AHPG899 Advanced Coptic

Home , Nag Hammadi

Department of Ancient History Division of Humanities Macquarie University

4 credit points

Semester 2, 2011 http://www.coptic.mq.edu.au

Illustration on the title page

Fragment of page 5 of the Nag Hammadi codex VI containing the Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles

Part 1. General information

Unit convenor and teaching staff

Unit Convenor and Lecturer: Dr Victor Ghica Email: [email protected] Phone: (+61) (2) 9850 6800 Office: W6A 541

For general enquiries

Position: Departmental Administrator Name: Ms Raina Kim Email: [email protected] Phone: +61 2 9850 8833 Office: W6A 540

Further information on Coptic Studies: www.coptic.mq.edu.au

Part 2. Academic Contents

Credit Points: 4

Prerequisites: AHPG896 Coptic I - Sahidic (ideally: AHPG897 Coptic II - Sahidic) or AHPG829 Coptic I – Bohairic (ideally: AHPG839 Coptic II - Bohairic) or previous knowledge of Coptic.

Unit description

This unit offers to students with previous knowledge of Coptic the opportunity for an in-depth study of Coptic language and literature. In the same time it provides an introduction to Coptic palaeography and epigraphy. As a matter of fact, this unit is conceived rather as a research seminar, given that the texts studied are unpublished. The students will treat the texts as editors do, i.e. they will first decipher and edit them and it is only afterwards that they will carry out the translation. Once the palaeographical, codicological, editorial, dialectal and translation issues are addressed, we will undertake the discussion of the content.

This semester we will read the following literary and documentary texts:

• In Apocalypsim 7-12 (P.Mor. 591, Par. 1313, 1317) – homily attributed to Cyril of Alexandria (White Monastery and Archangel Michael Monastery – Hamuli) • The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles (NHC VI, 1) • O.Douch copte inv. 79-756, inv. 89-18 – ostraca (D , Kharga Oasis) • I.Bag. 1.08; 1.10; 30.4 – graffiti (Ba aw t necropolis, Kharga Oasis) • I.Ayn al-Zaaf 3 – dipinto (Ayn al-Zaaf, Kharga Oasis)

These texts are written in Sahidic dialect, the most important pan-regional form of the Coptic language. However, each one of the texts features a particular dialectal situation (subdialect, idiolect or dialectal influences) and/or cross-dialectal scribal practices – phenomena which are particularly common in the Coptic texts. This unit will thus introduce the student to applied Coptic dialectology. In this respect, AHPG899 constitutes the practical correlate of the more theoretical AHPG898 (Coptic Dialects).

Among the texts to study two are literary (In Apocalypsim 7-12 and The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles). The ostraca, graffiti and dipinti are documentary texts.

Unit outcomes

In this course we will build on your knowledge of the most common and important Coptic dialect, Sahidic. After a short introduction to the documents, we will proceed to reading and analysing the texts. Six courses will be dedicated to the homiletic biblical commentary In Apocalypsim 7-12 (Sahidic with Fayumic parepigraphic influence), three to the apocryphon Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles, and four to documentary texts (ostraca, graffiti and dipinti). We will discuss not only the texts

themselves, but also their context (except for In Apocalypsim 7-12, all the other texts come from excavated sites), genre, palaeography and dialects.

Students will also acquire or improve the following skills:

• knowledge of grammatical, papyrological, codicological, and palaeographical terminology • familiarity with phono-graphematic or graphematic variation in texts written in more or less standardised Sahidic • identification of Coptic sub-dialects • recognition of main palaeographical styles in Coptic documents • translating from English into Coptic

Graduate capabilities

Cognitive capabilities 1. Discipline knowledge and skills Our postgraduates will be able to demonstrate a significantly enhanced depth and breadth of knowledge, scholarly understanding, and specific subject content knowledge in their chosen fields. 2. Critical, analytical and integrative thinking Our postgraduates will be capable of utilising and reflecting on prior knowledge and experience, of applying higher level critical thinking skills, and of integrating and synthesising learning and knowledge from a range of sources and environments. A characteristic of this form of thinking is the generation of new, professionally oriented knowledge through personal or group-based critique of practice and theory. 3. Research and problem solving capability Our postgraduates will be capable of systematic enquiry; able to use research skills to create new knowledge that can be applied to real world issues, or contribute to a field of study or practice to enhance society. They will be capable of creative questioning, problem finding and problem solving.

Interpersonal and personal dispositions 4. Effective communication Our postgraduates will be able to communicate effectively and convey their views to different social, cultural, and professional audiences. They will be able to use a variety of technologically supported media to communicate with empathy using a range of written, spoken or visual formats. 5. Engaged and responsible, active and ethical citizens Our postgraduates will be ethically aware and capable of confident transformative action in relation to their professional responsibilities and the wider community. They will have a sense of connectedness with others and country and have a sense of mutual obligation. They will be able to appreciate the impact of their professional roles for social justice and inclusion related to national and global issues 6. Capable of professional and personal judgment and initiative Our postgraduates will demonstrate a high standard of discernment and common

sense in their professional and personal judgment. They will have the ability to make informed choices and decisions that reflect both the nature of their professional work and their personal perspectives.

Part 3. Assessment in this unit

Assessment at a glance

Task Weight Due dates 3* assignments weighted 80% Weeks 5, 8 and 10 according to length and difficulty

1 vocabulary test 10% Week 11

1 grammar test 10% Week 12

* This unit will be available to both undergraduate and postgraduate students. In this type of units generally different assessment criteria are applied to these student groups. Therefore postgraduate students will be required to submit an extra shorter assignment.

Assessment tasks, submission, and return

Learning any ancient language is based on three basic principles: assimilation, repetition and application:

• the continuous assimilation of new words and grammatical structures, • the memorisation and constant repetition of the knowledge acquired and • the application of this knowledge by means of translation and grammatical exercises.

In a classroom setting the control of the students’ progress is fairly easy, both for teachers and for the students themselves, with vocabulary tests, translation exercises and other tests usually done in an exam environment. Distance students will need to be extra disciplined about learning the new words and going over material already learned.

The assignments will be posted on the internal pages of the website using the assignments tool. The tests will take place in class, for the internal students, and over

the phone, for the external students. The grammar test will cover the grammatical topics discussed during the course as well as the content of the units Coptic I and II. The content of the vocabulary test will be announced well in advance.

Examination

There will be no exam for this unit. Both internal and external students will receive their marks through continuous assessment.

Extensions

Extensions on assignments are granted only in case of a real emergency. In case of a medical condition, a certificate will need to be presented. Please consult me immediately after an emergency arises in order to work out an alternative plan. The departmental penalty for assignment lateness is generally 2% a day (including weekends).

Student workload

There are 3 hours per credit point per week, which means that students enrolled in AHPG899 (a postgraduate unit worth 4 credit point) unit should work for 12 hours per week.

Completion of the unit

In order to complete the unit satisfactorily all assignments must be submitted and an overall mark of 50% or more is required.

Part 4. Delivery and resources

Lecture times and locations

There will be one three-hour lecture per week, on Tuesday from 6.00-9.00 pm in W5C 302. The lectures will be recorded and sent out to distance students. They will also be provided as iLectures in digital form on the unit website.

