p . November 3,1989 $1.00 rA\ YAĪĒA iisiaaai» Hawaii's Japanese American Journal Vol. 10, No. 21

EAD STORY/ ARNOLD T. HIURA ENTITLEMENT PLAN PASSES CONGRESS Hawaii Sen. Dan Inouye Engineers a Way to Guarantee Full Redress Funding ntitlement.The word sounds dry and coldly Elegalistic. It fails to conjure up either drum Inouye: “By rolls or fanfare of trumpets. But perhaps it making It Into an should. entitlement Entitlement first emerged from the U.S. Senate program, we will appropriations subcommittee on September 12. be assured to pay Initiated by Hawaii Sen. Dan Inouye, senior off everyone In member of the committee, the entitlement provi­ three years ... sion was actually passed as an amendment to the Otherwise, it might 1990 appropriations bill for the departments of State, Justice and Commerce. take 50 years— Its debut played to mixed reviews across the $20 million one country. Redress activists, who had been anx­ year, $10 million iously waiting to see how much money would be the next, $50 allocated for next year, focused largely on the million, $100 fact that the committee recommended no funding million. It goes on for FY1990 (see Dialogue, page 2). For the most and on and on. part, entitlement was lost in the uproar. Each year, we “Traitors!” shouted one angry Californian. would have to fight “They ’re the ones who should be thrown in con­ the same battle centration camps!” over and over But entitlement slowly began to pick up sup­ again. port, especially after it was passed by the full Senate on September 29. By then, a working definition of entitlement had been circulated—it There is no assuming how much, if any, it would by asking senators to waive the provision, as al­ would provide up to $500 million annually, receive. If times are bad, redress would be hard lowed under the Budget Act. guaranteed, to pay the estimated 60,000 former pressed to receive anything. Inouye then rose to respond with a powerful internees who qualify under the provisions of the “This year’s San Francisco earthquake and personal appeal, which was immediately followed Civil Liberties Act of 1988. Qualified persons Hurricane Hugo, for example, require unantici­ by an avalanche of personal testimony by fellow would begin receiving their individual payments pated expenditures,” he explained. “And, when senators in support of Inouye and entitlement. of $20,000 beginning in October 1990, and every­ you come down to it, (those needs) are more im­ Noting first that his own participation in the one would be paid within three years. portant to my colleagues than the payment of redress debates thus far “has been rather mini­ When entitlement made its way through a Sen­ redress. It may seem cruel, but those are the facts mal,” Inouye proceeded to tell the chamber, “I ate-House conference committee on October 19, of life,” said Inouye frankly. believe the time has come for me to tell my col­ it had really gained momentum. It was not just a But how does one take a somewhat controver­ leagues what has been in my heart for all these pipe dream. Within the week, the full House sial, oft-threatened appropriations item and ele­ many years.” passed the appropriations package and sent it vate it into an entitlement program? “Well, when Inouye explained how he first learned about back to the Senate for a final vote. At the time of I approached the chairman of the the internment camps from Mainland Japanese this writing, the bill is expected to easily pass the appropriations committee (Sen. Ernest Hollings, American soldiers with whom he served as a Senate, where it had originated, and then be sent D-S.C.) regarding this idea, he was not inclined member of the 442nd RCT. Almost reluctantly, to the President for his signature. to support it,” Inouye admitted. “He was not for Inouye said, the Mainland nisei told of how they It could not have been better timed. The elation redress to begin with. But, after some discussion, had volunteered from behind barbed wire enclo­ surrounding the passage of redress legislation in he agreed to support it. But he told me at the sures, and how their families had been forced to 1988 had slowly given way to anger and frustra­ time, ‘Dan, I hope you won’t ask for any funds give up personal property as well as their consti­ tion. President Bush had recommended funding for this year.’ And I agreed not to press for tutional rights. Most of the young men still had for fiscal 1990 at a paltry $20 million. The House funding this year,” said Inouye. families detained in the camps when they went off then managed to increase the figure to $50 mil­ Inouye knew that not providing any funds for to fight for their country. He recounted their lion. As a member of the powerful Senate 1990 would elicit some criticism, but such com­ unrivaled heroism in battle. appropriations committee, the question being promises are part of the political process. And he “Mr. President, I have oftentimes asked myself raised was: “How much money can Inouye get knew that entitlement was worth the trade-off. the question: ‘Would I have volunteered under from the Senate?” “Of course this means that this year some of these circumstances? In all honesty, I cannot give It was a question made even more intriguing the old folks will die, and they will not have the you a forthright answer,” Inouye admitted. by the fact that Inouye, by his own admission, good feeling of receiving their redress payments. Inouye also cited precedence for direct payment had not been as active as others in the earlier But in the decades following the war, many oth­ of redress. In 1980, $10,000 was awarded to each redress drive. ers have preceded them. By making it into an en­ of 1,318 anti-Vietnam war demonstrators who “I see it simply as a division of effort,” Inouye titlement program, we will be assured to pay off were found to have been wrongly jailed for one explained to the Herald in a telephone interview everyone in three years ... Otherwise, it might weekend, he reminded them. “They spent two from his Washington, D.C. office. “The man take 50 years—$20 million one year, $10 million days and one night and we paid $10,000—no who should take nearly all of the credit for the the next, $50 million, $100 million. It goes on and fuss.” In 1986, American hostages were compen­ passage of the redress bill is Sen. Sparky Mat- on and on. Each year, we would have to fight the sated $22,000. “We were not the ones who incar­ sunaga. He is the one who sponsored the bill and same battle over and over again.” cerated these hostages, but we felt that they were organized the vote on that in the Senate. If Sen Still, enticement seemed too much to ask for. entitled to $22,000. Mr. President, the internment M atsunaga’s efforts were to be weighted at 10 “Very few people thought it was feasible,” Inouye of most of the families of those with whom I units, mine would be 1. admits. “I thought it was feasible.” It was inher­ served in combat was for over three years ...” “In the House, (Rep. Norman) Mineta, (Rep. ent in the language of the law (“You are filing a Following Inouye’s stirring floor speech, Sen. Robert) Matsui, (Rep. Pat) Saiki and (Rep. Dan) claim against the federal government.”), he said. Warren Rudman (R-N. H.) rose in support, Akaka, along with others, did all of the work. And, he added, “In a lot of ways it is easier to calling the internment of Japanese Americans But when it came to appropriations, I am the authorize than it is to appropriate, for if you are “probably the darkest day in terms of the treat­ one on the appropriations committee. They had appropriating, you have to put money where ment of citizens of this country since the days of a right to expect more from me at this point than your mouth is.” slavery.” Then, the co-architect of the Gramm- from Sparky or the others,” Inouye explained. Still, the amendment drew predictable fire from Rudman Act said, “Mr. President, there is a time Inouye said he had planned all along to seek conservative Sen. Jesse Helms (R-N.C.) when it when one whose name is part of the Deficit entitlement. “When the matter was authorized reached the Senate floor on September 29. Helms Control Act of 1985 believes the Budget Act about two years ago, I suggested to the JACL raised the legal objection that no new entitlement ought to be waived, and this is one of those times.” that the only sensible course was to make it into program could be created for a given year until an entitlement program,” he noted. “Otherwise, it the budget for that year has been approved. would have to compete with other demands. Sen. Hollings responded to Helms’ objection Continued on page 3 2 THE HAWAII HERALD Friday, November 3, 1989

______DIALOGUE/ARNOLD T. HIURA Commentary ™eH ajam H e r a l d CLOUT ON CAPITOL HILL Hawaii's Japanese American Journal t t ’T'he team was in the huddle, the captain “We’re angered and disappointed,” said Alan (USPS 738-330) X lowered his head, they all got together Nishio, co-chair of the National Coalition for The Hawaii Herald is published semi-monthly and this is what he said, ‘We’re gonna f-i-g-h-t! Redress and Reparations (NCRR), when the on the first and third Friday of each month for We’re gonna f-i-g-h-t! We’re gonna fight, we’re original Senate subcommittee report, with no $20 yearly, $10 semi-annually, or $1 per copy gonna fight, we’re gonna fight, fight, F IG H T!’” appropriations allocated for 1990, was made by The Hawaii Hochi, Ltd., 917 Kokea Street, In football terms, it was already late in the public. “It’s a slap in the face of our community Honolulu, Hawaii 96817. Second-class postage paid at Honolulu, Hawaii. Postmaster: send ad­ fourth quarter and the home team was in trou­ “Regarding entitlement,” added Nishio, “ever dress changes to The Hawaii Herald, P.O. Box ble. Its offense, which had played valiantly, was since the redress bill was enacted, we have called 17429, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817. running out of options. Deep in their own terri­ for maximum funding of $500 million per year Opinions expressed by columnists are their tory, with seconds left on the clock, the coach until everyone was paid. If the entitlement pro­ own and do not necessarily reflect those of The hands the ball to his star quarterback, who had posal passes, it would ensure exactly that, al­ Hawaii Herald. Reproduction of material ap­ not seen much action up to this point in the game. though it would not go into effect until over tw< pearing in The Hawaii Herald is forbidden The spotlight shifts to the veteran quarterback, years after the bill was enacted.” without written permission. but fans in the crowded stadium appear discour­ To not approve any funds for 1990 would be President and Publisher...... Paul S. Yempuku aged and distracted. The long, hard-fought battle “akin to turning their backs on the 2,600 forme Assistant Publisher...... John S. Nakama seems to have drained them of optimism; they internees who have died since the redress bill wi Editor Arnold T. Hiura are quick to criticize. In spite of his past record, a enacted,” complained still another, reflecting the Staff Writer...... Karleen Chinen few express doubt that their man has it in him to chorus of complaints that characterized the Staff Writer...... Aaron I. Hara pull the game out. Perhaps expecting a desperate mixed reception that greeted entitlement. Staff W riter...... Wayne Muromoto “Hail Mary” pass, everyone is caught off guard Such reactions make me wonder if these com­ Staff Writer Patsy Y. Nakayama when, without warning, he runs a quarterback plainants: 1) understand what entitlement guar­ Sports Editor...... Steve Lum sneak through the bewildered defense. By the antees, 2) are so unfamiliar with the political Account Executive Cal K. Kaneshiro time the startled players and fans realize what process that they don’t know a gift horse when Account Executive ...... Gilda Collie Circulation Jodi Nakatani has happened, he is in the end zone, victory in they see it, 3) have unwittingly put their own eg Cover Illustration...... Art Kodani hand. But in place of a thunderous ovation, the before the welfare of all potential redress recipi­ P aste-up Lois Tom stadium is abuzz in confusion. ents, or 4) all of the above. Paste-up...... Irene Tabata Immediately after the game, fans, fellow play­ Think about it, at $20 million per year ers, and sportswriters alike have difficulty de­ (President Bush’s figure), it would take more scribing what has just taken place. A few mutter than 60 years to pay off all eligible persons. vague words of praise, but the immensity of the T hat’s 1,000 payments of $20,000 made each TABLE OF CONTENTS game-winning play goes largely unheralded. The year, which is less than the projected death rate wily quarterback slips quietly into the locker per year. Even someone born in the camps wov Section A room, knowing he has done his job. be at least 105 years old by the time they could Entitlement...... 1 “Dan showed them who’s the best politician of expect to see a dollar in compensation. Dialogue: Dan Inouye...... 2 the bunch,” said one political analyst who called At $50 million per year (House figure), it wou Community Focus...... 4 the Herald long distance after word came that take over 24 years to pay off all eligible persons Herald Salutes...... 5 the entitlement program had been passed by the That’s 2,500 payments made each year, roughly Sumo Contest...... 6 U.S. Senate. The caller’s enthusiasm was evident. equivalent to the annual projected death rate. Sports Line: Alan Ichinose...... 7 The Arts: Karen Miyake...... 8 Arts Calendar I Sketch Pad ...... 9 Literature: David M ura...... lb “(Inouye) showed them who’s the best JCCH Cookbook...... 11 Sons and Daughters of 442 ...... 12 politician of the bunch. He kicked Jesse C rossroads...... 13 Fishing Tales...... 14 Who Da Guy?/Nihongo Notes...... 15 Helms’ butt...” Lit'l Blahla/Fats Funai...... 15 Section B: Hawaii Herald Business Section “He kicked Jesse Helms’ butt. He showed them Odds are still against anyone receiving paymeni Business Feature: Waipahu High School.... B-l he’s the real shogun—the complete, consummate within their lifetime. Business Shorts...... B-3 politician.” And while everyone agrees that it is regrettab Tokyo Stock Exchange...... B-4 Sen. Daniel Inouye had remained largely on for even a single person to pass away without U.S. Stock and Bond Snapshots...... B-4 the sidelines during much of the long and diffi­ receiving their just payment, few even dreamed Tokyo Tides...... B-5 cult battle for reparations. In the Senate, Hawaii ever receiving full funding at $500 million per Japan Business News...... B-5 Sen. Spark Matsunaga had engineered the pas­ year, much less having it guaranteed through e Money M atters...... B-6 sage of legislation that eventually became the titlement. That was too far fetched for others t< Business People...... B-7 Civil Liberties Act of 1988. In the House, Reps. even think about. “(Entitlement) was never dis The Maui Contrarian...... B-8 Norman Mineta and Robert Matsui of Califor­ cussed—it was simply an impossibility,” one pe nia, along with Hawaii Reps. Pat Saiki and Dan son admitted. Akaka, had worked hard for its passage. Without entitlement, insiders speculate that t Support Our Advertisers “Where was Dan Inouye in all of this?” asked amounts appropriated each year would actuall the political analyst rhetorically. “He gave no sig­ have dwindled over time, rather than increase. They Help Bring The Herald To You nals as to what he had planned. It was pure, old- “This year it’s the war on drugs, and next year style politics, working behind the scenes. In the who knows? Meanwhile, Gramm-Rudman ma

THE meantime, things were looking more and more dates a zero deficit by 1992... Without entitle­ difficult. People were worried, wondering what ment, there is nothing but heartbreak down th was going on. They wondered if Dan was going road,” commented Grant Ujifusa, JACL-LEC H a w m iH e r a l d to let them down,” he said. strategy chair. The original bill carried with it t Informative and in-depth coverage of the best of local “But then, in the 11th hour, he stole the spot­ 10-year authorization period, but payments w< arts and culture, a monthly guide to Japanese TV light from everyone. It was really quite theatrical, to be made “subject to the availability of apprc programs, community news, contemporary issues and quite spectacular. The timing could not have been priations.” “Fats Funai” . . . twice a month, in the number one English language publication for Hawaii's quarter better.” And perhaps it was Inouye’s quiet yet And now that Inouye has brought entitleme million Japanese Americans. spectacular strategy that left other players feeling this far, critics say he shouldn’t have sacrificed a bit put out. funding for 1990. But, Inouye explained in a n SUBSCRIPTION FORM “But there will be no money appropriated for telephone interview with the Herald from his 1 Please enter a subscription to the Hawaii Herald to I another year,” came a few disgruntled replies. Washington, D.C. office, in convincing the cht | (please p rin t): I The House had earlier recommended funding for of the Senate appropriations subcommittee to N am e 1990 at $50 million, more than double President support entitlement, he had to agree not to pr Bush’s $20 million budget figure. But entitlement for funding this year. Would the senator’s crit Address would assure $500 million per year, the maxi­ have sold the greater promise of entitlement fc mum amount allowed under the law. That means $50 million this year? Z ip the approximately 60,000 people who qualify for NCRR’s Nishio also said he believes that pr< redress payments will be paid off within three sure by his group on Congress to approve Telephone (optional) I years, starting in October 1990. maximum funding helped produce the entitle­ $10/6 months .$20/year | “Of course we all support entitlement,” one re­ ment proposal. “Our redress march and rally i I dress activist claimed, but with some 200 eligible August of over 1,000 people, our lobbying del { Payment is enclosed. I camp survivors dying each month, “we are ap­ gations to Washington in April and Septembe {M ail to: palled that the Senate subcommittee voted to and the more than 30,000 letters we have sent The Hawaii Herald, P.O. Box 17429, Honolulu, H1968171 provide not a single cent for redress payments in 1990,” not even at Bush’s $20 million figure. Continued on pa THE HAWAII HERALD Friday, November 3, 1989 3 ENTITLEMENT/h.ura Continued from page 1

