Flycatcher Ficedula hyperythra audacis on Babar, the endemic subspecies of Yellow- throated (Banda) Whistler Pachycephala macrorhyncha par on Romang, and Grey Friarbird Philemon kisserensis on Kisar and Leti.
    [Show full text]
  • Reef Fishing Resources and Their Utilization in Southwest Maluku Regency, Indonesia
    Volume 6, Issue 6, June – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 Reef Fishing Resources and their Utilization in Southwest Maluku Regency, Indonesia Syachrul Arief Staff Center for Research, Promotion, and Cooperation Geospatial Information Agency Indonesia Cibinong-Bogor, Indonesia Abstract:- Remote islands in Southwest Maluku have cause much limiting geomorphologically on developing received the government's attention concerning collecting agricultural on the mainland (Herman, 1991), therefore the information about coastal resources. This research was people putting the sector of business marine as an alternative conducted on the islands of Leti, Moa, Lakor, and superior in development. The fisheries sector is expected Metimialam, and Metimiarang. The purpose of the study to become a leader in developing drought-prone regions such was to obtain data and information on reef fish resources as Maluku Barat Daya (Edrus and Bustaman, 2005), which and their utilization. The method used in collecting data encourages trade in the goods and services sector, followed by and information is a visual census in belt transect an area agriculture and tourism. of 250 m 2 and semi-structured interviews. Research results on 2 1 location of sampling data show that at least In subsequent developments, the issue of small islands has 309 species of reef fish of 45 tribes. Diversity varies on bordering neighboring countries became the government's the value of 8 to 18. Community diversity is classified as attention (Saputro et al ., 2005), especially after the events of moderate level. Individual densities per square meter are the seizure of Ligitan and Sipadan.
    [Show full text]
  • Death Adders {Acanthophis Laevis Complex) from the Island of Ambon
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Herpetozoa Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 19_1_2 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kuch Ulrich, McGuire Jimmy A., Yuwono Frank Bambang Artikel/Article: Death adders (Acanthophis laevis complex) from the island of Ambon (Maluku, Indonesia) 81-82 ©Österreichische Gesellschaft für Herpetologie e.V., Wien, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at SHORT NOTE HERPETOZOA 19(1/2) Wien, 30. Juli 2006 SHORT NOTE 81 O. & PINTO, I. & BRUFORD, M. W. & JORDAN, W. C. & NICHOLS, R. A. (2002): The double origin of Iberian peninsular chameleons.- Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, London; 75: 1-7. PINHO, C. & FER- RAND, N. & HARRIS, D. J. (2006): Reexamination of the Iberian and North African Podarcis phylogeny indi- cates unusual relative rates of mitochondrial gene evo- lution in reptiles.- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolu- tion, Chicago; 38: 266-273. POSADA, D. &. CRANDALL, K. A. (1998): Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution- Bioinformatics, Oxford; 14: 817-818. SWOFFORD, D. L. (2002): PAUP*. Phylogenetic analy- sis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0. Sinauer Associates, Uderland, Massachusetts. WADK, E. (2001): Review of the False Smooth snake genus Macroprotodon (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Algeria with a description of a new species.- Bulletin National Fig. 1 : Adult death adder (Acanthophis laevis com- History Museum London (Zoology), London; 67 (1): plex) from Negeri Lima, Ambon (Central Maluku 85-107. regency, Maluku province, Indonesia). Photograph by U. KUCH. KEYWORDS: mitochondrial DNA, cyto- chrome b, Macroprotodon, evolution, systematics, Iberian Peninsula, North Africa SUBMITTED: April 1,2005 and Bali by the live animal trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia Weather Bulletin for Shipping