Required and recommended resources

Texts for reading and Coursenotes

Photographs of the documents for reading will be distributed via the Blackboard. Please note that the copyright of all the photographs belong to Dr Victor Ghica. The usage of the photographs used during this semester is strictly limited to the purposes of this course. Any other use as well as the distribution of the photographs to persons which are not enrolled in this unit is illegal. Coursenotes to accompany the recorded lectures will be distributed on the Website each week.

Resources

Sahidic

For a review of Sahidic Coptic see the textbook for Coptic I and II (Sahidic): Thomas O. Lambdin, Introduction to Sahidic Coptic, Macon 1983, 2nd edition 1992.

Bohairic

The standard grammar for Bohairic Coptic is Alexis Mallon, Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire, 4 éd. revue par Michel Malinine, Beyrouth 1956. Students with a reasonable command of German are encouraged to look at: Walter Till, Koptische Dialektgrammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. Munich 1961. For a comprehensive bibliography see below. A good introduction to Bohairic Coptic, which provides a didactical approach especially for those with little previous familiarity with formal English grammar, is Sameh Younan, So You Want To Learn Coptic (see http://www.learncoptic.com/ for information about ordering).

Dictionaries

A very good investment for AHPG899 Advanced Coptic (and AHPG898 Coptic Dialects) is a Coptic dictionary. Walter E. Crum, Coptic Dictionary, Oxford 1939 available in a reprint (see http://wipfandstock.com/store/A_Coptic_Dictionary). There are versions of the dictionary online at http://www.metalog.org/files/crum.html and http://www.tyndalearchive.com/TABS/Crum/, but I would strongly recommend anyone seriously interested in Coptic to buy a hard copy.

Crum only contains words of Egyptian origin. It needs to be supplemented by a Greek lexicon for the words of Greek origin. The most comprehensive is H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon. New (Ninth) Edition Completed 1940, with a Supplement 1968, Oxford, Oxford University Press 1976 (This is available online at the Perseus Project: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0057

It may be necessary for you to look up words from the lists in Till, Koptische Dialektgrammatik in a German dictionary or of Mallon, Grammaire copte in a French one.

Two very good online German-English dictionaries are provided by the Technical University Munich and the Technical University Chemnitz. Try them!

• http://dict.leo.org/ • http://dict.tu-chemnitz.de/

Good French-English dictionary are provided by

• http://www.wordreference.com/ • http://dictionary.cambridge.org/

Have a go at these ones, too. However good these word lists may be (and however good you may be at deciphering the French and German), there is almost no possibility to do advanced Coptic language units without a good dictionary. Please see above for information about Coptic dictionaries and their availability.

Resources on the Website

As well as weekly coursenotes, the unit website (see below) will make numerous additional resources available, among others:

• How to Use Crum, Coptic Dictionary (Powerpoint) • How to Use Liddell-Scott, Greek-English Lexicon on the Perseus Project (Powerpoint) • Short Introduction to Bohairic Coptic • Learning Vocabulary of Bohairic Coptic

Website

The website (see the next section) will be

• a privileged means of communication both for the students and the lecturers and among the students themselves. This is especially important for distance students.

• a way to provide information and materials to students quickly and accessibly. • the tool for the submission and retrieval of assignments.

Unit webpage

Accessing the website

There are different ways in which to access the unit and the electronic resources it contains:

For an online guide to using the website, see: https://learn.mq.edu.au/webct/RelativeResourceManager/25994001/Public%20Files/ getstart/getStarted.html

For all login varieties you will need your Macquarie Student ID number and your myMQ student portal password (see https://my.mq.edu.au/).

• The direct web address of your unit is: • http://www.coptic.mq.edu.au/AHPG899/index.html

• Once there, click on “Login” in the left-hand frame of the webpage.

OR:

• Go to the Online Teaching Facility at http://learn.mq.edu.au o Login directly to the units accessible to you

Contents of the Website

Some of the tools provided on the website are:

• A discussion tool, where all students enrolled in this unit can post questions to the group and participate in the compulsory online tutorial discussions. The conveners will check the discussion tool at least twice a week to post new materials, follow the threads of the discussion etc. Please remember to post questions as soon as they occur to you – do not put them all off until the last week before the essay is due! • An e-mail tool which will be used for one-to-one communication between students and lecturers. Please e-mail your questions via this mail tool rather than sending it to my usual office e-mail. This will make it easier to keep track of the mail which belongs to this particular unit only. • The iLecture tool from which you can listen to or download the audio recordings of the face-to-face teaching. • This study guide will also be provided on the website (under “Course Content”). • An assignments tool where you can submit your essay electronically.

Macquarie University Library

The website of the Macquarie University Library (http://www.lib.mq.edu.au) offers a wealth of information for all students and not only on the holdings of the library. Under the section “Useful links” (http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/readyref/) you will find Citation and Style Guides. In “Study and Research Tools” (http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/studyandresearchtools/) you will find suggestions how to go about researching, evaluating, and presenting the information for your assignment. For information specific to “Ancient History”, see http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/eguides/ancienthistory.html.

Students also have access to a vast selection of electronic journals and databases which the university subscribes to

Remote Access to Databases and Journals

To access databases and e-resources directly from an off-campus location, please go to the university library homepage (http://www.lib.mq.edu.au). Under the section “How do I” you will find “IT Help”. Choose the link “Remote Access”, which will guide you to these resources.

For direct access, bookmark the following link: http://www.sith.mq.edu.au/remote.html

Library Distance Education Service

• Macquarie University Library provides numerous services for distance students, including online access to the Library’s Web catalogue and databases, reference assistance, IT help, online IT training, reciprocal borrowing and letters of introduction to other libraries.

Contact:

Library Distance Education Service http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/services/distance.html Macquarie University Library NSW 2109 Australia E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +61 2 9850 7558 Fax: +61 2 9850 7504 Free Phone (within Australia): 1 800 632 743

The Library also provides Delivery Services to Distance Education students living outside the Sydney metropolitan area (this includes Macquarie University students residing overseas.) Please note that books and some other media will not be posted to addresses outside Australia.

Centre for Open Education (COE)

Centre for Open Education www.coe.mq.edu.au Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia Phone: +61 2 9850 7470 Fax: +61 2 9850 7480

The Centre for Open Education is the primary point of contact between distance students and the University. It organizes and distributes the various forms of teaching materials, the electronic registration of the receipt and return of distance education assignments. Guidance for students is provided through the Distance Education Student Handbook distributed to all students enrolled in distance education.

External students enrolled in this unit will receive this study guide and the audio registrations on CD through the COE (in addition to having the possibility to listen to the registrations on the web and download them). However, you will be submitting

your assignments directly to your lecturer using the assignments tool on the unit website.

Part 5. Policies and procedures

Macquarie University has a range of policies that relate to learning and teaching, including

• Assessment • Unit guide • Special consideration

They can be found at Policy Central (http://www.mq.edu.au/policy/).

Macquarie's procedures relating to plagiarism can be found at http://www.student.mq.edu.au/plagiarism/

Feedback and unit evaluation

In this unit you will receive a range of verbal and written feedback on your assessment tasks and work in class or online.

To monitor how successful we are in providing quality teaching and learning, the Faculty of Arts also seeks feedback from students. One of the key formal ways students have to provide feedback is through unit and teacher evaluation surveys. The feedback is anonymous and provides the Faculty with evidence of aspects that students are satisfied with and areas for improvement. The Faculty of Arts also holds two student feedback meetings per year. Please watch for advertisements for these meetings and take the opportunity to share your suggestions for improvement. At present, the Faculty is prioritising feedback on assessment and feedback.