Rudman was followed by Sen. Arlen Specter Sen. Paul Simon (D-Ill.) talked about his fa­ Others followed, including Sen. Wirth of Col­ (R-Pa.), who said, “I consider it a privilege to ther, who was a Lutheran minister in Oregon orado. He noted that his state was the site of the serve in this body with Sen. Inouye, whose who stood up for the rights of Japanese Ameri­ internment camp at Amache. “Colorado’s coura­ heroism in World War II is legendary, and really cans during the war. Simon and his brother were geous governor, Ralph Carr, risked public con­ whose heroism in this Congress is also legendary shunned by his friends because of the actions of demnation by opposing the internment as a ... His activities are characteristic of the contri­ his father. “I would love to tell this body that I gross violation by the federal government of bution of his people.” constitutional rights. Although Gov. Carr’s Sen. Dale Bumpers (D-Ark.) followed, calling political career ended with his principled stand, Hawaii Sens. Inouye and Matsunaga “easily the his memory as a champion of civil rights is two most revered senators in the U.S. Senate.” Inouye: “It was all revered in Colorado today.” Referring to negative ffcail he had received from After a final argument against the measure was his home district, Bumpers-said, “In the future, one-to-one... heard from Helms, Hollings called for the vote— when I get mail from my constituents on this is­ a resounding 74 for, 22 against. sue, I intend to have copies of Sen. Inouye’s There were a lot of “I was surprised, and very pleased at the mar­ speech printed and say, ‘Enclosed is the reason I gin of victory in the Senate,” admitted Inouye. “I voted as I did.’” thought that we would get a comfortable margin, Sen. Joe Biden (D-Del.) also lauded Sens. In­ chits involved.” about 60 or more.” ouye and Matsunaga, then said, “Most impor­ But Inouye knew all along that he had the tant, it seems to me that in the future we will have stood up for my father. He had explained to my votes. He had earlier communicated with all of learned from our lesson and we will never repeat brother and me why he had done it. I regret to his fellow senators; he had lobbied them hard. “It what was done; it will not be repeated to say I was embarrassed; I wished my father had was all one-to-one,” explains Inouye, glossing Japanese Americans or Asian Americans. It may not done it. But now when I look back it is one over the kind of friendships, experience and be repeated in a way that deals with other ethnic of the things I am proudest of my father for.” hard-nose bargaining that must have been re­ Americans if we fail to acknowledge it now.” Sen. Spark Matsunaga added, “Prompt fund­ quired to garner the commitments he needed. Sen. Pete Domenici (R-N.M.) told of how his ing of the Civil Liberties Act is crucial because “There were a lot of chits involved,” he acknowl­ mother, who is Italian, was once mistakenly ar­ 200 former internees are dying every month— edged matter-of-factly. rested by the Immigration Service as an illegal 2,400 a year. If Congress fails to keep the At the time of this interview, Inouye was confi­ alien. “We will either offer false promise, and promise it made in 1988, many internees now dent that the measure would pass both houses of false hope, or we will change this method of aged 70 to 106 will never see the official national Congress and go on to President Bush for his funding to an entitlement,” he insisted. apology and token compensation provided un­ signature. “And then,” Inouye concluded, “I Sen. Bill Bradley (D-N.J.) spoke of his good der our bill.” hope that he will sign it.” EE friend, a young Japanese American boy who had been interned. After the war, he lived a “normal American life,” Bradley said. He was an A stu­ dent, a great football player, and was active in his church. He eventually wrote a book, and one night appeared on a television talk show, where In the Tradition of he described his experiences in the camp. When the phone calls came in, Bradley reported, they asked: “Why don’t you go back to Japan?” “You folks bombed Pearl Harbor.” Excellence... It was a very revealing experience for Bradley. “I believe in patriotism,” Bradley said, “but patri­ otism has also given rise to mistakes. And I be­ lieve that when we have made mistakes, that pa­ triotism is in particular admitting those mistakes, MARUyURfCE especially those that infringe upon individual lib­ erty. If we do stand for anything in this country, we ought to stand for that.” Experience MARUYU’S DIALOGUE/Continued from page 2 aroma, pearly white appearance since January—together with the activity of other and sweet clean taste... groups and individuals have sent a clear message thisishowMARUYU / to Washington that we are sick and tired of earns its stamp of delays and excuses and that we won’t allow this excellence. MARUYU’S matter to be swept under the rug,” he said, without mentioning Inouye by name. special variety With all due respect to the many who partici­ For centuries rice remains soft, pated in the lobbying effort, it remains doubtful varieties have moist and that “calling for full funding” or sending 1,000 been cultivated tastes delicious marchers and 30,000 mailgrams could have and improved. even after swung the tide as decisively as old-fashioned po­ MARUYU Rice reheating litical clout did in this case. That’s Clout with a is a result of this capital “C,” as wielded by the senior senator from process and research Hawaii. with select rice Perhaps the significance of Inouye’s plan will varieties from Japan, be fully appreciated someday, but it will probably Korea and throughout U S MO be long after the wounded pride of the other pmiq players are salved. They had fought hard, too— the world. they had all contributed. But they didn’t know what was coming down at the crucial conclusion of the game. Some of the luster of their own ef­ MARUYU Rice forts had been diminished by the brilliance of the nurtured in MARuyui final play. California’s But the bottom line is payments, not egos. And fertile sci payments will be made thanks to the impressive and optimal show of political power and acumen orchestrated by Inouye, who quietly wrote what climate, then may be the final chapter in the battle for redress. carefully selected “This is, simply, one of the biggest public mo­ and milled for ments in Japanese American history,” said one exceptional writer privately. “If heroism is defined by one’s quality and performance under fire, then Sen. Inouye has taste. proven, once again, that his heroism was not limited to the battlefields of Europe.” He contin­ ued, “I’m sure that, someday, the Japanese ^(^yrt25U^t3WNSE- American community will appreciate just what he’s pulled off here.” Someday, maybe. ESI TASTE THE TRADrnOTS.

" S f " 08/05/94 11:44 © 2 0 2 219 9314 DOJ CIVIL RIGHTS INOUYE @002/003 Department of Stetue

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CR WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 3# 1994 (202) 616-2765 TDD (202) 514-1888

JUSTICBDEPAJRTMENT ANNOUNCES POTENTIAL ELIGIBILITY OF JAPANESE AMERICANS WHO^LIVEP^IN PHOENIX AREA FORREDR1SS PAYMENTS

WASHINGTON, D.C. — Fifty six Japanese Americans whose business and personal activities in the Phoenix area were restricted during World War II may be potentially eligible for redress payments under the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, the U.S. Department of Justice announced today. After reviewing the cases of these claimants, the Civil Rights Division's Office of Redress Administration (ORA) concluded that those persons who lived around Phoenix may be

eligible as a result of a mandatory exclusion program implemented in southern Arizona. Military proclamations created a restricted zone in the southern part of Arizona, as well as areas in the

vest coast. Although persons living in the northern half of Arizona were not evacuated or interned, ORA determined that a termination of significant pre-existing and on-going business and personal activities in their daily lives in the exclusion zone amounted to losses of liberty or property. Specifically, these claimants

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suffered deprivations in business and personal activities, such as transfers to other schools, or substantial disruption of business or working arrangements, which might make them entitled to payments under the law. "I am very pleased that we were able to come to a positive resolution on these cases," said Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights Deval L. Patrick. "Perhaps it will finally bring an end to this difficult chapter of American history for the former residents of Arizona.," In the next few weeks, ORA will be sending letters to these claimants requesting that they submit documentation which tends to corroborate their claims. Documents, such as school records, property or business tax records, etc., will assist ORA in expediting these claims. If an individual has not included supporting documentation, then he or she should forward any supporting documentation to ORA as soon as possible, if ORA requires additional information, ORA will contact the claimant shortly. ORA will also require documentation, including proof of their identities and current addresses, prior to payment, if the proper documentation is submitted on a timely basis, ORA expects to pay these individuals in October 1994. Since 1988 ORA has paid approximately $1.59 billion dollars to 79r^!l3 Japanese Americans under the Civil Liberties Act. # # # 94-436

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Department of Justice ■ Civil Rights Division ■ Litigation Support Fax Transmittal Sheet

8-6-94 Date:

To: Name* 0FFICE 0F REDRESS CONTACTS

Org. ______

Fax » ______

Ofc. w ______

From: Name: LISA VICKERS______

Fax w (202)219-9314

Ofc.W(202) 208-3072

Subject: RKMAIL OFPRESS RELEASE REGARDING POTENTIAL______ELIGIBILITY OF PHOENIX AREA RESIDENTS

NOTE: THERE WAS A TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR ON THE LAST L INE - ONLY 79,343 CLAIMANTS HAVE BEEN PAID______(AND NOT 7 9 , 9 4 3 ) ______

pages transmitted (including cover sheet).

R = 97% 202 219 9314 08-05-94 11:49AM P001 #32 02/19/93 12:34 © 2 0 2 514 1783 CIV RGTT EX OFC @ 0 0 2 X Department of Justice

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE ORA FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1993 (202) 514-2007 TDD (202) 514-1888 OFFICE OF REDRESS ADMINISTRATION SEEKS RESPONSES FROM POTENTIAL REDRESS RECIPIEMTS

WASHINGTON, D.C. — The Department of Justice today announced that the Office of Redress Administration (ORA) is initiating an effort to contact approximately 900 individuals who have not responded to ORA's request for documentation. ORA has sent letters to these individuals requesting documentation that is essential to processing their redress case and verifying them as eligible for a redress payment. Many of these individuals have not responded in over six months. "It is crucial that anyone who has received ORA's letter requesting proof of current address and birth, respond immediately, so that we can verify the case," said Paul Suddes, Administrator for ORA. "Our goal is to ready all of the remaining cases for payment by April 30 so they can be paid in October 1993." ORA will also be sending a list of persons who have outstanding cases to members of the Japanese American community in various cities, in an attempt to locate and contact

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"no-response" cases and obtain information about their

whereabouts from family, friends, or the community.

For assistance on responding to ORA's letter and request for

documentation, potential recipients are encouraged to call ORA's

Help Line at (202) 219-6900, or (202) 219-4710, Telephone Device

for the Deaf. The Help Line operates Monday through Friday,

9:30 am - 4:30 pm, Eastern Standard Time. # # # #

93-44

R = 97% 202 514 1783 02— 19—93 01:42PM P003 #45 02/19/93 12:33 Q202 514 1783 CIV 5^.EJ^«pa£ruiir«ii ui JUSUCC @001

Civil Rights Division

FAX Tranygiri ttal Sheet Washington, D.C. 20530

Date ^

To: Name: M flirt CO Organization: OPFfcc "Sen. Ihou^c FAX Phone#: -l/Ml Office Phone#: - 3^3*7

From: Name: Merle Surosky______Organization: Office of Redress Administration

Fax Phone#: (202) 514-1783 Office Phone#: (202) 514-3257

SUBJECT:

Number of pages transmitted (including this sheet) 3 (max. trans. 30 sheets)