    BADAN METEOROLOGI KLIMATOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA STASIUN METEOROLOGI MARITIM KLAS I TANJUNG PRIOK Jln. Padamarang no. 4A Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok Jakarta 14310 Telp. 43912041, 43901650, 4351366 Fax. 4351366 Email : [email protected] BMKG TH TANJUNG PRIOK, JUNE 12 2015 INDONESIA WEATHER BULLETIN FOR SHIPPING I. PART ONE : STORM WARNING : NIL. II. PART TWO : SYNOPTIC WEATHER ANALYSIS : FOR 00.00 UTC DATE JUNE 12TH, 2015 - GENERAL SITUATION WEAK TO MODERATE SOUTHEAST TO NORTHWEST WINDS. - INTER TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE [ I.T.C.Z. ] PASSING OVER : NIL. - CONVERGENCE LINE (C.L.) PASSING OVER : NIL. - LOW PRESSURE AREA 1008 HPA AT EAST PHILIPINA PASIFIC OCEAN. III. PART THREE : TH SEA AREA FORECAST VALID 24 HOURS FROM : 10. 00 UTC DATE JUNE 12 , 2015 AS FOLLOWS : A. WEATHER : 1. THE POSSIBILITY OF SCATTERED TO OVERCAST AND MODERATE RAIN OCCASIONALLY FOLLOWED BY THUNDERSTORM COULD OCCUR THE OVER AREAS OF : LHOKSEUMAWE WATERS, BANDA ACEH WATERS, MEULABOH - SIMEULUE ISLANDS WATERS, RIAU AND LINGGA ISLANDS WATERS, KARIMATA STRAIT, CENTRAL AND NORTH PART OF MACASAR STRAIT, NORTHERN CELEBES ISLAND WATERS, SANGIHE-TALAUD ISLANDS WATERS, MALUKU SEA, HALMAHERA WATERS, HALMAHERA SEA, MANOKWARI WATERS. 2. THE POSSIBILITY OF SCATTERED TO BROKEN CLOUDS AND RAIN OR LOCAL RAIN COULD OCCUR THE OVER AREAS OF : MALAKA STRAIT, SIBOLGA-NIAS ISLANDS WATERS, WEST SUMATRA AND MENTAWAI ISLANDS WATERS, BENGKULU AND ENGGANO ISLAND WATERS, ANAMBAS-NATUNA ISLANDS WATERS, BANGKA BELITUNG WATERS, GELASA STRAIT, WESTERN LAMPUNG WATERS, WESTERN BORNEO ISLAND WATERS, CELEBES SEA, TOMINI STRAIT, SOUTHEAST CELEBES WATERS, BONE STRAIT, RAJA AMPAT ISLANDS AND SORONG WATERS, BIAK WATERS, CENDERAWASIH GULF AND JAYAPURA WATERS. B. WINDS DIRECTION AND SPEED FROM SURFACE UP TO 3000 FEET : WINDS OVER INDONESIA WATERS, NORTHERN EQUATOR GENERALLY SOUTH TO SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHERN EQUATOR GENERALLY NORTHEAST TO SOUTH AT ABOUT 3 TO 20 KNOTS.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia Weather Bulletin for Shipping
    BADAN METEOROLOGI KLIMATOLOGI DAN GEOFISIKA STASIUN METEOROLOGI MARITIM KLAS I TANJUNG PRIOK Jln. Padamarang no. 4A Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok Jakarta 14310 Telp. 43912041, 43901650, 4351366 Fax. 4351366 Email : [email protected] BMKG TANJUNG PRIOK, JUNE 25, 2015 INDONESIA WEATHER BULLETIN FOR SHIPPING I. PART ONE : TROPICAL DEPRESSION 996 HPA AT 22.0N 106.0E MOVEMENT TO NNW SLOWLY. II. PART TWO : SYNOPTIC WEATHER ANALYSIS : FOR 00.00 UTC DATE JUNE 25, 2015 - GENERAL SITUATION WEAK TO MODERATE SOUTHEAST TO SOUTHWEST WINDS. - INTER TROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE [ I.T.C.Z. ] PASSING OVER : NIL. - CONVERGENCE LINE (C.L.) PASSING OVER : SOUTH CHINA SEA, AND NORTH HALMAHERA TO NORTH PAPUA PACIFIC OCEAN. - LOW PRESSURE AREA : 1008 HPA AT EAST PHILLIPINE TO NORTH PAPUA PACIFIC OCEAN. III. PART THREE : SEA AREA FORECAST VALID 24 HOURS FROM : 10. 00 UTC DATE JUNE 25, 2015 AS FOLLOWS : A. WEATHER : 1. THE POSSIBILITY OF SCATTERED TO OVERCAST AND MODERATE RAIN OCCASIONALLY FOLLOWED BY THUNDERSTORM COULD OCCUR THE OVER AREAS OF : SOUTH CHINA SEA, TARAKAN WATERS, SOUTHERN KALIMANTAN WATERS, SULAWESI SEA, SANGIHE-TALAUD ISLANDS WATERS, BONE GULF, TOLO GULF AND SARMI- JAYAPURA WATERS. 2. THE POSSIBILITY OF SCATTERED TO BROKEN CLOUDS AND RAIN OR LOCAL RAIN COULD OCCUR THE OVER AREAS OF : SIBOLGA WATERS, MALACA STRAIT, KOTABARU WATERS, TOMINI GULF, BITUNG-MANADO WATERS, NORTHERN HALMAHERA ISLANDS WATERS, BIAK WATERS AND CENDRAWASIH GULF. B. WINDS DIRECTION AND SPEED FROM SURFACE UP TO 3000 FEET : WINDS OVER INDONESIA WATERS, NORTHERN EQUATOR GENERALLY SOUTH TO SOUTHWEST AND SOUTHERN EQUATOR GENERALLY SOUTHEAST TO SOUTH AT ABOUT 3 TO 28 KNOTS. C. STATE OF SEA : 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Spices from the East: Papers in Languages of Eastern Indonesia