Part 6. Unit schedule

In weeks 1-6 we shall read the homiletic biblical commentary In Apocalypsim 7-12, in weeks 7-9, the Nag Hammadi apocryphon The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles and in weeks 10-13, documentary texts.

Week Date Seminar Assessment 1 2/8 In Apocalypsim 7-12 2 9/8 In Apocalypsim 7-12 3 16/8 In Apocalypsim 7-12 4 23/8 In Apocalypsim 7-12 5 30/8 In Apocalypsim 7-12 Assignment 1 due 6/9

6 6/9 In Apocalypsim 7-12 7 13/9 The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles Semester Break (2 weeks) 8 4/10 The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles 9 11/10 The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles 10 18/10 O.Douch copte inv. 79-756 Assignment 2 due 25/10 11 25/10 O.Douch copte inv. 89-18 Vocabulary test 12 1/11 I.Bag. 1.08; 1.10 Grammar test

13 8/11 I.Bag. 30.4; I.Ayn al-Zaaf 3

Typing Coptic or Greek

While communicating with your lecturer and your fellow students, you will need to type words in Coptic or Greek. Now most ancient language fonts – even if they are of the same language – have a different distribution of characters on the keyboard. So if members of the group use different fonts, this will lead to misunderstandings. I suggest therefore that you download the public domain Coptic and Greek fonts “Ifao N Copte” and “IFAO-Grec Unicode” or “New Athena Unicode”.

Ifao N Copte and IFAO-Grec Unicode

They are available for both PC and Macintosh computers on the following website: http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/outils/polices/

Please take also note of the copyright notice on the website indicated. The fonts are available for a wide range of use, even for publication, however, commercial use is not permitted.

They are accompanied by a readme file, which explains the keyboard distribution of the letters and diacritics (accents, punctuation marks). They are professional fonts and give most of the diacritics and graphemes encountered in Coptic texts.

Coptic Unicode: New Athena Unicode

It is only in 2005 that a separate Unicode standard for Coptic has been defined. Before it has just been treated as an appendix of Greek. A free unicode font (New Athena Unicode) is available at: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~pinax/greekkeys/NAUdownload.html. For information on Coptic input using New Athena Unicode see: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~pinax/coptic.html.

If you wish to use type Coptic or Greek in an assignment or essay, install one of these fonts on your computer. To type Coptic or Greek in the online discussion forum use the following procedure:

• When you create a discussion message, in the right upper corner of your window a little box should appear that reads "enable HTML creator". • If you click this box, the HTML editor should appear on your screen. Make sure you have selected “WYSIWYG” (“What you see is what you get”) at the bottom of the box. • Among the options at the top of the box there is a drop down menu with all the fonts installed on your computer. Choose SPAchmim from the list and try typing some Coptic (or SPIonic for Greek): you should see the words in this font, and anyone who has this font installed on their computer can see them in that font too.

Grammatical Terminology

Students studying Coptic dialects will already have had plenty of exposure to grammatical terminology as applied to the Coptic language. This is a reminder about the avenues to pursue if faced with an unfamiliar grammatical term:

• Consult the Basic Traditional Grammatical Terminology provided below (courtesy of Dr B. Ockinga) • Consult one of the online glossaries of grammatical terms (see below) • Read one of the introductions to English grammar recommended below • Use Google as a search tool. Just type, e. g.: “define: noun” • Ask (either face-to-face or using the discussion group tool provided on the website of this unit). Remember: there are no stupid questions! However, before asking, try to find the answer yourself first by making use of all the other possibilities listed here.

Basic Traditional Grammatical Terminology

Types of Words Noun: Word used as the name of a person, place or thing. Adjective: A word used to describe a noun. Pronoun: A word, which can stand in place of a noun, e.g. “he”, “she”, “it”. Article: Determines a noun: “the” is a definite article; “a” is an indefinite article Interrogatives: Words, which introduce a question, e.g. “who”, “whose”, “which”, “when”. Verb: A word denoting action transitive verb: A verb which can take a direct object. intransitive A verb which cannot take a direct object. verb: Adverb: A word qualifying a verb or adjective

Preposition: Word governing (and normally preceding) a noun or pronoun, expressing the relationship of the latter to another word. e.g. “He is at home”, “She is in bed”, “It was done by him”. Conjunction: Conjunctions link words, clauses, or sentences: “because”, “since”, “while”, “and”, “or” Function of words in sentences Subject: A noun or noun equivalent about which something is predicated in a proposition Predicate: What is said of a subject (to predicate: to assert or affirm as true or existent) Object: A noun or noun equivalent governed by an active transitive verb or a preposition. Direct object: Primary object of a verbal action Indirect object: Person or thing affected by a verbal action but not primarily acted on. Combinations of words Sentence: Set of words containing or implying a subject and a predicate, and expressing a statement, question, exclamation or command Clause: Group of words that includes a subject and a verb forming a sentence or part of a sentence: “{[She often visits Egypt]main clause [because she loves the monuments]subordinate clause.}sentence” Phrase: A combination of words that form a meaningful part of a sentence: “the green car”; “at half past four”.

For further reading see:

J.R. Bernard, A Short Guide to Traditional Grammar (Sydney, 1975)

Ruth Colman, The Briefest English Grammar ever Produced (Mayfield, 2004)

Annette Harrison, Macquarie Student Guides. Basic English Grammar (South Yarra, 2003)

Online glossaries of linguistic terms are provided, among others, by:

Dr Peter Coxhead, Birmingham University http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~pxc/nlpa/nlpgloss.html#morphology

SIL International (formerly known as Summer Institute of Linguistics), Dr Eugene E. Loos, general editor: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms (This glossary answers about any question one might have on linguistic terminology).

Online guides to grammar and writing are provided, among others, by:

Oxford University Press at: http://www.askoxford.com/betterwriting/

Community College Foundation at: http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/

Online resources

On the home page of Dr Lance Eccles at Macquarie University, several valuable study aids for Coptic are available in pdf-format: http://laurel.ocs.mq.edu.au/~leccles/coptic.html

• Outline of Sahidic Morphology • Outline of Bohairic Morphology • A Short Classified English-Coptic (Sahidic) Vocabulary and • The same vocabulary together with example sentences • Selections from the Life of Bishop Pisentius with English translation • Notes on Selections from Pisentius

Selected Bibliography on Coptic Language

(With a Focus on Sahidic Coptic)

The titles marked with an asterisk * are placed on reserve or on three-day-loan in the library. (NB. Please note also that many of the reference works, such as the Coptic Encyclopedia, other encyclopedias and dictionaries, are kept in the reference section of the library in any case and cannot be checked out. Please consult the library catalog for more information.)

The titles marked ** are available on electronic reserve on the library website or on WebCT.

More titles may be added to the reserve list or made available on electronic reserve as the semester progresses (also upon request by students, just ask, and it will be done if at all possible!).

Some of the categories are underlined because they contain a hyperlink. In the electronic version of this study guide, this link will lead to a definition of the term for those unfamiliar with linguistic terminology.

Coptic Language in general

The 8th volume of the Coptic Encyclopedia is almost exclusively dedicated to Coptic language, with particular attention to Coptic dialects:

Atiya, Aziz, Coptic Encyclopedia, 8 vols, New York 1991.