smc 5/27/88

02-19-93 01:42PM P001 #45 R = 97% 202 514 1783 y;\>H‘Safe havens’ for AJAs The editorial titled “Reparations sold short'’ (May 28) is loaded with so much false and mis­ leading information, The Advertiser owes it to its readers to at least permit them to look at the other side of the reparations issue even if it doesn't agree with it. The provable fact is there were absolutely no Japanese Americans, loyal to America, unjustly detained in World War II. The only Japanese Americans “detained’’ were over 5,000 who re­ nounced their American citizenship and asked to be repatriated to Japan, ostensibly so they could fight against America. There were several thousand other J.A.S de­ tained who refused to take an unqualified oath of allegiance to America and renounce their loyalty to Japan. The 10 relocation centers, established at American taxpayers’ expense to provide a safe haven in a hostile world for J.A.s and their families, were not detention camps. Former Sen. S.I. Hayakawa sent a letter to Congress stating: “The centers had the highest live birth rate and lowest death rate in wartime U.S.A., and each had facilities of a small town and enjoyed capped and gowned graduations, bands, and uniformed sports teams.. . . The only “atrocities’’ in the centers were committed by those loyal to the emperor against residents who were pro-American.” In 1943 and 1944, the U.S. Supreme Court found that neither in fact nor by law were loy­ al American Japanese required to go from an assembly center to a relocation center and many thousands did not. Furthermore, over 25,000 persons of Japanese descent residing elsewhere throughout the U.S.A. (both citizen and enemy alien), were unaffected by the ex­ clusion order. Congress should refrain from appropriating any funds for Public Law 100-383 until Mr. Ar­ thur Jacobs’ suit (challenging the law) is re­ solved. This could take as long as two years. ROBERT A. STEWART September 29\ 1989 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 12217 I will not go into a long speech, be­ naming the new Federal Courthouse The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The cause I know it is Friday. But suffice it in Baton Rouge after our distin­ question is on the adoption of the to say that Russell Long’s 38 years in guished former colleague, Senator amendment offered by Mr. J ohnston. the U.S. Senate were some of the most Russell B. Long. The amendment (No. 898) was illustrious years ever spent by any­ This is a fine tribute to a remarkable agreed to. body ever to grace this body. He man. It will come as no surprise when Mr. HOLLINGS. I move to reconsid­ served our State well. He served the I share with my colleagues the person­ er the vote by which the amendment Nation well. We all miss him and are al note that Russell Long is about as was agreed to. delighted still with his company be­ close as you can. come to being a Mr. RUDMAN. I move to lay that cause he is in the area frequently. member of the Dodd family, and I am motion on the table. This is an appropriate honor for him, highly honored to be associated with The motion to lay on the table was Mr. President, r • ^ r r this fitting gesture. agreed to. v I wish to emphasize.that he did not I will not recite Senator Long's many come up with this idea. We did. in > outstanding legislative and civic EXCEPTED COMMITTEE AMENDMENT ON PAGE 41, I called him this morning and said achievements, including his skillful LINES 4 THROUGH 10 we were , going. to do. this, > He said, guardianship of the Federal Tax Code The PRESIDENT pro tempore: The “Well, Bennett, that, is awfully, nice, in his many years as chairman of the question now is on agreeing to the ex­ but I didn’t ask for this tand I am a Finance ^ Committee/ These achieve­ cepted committee amendment on page . little bit embarrassed about it/’ I said, ments are well known to the Members 18, lines 4 through 16. . . “Well, Russell, I think it is something of this body and the American public. The Senator from North Carolina we ought to do.” On their own merits, they fully merit [Mr. H elm s]. Mr. President, I know my colleagues the honor we would accord our former EXCEPTED COMMITTEE AMENDMENT ON PAGE 41, will want to do this, as well, and I com­ colleague. LINES 4 THROUGH 10 /> mend it to the body. Let me also cite the friendship and Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I ask Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, the encouragement Senator Long ex­ unanimous consent the first excepted real pleasure of serving could not be tended to me in my early days in this committee amendment be set aside ink more highlighted than that service I body. A great friend of my mother and order that we may proceed to the ex­ have had with the i distinguished father’s, Russell Long was really a cepted committee amendment on page former Senator, Russell Long, of mentor to me when I arrived here. He 41, lines 4 through 10. ? ^ Louisiana. has'taught me more than any other The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is The fact of the matter is, when I colleague about the legislative process, there objection? The Chair hears, first came to this body, I went to him the art of debate and the value of col- none. ■„ , and asked for the'John C, Calhoun legiality in the cause of good govern­ The lirst committee amendment desk. He said, “My mama had this ment.. . that was excepted is laid aside tempo­ desk and so did my daddy.” I said, Russell Long’s knowledge, compas­ rarily and the Senate will proceed to “Excuse me. I didn’t know anyone had sion and integrity made him a Senator the second committee amendment, served in the United States whose of unusual gifts and accomplishments. which was excepted. mother and father had served in the They earned him a special place in my Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, on a per­ U.S. Senate.” heart, and in the hearts of all who sonal basis, I am reluctant to do what He came over to me as a friend when served with him. It is those qualities I am about to do because of my great he was going to leave, and he said: “I and accomplishments that we most ap­ affection for D aniel I nouye and remembered you. I told the Sergeant propriately honor by naming this S park M atsunaga. But thinking of the at Arms to move it over right quick courthouse after Senator Long, and I American people, and this business of like.” And I have it today. urge adoption of this amendment. creating one new entitlement after an­ That is the kind of friend I had in The PRESIDENT pro tempore. other, compels me to raise a point of Russell Long. Without objection, the request is order against the pending amendment. Mr. President, we are delighted to agreed to. I am not sure how-many Americans accept this amendment. Mr. DODD. This is a fine tribute to understand what happened in April of The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The a remarkable man. It will come as no last year when the Senate passed the junior Senator from Louisiana [Mr. surprise when I share with my col­ authorization to pay $20,000 to each B reaxjx]. leagues the personal note that Russell Japanese American who was relocated Mr. BREAUX. Thank you, Mr. Long is about as close as you can come or interned during World War II, in­ President, I am delighted to now know to being a member of the Dodd family, cluding many who were interned for the first time where Russell’s desk and I am highly honored to be associ­ before President Roosevelt signed Ex­ went. I was delighted to find out ated with this gesture. ecutive Order No. 9066. where it went. I was looking for it. I The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Before the Senate passed the bill, an am delighted to know the chairman of Senator from New Hampshire. amendment was added in committee the Commerce Committee received the Mr. RUDMAN. Mr. President, I only specifically to make payments under desk before I got here. I am delighted served with the Senator from Louisi­ the bill subject to the availability of to join with my colleague, the senior ana, Senator Long, for 6 years. But I appropriations, that is, to make them Senator from Louisiana, in cosponsor­ would say my contacts with him indi­ discretionary funds rather than to ing this amendment. cated to me this was truly a remarka­ create a new entitlement. The work of Russell Long will be ble human being and a great U.S. Sen­ As a matter of fact, I recall Senator why people remember him. The Tax ator, and I am delighted to join with G lenn made the point on the floor, he Code and so many things he contribut­ my colleagues. said: ed to this institution and this country The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Titles II and III of the bill do not create will be the works the people of this Senator from North Carolina [Mr. new entitlement funds. Rather, the bill di­ country will remember him by. So H elms]. rects that the authority to enter into con­ that is very appropriate. Mr. HELMS. I think some more tracts and make payments under titles II How appropriate it is that this Fed­ folks on this side of the aisle will want and III is subject to the availability of ap­ eral building in his home town is also to speak in favor of this. Russell Long propriations. going to be named in his honor, and I is a favorite with all of us who ever As great an affection as we all have enthusiastically endorse it. served with him. In addition to all the for our two distinguished Senators Mr. DODD. I wish to be added as co­ other compliments paid to Russell from Hawaii, I do not believe many sponsor and join with my colleagues here this morning, I would add the Senators would have voted as they did from Louisiana and South Carolina. most important one: He is married to a in April 1988 if they had been aware Mr. President, I am pleased and hon­ North Carolina girL that they were in the process of creat­ ored to cosponsor this amendment I thank the Chair; ing a new entitlement. S 12218 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE September29,1989 .Senator R udman, who is the distin­ know what we are doing. That is the The bill clerk proceeded to call' the guished ranking member of the Appro­ reason I am on my feet today. roll. priations Committee, also made it The creation of an entitlement for Mr. INOUYE. Mr. President, I ask clear at that time that these payments fiscal year 1991 is a direct violation of unanimous consent that the. order for would have to be weighed among the section 303(a) of the Budget Act, and I the quorum call be rescinded. other financial obligations. Let me intend to raise that point of order at The PRESIDENT pro tempore. quote Senator R udm an. He said: the appropriate time. But I am going Without objection, it is so ordered. Mr. President, in an effort to comply with to withhold because I have been ad­ The Senator from Hawaii [Mr. the terms of the Budget Act, the bill, as re­ ported by the Government Affairs Commit­ vised that the distinguished Senator I n o u y eI. tee, was amended to make the payments of from New Mexico [Mr. D o m e n ic i] Mr. INOUYE. Mr. President, the compensation to Japanese Americans wants to speak on this matter. matter of redress for Japanese-Ameri­ through a civil liberties public education I wonder if staff would inquire if he cans who were interned in the Federal fund subject to the availability of appro­ is on his way to the floor so we will Government internment camps during priations. not hold up the distinguished manag­ World War II has been before us and Then he went on to say: ers of the bilL debated for over a decade. And my Realistically in the current budget cli­ In the meantime, I suggest the ab­ participation in these debates, as mate, it is not possible to absorb a new $500 sence of a quorum. many have been aware, has been milion within the allocation the Commerce, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The rather minimal. So it is most difficult Justice, State Subcommittee will receive. clerk will call the roll. for me to admit that I have been in­ Then, Mr. President, my dear friend _ The assistant legislative clerk pro­ hibited and reluctant to say much from South Carolina, the chairman of ceeded to call the roll. about this because of my ethnic back­ the Commerce, Justice, State Subcom­ Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I ask ground. I reached the conclusion that mittee put it quite succinctly, when he unanimous consent that the order for as a result of this reluctance to partici­ said back in 1988: “The Government is the quorum call be rescinded. pate, I may have performed a great broke. We do not have money to fi­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. disservice to many of my fellow Ameri­ nance this new program.” That was Without objection, it is so ordered. cans with whom I served in the Army Senator H o llin g s. Mr. HOLLINGS. I know my distin­ during World War II. Senator H o llin g s and Senator guished colleague from North Caroli­ So, Mr. President, I believe the time R udman were exactly right when they na and I always have an understand­ has come for me to tell my colleagues predicted that we cannot afford to ing. It is my hope he would not make what has been in my heart for all make these payments. Their subcom­ that point of order which is obvious. If these many years. mittees, after carefully weighing all the distinguished Senator makes his Mr. President, I was a very young 18- the priorities, were unable to find the point of order, I would try to move year-old high school graduate when I funds within their allocation to make under section 904 under the Budget volunteered and put on the uniform of these discretionary payments. So what Act to waive section 303(a). So the my country. At that moment, because was the subcommittee’s solution to all Senator from North Carolina would of wartime censorship in Hawaii and this? They totally avoided the issue know my intent if he does make that other restrictions, I was not made for fiscal year 1990 and turned these point of order. aware of the strange plight of my payments back into an entitlement for Mr. HELMS. I understand. fellow Americans of Japanese ancestry 1991; an explicit contradiction of the Mr. HOLLINGS. Let me just say this who were then residing on the main­ commitment that was given, in my to the distinguished Senator, the land United States^ However, I was judgment, to the Senate and to the senior member of bin: subcommittee. made aware of their unbelievable American people when the authoriza­ Senator I n o u y e , knows we had a dick­ problems soon after I joined them in a tion was passed. In addition, the sub­ ens of a time. We tried every twist, training camp in Mississippi. I learned committee and the committee created every turn but were'limited by our al­ that over 120,000 Americans were a permanent appropriation for fiscal location. The distinguished Presiding given 48 hours to settle their accounts, year 1991 and subsequent years, so Officer knows about this?because he businesses and they^were required by they will not have to deal with the has been chairing the drug matter. law to leave their residences and be issue again. It just so happens we have 27 differ­ sent to barracks and makeshift camps I ask myself: Have I missed some­ ent related agencies and the 3 depart­ in distant parts of the United States. thing in the translation? Since April of ments, and; the' entire Judiciary. We History now shows that their only 1988, did the U.S. Government come have the trade representative, the Se­ crime was that they, were bom of par­ into a windfall of money that I am not curities and Exchange Commission ents ©f Japaneseancestry.Historyalro aware of? I think the answer is no. which has problems, the USIA, every­ shows that there was no-evidence of And the result is that if we create this one has more and more problems. This any fifth column sabotage activities new entitlement today, we will be one, of course, fits in our particular carried out by any of these Americans adding up to $500 million to the fiscal bill and right when you get soihe repa­ of Japanese, ancestry., - year 1991 deficit. rations under, the section of the De­ So when our special infantry regi­ It is painful for me to say all of this, partment pf Justice,, we were present­ ment was being formed, I was aware and I reiterate that I was reluctant to ed with .a summitagreement. .That is that half of, this regiment was made get into it because of my friendship why we cut’ shorthand byad to provide up of meh from Hawaii and. the other for. If I can be1 informal;- Mr; Presi­ this,kind of l^gitRge ^pge wouldnot hall fromthemainland United States. dent, D anny and S pa rk . continue to delay the acknowledged Mr. President; all * of/our volunteers The fact is, we recently voted to cut act of the U.S., Government itself in were;; of, Japanese, ancestry. .These all discretionary appropriations across making: these reparations '.payments mainland men , volunteered from the board to fund what eve^ry Senator with the families waiting and dimin­ behind barbed wire in . these camps. agreed was the most important issue ishing each , day and some will never They did not volunteer, as other facing this country today: the war on see it. So we wanted to honor it and Americans did, in: free American com­ drugs. We did not make that an enti­ found out this was the best way to do munities. So to this day, I look back tlement. We have voted to cut waste­ it. We compromised on a tough situa­ with awe and disbelief that these men ful programs, not enough but some, to tion. That is why we put this language who had been denied their civil rights, help babies who are bom addicted to in there as an entitlement commenc­ deprived of their worldly goods and drugs. We did not create an entitle­ ing thenext fiscal year. humiliated with unjust incarceration ment for them. Mr. HELMS. I thank the Senator. I would, nonetheless„stand up. and take So, if we are going to add $500 mil­ suggest the absence of a quorum. the oath to defend the country that lion to the deficit in 1991 and for sev­ The PRESIDENT pro/tempore. The was mistreating them: without due eral years thereafter, I think we better clerk will call the roll. process of law. . . . - September 29,1989 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE S 12219 So, Mr. President, I have oftentimes Mr. President, the internment of Control Act of 1985 believes the asked myself the question: Would I most of the families of those with Budget Act ought to be waived, and have volunteered under these circum­ whom I served in combat was for over this is one of those times. ; 5 stances? In all honesty, I cannot give 3 years. My mainland buddies were The Senator from Hawaii in his you a forthright answer. The men who silent because they could not bring usual, very modest way talked about volunteered from these camps were themselves to share their humiliation his Army unit; The Senator from very reluctant to share their unfortu­ with those of us from Hawaii. Hawaii has never spoken publicly to Mr. President, as a footnote, I nate internment experiences. They should point out that during the 1 any extent that I can remember about would Just shrug their shoulders and year of almost continuous and inten­ this issue and has essentially remained mutter, “I suppose that is the way life sive combat in Europe, over 200 of silent. is.” But in a rare moment, one of them those mainland volunteers from in­ The Senator from Hawaii paid his would open up and tell us about some ternment camps went through the dues many times over. The Senator episode in his camp. For example, I re­ ranks of my company; that is, Compa­ from Hawaii' did not mention to those member a story I heard on a cold ny E 2d Battalion, 442Manzanar camp where ed or killed in action. That is a very can give. He . was awarded the Distin- soldiers shot and killed 3 internees and high percentage of Purple Hearts; ‘ guished Service Cross for events in wounded about 10 others because they much higher than one would find in Italy which led to the loss of his arm. were demonstrating for the release of any other unit. And thousands of otherValiant young a fellow Internee who had been arrest­ Incidentally, Mr. President, the regi­ Japanese-Americans, whose parents ed for allegedly assaulting another in­ ment with which I was privileged and and grandparents were in American ternee. Just because they were demon­ honored to serve was the most deco­ concentration camps, fought in Ger­ strating, they were shot. According to rated unit in World War II. many and in Italy for the freedom of the provisions of this bill, these three That is about all I have to say, Mr. this country. men who were killed would not re­ President. I hope my colleagues will . Mr. President, there comes a time ceive any redress payments. And support the action that will be made when something is the right thing to then while we were training in Missis­ by the chairman of this committee to do, and this is one of those times. I sippi to prepare us for combat in make this proper, and as my dear hope we would , have overwhelming Europe, word came to several of my friend from New Hampshire said support to waive the Budget Act to re­ buddies from California that their during the markup, it is the right dress filially for the now elderly Amer­ State had -just begun to implement a thing to do. icans^ the justice that money will strange law which authorized the sei­ The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. never recompense. zure and resale of idle farm machin­ L ieberm a n ). The Senator from New I thank the Chair. ery. Obviously, idle farm machinery Hampshire is recognized. ‘ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The that was found in the State of Califor­ Mr. RUDMAN. Mr. President, there Senator from Pennsylvania IMr. S pec­ nia during that time was almost are times that we deal with fiscal reali­ t er ] is recognized; always those that the internees were ty, and there are certainly times Mr. SPECTER. Mr. President, I as­ forced to abandon. Needless to say, during this month that we will deal sociate myself with the remarks of the these California internees were not with extraordinary fiscal reality. But distinguished Senator from Hawaii around to bid for them. there are also times, Mr. President, [Mr. I n o u y e ] and the distinguished Further, we were at times told about that one must set fiscal reality aside, Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. the great losses that these young vol­ as in the event of the disaster in the R udm an]. unteers and their families had to Carolinas that we had to meet, and We in this body allocate many funds incur. For example, it was common­ look at what is the right thing to do. for many purposes and we are gener­ place for residences, farms and person­ This committee tried mightily to ous with the bookkeeping as we take al items to be sold for a fraction of find appropriated funds to fund this care of many matters which come their market value. In fact, one of program, and we could not. It was sug­ before the Congress, the most recent those men in my squad sold his almost gested to us there was certainly a legal of which was the savings and loan bail­ brand new 1941 Ford for $100. He had basis to say that any claim against the out. We have responded as we should no choice. Although it was in good United States which had a color of to the tragedy in the Carolinas. We go condition, that was all he could get correctness would be paid as an enti­ on at great length about our expendi­ from his neighbors. And now we are tlement if judgment were rendered. tures. told that these losses have exceeded $6 That is unquestionably the law. For me, Mr. President, this is not a billion. Thus, we decided to in some modest close question at all. There is no Most of the Members of the Senate way recompense those loyal Japanese- bigger black mark in American histo­ have been in this body for at least 10 Americans who were subjected to a ry, at least in this century, than that years, and during that time we have treatment that most of our country which was perpetrated on American given our vote and our support for either still does not know about or, if citizens of Japanese extraction and other reparations programs. they know about it, they do not under­ Japanese descent. I think my col­ Mr. President, redress and repara­ stand it. league from New Hampshire is exactly tions are not unique in our history. Does anybody really understand right when he says the people in this For example, in 1980—that is less than what it might be like living up in Man­ country do not know about the atro­ a decade ago—we in the Senate appro­ chester, NH, tonight to be told you cious treatment that was received by priated funds to provide $10,000 to have 48 hours to leave your home- our fellow citizens at that time. They each of the 1,318 anti-Vietnam war loyal citizens, part of the community— were victimized, they were treated like demonstrators who were found to your business, your land—the Senator criminals, they were herded off, they have been wrongly jailed for 1 week­ from Hawaii did not talk about the were deprived of their property, and end. They spent 2 days and 1 night land that was stolen from those they were