    Sp ices fr om the East Papers in languages of eastern Indonesia Grimes, C.E. editor. Spices from the East: Papers in languages of Eastern Indonesia. PL-503, ix + 235 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2000. DOI:10.15144/PL-503.cover ©2000 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Also in Pacific Linguistics Barsel, Linda A. 1994, The verb morphology of Mo ri, Sulawesi van Klinken, Catherina 1999, A grammar of the Fehan dialect of Tetun: An Austronesian language of West Timor Mead, David E. 1999, Th e Bungku-Tolaki languages of South-Eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia Ross, M.D., ed., 1992, Papers in Austronesian linguistics No. 2. (Papers by Sarah Bel1, Robert Blust, Videa P. De Guzman, Bryan Ezard, Clif Olson, Stephen J. Schooling) Steinhauer, Hein, ed., 1996, Papers in Austronesian linguistics No. 3. (Papers by D.G. Arms, Rene van den Berg, Beatrice Clayre, Aone van Engelenhoven, Donna Evans, Barbara Friberg, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, Paul R. Kroeger, DIo Sirk, Hein Steinhauer) Vamarasi, Marit, 1999, Grammatical relations in Bahasa Indonesia Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia, Southeast and South Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamental Management Journal ISSN: 2540-9816 (Print) Volume:3 No.1 2018
    fundamental management journal ISSN: 2540-9816 (print) Volume:3 No.1 2018 NORMATIVE STUDY ON THE AREA/SPACE STRUCTURE POLICY OF STATE BORDER IN MALUKU PROVINCE 1Posma Sariguna Johnson Kennedy 2Suzanna Josephine L.Tobing, 3Adolf Bastian Heatubun, dan 4Rutman Lumbantoruan [email protected] 1,2,4 Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, UKI Jakarta 13630, Indonesia 3Universitas Pattimura, Maluku 97233, Indonesia Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review the management of border area functions in accordance with the mandate of Law no. 43 of 2008 on National Territory. This study is based on the Master Plan for State Boundary Management, and the Priority Location Master Plan, which is a common reference for all stakeholders. In this research, as the methodology used is the review literature using qualitative normative method. This means to review the regulations related to the arrangement of spatial function of State Border Area in Maluku Province. Spatial Planning of Border Areas in Maluku Province aims: To create a state defense and security function that ensures the integrity of the territorial sovereignty and order which borders are the State of Timor Leste and the State of Australia; Effective protected areas to protect biodiversity, protected forests, and coastal borders including in small outer islands (PPKT) and; Make border areas that are self- reliant and competitive. Keywords: State Border Area, National Strategic Activities Center (PKSN), Priority Location (Lokpri), Spatial Plan (RTRW) 1. Introduction1 Boundary State is a boundary line that is a separation of the sovereignty of a country based on international law. Border Region is a part of the territory of the country located on the inside side of the border of Indonesia with other countries, in the case of border area of the country on land, the border area is in the subdistrict.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened Birds of Asia: the Birdlife International Red Data Book
    Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book Editors N. J. COLLAR (Editor-in-chief), A. V. ANDREEV, S. CHAN, M. J. CROSBY, S. SUBRAMANYA and J. A. TOBIAS Maps by RUDYANTO and M. J. CROSBY Principal compilers and data contributors ■ BANGLADESH P. Thompson ■ BHUTAN R. Pradhan; C. Inskipp, T. Inskipp ■ CAMBODIA Sun Hean; C. M. Poole ■ CHINA ■ MAINLAND CHINA Zheng Guangmei; Ding Changqing, Gao Wei, Gao Yuren, Li Fulai, Liu Naifa, Ma Zhijun, the late Tan Yaokuang, Wang Qishan, Xu Weishu, Yang Lan, Yu Zhiwei, Zhang Zhengwang. ■ HONG KONG Hong Kong Bird Watching Society (BirdLife Affiliate); H. F. Cheung; F. N. Y. Lock, C. K. W. Ma, Y. T. Yu. ■ TAIWAN Wild Bird Federation of Taiwan (BirdLife Partner); L. Liu Severinghaus; Chang Chin-lung, Chiang Ming-liang, Fang Woei-horng, Ho Yi-hsian, Hwang Kwang-yin, Lin Wei-yuan, Lin Wen-horn, Lo Hung-ren, Sha Chian-chung, Yau Cheng-teh. ■ INDIA Bombay Natural History Society (BirdLife Partner Designate) and Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History; L. Vijayan and V. S. Vijayan; S. Balachandran, R. Bhargava, P. C. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhupathy, A. Chaudhury, P. Gole, S. A. Hussain, R. Kaul, U. Lachungpa, R. Naroji, S. Pandey, A. Pittie, V. Prakash, A. Rahmani, P. Saikia, R. Sankaran, P. Singh, R. Sugathan, Zafar-ul Islam ■ INDONESIA BirdLife International Indonesia Country Programme; Ria Saryanthi; D. Agista, S. van Balen, Y. Cahyadin, R. F. A. Grimmett, F. R. Lambert, M. Poulsen, Rudyanto, I. Setiawan, C. Trainor ■ JAPAN Wild Bird Society of Japan (BirdLife Partner); Y. Fujimaki; Y. Kanai, H.