**Emmel, Stephen, Coptic, The Anchor Bible Dictionary 4, New York: Doubleday, 1992, 180-188.

Progress reports

At the international congresses for Coptic Studies held every four years starting in 1976, progress reports are given on the different areas of the field. Linguistics is traditionally one of these areas.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Coptic Linguistics, 1984-1988, in: M. Rassart-Debergh and J. Ries (eds.), Actes du IVe Congrès Copte, Louvain-la-Neuve, 5-10 sept. 1988, Publications de l’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain, 41, Louvain-la-Neuve: Institut Orientaliste, 1992, vol. 2, p. 53-63.

Layton, Bentley, Four Years of Progress in Coptic Linguistics, in: Tito Orlandi (ed.), Acts of the Fifth International Congress of Coptic Studies, Washington, Vol. 1, Reports on Recent Research, Roma: CIM 1993, 97-110.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Coptic Linguistics: 1992-1996, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26 .Juli 1996, Band 2 (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 317-326.

Zakrzweska, Ewa D., A bibliography of Coptic linguistics and linguistic studies related to Coptic, 1996-2000, in: Mat Immerzeel and Jacques van der Vliet (eds.), Coptic Studies on the Threshold of a New Millennium. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Coptic Studies Leiden, 27 August – 2 September 2000, Leuven: Peeters 2004, 27-38.

Dictionaries

Introductory remarks on dictionaries:

Coptic dictionaries traditionally only contain the part of the lexicon of the Coptic language derived from Ancient Egyptian. This is due to the fact that they were first compiled in an age in which every educated person was expected to read the classical languages fluently. Little attention was then given to the fact that the words of the Coptic language derived from Greek may have a meaning which differs considerably from the meaning the same words have in the Greek of a, let’s say, Plato or Aristotle.

At this point of learning Coptic it is not necessary to purchase one of the Dictionaries listed below, although access to a dictionary will be necessary for the advanced study of Coptic. For the purposes of this unit, the glossaries in the textbook (pp. 209- 358 for the words of Egyptian origin, pp. 359-363 for those of Greek origin) are quite sufficient.

However, if students should happen to wish to consult one of the Coptic dictionaries listed below, they will notice that the arrangement of word in the dictionaries is different from that of the textbook. Since the dictionaries were compiled by scholars with an Egyptological training, they are arranged according to the principles of the dictionaries for Ancient Egyptian, i. e. according to the consonantal roots of a word,

not taking the vowels into account. Thus, you would find the word swtm “to hear” under the consonantal root s-t-m, not taking into account the vowel “w”.

A noticeable part of the lexicon of Coptic (in some texts up to 20%) is made up of Greek words. Greek words are especially prominent among the religious terms used by Christians and adherents of faiths competing with Christianity (Gnosticism, Manichaeism) or among the terms used in the administrative, legal, and fiscal system of Egypt. The latter derives from the fact that Greek was used as an administrative language in Egypt from the conquest of the country by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE up to the early 8th century CE. In the Ptolemaic era, before the Roman conquest of Egypt in 31 BCE, it was partly used alongside Demotic (a cursive form of the hieroglyphs), which could be used (this was done mainly by Egyptians) for administrative documents. However, by the middle of the 1st century CE, Greek had become the only administrative language, since the new rulers, the Roman emperors, discouraged the use of Demotic. Coptic on the other hand, as a non- literary language (e.g. for letters), flowered first mainly in monastic circles. The end of the Roman (Byzantine) rule with the Arab conquest of Egypt in 641/2 opened up possibilities for the wider use of Coptic as an administrative language. So since for 600 years Greek was the language in which government and subjects communicated, it is no wonder that Coptic possesses so many so-called “loan” words from Greek. These words, unfortunately, because of the scholarly tradition in lexicography described above, are not contained in the “Coptic” dictionaries even though they should have been. For the purposes of this course you can use the glossary of Greek words provided in the textbook. More advanced students will learn to look them up in the Greek dictionaries listed below. Apart from the large dictionary by Liddell and Scott, for religious terms Bauer and Lampe may be fruitfully consulted, for administrative or military terms Sophocles is useful.

Coptic

ern, Jaroslav, Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge 1976.

Crum, Walter E., Coptic Dictionary, Oxford 1939 (The most comprehensive dictionary of the Coptic language, contains references, but no etymologies).

Kasser, Rodolphe, Compléments au dictionnaire copte de Crum. Bibliothèque d’études coptes, Cairo 1964.

Smith, Richard, A concise Coptic-English Lexicon, Grand Rapids 1983 (2nd edition Scholars’ Press 1999) (emphasis on Biblical and Gnostic materials).

Spiegelberg, Wilhelm, Koptisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg 1912 (superseded by Westendorf).

Strasbach, M.-O. and B. Barc, Dictionnaire inversé du copte. Cahiers de la Bibliothèque Copte 2, Louvain, Peeters, 1984 (dictionary which inverts the order of words and letters, particularly useful for filling in lacunae when editing Coptic manuscripts professionally, no meanings given).

Westendorf, Wolfhart, Koptisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg 1965-77 (comprehensive Coptic-German dictionary, contains few references to original sources, but the large number of etymologies given make it particularly valuable for Egyptologists).

Greek

Bauer, W. A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature: a translation and adaptation of the fourth revised and augmented edition of Walter Bauer’s Griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der übrigen urchristlichen Literatur, by William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich; 2nd ed., rev. and augmented by F. Wilbur Gingrich and Frederick W. Danker from Walter Bauer’s 5th ed., 1958, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1979.

Förster, Hans, Wörterbuch der griechischen Wörter in den koptischen dokumentarischen Texten, Berlin-New York: De Gruyter 2002 (dictionary of all terms of Greek origin to be found in Coptic documentary sources, full references to the original sources, valuable, with some limitations, also for literary Coptic).

Lampe, G. W. H., A Patristic Greek Lexicon, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1961.

Liddell, H. G. and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon. New (Ninth) Edition Completed 1940, with a Supplement 1968, Oxford, Oxford University Press 1976 (also available online at the Perseus Project http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/resolveform).

Sophocles, E. A., Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods (From B.C. 146 to A.D. 1100), New York 1887 (various reprints; paperback edition 2004).

Grammars and Chrestomathies 1

Eccles, Lance, Introductory Coptic Reader. Selection from the Gospel of Thomas with Full Grammatical Explanations, Kensington 1991.

*Lambdin, Thomas O., Introduction to Sahidic Coptic, Macon: Mercer UP 1983 (2nd edition 1992).

*Layton, Bentley, A Coptic Grammar. Porta Linguarum Orientalium N. S. 20, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 2000.

Layton, Bentley, Coptic Gnostic Chrestomathy. A Selection of Coptic Texts with Grammatical Analysis and Glossary, Leuven: Peeters 2004

1 A chrestomathy is a choice of text passages, especially to help in learning a language.

*Mallon, Alexis, Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire, 4 éd. revue par Michel Malinine, Beyrouth 1956.

Plisch, Uwe-Karsten, Einführung in die koptische Sprache (sahidischer Dialekt). Sprachen und Kulturen des Christlichen Orients 5. Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999.

Plumley, J.M., An Introductory Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect), London: Home & Van Thal, 1948.

Polotsky, Hans Jacob, Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus, American Studies in Papyrology 28, 29, Decatur GA: Scholars Press, 2 vols., 1987, 1990.

*Reintges, Chris, Coptic Egyptian (Sahidic Dialect). A Learner’s Grammar. Afrikawissenschaftliche Lehrbücher 15, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe 2004.

*Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy. A Course for Academic and Private Study. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 30, Leuven: Peeters 1988.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Coptic Grammatical Categories. Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53, Roma, Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1986.

Stern, Ludwig, Koptische Grammatik, Leipzig: T. O. Weigel 1880.

Till, Walter, Koptische Grammatik, Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz 21961.

Torallas Tovar, Sofía, Gramática de Copto Sahídico. Manuales y Anejos de “Emérita” 63, Madrid 2001.

Vergote, J., Grammaire Copte, 2 vols., vol. 1: Introduction, phonétique et phonologie, morphologie synthématique (structure des sémantèmes), vol. 2: Morphologie syntagmatique, Leuven 1973/1983.

Of interest may also be: Online Bibliography on the Egyptian language, including Coptic: Glyphs and Grammars Part II: Advanced Resources, compiled by Michael Tilgner and Aayko Eyma: http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Alley/4482/glyphs2.html

History of the Egyptian Language

General

Loprieno, Antonio, Ancient Egyptian and other Afroasiatic Languages, in: J. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of The Ancient Near East. London: Scribners 1995, 2135- 2150.

*Loprieno, Antonio, Ancient Egyptian, A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995. (Online review by J. G. Manning in the Bryn Mawr Classical Review: http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2000/2000-08-14.html)

**Loprieno, Antonio, Egyptian and Coptic, in: Roger D. Woodard (ed.) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, Ch. 7.

Loprieno, Antonio, From Ancient Egyptian to Coptic, in: Martin Haspelmath et alii (eds.), Language Typology and Language Universals/Sprachtypologie und sprachliche Universalien/La Typologie des langues et les universaux linguistiques: An International Handbook/Ein internationales Handbuch/Manuel international, 1-2. Berlin: de Gruyter 2001, 1742-61.

Development of Coptic and disappearance of Demotic

Depauw, Mark, A Companion to Demotic Studies, Bruxelles: Fondation Reine Elisabeth 1997.

Hodge, Carleton T., Coptic Double Consonants, in: Yoel Arbeitman and Allan R. Bomhard (eds.), Bono Homini Donum: Essays in Historical Linguistics in Memory of J. Alexander Kern, Amsterdam: Benjamins 1981, 659-664.

**Lewis, Naphtali, The Demise of the Demotic Documents: When and Why, in: Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79 (1993), 276-281.

Quaegebeur, Jan, Pre-Coptic, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 188-190.

Quaegebeur, Jan, Pre-Old Coptic, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 190-191.

Quaegebeur, Jan, De la préhistoire de l’écriture copte, in: Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 13 (1982), 125-136.

Ritner, Robert K., The Coptic Alphabet, in: Peter T. Daniels and William Bright (eds.), The World’s Writing Systems, New York: Oxford UP 1996. 287-90, 295-96.

Satzinger, Helmut, Old Coptic, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 169-175.

Satzinger, Helmut, Die altkoptischen Texte als Zeugnisse der Beziehung zwischen Ägyptern und Griechen, in: P. Nagel (ed.), Graeco-Coptica, Halle, Martin- Luther-Univers., 1984 = Wiss. Beiträge 48, 137-146.

Satzinger, Helmut, On the Prehistory of the Coptic Dialects, in: W. Godlewski (ed.), Coptic Studies. Acts of the Third International Congress of Coptic Studies, Warsaw, 20-25 Aug. 1984, Warszawa 1990, 413-416.

Satzinger, Helmut, On the Origin of the Sahidic Dialect, in: T. Orlandi and F. Wisse (eds.), Acts of the Second International Congress of Coptic Studies Roma 22- 26 September 1980, Roma 1985, 307-312.

Loan words in Coptic

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Polis, Polites und Politeia im Koptischen. Zu einigen Fragen des einschlägigen koptischen Lehnwortschatzes, in: E.Ch. Welskopf (ed.), Das Fortleben altgriechischer sozialer Typenbegriffe in den Sprachen der Welt, 2. Teil, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1982, 283-320.

Hopfner, Theodor, Über Form und Gebrauch der griechischen Lehnwörter in der koptisch-sacidischen Apophthegmaversion. Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse 62/2, Wien 1917.

Horn, Jürgen, Latino-Coptica. Erwägungen zur den lateinischen Lehnwörtern des koptischen Wortschatzes, in: AA VV, Atti del XVII Congresso Internazionale di Papirologia, Napoli: Centro Internazionale per lo Studio dei Papiri Ercolanensi 1984, 1361-1376.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Vocabulary, Copto-Greek, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 215- 222.

Paryski, Marie, A Study of Greek Loan-Words in the Sahidic Bohairic Dialects of the Coptic Language, Ph.D. Diss. University of Michigan 1941.

Girgis, W. A., Greek loan words in Coptic I-V, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 17 (1964) 63-73; 18 (1966), 71-96; 19 (1970) 57-88; 20 (1971) 53-68; 21 (1975) 33-53.

Anba Gregorius, Greek Loan Words in Coptic. Greek Conjunctions in Coptic, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 30 (1991), 77-92.

(Anba) Gregorius, Greek Loan Words in Coptic, VI, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 23 (1976-8), 199-222.

Phonology

Hintze, Fritz, Zur Koptischen Phonologie, in: Enchoria 10 (1980), 23-91.

**Loprieno, Antonio, Egyptian and Coptic Phonology, in: Alan S. Kaye and Peter T. Daniels (eds.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), I-II, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997, 431-60.

*Peust, Carsten, Egyptian Phonology, Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt Verlag 1999 (pp. 33-39 and 65-67 on e-reserve).

Satzinger, Helmut, Koptische Vokalphoneme und ägyptische Pluralformation, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2, (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 365-374.

Satzinger, Helmut, Phonologie des koptischen Verbs (Sacidischer Dialekt), in: Manfred Görg and Edgar Pusch (eds.), Festschrift Elmar Edel, 12. März 1979. Ägypten und Altes Testament 1, Bamberg 1979, 343-389.

Till, Walter C. Betrachtungen zum Wortakzent im Koptischen, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 13 (1951), 13-22.

Worrell, William H., Syllabic consonants in Sahidic Coptic, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 69 (1933), 130-131.

Worrell, William H., Coptic sounds. University of Michigan studies, humanistic series 26. Ann Arbor 1943

Morphology

Nominal

Callender, John B., Appositive Constructions in Sahidic, in: D.W. Young (ed), Studies Presented to H.J. Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson, 1981, 68-79.

Depuydt, Leo, Possessivpronomina und Possessivausdrücke im Koptischen, in: Enchoria 13 (1985), 207-209.

Layton, Bentley, The Coptic Determinator Syntagm and Its Constituents, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 79-97.

Polotsky, Hans Jacob, “Article” and “Determinative Pronoun” in Coptic, in: Lingua Aegyptia 1 (1991), 241-242.

Polotsky, Hans Jacob, Die koptischen Possessiva, in: Enchoria 13 (1985), 89-96.

Polotsky, Hans Jacob, Zur Determination in Koptischen, in: Orientalia 58 (1989), 464- 472.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, What’s In a Name? On Coptic (PA-) “(he) of-”, in: Enchoria 13 (1985), 97-102.

Satzinger, Helmut, On the Definiteness of the Coptic Noun, in: M. Rassart-Debergh and J. Ries (eds.), Actes du IVe Congrès Copte, Louvain-la-Neuve, 5-10 sept. 1988, Publications de l’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain 41, Louvain-la-Neuve, Institut Orientaliste 1992. 2 vols., vol. 2, p. 74-81.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, The Proper Name: Structural Prolegomena to Its Syntax. A Case Study in Coptic, Beihefte zur Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 15, Wien 1989.