deprived of their liberty and we paid $10,000; no fuss. people. That is not too strong a word— without due process of law. They were More recently, In 1986, we appropri­ and be bused off to a concentration treated like criminals except they were ated sums to give each American hos­ camp for 3 years. It is probably the not given trials or due process or an tage $22,000 for his or her bitter expe­ darkest day in terms of the treatment opportunity to be heard or an oppor­ rience in Iran. We were not the ones of citizens of this country since the tunity to defend themselves; all in the who incarcerated these hostages, but days of slavery. name of some wartime hysteria. we felt that they were entitled to Mr. President, there is a time when Finally, the Congress has responded $22,000. one whose name is part of the Deficit very slowly and not generously, very S 12220 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE September 29, 1989 modestly with the allocation of funds nese, but as long as they were not Ori­ I was not bom until November 1942. along this particular line. - ental nobody bothered them. I know nothing of this, other than Mr. President, I consider it a privi­ It sort of reminds me of when Hitler from an historical perspective. But lege to serve in this body with Senator sent word to Mussolini that he wanted that road from fear and prejudice to I n o u y e whose heroism in World War Mussolini to start discriminating justice is a road that we heard this II is legendary, and really whose hero­ against Jews. This was very difficult. morning, and it has been paved with ism in this Congress is also legendary. So they started trying to pick Jews out the bodies of American citizens, Amer­ I noted in USA Today a few months in Italy based on physical characteris­ ican citizens who had,to prove not ago that Senator I n o u y e had served 30 tics. They wound up jailing a lot of only their loyalty by demonstrating a years in the Congress, was the first Italians. So they had to discontinue to commitment and a bravery beyond Member of the House of Representa­ some extent the programs against the what was expected of other Ameri­ tives from Hawaii when Hawaii re­ Jews in Italy because they became cans, but to do it at a time when there ceived statehood was admitted to the confused. But here it was fairly easy must have been a feeling of a seething union, and sent its first Representa­ to pick out people of Japanese descent anger and frustration, and I am em­ tives to Washington, DC. in this country. barrassed to say, if it were me, prob­ His activities are characteristic of So there they were, American citi­ ably a little bit of hate, while ah that the contribution of his people. A great zens. And many of the people in Sena­ was being asked of every American injustice was done in World War II. It tor I n o u y e ’s unit suffered the highest was being asked of them and then a is my hope that we will not be forced number of casualties of any unit, I be­ lot more. to a vote on this issue. The Appropria­ lieve, in the European Theater. There Every once in a while when serving tions Committee has acted properly in they were dying, losing arms, and in this body, one likes to think that we presenting the matter to the floor limbs and their families were interned will be able to be rational and just, today for the kinds of payments which in these unspeakable conditions all that we will be able to put aside, at are required. I thank the Chair and I over the country—in California and in least on occasion, our petty—some­ yield the floor. Arkansas. times not so pretty—prejudices; that The PRESIDING OFFICER. Who Do you know my children know we will be able to lay aside the hate wishes to be recognized? The Senator nothing about this? I am old enough that exists in some quarters in this from Hawaii. to know it, but I did not know it at the country, just long enough to see the Mr. INOUYE. Mr. President, I thank time. It is one of the most shameful facts, as they say in the law, “and do my dear colleagues from New Hamp­ episodes in the history of our country. justice." shire and Pennsylvania. I have been My mail, unhappily, after the last Those of us who know Senator advised the Senator from New Mexico vote on this, asked: “How can you vote I n o u y e and Senator M atsunaga, know wishes to be heard. He is not here. for something for the people who that they, unlike many of us that are May I suggest the absence of a bombed Pearl Harbor or killed my in the same circumstances, grew from quorum? son?” this ordeal. Mr. BUMPERS. Will the Senator I write back and I say I am not I believe one of the reasons why D an withhold? voting for those people, but I am I n o u y e is the man that he is today in The PRESIDING OFFICER. The voting for redress in a very small way, the Senate is not merely because he Senator from Arkansas. for American citizens. Nobody here saw death; he came within a whisker’s Mr. BUMPERS. Mr. President, I will would even suggest that a small pecu­ hair of it himself. He obviously suf­ be very brief. And when the Senator niary payment to these people could fered greatly physically, as a conse­ from New Mexico arrives, I will yield ever come close to redressing the in­ quence of his efforts. Not only because the floor. ' ' dignities which I have just described, of that, but because he was asked or We all know, the eloquence of our to say nothing of the humiliation of felt he was obliged to do something at distinguished colleague from Hawaii being an American citizen and being a time and for a refcson—I guess to be [Mr. I n o u y e ] who surprisingly said interned. more precise, for a reason no one this is the first time he had spoken So as the Senator from New Hamp­ should have been asked, and the publicly on the issui shire has correctly said, it is an issue reason being, having to demonstrate When I make speeches in my home widely misunderstood even by people something that was put in question State, people often ask me who are the wrho remember it. But it is a shame that never should have been put in best-liked Senators. That is easy. The that I will be happy to do my very best question. ---- ^ Senators from Hawaii, are easily two to redress. And in the future when I I suspect that the reason why he is . of the most revered Senators in the get mail from my constituents on this held in such high regard, the reason U.S. Senate, and both are decorated issue, I intend to have copies of Sena­ why he is able to act with such equa­ many times for valor in World War II. tor I n o u y e 's speech printed, and say, nimity around this place in cases that I rise to put a slightly different slant “Enclosed is the reason I voted as I few of us can, is that what he under­ oh this because my State was the loca­ did.” goes here, as we all do, is not anything tion of two; Japanese; internment Mr. President, I yield the floor. compared to what he was weaned on camps. I have heard, from 'people who Mr. BIDEN addressed the Chair. as a young man in World War IL lived ih".the'area—the: camps are not The PRESIDING OFFICER. The „ So-Ij just hope, before change,; we there anymore—since I have been ih Senator from Delaware [Mr. B is e n ] is dan ;serve one of^the purposes-for the Senate. We built a monument ih recognized. which this body exists,'and that is to memory of those who died in those Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, I did not educate our constiuency, as well as re­ camps, and there were many who did. intend to speak on this issue but I feel spond to them, to the fact that it is Many died because of the unspeakable I should say just a few things. time that we do justice, even if there conditions under which they lived; Mr. President, the road of history of were only one Japanese American families, husbands, wives and children, most nations is paved with sometimes alive, even if there were only one Jap­ many families in one barracks with incredible, startling, and unbelievable anese American alive who went scarcely a sheet hanging between paving stones. In this case we are through the ordeal of what we have them. No privacy. Unbelievable indig­ coming to an end of a road I hope, a heard others speak on, we, in my view, nities suffered. And who were they? road that went from fear to justice would be obliged to summon the maj­ American citizens, not even aliens, today. esty of this government to speak to picked up because they were easily de- Today, justice; at the outset, fear. Ir­ the injustice that was done and dem­ fineable due to their physical charac­ rational fear, explicable, but irrational onstrate to that one person that we teristics! " . fear on the part of a nation under understood and understand now what There may have been people who siege, which it is explainable how this we had done; and most important, it were even sympathetic to the Japa­ irrational fear could have erupted. seems to me, that in the future we will September 29,1989 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—- SENATE S 12221 have; learned front our lesson, and we grant who did not learn to write Eng­ interned. I f we do not, we will have will never repeat what was done; it will lish, although he was intelligent. He made another act of incivility, passing not be repeated to Japanese Ameri­ quickly called the same lawyer who a law, saying we are going to do some­ cans or Asian Americans. It may be re­ was a renowned New Mexican, He ar­ thing, and then not doing so. If the peated Ih a way that deals with other rived simultaneously' with my father Senate wants to make these payments, ethnic Americans and if we fan to ac­ before they took zhy mother away. and do what we said we were going to knowledge it now, if we fail to rectify That worked out quite well, because do when we enacted the original bill, it now, what record are we leaving for he insisted that they arrest him also. the Senate can vote to waive the history? They were befuddled, and they arrest­ Budget Act. So, although I would like to—and as ed him also. As a consequence, my Having said that, let me suggest that you. can tell, I am inclined to speak mother did not spend a lot of time in there are other occasions when we much more on this subject than I al­ jaJL , - should have been more forthright and ready have—let me close by saying But that only goes to the point that waived the Budget Act rather than that this country is better for the fact we make mistakes. In the. case of my doing nothing. I believe we probably that there are so many ' Japanese family it was a little mistake, hbnethe- - should have done so on Hugo disaster American citizens. This body; is. en­ less there were lot of tears when they relief yesterday. W e should recognize riched by the fact' that trfo. Japanese> took my mother o ff -to. jaiL W e were that our action means something fis­ American citizens serve Init,! and this kind of worried, about it because three cally, confront it forthrightly, and Senator has been enriched,5 his life has big; black limousines with riots of vote when there is an occasion appro­ been enriched by the fact that the has people converged upon our house. It priate to waive. I believe this is such come to know and respect and under­ was a bad mistake. an occasion. It will take 50 votes to stand one o f them in a way that makes W e could all come back to the floor waive, and I hope there are as many today and say we made a mistake me realize how inadequate my contri­ votes for the bill itself. To be for the bution to my country has been. ’ when we passed the authorizing bill. bill that created the right and not be 1 sincerly hope we get on with this W e need not address again today the for the waiver today borders close to quickly and do justice. It is time. issue of America’s response to its in­ hypocrisy. From the standpoint of the Mr. DOM ENICI addressed the justice to Japanese-Americans during United States Government, it would Chair;"£ •' - ■ ! • - " - r «» , World W ar II, by saying we are going The PRESIDING OFFICER. The to try in a small way to recompense compound the injustice to say we are going to make reparations, and then to Senator from New Mexico TMr. D o­ for a very bad mistake. W e have done menico]. that. We passed a law. W e said this is say you may all die before we recom­ Mr. DOMENICI. Mr. President L what we are going to do. The reason I pense you under the law that we all too, would like to speak this morning. think we should waive the Budget Act support. I yield the floor. - I understand we are trying to expedite is because it has become clear that we The PRESIDING OFFICER. The this bill, so I will try to be brief. will not in a timely way fund this act Senator from New Jersey. First of all, I want to make it very of civility. So the committee of juris­ Mr. BRADLEY. Mr. President, I sin­ clear that the Budget Act and the diction in their wisdom looked at the cerely regret that the Senator from budget process are designed to have facts and said we only have two ways North Carolina has chosen to raise procedures to address unanticipated to go. W e either offer false promise, this issue at this time. events or changed circumstances. and false hope; or we will change this Mr. President, I do not begrudge him There are; very good procedures and method of funding to an entitlement. the right to do that. Under the rules precedents under the waiver provi­ W e have all cosponsored a measure of the Senate lie clearly has that sions of the Budget Act. that will be totally ineffective to ac­ right. But I hope that we will not con­ Now, Mr. President, if there were complish the goals of small recom­ tinue to reopen old wounds, to fan the not circumstances that prompted the pense to a group that was not treated flames of those aspects of our culture waiver, we would not have put a provi­ justly by a country which strives to be which I think many of us would like to sion in the act to waive. So right up just. W e have a great record of justice think we are beyond, and I would im­ front, I want the Senate to know that and civility. The United States of plore him to use some restraint when I have been, to the best of my ability, America is the envy of the world. So it comes to issues as sensitive as this in one who enforces the process; but I am we are not here arguing whether it is a society and diverse and pluralistic as going to vote to waive the Budget Act meritorious to make these reparation ours. in this instance, because it appears to payments, although it has been ex­ Mr. President, one of my good me that from time to time, occasions hilarating to hear our friend, the dis­ friends spent the first several years of arise which justify waiving the Budget tinguished Senator from Hawaii, who his life in one of the internment Act. I think this is one such occasion. is more personally involved in this sit­ camps. After that, he lived a normal Frankly, I have been very lucky in uation. American life. In high school, he was a my life. My ancestry is Italian Ameri­ So I say to my fellow Senators, the great football player, an A student and can. We, too. to some extent, in the reason that there is a waiver provision active in his church, he went away to Second World War, had our share of in the Budget Act is so that we do college, not speaking a word of Japa­ problems in this country because our things up front and acknowledge a nese, but learned Japanese in college. loyalty was suspect. changed or unanticipated circum­ He went to Japan on an intern pro­ As a matter of fact, when I was 8 stance. So that everybody understands gram between his junior and senior years old a lawyer made a mistake and clearly when we change something year to learn Japanese. He did not told my father that when he married that affects fiscal matters in a signifi­ learn it in his home. His father was a my mother, she would be an American cant way, and Congress acknowledges Methodist minister who wanted his citizen. He read the wrong law, I say to that fact by waiving the Budget Act. It son to be raised to speak English, my friend from Delaware. Even is appropriate to raise a point of order which he did eloquently. though renowned, this lawyer did not in this instance. The Congress made He eventually wrote a book appro­ look at the most current immigration the original bill authorizing these pay­ priately entitled "American in Dis­ laws. They change all the time. ments subject to appropriations. In so guise.” And as many people do when He said, “When you marry, your doing, the Governmental Affairs Com­ they write a book, he decided to talk wife is a citizen.” She was Italian. mittee was not charged with creating about it around the country. Twenty-two years later, with five new spending authority in the form of I remember one night when he came children in the backyard, the Immi­ an entitlement, and a point of order to a large midwestern city. He was on gration Service arrived and arrested under the Budget Act did not apply. a television show, a talk show, that my mother as a dangerous illegal Today, the Senate will affirm that it took questions and answers. He talked alien, and took her off while we stood wants these payments to be made to about what it was like to grow up in there in tears. M y father was an immi­ those Japanese-Americans wrongfully that internment camp. And then the S 12222 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE September 29, 1989 questions came. “Why don’t you go one of the things I am proudest of my great experiment and the great histor­ back to Japan? You bombed Pearl father for. ical hope of the 20th and the 21st cen­ Harbor.” This was the essence of the The ACLU did not. stand up and tury. We should today reaffirm it. questions. defend the right of Japanese-Ameri­ So I hope that we listen to what my As I heard these questions I had to cans, I regret to say, at that point. I do good friend, the Senator from Hawaii come to terms with that. What is not recall—of course, in fairness, I was is saying. I am very much in support going on here? Obviously, the people only 13—but I do not recall very many of assured reparations payments be­ who made the telephone calls did not voices at all standing up for justice. ginning in 1991, and I am hopeful that want to hear the bad news, did not And so we impose this massive injus­ we will move promptly on it. want to hear that this had ever hap­ tice on people. I compliment the committee for pened in American history, did not For the same reason I think it is im­ having arrived at a fair solution to a want to hear about mistakes that we portant to remember the Hollocaust, difficult problem. might have made in our past. to know what humanity can do, I I yield the floor. Mr. President, I would like to believe think it is important that we do the Mr. CRANSTON. Mr. President, I the best of the Senate. I believe in its right thing here; not just for Japa­ want to express my support for the patriotism. But patriotism has also nese-Americans, but to signal the provision in the committee-reported given rise to mistakes. And I believe future generations that this can never bill which would establish a mecha­ that when we have made mistakes, happen again. I hope we support re­ nism by which the redress payments that patriotism is in particular admit­ soundingly the motion of the senior that Congress approved in enacting ting those mistakes, and especially Senator from Hawaii. the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 would those that infringe upon individual Mr. ADAMS. Mr. President, I also actually be made to the intended bene­ liberty. If we do stand for anything in rise in strong support of the underly­ ficiaries. ing proposition of an entitlement for this country, we ought to stand for eligible individuals of the Civil Liber­ Mr. President, it would be a cruel that. ties Act of 1988. Like my good friend irony for the United States, having fi­ Mr. President, this provision in ques­ from Illinois, I was on the west coast nally taken action to redress one of tion is a small attempt to tell 80,000 in 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, and 1944, at­ our Nation’s greatest acts of injustice, people of the 120,000 who were in­ tending my high school in Seattle, to fail to carry out the commitment it terned that we know it was a mistake WA. When I was a sophomore, one made to provide partial compensation and that we do not want to do the third of the students were moved out for their pain and loss of liberty. Mr. normal political thing—to make a big of that high school in one day because President, each day we delay means speech and then do nothing—but that they were of Japanese-American de­ that fewer and fewer internees are we want to back up our statements scent. The names still ring in my alive to accept what we all recognize is with a little bit, to compensate for the memory, Mr. President—Shig Murao merely a symbolic gesture at best. pain, suffering, indignity, and infringe­ and Johnny Okamoto, men that I Japanese-Americans and Aleutian is­ ment on individual liberty that they spent a lot of time with. We lost our landers should not have to agonize at endured. entire basketball team, we lost half the end of each fiscal year as to So, Mr. President, I would hope we our football team, we lost nearly half whether the American Government would waive the Budget Act, get on of our top scholars. These were stu­ will fulfill its commitment. These citi­ with business, and move this entitle­ dents that had been with us for many zens need to know that we will meet ment. years, that we had grown up with on our commitment, year after year, until The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. the playgrounds of Seattle and in ele­ the obligation has been satisfied. The R e id ). The Senator from Illinois. » mentary school and high school. committee provisions are designed to Mr. SIMON. Mr. President, I rise in This country promoted a great ensure that we do meet that comjnit- strong support of the motion by the wrong by establishing Executive Order ment. ., - senior Senator from Hawaii. There is 9066. It is a wrong that cannot be fully This episode iii American history an old saying that we all accept, jus­ measured in terms of absolute dollars should never have happened. It is our tice delayed is justice denied. We all that were lost. There is a matter of responsibility to set the record know the truth of that and for a great emotionally injuring the pride and straight and the way to do that is by many of these people that is literally conviction; of very loyal Americans. supporting the committee’s efforts. true. Many of them are in their eighth There is a matter of stigmatizing a The tarnish on our Constitution can ies. At least one person I know is in people for years to come. It is there­ never be completely removed but our his nineties. We have to move on this fore important Mr. President, that we actions today can go a long, way thing. mend these wounds. By passing this toward showing that our words are We did the right thing when we entitlement we say: “We care for you, consistent with our deeds. passed the legislation. Now let us fund you are part of us. You are not only Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. President, I it. part of us, but you proudly represent a rise in support of the committee And let me just add, I speak from a great diverse group of citizens living in amendment relating to Americans of little bit of personal history in this I America.” ’ Japanese ancestry who were interned grew up in the State of Oregon; some I have always said that if what we by the United States Government thing I do not stress in the State of Il­ did in 1942 was not correctly rectified during World War II; and the motion' linois. While I grew up in the State of by this country, it could be another to waive provisions of the Biidget Act. Oregon, my parents were active in group that will be in trouble in the I was the principal sponsor of the what we then called race relations. I future. We need to remove what hap­ authorizing legislation, S. 1009, which was 13 years old when I remember my pened officially and clearly. We need passed the Senate in April 1988 by a father made a—my father was a Lu­ to be certain that this stain on our vote of 69 to 27. That bill, which was theran minister—make a talk on a honor is cleansed. This entitlement cosponsored by 74 other Senators, was local radio station, KORE, in which he language does that. intended to repair one of the most no­ said what is happening to Japanese- I cannot tell you how many of my torious violations of civil liberties in Americans is wrong. I remember the classmates did not come back, Mr. our Nation’s history—the incarcer­ phone calls we got and I remember my President. Many were killed in Italy ation for periods of up to 4 years, friends shunning me. fighting for the United States. This is without trial or hearing, of some I would love to tell this body that I a sacrifice we cannot ignore. 