    [Show full text]
  • Indo Aggressor -Forgotten Island - Kai Islands & Tanimbar Islands (11 Nights Liveaboard Cruise)
    Tel : +47 22413030 | Epost :[email protected]| Web :www.reisebazaar.no Karl Johans gt. 23, 0159 Oslo, Norway Indo Aggressor -Forgotten Island - Kai Islands & Tanimbar Islands (11 nights liveaboard cruise) Turkode Destinasjoner Turen starter 38704 Indonesia Maumere Turen destinasjon Reisen er levert av 12 dager Saumlaki Fra : NOK Oversikt Adventure, unknown dive sites, spectacular scenery off the beaten track.... this is The Forgotten Islands. The Forgotten Islands are part of Indonesia’s south Maluku province, a region located at the extreme south eastern boundary of the country and less than 200 nautical miles from the northern tip of Australia. Reiserute Day 1: Transfer from Labuan Bajo International airport to the harbor. The boat leaves at 1 pm. Day 2-10: Cruising, diving and land activities. Day 11: Disembarkation and transfer to Airport between 8 am and 1 pm. Where are the The Forgotten Islands? Adventure, unknown dive sites, spectacular scenery off the beaten track.... this is The Forgotten Islands. The Forgotten Islands are part of Indonesia’s south Maluku province, a region located at the extreme south eastern boundary of the country and less than 200 nautical miles from the northern tip of Australia. These cruises concentrate on the most unexplored regions of the country and will start or finish in either Maumere, on the north coastline of east Flores or at Saumlaki on Jamdena, the largest island of the Tanimbar group. These itineraries will give guests the opportunity to dive some of the fabulous sites of East Nusa Tenggara around Lembata, Pantar and Alor during the cruise as well as exploring the fascinating reefs, walls and topside scenery of the islands further east, the mysterious and rarely visited Forgotten Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird Diversity on Tanimbar Islands with Special Reference to The
    Advances in Biological Sciences Research, volume 13 Proceedings of the International Seminar on Promoting Local Resources for Sustainable Agriculture and Development (ISPLRSAD 2020) Bird Diversity on Tanimbar Islands with Special Reference to the Tanimbar Corella (Cacatua goffiniana) Tri Haryoko1,2*, Mark O’Hara3, Berenika Mioduszewska3, Mohammad Irham2, Dewi Malia Prawiradilaga2, Hari Sutrisno2, Lilik Budi Prasetyo4, Ani Mardiastuti4* 1Program of Tropical Biodiversity Conservation, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. 2 Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia 3Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria 4Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] All authors contributed equally to this work ABSTRACT The Tanimbar Islands located in the Wallacea region have particularly important ornithological values due to high level of endemism. Avian researchers have carried out expeditions to Tanimbar since long time ago starting with Forbes in 1882. An iconic bird of the Tanimbar Islands is the endemic Tanimbar corella (Cacatua goffiniana). This species is considered near threatened by the IUCN, listed in CITES Appendix I, and is protected under Indonesian law. The objectives of the study were to assess bird diversity, habitat use, and association between C. goffiniana and other bird species on the Tanimbar Islands. Data were collected between 2015 and 2019 on Yamdena, Larat, Selaru, and Vaimar Island of Kepulauan Tanimbar Regency, Maluku Province.
    [Show full text]