Verbal

Dembska, Albertyna, Remarks on the Origin of Coptic t Suffix-pronoun 1st pers. sing. c., in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 11 (1987), 27-36.

Elanskaya, Alla I., The T-Causative in Coptic, in: D. W. Young (ed.), Studies Presented to Hans Jakob Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson, 1981, 80- 130.

Emmel, Stephen, Proclitic Forms of the Verb 75 in Coptic, in: D. W. Young (ed.), Studies Presented to Hans Jakob Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson 1981, 131-146

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Toward a Synchronic Morphology of Coptic, in: R. McL. Wilson, The Future of Coptic Studies, Leiden: Brill 1978, 104-24.

Green, Michael, The Coptic share Pattern and its Ancient Egyptian Ancestors. A Reassessment of the Aorist Pattern in the Egyptian Language, Warminster: Aris & Phillips 1987.

Layton, Bentley, A Penultimate Personal Object Morph in Classical Sahidic Coptic, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26.Juli 1996, Band 2 (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 347-358.

Nagel, Peter, Die Determination des Subjektnomens im Präsens I und das Problem der Satztypen des Koptischen, in: Hallesche Beitrage zur Orientwissenschaft 2, (1980), 77-93.

Quecke, Hans, Zur Passivumschreibung im Koptischen, in: Jürgen Osing and Günter Dreyer (eds.), Form und Mass, Beiträge zur Literatur, Sprache und Kunst des alten Ägypten, Festschrift für Gerhard Fecht, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1987, 395-404.

Reintges, Chris, Aspects of the morphosyntax of subjects and objects in Coptic Egyptian, in: Ton van der Wouden and Hans Broekhuis (eds.) Linguistics in the Netherlands 2001, Amsterdam 2001, 177-188.

Reintges, Chris, Second Tenses don’t exist, in: M. Immerzeel & J. van der Vliet (eds.), Coptic studies on the threshold of a new millennium. Proceedings of the seventh International congress of Coptic studies, Leiden, 27 August-2 September 2000, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 133, Leuven: Peeters 2004, 131-144.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Apodotic e3swtm: A hitherto unnoticed Late Coptic tripartite pattern conjugation form and its diachronic perspective, in: Le Muséon 86 (1973), 455-466.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Protativ e3swtm: A hitherto unnoticed Coptic tripartite conjugation form and its diachronic connections, in: Orientalia 43 (1974), 369- 381.

Young, Dwight W., The Coptic Tenses in the Writings of Shenoute, Ph.D. Diss. Dropsie College 1955.

Other categories

Layton, Bentley, Compound Prepositions in Sahidic Coptic, in: D.W. Young (ed), Studies Presented to H.J. Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson, 1981, 239- 268.

Syntax

General

Reintges, Chris, Agreement marking, case assignment and the composition of the Coptic clause, in: Göttinger Miszellen 180 (2001), 97-102.

Reintges, Chris, Syntactic conditions on special inflection in Coptic Interrogatives, in: Jacqueline Lecarme (ed.), Research in Afroasiatic Grammar II. Papers from the fifth conference on Afroasiatic languages (Paris, June 2000), Current issues in linguistic theory 241, Amsterdam 2003, 363-408.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Existential Statements in the Sahidic New Testament. Work Notes, in: Göttinger Miszellen 77 (1984), 67-79.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Bohairic Narrative Grammar, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2 (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 375-389.

Till, Walter C., Die Satzarten im Koptischen, in: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung 2 (1954), 378-402.

Nominal Sentence

Callender, John B., Studies in the Nominal Sentence in Egyptian and Coptic, Near Eastern Studies 24, Berkeley: University of California Publications 1985.

Depuydt, Leo, Specificity or Emphasis in Egyptian and Coptic Nominal Sentences?, in: Chronique d’Egypte 61 (1986), 358-367.

Depuydt, Leo, The Emphatic Nominal Sentence in Egyptian and Coptic, in: G. Englund, P. J. Frandsen (eds.), Crossroad. Chaos or the Beginning of a New Paradigm, Kobenhavn: Carsten Niebuhr Institute, 1986, 91-118.

Depuydt, Leo, The Emphatic Nominal Sentence in Egyptian and Coptic, in: Orientalia 56 (1987) 37-54

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Formen und Funktionen des interlokutiven Nominalsatzes in den koptischen Dialekten (I), Langues orientales anciennes - philologie et linguistique (LOAPL), 3 (1991), 1-75.

Schenkel, Wolfgang, “Spezifizität” - der Schlüssel zum ägyptisch-koptischen Nominalsatz?, in: Bibliotheca Orientalis 42 (1985), 255-265.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Grammatical Discovery Procedure and the Egyptian-Coptic Nominal Sentence, in: Orientalia 56 (1987), 147-175.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Notes on some Coptic nominal sentence patterns, in: Studien zur Sprache und Religion Ägyptens. Zu Ehren von Wolfhart Westendorf überreicht von seinen Freunden und Schülern, 2 vols., vol. 1: Sprache, Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie 1984, 175-189.

Verbal System

Depuydt, Leo, A propos de la notion de mouvement en copte et en égyptien, in: Chronique d’Egypte 60 (1985), 85-95.

Depuydt, Leo, For the sake of ouw4, ‘love’: an exception to the Stern-Jernstedt Rule and its History, in: Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79 (1993), 282-286.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Zur Syntax des koptischen Qualitativs, in: Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 104 (1977), 25-39.

Green, Michael, The tare pattern in Coptic non-biblical texts, in: Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 110 (1983), 132-143.

Jernstedt, Peter V., Zum Gebrauch des koptischen Qualitativs, in: Doklad Akademii Nauk SSSR 1925, 74-77.

Jernstedt, Peter V., Das koptische Präsens und die Anknüpfungsarten des näheren Objekts. Doklad Akademii Nauk SSSR 2 1927, 69-74.

Loprieno, Antonio, From VSO to SVO? Word Order and Rear Extraposition in Coptic, in: Rosanna Sornicola, Erich Poppe and Ariel Shisha-Halevy (eds.), Stability, Variation and Change of Word-Order Patterns over Time, Amsterdam: Benjamins 2000, 23-39.

**Polotsky, Hans Jacob, The Coptic Conjugation System, in: Orientalia 29 (1960), 392-422 (reprinted in Polotsky, H.J., Collected Papers, Jerusalem: Magnes Press 1971).

Polotsky, Hans Jacob, Verbalaspekte im Koptischen, in: Göttinger Miszellen 88 (1985), 19-24.

Quecke, Hans, Zum substantivischen Relativsatz im Koptischen, in: T. Orlandi and F. Wisse (eds.), Acts of the Second Int. Congress of Coptic Studies, Roma: CIM 1985, 261-281.

Reintges, Chris, A configurational approach to Coptic second tenses, in: Lingua Aegyptia 10 (2002), 343-388.

Reintges, Chris, Stem Allomorphy, Verb Movement and Case Assignment in Coptic Egyptian, in: Marcel den Dikken and Kees Hengeveld (eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 1995, Amsterdam: Benjamins 1995, 191-202.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, The “Tautological Infinitive” in Coptic: A Structural Examination, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 99-127.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Some Reflections on the Egyptian Conjunctive, in: Cäcilia Fluck et alii (eds.), Divitiae Aegypti. Koptologische und verwandte Studien zu Ehren von Martin Krause, Wiesbaden: Reichert 1995, 300-314.