120,000 native-born American citizens stood up for my father. He had ex­ My good friends, I hope that on this and permanent alien residents of Japa­ plained to my brother and me why we day we will stand for what is good in nese ancestry. Summarily removed had done it. I regret to say I was em­ this country, a pluralistic society en­ from their homes on the west coast in barrassed; I wished my father had not compassing many different races, 1942, they lost everything—their liveli­ done it. But now when I look back it is creeds, ethnic backgrounds. This is the hoods, real and personal property, September 29, 1989 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 12223 educational and career opportunities. emplifies what can happen to our cated in eastern Colorado, near Today, the Federal Government’s war­ rights if we are not vigilant. present-day Lamar. And Colorado’s time action is viewed as a blot on our As you know, the relocation and in­ courageous Governor, Ralph Carr, Nation’s generally good record with re­ ternment during World War II violat­ risked public condemnation by oppos­ spect to civil liberties mid human ed constitutional rights including the ing the internment as a gross violation rights. denial of due process of law, arrest by the Federal Government of consti­ S. 1009 and its House companion, without probable cause and detention tutional rights. Although Governor H.R. 442, assumed that funds for without trail. It included unlawful Carr’s political career ended with his modest compensatory payments to the searches, and the loss of property and principled stand, his memory as a surviving former internees would be jobs, as well as freedom. Equal protec­ champion of civil rights is revered in made available in fiscal year 1990. As tion under the law was denied based Colorado today. finally passed, the bill provided for ap­ solely on racist grounds. And the Su­ Another Coloradan, Minoru Yasui, propriations of up to $500 million per preme Court failed in its duty to pro­ rose to challenge the constitutionality year, with payments to be made to the tect the rights of Japanese-Americans. of the internment program at ah early oldest surviving internees first. -■ Z, __ This failure is a wound we all bear. ; age, and his fight continued until his „ Earlier,, this summer, the House But the internment did not defeat- death in 1986. Min was another great agreed to an fiscal year 1990; appro­ the" spirit of-the Japanese-American champion of civil,rights:in Colorado, priation of $50 million—10 percent of community. Many men volunteered1 and I think today’s debate would not the authorized amount—enough to ior the military, including my col­ be complete without some reference to pay only those former internees who leagues Senators D a n ie l I n o u y e and his long fight in the Federal courts. I are over the age of 85. The Senate Ap­ S p a r k M a tsun a ga . They fought with would, therefore, ask unanimous con­ propriations Committee declined, to the famous 442d'Regiment, the entire­ provide any funding ih 1990, but ly Japanese-American * military unit sent to have printed in the R ecord, a agreed to make these compensatory which has been called the most highly copy of correspondence I have recent­ payments an entitlement, beginning in decorated unit in the history of Ameri­ ly sent to Attorney General Thorn­ fiscal year 1991. can fighting forces. Included among burgh on Min’s case. Mr. President, while I was deeply the awards earned by the unit is a There being; no objection, the letter disappointed that the Senate failed to Medal of Honor, 52; Distinguished was ordered to be printed in the provide even a token amount ’ of fund-1 Service Crosses, 560 Silver Stars, 5,200 R ec o r d , as follows: ing in fiscal year 1990, I am hopeful Bronze Stars, and'over 9,400 Purple :: U.&Senate, that the Appropriations Committee Hearts. Other Japanese-Americans Washington, DC, July 4, 1989. Hon, Richard Thornburgh, amendment will result in the prompt fought in other units including the Attorney General, Department of Justice, payment of compensation to those in­ military intelligence service. Their Washington, DC. ternee^ who are stiil alive, starting service stands as testimony of their pa­ Dear M r. A ttorney General: I am writ­ next year. triotism. ing to being your attention to a case that Prompt funding of the Civil Liber­ These brave men fougnt to preserve has very special meaning for many Japanese' ties Act is crucial because 200 former' the ideals of American constitutional Americans, and for the people of Colorado: internees are dying every month— government, in spite of the injustice of the Minoru Yasui case. 2,400 a year. If Congress falls to keep the internment and relocation. And Minoru Yasui died in November* 1986, the promise it made in 1988, many in­ since the war they have fought in the after a very long and distinguished career as an attorney and community leader in ternees now aged 70 to 106, will never finest tradition of America to secure Denver, Colorado. Min served as the Execu­ see the official national apology and the rights of all individuals. tive Director of the Denver Commission on token compensation provided under They have also fought to overcome Community Relations, was a founding our bill. the injustice and indignity of the in­ member of many civic organizations, includ­ It is significant to note that Canada, ternment. To heal the wound. With ing the Urban League of Denver, Denver following our lead, enacted similar leg­ the passage of last year’s bill, justice Native Americans United, the Japanese islation to benefit Canadians of Japa­ was won, the wound is healing. With American Citizens League, and the Latin nese ancestry over 1 month after the passage of the State, Justice, Com­ American Research and Service Agency. He President Reagan signed the Civil Lib­ merce appropriations bill before us was also Chairman of the Colorado State Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission erties Act into law last year. To date, our pledge will have been fulfilled. on Civil Rights. about one-half of the approximately But I must add that although the A long standing champion of civil rights, 14,000 surviving Canadian internees wound is healing, a scar remains—and Min is chiefly remembered outside of Colo­ have received benefits under the legis­ it should remain. It must serve as a re­ rado for the courageous stand he took in lation, while not one United States minder to us that our Constitution is 1942 when he deliberately violated a mili­ beneficiary has been paid. only a yellowed piece of parchment tary curfew in protest against the forced re­ Last year, we proved that the United unless we are committed to the pre­ moval and incarceration of loyal Japanese cepts it outlines. It is only words American citizens during World War II. Min States is such a great Nation that it was arrested, tried and found guilty of vio­ can acknowledge its errors and seek to unless we act to prevent the violation lating the curfew. He spent nine months in make right a grave injustice. This of rights of whatever group is unpopu­ an 8x10 cell in solitary confinement. year, we must follow through on that lar at the moment. Together we must In 1943, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld commitment. Therefore, I urge that work to ensure that such racism, such Min’s conviction, holding that racially dis­ this point of order be defeated, and injustice, shall not happen again. criminatory measures can be sustained that the Senate adopt the Appropria­ Mr. President, I urge my colleagues when justified by expressions of “military tions Committee amendment. to approve the pending budget waiver. necessity” or national security. The Court’s Mr. REID. Mr. President, I rise JAPANESE INTERNMENT—A PIECE OP COLORADO’S rulings in Hirabayashi (1943> and Kore- matsu (1944) relied on the same reasoning. today in support of waiving the budget PAST Although many contemporary legal schol­ to provide needed funds in fiscal year Mr. WIRTH. Mr. President, the ars have criticized the reasoning of the 1991, under the provisions of the ap­ issue of reparations for Japanese- Yasui-Hirabayashi-Korematsu line of cases, propriations bill before us to fulfill Americans who were unjustly interned they still represent the Court’s last word on our promise to provide reparations to during World War II is not a matter of the constitutional questions raised by the those Americans of Japanese descent indifference in Colorado. In fact, this internment of loyal Japanese Americans who were interned during World War issue has deep significance in my during World War II. Min continued his fight to overturn his II. State. • conviction. As late as 1981, Min and his law­ That internment is a wound that Colorado was selected as a host yers uncovered evidence suggesting that his Japanese-Americans have had to State for the internment of loyal Jap­ conviction was based on falsified informa­ endure for many, many years. And anese-Americans, and as a result, hun­ tion and fraudulent evidence. Min peti­ indeed, it has been a wound on the dreds of Japanese-American families tioned the federal court in Oregon to reopen body of all Americans, because it ex­ were interned at the Amachi Camp lo­ his case in 1984. S 12224 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE September 29, 1989 The Justice Department reacted by retro­ chapter fn our history, because we bill would have liberalized the relief actively dropping, the criminal charges» that, should not forget. I yield the floor, provisions of the act granting ex­ had. originally been filed against him, thua Mr. HELM£L Mir, President, if we panded, compensation for certain undercutting the foundation, for Min’s case. Consequently, the federal appeals court re­ have a referendum at any time on losses: Congress*, specifically' refected fused* to reopen the ease, and Min died- D a n n y In o u y e ,, record me, please, as the proposal because i® “‘wbufcF sub­ before he' could take his. case to the UJS. Su­ voting, in the affirmative; Nobody has stantially reopen the entire project.”- preme Court. more affection and respect for Danny (H .R . Rept. 1809, 84th Cong., 2d sess., Min’s family—and a host of civil rights; or­ I n o u y e ; and S pa r k . M atsu n ag a than £ ft (1956%) ganizations—tried ta get. the Court to, hear do. But that is not the point. Mr. President, nothing has changed the merits o f Min’s Gase in order to reverse,, Neither is it the point for people to since that time ta justify tMs supple­ or at least modify,, the Yasui-Hirabayashi- get up and remonstrate against the ac­ mental payment to those who were re­ Korematsir line of rulings. Min’s untimely tions taken by their Government, death, and the federal prosecutor's refusal- located. The results o f the settlement to sanction the government’s original crimi­ most of them before they were barn, 1 process under the act, long since com­ nal» charges; mooted the matter. was bom. then, Mr. President, and I re­ pleted, deserve to be accepted as a fa ir A& you know,. President Reagan and Conr member those days. To be critical of resolution of the claims involved. I f £t gress acted in the 100th/ Congress to pass a Franklin Roosevelt fo r doing: what the was inadequate, those inadequacies reparations bin aimed at rectifying, the ills, intelligence community told him that can and should be determined and re­ associated with the internment of Japanese he absolutelymust da is: a little bit far­ solved by the courts—not the Coir Americans during World W ar n. .Both the fetched. Executive and the Legislative branches of gress. Also farfetched, Mr. President, is the In 19T2, Congress, amended the our government have, therefore, acted to- suggestion made here this morning honor the memory of loyal; citizens like Min, SOcfaT Security Act so that Japanese- Americans, who not only fought, and died that this Congress has some sort of a Americans over the age o f 18 would he during, World War Ik. but who- worked tire­ self-assigned nobility for having: voted deemed ta have earned and contribut­ lessly to preserve, protect and defend the for this reparation. Not so. ed to the Social Security system Mr. President, the U.SL Government constitutional freedoms we all enjoy today.. during their detention. The Federal Many of Min’s close friends.—and people has not ignored the suffering that, oc­ civil service retirement provisions, were throughout Colorado consider themselves' to­ curred as a result of the relocation and te just that—haste approached; me about the internment during the war. The Gov­ amended in 1978» to allow Japanese- possibility of reopening Minis case or at ernment has; officially recognized that, Americans credit for the time spent in least securing an official statement from the much unjustified personal hardship detention after the age o f 18. Department of Justice on the constitutional was causeck Previous Congresses^ Mr. President, what we hear today issues, raised therein, are very eloquent declarations- about ' r know that many Cblbradans would ap>- Presidents-*, and Attorneys G en eral have takers steps; to acknowledge and mistakes that were made. Mistakes, are preciate your looking into the history o f made, r guess, in every war. this unusual case, and would be interested compensate Japanese-Americans for in knowing whether there is anything, you the injuries, they suff«*ed. But, B ill. Frenzel over at House o f can, do as the nation.’k chief law. enforcement In 1948, Congress enacted theAmer- Representatives, a couple o f yeans ago- official to address the issues Min sought ta- iean-Japamese- Claims; A ct, w hich au­ summed up th is issue, perfectly when have re-adjudlcated by the U.S. Supreme thorized compensation fo r any claim, hesaidt Court. fo r damages- to» or loss» o f read o r per­ ■ T h e committee is asking us to purse our­ Min’s memory, and his many years of sonal property as “ a reasonable natut- selves of somebody else’sr guilt with/ another good' work for the people of his community, Keneratioa.’s money. are deeply revered1 by Coloradans. Your ex­ ral consequence o f the evacuation or pression of interest would, therefore, be exclusion of” persona o f Japanese an­ That Jr about th e size o f it. I w ill say mostwercomedi cestry as a, result of governmental again £ was reluctant to stand here With best wishes, s action during World Whr EL. The act today and make the point at ord er 1 Sincerely yours; was subsequently amended: to- liberal­ am about to make because of m y affec- T i m o t h y E, Whcnr. iz e its compensation provisions^. tio a fear D a n n y : and fnrSJAsrae* Jaut I - 'Mil, WILSONL M il President, it is- Under Idie amended act, the Justice: think the dean way to do it, is for the very difficult t a add to- the; eloquence Departm ent u ltim ately settled 28,56ft Senate to demonstrate tfaait.it knows o f the statements; made by my dear claims, many o f which involved, claims: whadr it fs doing and. why it is doing it. friend fro m Hawaii, Senator I n o u y e , presented by family groups rather Mr- President, there are: m lot af and others-' here in- the* Chamber, than individual claimants;. £t is. safe ta people: that we canid get up and make I think the choice before us- is dear, conclude that, o f the 129,000 evacuees, emotional, comments' abewte fenr wham and this- Nation must honor its com­ most submitted claims under the we have not created am enthdement. m itm ent and: w aive the. Budget A c t ta Ameriean-Jiapaneae Qadnss» Actf aaad re­ How about the veterans^ who? are wak­ right the terrible injustice that was. ceived compensation. A total of over ing: for hospital bedsSJ They waifc feur visited- upon loyal Americans, of Japa­ $37 million was paid ih compensation: the availability M discretionary’ fimds. nese ancestry. pursuant to this,act. And that was. W e have, not created am entitlement It £s difficult, Mr, President, if not back, when a doilaar was worth closer ter far reseaarcli to hclptaahfes.-boaini with. impossible to* compensate fo r the pain, a dollar. A.tna. They wait fog thg asahahility of the suffering’, fo r the incalculable an­ The AmericansJaparrese Claims Act discretionary funds;. These payments: guish, because the compensation we did not include every item of damages we axe fui^iag today axe exactly wliat passed into law East year can. never thab was or could have been suggested. Bill, Frenzel saddL They were;, am atr make whole the extreme pains» of this, It did, hDwever,raddress the- hardships temptltovrteorge: «mradvEs^of ^nro®- troubled period; in our history. visited upon persons of Japanese an­ bodor elaefn gidlt withr another genera*’ The first call upon a nation, Mr, cestry hr a comprehensive^ considered: tion’s money.” President, is, that it honor its just obli­ manner,, taking inta account individual, Mr. President, I moke the point, of gations; This* is a just obligation* an needs and losses. This effort to correct order thatLthe committee: amendment effort on behalf of the United States, injustice ta individuals was fax keeping om page-41, lines» 4 toTCt, create* ai new some 45 years- late;, to make an apology with our Nation's* best tradition of in­ entitlement for a. fiscal year fear which to loyal Americans and to make right dividual rather than collective- re­ there ia no» budget resototian. i and an injustice. In that respect, this, must sponse; and it wasr more contempora­ thereby violates section. 303(a) of the bq a high priority, one that we were neous with the injuries to the claim­ fiud@8ti A ct late in recognizing, so that this debt ants than would he any payments at The PRESIDING OFFICER. The can be paid. this late date. Senator from South Carolina. There are certain lessons in? human Mr. President, in 1956*, Congress con­ Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr.Presidenfe, on history that future generations should sidered? legislation th at challenged th e behalf of my distinguished cofieague* be reminded of and for that reason,. adequacy o f the claims» settlements; the Senator from Hawaii and. myself 1 Mr, President,, we cannot close this sad provided pursuant to. the 1948 aet.The move: under section 904 o f the Budget September 29, 1989 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 12225 Act to waive section 303(a) of the [Rollcall Vote No. 219 Leg.] Mr. RUDMAN. I move to lay that Budget Act. I am most grateful to the YEAS—74 motion on the table. Senator from North Carolina, not re­ Adams Ford MIKulski The motion to lay on the table was quiring a rollcall on this motion to Bentsen Fowler Mitchell 8*ST66d tO waive; is that correct? Biden Glenn Moynihan Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, we Bingaman Gore Murko%ski Mr. HELMS. I thought it was auto­ Boren Gorton Nunn have worked our best for as little in­ matic. Boschwitz Graham Packwood convenience to Senators as possible. Mr. HOLLINGS. Well, I do not in­ Bradley Harkin Pell The Senator from Pennsylvania has terpret the rules but---- Breaux Hatch Pryor Bryan Hatfield Reid agreed to a 20-minute time agreement The PRESIDING OFFICER. It is Bumpers Heinz Riegle on his amendment. The Senator from not automatic. Burdick Hollings Robb . Alabama [Mr. S h e l b y ] is now confer­ Mr. HOLLINGS. Does the Senator Byrd . Inouye- > Rockefeller ring with the Senator from New Chafee ' Johnston ~ Rudman want a rollcall? Cochran Hasten Sanford Mexico to see if we can have a time Mr. HELMS. I think we should, Sen­ Cohen . - Kennedy Sarbanes. . limit on that amendment. Other than ator. . Cranston Kerrey ‘ Sasser those two, there is still a question D’Amato Kerry Simon . Mr. HOLLINGS. Final passage? ^Dr Daschle Kohl ' - , Simpson .' 1 about a final passage vote. I thought on this my colleague wants a tollcall? DeConcini Lautenberg Specter ' we mightrhave cleared that. - Mr. HELMS. I already notified Mr. Dixon Leahy Stevens Mr. RUDMAN. If the Senator will Dodd Levin Thurmond Greene I would not require a rollcall Dole Lieberman Warner yield, I thought we had cleared no on final passage. Domenici Lugar * Wilson vote on final passage but there has Mr. HOLLINGS. I appreciate that Durenberger McClure Wirth been a question raised. In the next 15 very much. If anybody else wants to Exon .Metzenbaum » or 20 minutes I hope to have an have a rollcall on final passage please NAYS—22 answer. let us know because we do not know of Baucus' Heflin » Nickles Mr. HOLLINGS. By the time we any request on this side. Bond , Helms Pressler vote then on the amendment of the The PRESIDING OFFICER, If B um s :.------Humphrey Roth » - distinguished Senator from Pennsylva­ Coats Kasseb&um * Shelby there is no further debate the ques­ Conrad"' 'Lott : Symms nia, we will know. tion occurs on the motion to waive sec­ Danforth Mack • ' Wallop • AMENDMENT NO. 899 tion 303(a) of the Budget Act. Gam • McCain Mr, SPECTER. Mr. President, I send Mr. HELMS. Mr. President, I ask for Grassley . ’ McConnell an amendment to the desk and ask for the yeas and nays.. NQT VOTING—4 its immediate consideration. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is Armstrong Jeffords The PRESIDING OFFICER. The tljere a sufficient second? G ram m - ‘ M atsunaga - clerk will report. There is a sufficient second. So the motion to waive the Budget The legislative clerk read as follows: The yeas and nays were ordered. Act with respect to consideration of The Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. The PRESIDING OFFICER. A the committee amendment on page 41 S p e c t e r ] proposes an amendment numbered simple majority is required to waive was agreed to. 899. < section 303(a). The yeas and nays have f Mr. SPECTER. Mr. President, I ask been ordered. EXCEPTED COMMITTEE AMENDMENT-ON PAGE 41,. unanimous consent that reading of the Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I LINES 4 THROUGH 10 The PRESIDING OFFICER. The amendment be dispensed with; suggest the absence of a quorum. The The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ chairman of the Budget Committee question now is on agreeing to the amendment on page 41, lines 4 out objection, it is so ordered. may wish to be heard. I suggest the The amendment is as follows: absence of a quorum. through 10, Is there any further debate? On page 21, line 3. strike “$137,034,000” The PRESIDING OFFICER. The and Insert “$162,034,000”; clerk will call the roll. The excepted committee amendment On page 21, line 4, strike “$5,000,000” and The legislative clerk proceeded to T T fQ C t f t insert “$30,000,000 for construction”; and call the roll. Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I On page 28, line 18, strike “$401,332,000" Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I ask move to reconsider the vote by which and insert “$263,832,000”. unanimous consent that the order for the excepted committee amendment Mr. SPECTER. Mr. President, this the quorum call be rescinded. was agreed to. amendment has no budget impact. The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ Mr. RUDMAN. I move to lay that I have 10 minutes and I would like out objection, it is so ordered. There motion on the table. my 10 minutes to start from the time being no further debate, the question The motion to lay on the table was there is order. is on agreeing to the motion of the agreed to. Mr. HOLLINGS. Will the distin­ Senator from South Carolina. The The PRESIDING OFFICER. The guished Senator yield and let us get an yeas and nays have been ordered. The Senate will come to order. agreement. I ask unanimous consent clerk will call the roll. Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, we that time on this particular amend­ The legislative clerk called the roll. can clear quite a few amendments but ment be limited to 20 minutes, w ith 10 Mr. CRANSTON. I announce that we have two that will require votes. As minutes on a side, with no ^econd- the Senator from Hawaii [Mr. M a t s u ­ I understand the Senator from Penn­ degree amendments. n a g a ] is necessarily absent. sylvania, he will agree to a 20-minute The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ I further announce that, if present time limit. out objection, it is so ordered. and voting, the Senator from Hawaii EXCEPTED COMMITTEE AMENDMENT ON PAGE 18, Mr. SPECTER. Mr. President, this [Mr. M a t s u n a g a ] would vote “yea.” LINES 4 THROUGH 16 amendment seeks to transfer funds for Mr. SIMPSON. I announce that the The PRESIDING OFFICER. If the holding Federal prisoners after convic­ Senator from Colorado [Mr. A r m ­ Senator will withhold, the question tion, for holding Federal prisoners s t r o n g ] , the Senator from Vermont now is on agreeing to the amendment before trial. There is no budget [Mr. J e f f o r d s ], and the Senator from on page 18, lines 4 through 16. If there impact. This does not violate or deal Texas [Mr. G r a m m ] are necessarily is no further debate, the question is on with the drug agreement because it absent. agreeing to the amendment. applies to all Federal prisoners. Tech­ The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. The excepted committee amendment nically, Mr. President, it is necessary K e r r e y ). Are there any other Sena­ was agreed to. to transfer $138 million from prison tors in the Chamber who desire to Mr. HOLLINGS. Mr. President, I construction in order to get $25 mil­ vote? move to reconsider the vote by which lion for the U.S. Marshals Service, al­ The result was announced, yeas 74, the excepted committee amendment though both are for construction be­ nays 22, as follows: was agreed to. cause one is calculated at 55 percent in c *'I, ■t.J f

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t f * tW ^ W ' • ' ^ * 1 _ A iT T *, ^ . WLi *' TT :_■ ĪL _ 1 ^ . _ _ - ^ x u O D C J L 1IH 6 ijciu p io riix -in ieraees .-;

^^toU-ft^ numberlor Americans of Jap^'ese aBce^y McAll about *$f- destitution' *pa5nments ?for fth eirjin terh m en t^y ^isj^^^tles % ^An Office of Reparations _ Administration has beendstatilisned ^ in '" r:.the department’^ civil rights divisionto Identifyrfiricf^and pay" ft individuals eligible for $20,000 restitution j^yipents - under the ijjCivil Liberties Apt passed last

^addressed to Office of Reparations Administration, P.O. Box 66260, ** /juWashingtoh,^b.C.,20035-6260. ' ^VEliiribilitv ' regulations are now being 'develoDea. and ' anv % ^informaHon^ the office receives now ^ U help e ^ (h te payments

■Jn ttie United States between 1942 and 1 9 4 5 'for? $20,000 payraent. The payments are hQr^qp!^u^.|q’ b ^ ^ -vlxhtil "January, 1990. Those eligible afe living ex-internees and inunedi- ii ate family meitibers of those who have died* '■ AfHA AMERICANS for HISTORICAL ACCURACY Americans Address: AfHA Publications United P.O. Box 372, Lawndale, CA 90260 USA 3Fmxnbe& 1072 A Coalition Against the Falsification of USA History Contact: 213-329-2619 AN EXPOSE:

I NO U V* E GUILTY OP CAP I TOL COVER-UP REPARATIONS: PAYDAY OPINPAMY! ... SENATOR DAN INOUYE IS GUILTY OF A COVER-UP OF VITAL INFORMATION The Honorable Senator Daniel K. Inouye reporting:

"A more tragic outcome resulted from the decision not to dis­ seminate Ultra information concerning the postions of Japanese sub­ marines late in the war. This information was given extremely limited distribution lest the Japanese should discover that their most sophisti­ cated code had been broken. As a result, the USS Indianapolis never learned that there was a Japanese submarine in her path. The Indianap­ olis went down in fifteen minutes, and the total loss came to 883 men."

NO MILITARY NECESSITY? Were those 883 American lives sacrificed in vain? Senator Inouye reporting:

"...it is a tribute to the courageous and brilliant men whose work was so secret that they could not be recognized, and whose contribution was so vital that it is no exaggeration to say that without it the Pacific conflict might have been waged on the coast of California."

NO MILITARY NECESSITY? Rather than reveal MAGIC, a U.S. Sub Captain went down with his submarine, Senator Inouye's quotes are from his Foreword to W.J. Holmes' book, Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific during World War II, (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Md. - I979 )

THE COMMISSION ON WARTIME RELOCATION & INTERNMENT OF CIVILIANS admitted it knew nothing about MAGIC when it printed its "finding" that there was “no military necessity" for the exclusion order. "WHY DIO INOUYE COVER-UP HIS INFORMATION ABOUT THE MAGIC PAPERS?

Lillian Baker, Director Lt. Gen. E d gar C. Doleman, Honorary Chairman Author-Historian United States Army (Retired) Life Fellow, EBA, Cambridge, England Former Chief, U.S. Army Intelligence Awardee, Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge; Conference of California Historical Societies Read: DISHONORING AMERICA:The Who's Who of American Women Collective Guilt of American Japanese Author: “The Concentration Camp Conspiracy: (I988) A Second Pearl Harbor* [OVER] NOW BEING SHIPPED! “The Commission found (hat the main impetus Includes declassified TOP SECRET WW11 documents leading to the exclusion order was the mistaken CZ) notion that individuals of Japanese descent E would be loyal to Japan, not to the United O States. . . (Sen. Alan Cranston, Congressional Record 2 V.133 N.60 Apr. 10, 1987) C Dishonoring PS * 4 FACT: When thousands refused to sign a 2 loyalty oath it became necessary to change Tule o Lake Relocation Center into a barbwired > Segregation Center where the disloyals awaited 2 America M repatriation or expatriation to Japan. PS THE COLLECTIVE GUILT OF AMERICAN JAPANESE American citizens cannot be interned. There P were so many (thousands) who wished expatri­ /

WORLD WAR II TULE LAKE SEGREGATION CENTER, CALIFORNIA Disloyal Americans with dual citizenship renounce allegiance to U.S.A. and march to keep fit to prepare to “fight for Japan.”

AMERICANS FOR HISTORICAL ACCURACY ~ .

£ C KKDIT: |Miiin»l \rclmr» 2I0 CLP-4 - ^ LILLIAN BAKER

6 ^ I S B N l» V 3 6 7 J i : 7 * r THIS COVER IS IN COLOR ---- THIS PHOTO never before shown" i Shocking revelations^! *Access to articles restricted to University of Hawai'i affiliates only. Items in eVols are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.

Hong, K. P. (1988, June 12). For new Japanese nationalists, history isn't what is used to be: Japan's new vitality inspired revisionism in debate over WWII. The Sunday Oregonian, p. A8. Shimpo, R. (1988, June 11). Religious Dispute Causes Political Rift In Japan's Komeito Party. Los Angeles Japanese Daily News.

Shimpo, R. (1988, June 11). Conference Committee Agrees on Redress Issue. Los Angeles Japanese Daily News. Kilpatick, J. J. (1988, March 6). Japanese-American compensation ill advised. Universal Press Syndicate. Wright, P. H., Brinley, R., & Oei, T. (1988, March 11). Why America Owes Japanese Americans. The Washington Post, p. A26. Kilpatrick, J. J. (1988, March 5). $1.2 Billion worth of Hindsight. The Washington Post, p. A23. JANUARY 1988 (SEATTLE CHAPTER) VOLUME 25 NO. 1

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CHAIR WRITES LETTER TO POPE JOHN PAUL II

In a letter dated November 1, 1987, Seattle Chapter JACL International Relations Chair Ken Nakano addressed the following message to Pope John Paul II:

"We, members of the Japanese American Citizens League, would like to express our heartiest congratulations for your highly successful tour of the United States and Canada. We have been very impressed with your efforts to reach various minority groups during your tour. It was also of great interest to us that you mentioned the Holocaust and Jewish concentration camps of World War II. "Similarly in the United States, during World War II, our U.S. Government incarcerated 120,000 Americans of Japanese ancestry. This was done with no due process, and was assented to by all three branches of the Government, thereby violating the very principles for which we (were) fighting. There was great psychological and emotional suffering, feelings of humiliation, as well as great economical loss. "In 1943, American men of Japanese ancestry were allowed to volunteer for the U.S. Army from these concentration camps, they fought gallantly in Italy, France, Germany and the Far East. Ironically, members of the Japanese American Regiment was the first to liberate the inmates of Dachau in the spring of 1945. "In the past 15 years, we have mounted a campaign in the United States to illuminate the violation of our Constitution and to seek redress. On September 17, 1987, the U.S. House of Representatives passed HR 442 which proposes to issue an apology and redress the wrong with a token symbolic payment. The U.S. Senate is expected to do the same before (the) year’s end. Hopefully President Reagan will sign the bill soon after. "Your Holiness delivered a famous ’Appeal for Peace’ in Hiroshima on February 25, 1981:

’To remember the past is to commit oneself to the future... from the event its name recalls, there has originated a new worldwide consciousness against war and a fresh determination to work for peace.’