Weima, J. A. D., The Second Tense in the Gospel of Thomas: The “Sleeping Beauty” of the Coptic Verbal System, in: Orientalia 59 (1990), 335-439.

Semantics and Pragmatics

Bosson, Nathalie, Expression de la comparaison en langue copte saidique, in: Faits de Langues: Revue de Linguistique 5 (1995), 109-22.

Bosson, Nathalie, De l'expression du rapport à l’objet en langue copte, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2 (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 327-334.

Dembska, Albertyna, A Note on the Meaning of the Coptic Verb twoun ‘Arise,’ ‘Rise’, in: Rocznik Orientalistyczny 46 (1): 105-110.

Depuydt, Leo, The Meaning of the Coptic Particle rw and Related Constructions in Semitic and Other Languages, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 3 (2001), 113-128.

Depuydt, Leo, “Voir” et “regarder” en copte: etude synchronique et diachronique, in: Revue d’Egyptologie 36 (1985) 35-42.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, On a Semantic Typology of Conditional Sentences, in: Folia Linguistica 19 (1985), 365-413.

Quecke, Hans, Zur direkten und indirekten Rede im Koptischen, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 129-35.

Reintges, Chris, Code-mixing strategies in Coptic Egyptian, in: Lingua Aegyptia 9 (2001), 193-237.

Young, Dwight W., On Shenoute’s Use of Present I, in: Journal of Near Eastern Studies 20 (1961), 115-119.

Young, Dwight W., Unfulfilled Conditions in Shenoute’s Dialect, in: Journal of the American Oriental Society 89 (1969), 399-407.

Young, Dwight W., Esope and the Conditional Conjugation, in: Journal of Near Eastern Studies 21 (1962), 175-185.

Additional Bibliography on Bohairic Coptic

NOTE: Many general studies on the Coptic language or individual phenomena will transgress dialect border and will thus be contained already in the bibliography centered on Sahidic Coptic given above. They will not be repeated here. Mutatis mutandis, the bibliography given below, which focusses on dialects, will contain valuable information on Coptic in general and on the Sahidic dialect in particular.

Dialectology, General and Transdialectal Studies

Barta, Winfried, Versuch einer Grobgliederung der ägyptisch-koptischen Syntax, in: Regine Schulz, Manfred Görg (eds.), Lingua Restituta Orientalis. Festgabe... Julius Assfalg, Ägypten und Altes Testament 20, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 1990, 9-16.

Cartreau, Frédéric, Système “codique” et système “codé”: Pertinence linguistique de la variante graphique en copte, in: LOAPL (Langues Orientales Anciennes, Philologique Et Linguistique) 1 (1988), 33-47.

Clarysse, Willy, Greek Accents on Egyptian Names, in: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 119 (1997), 177-184.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Dialects Wanting Homes: A Numerical Approach to the Early Varieties of Coptic, in: Jacek Fisiak (ed.), Historical Dialectology, Regional and Social. Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 37, Berlin etc.: Mouton de Gruyter 1988, 149-192.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, L’apport de la dialectologie à l’étude des documents littéraires coptes, in: Annuaire, École pratique des Hautes Études 99 (1990-91), 321-324.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Toward a Linguistic Classification of the “Sahidic” Nag Hammadi Texts, in: David W. Johnson (ed.), Acts of the Fifth International Congress of Coptic Studies, Washington, 12-15 August 1992. Vol. 2, Part 1-2, Papers from the Sections, Roma: CIM 1993, 163-177.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Eine frühkoptische Ausgleichsorthographie für Unter- und Mittelägypten?, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 4 (1980), 33- 38.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Koptische Isoglossen im oberägyptischen Raum (3, 4), in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 114 (1987), 45-54.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Koptische Isoglossen im Oberägyptischen Raum. 1 ESCE “wenn” etc., in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 112 (1985), 19-24.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Koptische Isoglossen im oberägyptischen Raum. 2, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 113 (1986), 103-114.

Funk, Wolf-Peter, Zur Negation des Präsens in den oberägyptischen Dialekten, in: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 114 (1987), 101-102.

Hintze, Fritz, Eine Klassifizierung der koptischen Dialekte, in: AA. VV., Studien zu Sprache und Religion Ägyptens. Zu Ehren von Wolfhart Westendorf überreicht von seinen Freunden und Schülern, Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie 1984, 411-432.

Hintze, Fritz, Zur koptischen Phonologie, in: Enchoria 10 (1980), 23-92.

Junge, Friedrich, Late Egyptian Grammar, Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 2001.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Dialects, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 87-97.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Á propos des caractéristiques lexicales des dialectes coptes dans divers textes bibliques, in: Wlodzimierz Godlewski (ed.), Coptic Studies. Acts of the Third International Congress of Coptic Studies, Warsaw, 20-25 August 1984, Warszawa: PWN 1990, 187-194.

Kasser, Rodolphe, A Standard System of Sigla for Referring to the Dialects of Coptic, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 141-151.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Aleph initial ou final en copte, in: Orientalia 57 (1988), 139-144.

Kasser, Rodolphe, EI ou I pour /I/ ou /J/ dans les dialectes coptes, in: Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 20 (1983), 123-126.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Le copte vraiment vivant, ses idiomes écrits (langues, dialectes, subdialectes) au cours de leur millénaire (IIIe-XIIe siècles environ), in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 28 (1986-89), 11-50.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Les dialectes coptes et les versions coptes bibliques, in: Biblica 46 (1965), 287-310.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Les sonantes portant l’accent tonique et les sonantes entièrement atones en usage ou non-usage dans l’orthographe spécifique des langues et (sub)dialectes coptes, in: Cäcilia Fluck et al., Divitiae Aegypti. Koptologische und verwandte Studien zu Ehren von Martin Krause, Wiesbaden, Reichert 1995, 181-199.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Marius Chaîne et la thèse d’une relation phonologique privilégiée entre les langues coptes saïdique et bohaïrique, in: Journal of Coptic Studies 1 (1990), 73-77.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Nommer les principaux graphemes vieux-coptes?, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 12 (1988), 53-57.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Orthographe (sub)dialectale copte du vocabulaire copto-grec avant le VIIIe siecle de notre ère, in: Museum Helveticum 40 (1983), 207-215.

Kasser, Rodolphe, OTUs et OTUs: taxonomie, discernement et distinction des catégories en dialectologie et géographie dialectale coptes, in: Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale 87 (1987), 225-253.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Phonologie superficielle et sou-jacente en Copte, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 26 (1984), 43-50.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Prééminence de l’alphabet grec dans les divers alphabets coptes. Première partie: Propos liminaires, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 15 (1991), 57-68.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Prééminence de l’alphabet grec dans les divers alphabets coptes. Seconde partie: spécimens textuels, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 16 (1993), 51-64.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Prolegomènes à un essai de classification systématique des dialectes et subdialectes coptes selon les critères de la phonétique, in: Le Muséon 93 (1980), 53-112, 237-298; 94 (1981), 91-152.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Sigles des dialectes coptes. Propositions pour une convention permettant d’unifier les divers usages systématiques actuellement en vigueur, in: J.-M. Rosenstiehl (ed.). Troisième Journée d’Etudes (Musée du Louvre, 23 mai 1986). Etudes Coptes III. Cahiers de la Bibliothèque Copte 4, Louvain- Paris, Peeters: 1989, 1-10.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Terminologie dialectale dans les dictionnaires coptes, in: AA. VV., Studien zu Sprache und Religion Ägyptens. Zu Ehren von Wolfhart Westendorf überreicht von seinen Freunden und Schülern, Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie 1984, 433-446.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Voyelles en fonction consonantique consonnes en fonction vocalique et classes de phonèmes en Copte, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 5 (1981), 33-50.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Voyelles et syllabes toniques, mi-toniques et atones en copte, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Egyptologie de Genève 17 (1993), 49-55.