"To remember the experience of Americans of Japanese ancestry during World War II is also to commit oneself to peace, for it shows that the most democratic nation in the world has lapses and moments of hatred and bigotry that result in the prosecution of innocent individuals and groups. "As an aftermath of World War II, there are also approximately 1,000 survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Bombs residing in the United States. Thirty percent of these victims are U.S. citizens by birth. "The U.S. has so far refused to acknowledge the special ailments these survivors (are) suffering from (by) the Atomic Bombs and does not provide medical care. "We bring these events and conditions to your attention, hoping that as you pursue world peace will find it in your heart to speak out for the welfare of the survivors and correction of a major U.S. Constitutional violation."

In a reply dated December 12, 1987, Nakano received a reply from Secretariat of State Assessor Monsignor C. Sepe. The letter was routed through the Vatican's diplomatic channel, the Apostolic Nunciature in Washington, D.C. It stated: "I am directed to acknowledge the letter which you sent to His Holiness Pope John Paul II and I would assure you that the contents have been noted. "His Holiness invokes God’s blessing upon you." 一 王 は 、第二次大戦中のナ ニ大*中ナチスによつて表と会合"その席上でからなる全米ユダヤ人代祷を目擊し、百九十六人チスによるユダヤ人の虐ボ寒教と接触を針り、特にである米国で、法王は他ンダ た通軋の旅を行った た世界大家族を主«とし 的平米醒甯部の譫籌市を尊法ン パゥ 旬、 I 世界各宗教のメルティ75 去る 在米日系問題について ランドで生まれた法• 0 0 ,ローマ法王庁より返答 ボ ィ ン ftと、人類連帯としンシスニ世は、丨マ法王ョハネ I 九八七年八月下 S1 n を含めた D ス "サ • 笫 • 送された。その後原爆症各国語に訳され各国へ放言 で、著名な島では、原爆慰霊塔の前島、長崎を巡礼した•広マ法王は訪日、東京、広ブとの接触に努力した問題に触れ、そのグルーには、多数の少数民族の提案•その上今固の巡礼行為を学童に教える事を 会の合同でナチスの極悪 トリック教会とユダヤ教 無い様様な悲劇が再び繰り返さ虐殺に触れ、二度とこの I 行われた獷制収容所、大

」 一九八 宣告、それは直ちに 钱 調した•更に力 一 年二月、ロー 「 世界平和宣 •

1 内の過半数は米国生まれ国に存在、皮肉にもその爆の被害者が約島、長崎に投下された原更に、現在一九四五年広事を指法王に手紙により以上の市民 収容所は欧州にあり、そ であるの設立には米国は無あった•その上ユダヤ人はまだ权容所に入所中で志醍した者で、その家族数は米田れた•それら勇士の大多四ニ遑隊によって解放翥世のみで構成された第四つのダユダヤ人 を通暹 不当抑留 ったで颺病中の被爆者を見麵 特に第二次大戦中 锚 . 搞 会は*まきながらf I した する事になっな 彍 チャは勇名な 充分 彍 醣 - 制収容所より 制収審所の»債法案が下 v v v . v i でもあり、

一 千人米 ; して 1 * 88係 “ _ -

| |1 8 | 法王は**の上に神の祝確かに上奏されましたた•貴殿の手攀の内容は達するよぅ指令されましを正式に受領した事を伝丨マ法王より貴«の手紙闻窨月三十王庁大使館を通じて十二けの手紙は華府 ケン氏に十爆被爆者対策每長中野 僧より、全国市民 ロ ー マ一 法 れ暹ごしている$香き入 王 ら一遣 に れでも多蒙の被爆者は、後 、この手かし四十三年遏ぎた今日 が難しい状国政府の の二世であり、今日の米 月 -5ても被爆者の保 ロ 瘇 筒では、 I 1 のため不安の毎日を 日麻接パチカンの

一 マ法王庁セィべ 日伝逢された 财

一 f « 政状觴では執 j 月 十 一 一 日 付 である*し 「 本僧は 0 れ た * 丨マ法 饞 は、十 » 会厫 • 保 • • 阳 0 I »

」 ると結んだ廣にカを入れるぺきで弟の田療交流に颺するり、在米日系は法王に指摘するべきであトリ は法王訪問地又は日系力と 福がある様飆 中野部長はこの嫌な鲒 プク教会貝が事前にんであった

• « もっと子 • します

1 篡 」

-& RESTITUTION The Burden Of Shame

After a somber and sometimes impassioned debate, the House of Representatives last week voted 243 to 141 to issue a for­ mal apology to the 120,000 Japanese Americans who were forcibly sent to resettlement camps in World War II. In ad­ dition, the resolution provides $50 million for a fund to edu­ cate the public about the de­ tainment program and a con­ troversial $1.2 billion in restitution payments to the ap­ proximately 60,000 survivors of the camps. The Senate is expected to approve a similar bill, but op­ ponents say the U.S. cannot af­ ford to add such a sum to the huge federal budget deficit. Supporters of the measure say the U.S. is morally indebted to the detainees. Said California Democrat Norman Mineta, whose family was sent to an in­ ternment camp in 1942: “The burden has fallen upon us to right the wrongs of 45 years ago.” But Administration offi­ cials note that restitution pay­ ments were made to some Jap­ anese Americans after the war, and predict that the President will veto the measure. The Internment - Stancliff

Preface

Manzanar, internment camp for Japanese-Amerleans is now a ghost town. It is a lone ghost town sitting off in the California desert. Scorched by wind and heat, there are few people who care to visit. There are some regular visitors such as myself who come back to walk through the dusty barracks and talk to the ghosts.

Usually I talk, and they listen. I arrived here early this morning and was greeted as expected by the silence. My husband,

Kenji, died here. There is a cemetery plot close by where they buried him. I come to bring him flowers and news of our family.

My name is Seiko.

That was our barrack over there. We shared what space there was with six other families. My husband, put up some partitions for privacy with some scrap lumber he found. We had two children,

Alice and Joe, they were both college students when we had to come here.

They say it all started at Pearl Harbor. Actually it began a long time before that. The Japanese were always a quite people who like keeping to themselves. Perhaps that had something to do with promoting suspicions Americans acquired about us. My husband and I arrived in Los Angeles from a small town outside of Tokyo.

It was a great event for u s ?to come to America.

Los Angeles was a thriving -city with a large Asian community. The city was a good place to start a new life in a new The Internment - Stancliff country. How amazed we were to first see America after having dreamt of coming here for so many years. Though we both spoke enough English to get by, the language was difficult for us at first. Not only the language, but the culture and ways of living were so strange. The people were strange too, but I suppose we must have seemed strange to them as well. Our families came to sea us off on the ship. I can still see them waving as the ship left the harbor. Life was so hard in

Japan and everyone in my neighborhood always talked of America and the new life a person could find. It must have been our fate to come here because many people we knew applied for admission, but for whatever reason they got turned down. After my husband and I applied for admission, we waited years for the

Immigration Office to respond. Then one day the letter came and before I fully realized it we were on a boat waving good-bye to our families. We settled in Los Angeles like I said, because it was a city that was growing more and more each day. We hoped we could grow along with it. Snow had fallen in Japan when we left, and to arrive in sunny Southern California where everyone wore summer clothes all year long was a thrill in itself. I can still feel the ship rocking beneath me.

We found a place to live in what they called a low-income neighborhood. Actually it was

The kids grew up faster than I wanted them to. I taught them to speak some Japanese that they would think of their roots. For some reason that was important to me. Just when I believed 1 was doing a good job, my brother came to visit and they couldn't understand a word he said. Kenji was so proud to have been able to afford to send both our children to college. We added onto the grocery store to where it became a small market. Alice studied to be a nurse, and Joe studied engineering. They only had two more years to finish before they could have graduated. It hurt us to see them have to drop out of school tc come be interned for no other reason other than they were of the wrong race. We had just a few weeks to sell what we owned and report here to Manzanar The Internment - Stancliff which was to prevent us from committing subversive acts, whatever that meant.

Robbery was the only term for being forced to sell our lovely home for a song. The market we worked so hard at was sold for not much more. We had to sell our car, and furniture as well.

It seemed everyone came to strip us bare. The only possessions we could take were those we could carry. We felt like refugees in our own homeland. They even put a tag around our necks that identified who we were and where they were going to intern us.

Wanting to prove loyalty, most people of Japanese decent reported voluntarily to wherever they were told. There were many however, who were more than reluctant to give up everything they owned over a stupid war that they believed would be over in a month or two. The government sent soldiers to gather them up. That is when it ail started.

4 Bunting, G. F. (1987, July 4). Some Japanese-Americans Hit Internee Redress: Say Civil Liberty Can't be Bought; Would Reject Payment for WWII Detention. Los Angeles Times. MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION Help us preserve our own history and the history of all generations of Japanese Americans. Membership dona­ Y"7 Tfl pT\ / \ L^i rO^ r->J tions (tax deductible) are needed to support the activities of the historical society. Membership is open to all. Vol. 3 Won’t you tell your friends and relatives about us, and get them to join? No. 3

Membership Application: . Renewal Membership New Membership wdmtite May National Japanese American Historical Society 1987 One Year Membership: ( ) Student $15 ( ) Supporting $50 ( ) Regular $25 ( ) Contributing $100 ( ) Family $35 ( ) Patron $500 ( ) Life, one-time payment $1000 PERMANENT MIS EXHIBIT N am e ______Phone ( )_ The Defense Language Institute (DLI) at involved in facilitating the project. Address Monterey has requested the NJAHS to put a City/State. Zip. permanent Military Intelligence Service The project co-chairmen, Tom Sakamoto, (MIS) exhibit at the institute’s Nakamura Hall. Roy Takai and Gene Uratsu, of the MIS are Checks should be made payable to NJAHS. Please return application to the National Japanese American also active members of the NJAHS. Many Historical Society, 1855 Folsom Street, #161, San Francisco, CA 94103. Nakamura Hall is one of the three buildings MIS vets are being used as resource in­ dedicated to three Nisei Silver Star dividuals with extraordinary experience and recipients who were killed in action in the knowledge. Major Robert Anchonda from NATIONAL JAPANESE AMERICAN Nonprofit Pacific war. The other two buildings are the DLI is working with the group. HISTORICAL SOCIETY Organization U.S. POSTAGE Hachiya Hall and Mizutari Hall. 1855 Folsom St., #161 PAID The exhibit which will be installed by early San Francisco, CA 94103 . San Francisco, CA Peimit No. 548 Of the three buildings, Nakamura Hall was May is primarily the exhibit which, until chosen for the exhibit because the large recently, was at the General MacArthur auditorium is located there. Memorial Museum in Norfolk, Virginia. Over the next several months, however, this ex­ The NJAHS has been working closely with hibit will have many additional photos and ar­ the Northern California MIS Association to tifacts. coordinate the project. Several meetings have been held in Monterey and in San The NJAHS and the MIS Association will Francisco since January. work together to constantly upgrade the ex­ hibit in future months and years. The DLI at The MIS vets are providing the knowledge Monterey is a logical home for one of the and the funding. The NJAHS is providing permanent exhibits where the exploits of the Address Correction Requested the production expertise. The DLI staff are MIS Nisei can be appreciated. Return Postage Guaranteed -1 - Following the rescue of the "Lost Battalion" Many 442nd veterans still recall being told in in northeastern France, where the casualties late April 1945 that it was one of the coldest were four times greater than the number of LIBERATION OF DACHAU in nearly 40 years in Europe. Most of the Texans rescued, the 442nd Regimental 522nd boys were from Hawaii, and snow on Combat Team was shipped south to the the ground made an impression because Mediterranean port of Nice. whether their action had caused the deaths. the Dachau prisoners were clad in striped cotton pajamas or robes. The 522nd Field Artillery Battalion of the Many Nisei never forgot the experience. 442nd, however, was soon given a new as­ They also never talked about the experience signment. It joined the American army unit ; because they had, as soldiers, disobeyed racing across the Rhine into Germany. The Lyn Crost, a war correspondent for the military orders. flank thrust of the 522nd led it toward Honolulu Star Bulletin, was on the scene at Munich. On April 29, 1945, they stood Dachau and also described the cold weather and "snow on the ground." before the gate at Dachau. Since the end of the war and the revelation of the horrors of the holocaust, various military units have jockeyed for the honor of Dachau was the first of the German con­ being the first liberators of Dachau. The centration camps established in 1933. In the Dachau prisoners with snow on ground. The 522nd Field Artillery Battalion had beginning the camp held political prisoners. Sign in background: "522 F.A. C BTRY." Nisei soldiers of the 522nd have avoided the never claimed it was the first to reach Photo taken by Lt. Susumu Ito of C Bat­ competition. Dachau. They are not contesting the state­ tery, 522 Field Artillery Battalion. ment by Col. Felix Sparks that the 45th In­ Aside from the main Dachau camp, there fantry Division "captured" the Dachau con­ were many subsidiary camps near by. Recently, however, it has become neces­ sary for the 442nd Veterans Club to form a centration camp. Col. Sparks also mentions There was a standing high command order in his article that "apparently someone, "Dachau Research Committee" to respond A scout of the 522nd opened one of the not to liberate any Nazi camps. Further­ without my knowledge, had opened the to one Bernard Cohen who wrote to the prison gates by shooting off the lock. Whet more, there were strict orders not to feed main gate to the camp area." Jewish War Veterans of the U.S. that "the they saw were people with skin hanging the prisoners. The reasons given were that from their bones. only a few could be served and that could Nisei were not at the liberation of Dachau cause a riot and U.S. soldiers could then be concentration camp as claimed." in danger. Imamura’s diary merely states that the "I could not tell,” said Stanley Kaneshiro of 522nd "were among the first Allied troops to Hawaii, "whether they were men or women. Mr. Cohen’s assertion appears to be They all looked alike to me." Joe Obayashi The Nisei soldiers promptly shared their based on T/4 Ichiro Imamura’s entry into his release prisoners in the Dachau concentra­ watched freed prisoners tearing apart dead food, clothing and medical supplies with the diary on April 29, 1945, about the "snow- tion camp." animals and eating the meat raw. They were starving prisoners. Some prisoners died covered ground." He contends that all the starved. while being fed, and the Nisei wondered snow had melted by April 1945 in Bavaria. c.i.u.

- 4 - Din, G. (1987, October 21). The lesson is for all Americans: Smithsonian exhibit. International Examiner. > - »4 V '' / * ' . /

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560 SMTTHSOMAN

PHONE (202) 357-2627 NEWSSERVICE October 1987 , \ r ’ "i M IT DID HAPPEN HERE V'

By Ink Mendelsohn Smithsonian News Service "The belief that we Americans are exceptional often threatens our freedom by allowing us to look complacently at evil-doing elsewhere and to insist that 'It can't happen h e re ....' 'I t did happen here' is a message that must be transmitted, not as an exercise in self-laceration but as an admonition for the future." Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Washington, D.C., June 1983 On the pages of Our World# the Manzanar High School 1943-1944 yearbook, the team played touch football, as yell leaders cheered than on. Boys wore cardigan sweaters. Girls sported bobby socks. Couples danced to such popular Glenn Miller tunes of the day as "In the Mood," "String of Pearls" and "Don't Fence Me In." In marry ways, Manzanar was like any other American small town in 1943. There were schools, churches, fire and police departments, Boy Scout troops, softball leagues, movies and little theater companies. The world was at war, and many people hung American flags on their walls. Victory gardens flourished. And school children sang, "Jfy country, 'tis of thee, Btteet land of liberty." But in Manzanar, 10,000 men, women and children lived inside 1 square mile surrounded by a barbed^wire wall, surveyed by a watchtcwer and patrolled by armed guards with orders to "shoot anyone who attempts to leave the center without a permit." A mother lived in constant fear: "I couldn't take ny eyes off iry children for even a moment so that they would not go outside the fence." Home for an entire family was a room in a barrack with tar paper-covered walls, no running water, a bare bulb overhead and gaps in the floor planks that let in choking dust that seemed to swirl endlessly. Chiura Obata, a professional -more- Happen/2 artist and a professor at the University of California, painted wateroolors of the dust while in camp. "The desert dust storm! Barracks, roams— everything, everywhere was

sunk in darkness. But not so our hopes...," he wrote in 1943.