Loprieno, Antonio, Methodologische Anmerkungen zur Rolle der Dialekte in der ägyptischen Sprachentwicklung, in: Göttinger Miszellen 53 (1981-2), 75-95.

Lüddeckens, Erich, Ägypten, in: Günter Neumann (ed.), Die Sprachen im Römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit (Kolloquium vom 8. bis 10. April 1974), Köln: Rheinland Verlag 1980, 241-266.

MacCoull, Leslie S. B., Egyptian Coptic Language Pamphlets: The Challenge of a Typology of Errors, in: Coptic Church Review 6 (1985), 17-21.

MacCoull, Leslie S. B., The Teshlot Papyri and the Survival of Documentary Coptic in the Eleventh Century, in: Orientalia Christiana Periodica 55 (1989), 201-206.

Meeks, Dimitri, Etymologies coptes. Notes et remarques, in: S. Giversen, M. Krause, P. Nagel (eds.), Coptology: Past, Present, and Future. Studies in Honour of Rodolphe Kasser, Leuven: Peeters 1994, 197-212.

Oerter, Wolf B., Die sogenannten Nominalpräfixe: Zur Anwendung eines Begriffs in Grammatiken des Koptischen, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2, (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 359-364.

Osing, Jürgen, Einige koptische Etymologien, in: Annales du Service des Antiquités Egyptiennes 71 (1987), 205-212.

Osing, Jürgen, Koptische Etymologien, in: AA. VV., Studien zu Sprache und Religion Ägyptens. Zu Ehren von Wolfhart Westendorf überreicht von seinen Freunden und Schülern, Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie 1984, 283- 288.

Schenke, Hans-Martin, Zur Bildung der Nomina in der Ägyptischen Sprache, in: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 77 (1982), 229-236.

Till, Walter, Koptische Dialektgrammatik, mit Lesestücken und Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. Munich 1961.

Vergote, Jozef, Essai de comparaison diachronique entre les systèmes de conjugaison égyptiens et copte. Le conjonctif, in: AA. VV., L’Egyptologie en 1979. Axes prioritaires... 1, Paris: CNRS 1982, 77-80.

Vycichl, Werner, Die altägyptische Nominalendung -u und ihr Fortleben im Koptischen, in: S. Giversen, M. Krause, P. Nagel (eds.), Coptology: Past, Present, and Future. Studies in Honour of Rodolphe Kasser, Leuven: Peeters 1994, 249-252.

Bohairic

Cannuyer, Christian, KEPITO: Heritier Bohairique de Hw.t-k3-Pth?, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 112 (1985), 115-118.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Djinkim sur tel graphème nasal ou vocalique de la langue copte bohaïrique, in: David W. Johnson (ed.), Acts of the Fifth International Congress of Coptic Studies, Washington, 12-15 August 1992. Vol. 2, Part 1-2, Papers from the Sections, Roma: CIM 1993, 235-245.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Langue copte bohairique: Son attestation par les inscriptions des Kellia et leur évaluation linguistique, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2, (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 335-346.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Le Djinkim en usage dominant dans l’orthographe ‘classique’ de la langue Bohaïrique (aux XIIIe-XIVe siècles surtout): parallèles, antécédents, principes et réalisation, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 33 (1994), 109-142.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Le Pap. Vat. Copto 9, codex des Petits Prophètes (note préliminaire sur la variété subdialectale B74 de ce témoin “Bohaïrique ancien”, IVe s.), in: M. Rassart-Debergh and J. Ries (eds.), Actes du IVe Congrès Copte, Louvain-la-Neuve, 5-10 sept. 1988, 2 vols, vol. 2, Publications de l’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain 41, Louvain: Institut Orientaliste 1992, 64-73.

Kasser, Rodolphe, L’épigraphie copte aux Kellia et l’information qu’elle donne sur l’importance de la langue Bohairique B5, in: Bulletin de la Société d’Archéologie Copte 37 (1998), 15-48.

Kasser, Rodolphe, Phnouti, Compendium surligné puis non surligné dans l’orthographe de la langue copte bohaïrique, in: U. Luft (ed.), The Intellectual Heritage of Egypt (Misc. Kákosy), Studia Aegyptiaca 14, Budapest 1992, 335- 341.

Roquet, Gérard, Syntaxe de deux allomorphes à gradation prosodique specialisée: NIM et NEM bohairiques en fonction d’exclamatifs, in: AA. VV., Deuxième journée d’études coptes, Louvain-Paris: Peeters 1986, 57-80.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Bohairic, in: Coptic Encyclopedia 8 (1991), 53-60.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Bohairic-Late Egyptian Diaglosses: A Contribution to the Typology of Egyptian, in: D.W. Young (ed.), Studies Presented to H.J. Polotsky, Beacon Hill MS: Pirtle Polson 1981, 314-338.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Pluridimensional Oppositions: Three Case Studies in Scripture (Pentateuch) Bohairic, in: S. Giversen, M. Krause, P. Nagel (eds.), Coptology: Past, Present, and Future. Studies in Honour of Rodolphe Kasser, Leuven: Peeters 1994, 225-248.

Shisha-Halevy, Ariel, Bohairic Narrative Grammar, in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2, (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 375-389.

Zakrzewska, Ewa D., Adverbial Clauses in the Structure of the Text: The Case of the Bohairic «Participium Absolutum», in: Stephen Emmel et alii (eds.), Ägypten und Nubien in spätantiker und christlicher Zeit. Akten des 6. Internationalen Koptologenkongresses, Münster, 20.-26. Juli 1996, Band 2, (= Sprachen und Kulturen des christlichen Orients, 6,2), Wiesbaden: Reichert 1999, 420-430.

Selected Text Editions - Bohairic

Balestri, Giuseppe/Hyvernat Henri, Acta Martyrum I and II, CSCO 43, 44, Paris 1907, 1908, 86, Paris 1924, 125, Paris 1950.

Burmester, Oswald H. E./Devaud, E., Psalterii Versio Memphitica e Recognitione Pauli de Lagarde, Louvain 1925. de Vis, Henri, Homélies Coptes de la Vaticane, Copenhagen 1922-1929.

Horner, George, The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Northern Dialect otherwise called Memphitic and Bohairic, Oxford 1898-1905.

Hyvernat, Henri, Les Actes des Martyrs de l’Égypte, Paris 1886-7.

Lagarde, Paul de, Catenae in Evangelia Aegyptiacae Quae Supersunt, Göttingen 1886.

Lagarde, Paul de, Der Pentateuch Koptisch, Leipzig 1865.

Porcher, E. Le livre de Job, version copte publiée et traduite. Patrologia Orientalis 18 (1924), 209-339.

Tattam, Henry, Prophetae Maiores in Dialecto Linguae Aegyptiacae Memphitica seu Coptica. Edidit cum Versione Latina, Oxford 1852.