Each family had a number. "2614, I think I still remember it," Sue Kunitani

Embrey says today. Everyone ate in mess halls, slept on straw-filled mattresses and lined up in open latrines. "We lined up for everything," Mine Okubu wrote.

Manzanar was one of 10 camps in desolate areas stretching from California desert

to Arkansas swamp. They were built by the U.S. government in 1942 to imprison nearly

120,000 Americans of Japanese ancestry— two thirds of them U.S. citizens.

On Feb. 19, 1942, 10 weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President

Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. It directed the secretary of war

and his designated military carmanders, whenever it was deemed necessary or desirable,

to prescribe military areas "with respect to which, the right of any person to enter,

remain in, or leave shall be subject to vhatever restrictions the Secretary of War or

the appropriate Military Ccmmander may impose in his discretion."

"We were shocked that the president would sign that," Mary Tsukamoto says. On

March 21, Congress enacted a law providing penalties for violation of military orders.

In the months that follcwed, American citizens of Japanese descent were forbidden

to live, work or travel on the West Coast. Both the Nisei, born in this country, and

their immigrant parents— the Issei who were prohibited by law from becaning citizens—

had to leave longtime homes in weeks. After a brief period of "voluntary relocation,"

all West Coast Japanese Americans were removed by the army, first to "assembly

centers"— temporary quarters at race tracks and fairgrounds— and then to "relocation

centers," the internment camps like Manzanar, where most were held for several years.

Not a single act of espionage or sabotage was ever proven against any Japanese

American. J. Edgar Hoover felt that security did not require mass evacuation. "I

thought the army was getting a bit hysterical," the EBI director opined in early 1942.

Forty years later, Personal Justice Denied, the 1982 investigative report of the

presidentially appointed Catmission on Wartime Relocation and Interment of Civilians,

established by Congress in 1980, concluded: "In sun, Executive Order 9066 was not

-more- Happen/3 justified by military necessity, and the decisions that followed from it— exclusion, detention, the ending of detention and the ending of exclusion— were not founded upon military considerations. The broad historical causes that shaped these decisions were race prejudice, war hysteria and failure of political leadership....A grave personal injustice was done to the American citizens and resident aliens of Japanese ancestry who, without individual review or any probative evidence against them, were excluded, removed and detained by the United States during World War II."

"I only saw ny dad cry three times," Rep. Norman Y. Mineta (D-Calif.) recalls.

"On Dec. 7, 1941, when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor; when our family was put on a train to the Santa Anita assembly center, and when ny mother died. The day we had to leave San Jose, where I was born, ny dad got us together and said, 'I don't knew what will happen to us, but always remember that 545 North Fifth St. is your home.'

"The Nisei whose rights were violated afterwards thought of the whole experience as a bad dream," Mineta says. "They encapsulated those four years, stored them away and never wanted to talk about them." The congressman, who has two grown sons, credits the Sansei— the third generation Americans— with bringing the story into the light.

"The kids of the '60s kept pressing their parents, asking 'What happened?'"

Mineta, a regent of the Smithsonian Institution, is pleased that many more people will learn what happened when they see "A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the United States Constitution"— a new exhibition in commemoration of that document's bicentennial at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History.

"'A More Perfect Union' illustrates the ongoing constitutional process through the

Japanese American experience during World War II," Tom Crouch, the exhibition's curator says. "Denied their constitutional rights, Japanese Americans have continued to seek redress. The story didn't end in 1945." The director of the museum, Roger Kennedy, who had the idea for the exhibition, has said, "The reason for doing this kind of show is to make it clear that we don't always get it right, but we keep trying...."

"I realized our role as citizens of the U.S. was being placed in jeopardy ty those who were in high positions making policy," Sen. Daniel K. Inouye (D-Hawaii) remembers.

"I was only 18, but I understood the Constitution." Inouye and the overwhelming

-more- Happen/4 majority of Hawaiian Japanese Americans were not interned during the war— in spite of the fact that Hawaii had been the target of the Japanese attack.

Gen. Delos Emmons, the commander of the Hawaiian Department, reassured the public:

"...We must remember that this is America and we must do things the American Way. We must distinguish between loyalty and disloyalty among our people." On the other hand, as the exhibition reveals, Lt. Gen. John L. De Witt, the head of the Western Defense

Command, explained to the press why he opposed allowing American soldiers of Japanese ancestry into excluded West Coast areas, "A Jap is a Jap."

"We had to demonstrate that we were just as good Americans as anyone," Inouye

says. "The pilots of the planes that bombed Pearl Harbor looked like us." When the

U.S. army changed its policy in June 1942 and decided to accept Americans of Japanese

descent to form a special combat team, Inouye rushed to enlist. The combined 100th

Infantry Battalion/442nd Regimental Combat Team was the most decorated— and had the

highest casualty rate— of any unit of its size in the war. "It was a terrible price we

had to pay," Inouye, who lost an arm in close combat and was awarded the Distinguished

Service Cross, says quietly.

Inouye is not bitter, however. "What can you gain from bitterness?" He smiles,

"Wrinkles....You remember, so that history won't repeat itself, but you move forward."

On Dec. 17, 1944, Public Proclamation Number 21 rescinded the exclusion order, and

thousands of Japanese Americans began to go home. Mary no longer had hemes, farms,

possessions or careers. Often the traditional family structure had disintegrated.

"Papa's life ended at Manzanar, though he lived for twelve more years after getting

out," Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston wrote. Some would always bear internal scars from the

humiliation of imprisonment. A poem from camp cries: "My husband's interned, And iry

son is a soldier, Oh, all so hard to bear; I lament Encaged behind wire."

"Today, Japanese Americans are still looking for a clear-cut statement that the

U.S. government did something wrong," Tom Crouch says. "They are looking for it in the

courts and in the halls of Congress." Japanese Americans, who lived through a wartime

experience that "couldn't happen in America"— but did— m y at last find what they have

been seeking. "Because there is bipartisan support for redress in Congress,"

-more- Happen/5

Rep. Mineta says, "the outlook is favorable for enactment of a law that will offer

compensation to each surviving internee and a formal apology to Japanese Americans on

behalf of the nation."

In 1942, young Fred Korematsu was charged with attempting to evade the exclusion

order and became part of a famous Supreme Court case challenging the constitutionality of

that order. When he is asked today why he refused to comply, he says: "At that time, I

thought 'I am an American. This is ny country. I've done nothing wrong.'" Now, so many

years later, his experience still weighs heavily. "If this bill passes, it has freed me

and thousands of others. We will know that the Constitution is not just a piece of

paper— but the law of this country."

# # # #

NOTE TO EDITORS: At press time, the House of Representatives had passed the redress legislation, H.R. 442, by a vote of 243-141 on Sept. 17, the bicentennial of the signing of the Constitution. Senate action is pending. "A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the Constitution" opened at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C., on Oct. 1 and will continue indefinitely. From left, Colonel Karl R. Bendetsen, Milton Eisenhower and Tom C. From 1942 to 1946, home for most Japanese Americans was one of 10 War Clark were three principals involved during World War II in planning the Relocation Authority camps. The barracks at Manzanar in California forced evacuation of more than 120,000 Japanese Americans. desert country had small rooms with no running water.

George Omi, with daughter Georgette, bids farewell to his brother Henry at the processing building of the Tule Lake, Calif., internment camp. An FBI agent searches the home of a Japanese American family. Community, cultural and religious leaders and journalists were targets of suspicion. Tagged like the pile of luggage he sits on, a small San Sen- Daniel K- Inouye ■» Dec- 1944 was a 20-year-old Franciscan awaits evacuation. 2“d lieu,tenant in char*e ° f a fortification on the border of southern France and Italy. ' I was king of the mountain in a fortress large enough to house a battalion, but I had 20 men. My jacket is made from a blanket. I did the sewing myself.”

Deprived of basic constitutional rights and living under armed guard behind barbed wire, Japanese Americans in War Relocation Authority camps Japanese Americans sent to internment camps were nevertheless attempted to create a community structure and to maintain allowed to take with them only what they could carry. traditional family values. Family pets were left behind. COMMISSION ON WARTIME RELOCATION AND INTERNMENT OF CIVILIANS

Chair: Joan Z. Bernstein (formerly General Counsel (Attorney) to the Department of Health Wald, Harkrade and Ross and Human Services) 1300 - 19th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036

Vice-Chair: The Honorable Dan Lundgren (R.-California) U.S. House of Represnetatives Washington, D.C. 20515

Edward Brooke, former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts

Father Robert Drinan, former U.S. Representative from Massachusetts

Arthur S. Flemming, Chairman of U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

Arthur Goldberg, former Justice of the United States Supreme Court

Father Ishmail Gromoff of Alaska

William Marutani, Judge on the Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia, Pa.

Hugh Mitchell, former U.S. Senator from Washington

ADDRESS: Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians New Executive Office Building - Suite 2020 726 Jackson Place, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20506 7/ -

Pase 6 - MILITARY HAWAII - September IS. 1986 Air Force WWII EO9066: Reader Offers Another Perspective

EDITOR S NOTE: Military Japan Times said that the sto­ sion of the West Coast by the DiMaggio's mother was permanent camps called Re­ life”. Another, “1 learned my H awaii received a response to ries and the report of the Pres­ Japanese after the destruction forced to leave Terminal location Centers were built. trade there”. Eunice Sato, the its July 30, 1986 article ident’s Commission were “dis­ of our Pacific Fleet and that Island) and of all RJA**. Why The JACL helped build the former-mayor of San Diego, entitled “Personnel C hief R e ­ tortions of history”. our Army was in no condition not only the Japanese aliens? -Centers. They were kept said, “They lived better than calls How WWII Executive to defend the area in which B ecause m o st A JA V taeld d u a l in fo rm e d o f actions'; X)f th e we did on the outside". An Order Changed His Life ” by The irrefutable and docu- most of our aircraft industry, citizenship (not true Of Ger­ W R A th ro u g h o u t th e w a r an d AJA said, “It was the first Capt. RonEschmann, Lt. Gen mentable facts are as follows. so important to odrselves and mans and Italians), wfc were were helpful in identifying th e' time many of the Issei (first Edgar C. Doleman (U.S. When President Roosevelt trouble makers in camp. Later generation) had known leis­ A rmy Ret.) offers a different issued Executive Order 9066 they twice (twenty years u re ” a n d , “ A t th e e n d th ey h ad perspective. he knew that Tokyo had They (US. Supreme Court) apart) gave testim onial to force them to leave”. Over directed its consulates in the determined (6-3) that General dinners for the WRA Director 10,000 RJA’s from non­ U.S. to recruit both first and in “thanks for his compassion affected areas requested to by Edgar C. Doleman second generation Japanese DeWitt's order was merely an and understanding’’. The enter the centers. The centers For forty years a myth con­ for espionage, that the consu­ Centers were no worse than had the highest birth rate and cerning the treatment of resi­ lates had reported compliance exclusion order, that RJA’s were many our troops were using the lowest death rate in the dents of Japanese ancestry and that classified informa­ not forced to go to a Relocation a n d h a d m o st o f th e a m e n itie s United States. ( R JA ’s) during World War II tion was being sent by them. available in a town: a store, has been building. In the last He knew that several hundred Center and that wartime Post Office, beauty parlor, two years we have had a Americans of Japanese Ances­ bank, schools, police and fire In 1944 the U.S. Supreme media blit/ on the subject. try (AJA’s) had renounced circumstances at the time justified departments and a hospital Court heard the case of I he stories are replete with th eir U.S. citizenship and had the exclusion. That judgement has run by the residents. There Korematsu vs. the U.S. They tales of "barbed wire", requested repatriation to were dances, cap and gown determined (6-3) that General "bayonets", "watch lowers", Japan immediately after Pearl never been reversed. graduations, uniformed DeW itt’s order was merely an "we lost everything" and of Harbor, that 19,000 young sports teams and bands. exclusion order, that RJA’s "returning in American uni­ Japanese were learning our allies, was located. With expecting a Japanese invasion There was no barbed wire were not forced to go to a form and finding one's par­ loyalty to Japan in West the above knowledge availa­ and we knew Japanese war (except cattle guard), no Relocation Center and that ents behind barbed wire". Coast Japanese language ble Roosevelt signed EO9066. plans counted on aid from watch towers with lights and wartime circumstances at the Every one of these stories has schools (Dan Inouye rebelled He did not act in panic, racist RJA ’s. Incidentally, every guns. The photographs of time justified the exclusion. been refuted by RJA's who at this in Hawaii) and that two hatred, for political reasons or Japanese and Korean,’ wher­ such are always of Tule Lake That judgment has never been were resident in the Reloca­ of the three RJA's on Niihau in hysteria as charged. To say ever born, was considered a after it became a Segregation reversed. tion Centers at the time. O f had aided a downed Japanese so is an insult to a great presi­ Ja p a n e se c itizen a n d a serv an t C en ter. the story of finding parents pilot to recapture his gun and dent. EO9066 simply gave of the Emperor. A Presidential Commission behind barbed wire Milton terrorize the island on General De Witt the authority Tule Lake was converted has since said that the actioh Eisenhower. Director of the December 7th. He also had to evacuate such persons as he from a Relocation to a Segre­ was motivated by racism, hys? War Relocation Authority reports from Army and Navy saw fit from his area. EO9066 General De W itt’s evacua­ gation Center for those from teria, politics and lack of pol­ (WRA) which ran the centers Intelligence to the effect that mentioned no race. tion order simply instructed all centers who refused to itical leadership. They said, “What do they hope to the Japanese had a well organ­ those identified to leave the swear loyalty to the United recommended that the “Sur­ gain by such lies?” A J a p an e se ized espionage system on the T h e G en eral th en issued th e three western states and west­ States and those who were vivors” each be paid $20,000 who was present at the time West Coast. He knew that orders for evacuation of Ger­ ern Arizona..Those evacuated obviously, apti-AjneffiS^'F-tandthatthe U.S. Government and later became editor of the there was danger of an inva­ man and Italian aliens (Joe Could go anywhere^ifsd’lh 44' Most of the latter were apologize. Of ffte "time ’īe k u n . states. Over 4,OOO RJA7rdid “Kibei” (AJA’s who had been missioners, two were etigik,^ so. There was provision for education in Japan). They for reparations and three o t^ storing personal property and were vituperative and violent ers announced their beliejfc assuming responsibility for against any pro-American well before the findings w ^ real property by the govern­ action or statement. It may reached. The Com m ission ment at government expense. have been for this reason that refused to consider some ’ There was no need for aban­ only six of every hundred elig­ adverse testimony, including . d o n in g p ro p erty o r selling it a t ■ ible fo r m ilitary service v o lu n ­ that of the WRA Director, fire sale prices. The govern­ teered from the Relocation and the “Magic” intercepts MILITARY HAWAII ment even m#de provision for Centers. Under these circum­ (results of breaking the Japa­ A-213 Pali Palms Plaza harvesting existing crops on stances it took courage to nese code) of which Senator 970 N. Kalaheo Ave., Kailua, HI 96734 the land and turning the pro­ volunteer. But there must In o u y e s a id , “ B ut fo r “ M ag ic” ceeds over to the owner. h ave been a n o th e r rea so n w hy we might have been fighting (808) 254-1277 Today there are many Japa­ hundreds renounced their on our West Coast”. It is this Published twice a month by nese millionaires on the West American citizenship at the Commission report that has Western States Weeklies, Inc. Coast whose farms became time they became eligible for been called a “distortion of P.O. Box 20848, San Diego, California 92120 shopping centers or housing th e d raft. history” by a Japanese. evelopments after the war. Publisher...... W. Jerome Hagerty d Initially, anyone who E ditor...... Sara Hagerty wished to leave the Center Lead by — among others — Managing Editor ...... Susan Schena could do so but when many a draft dodger, a communist, Office Manager ...... Belt Meadows At the time of the evacua­ received a hostile reception at a third called by a fourth “a P ro d u ctio n ...... Robert Mahenski tion the R JA ’s were being vio­ their destination it became Japanese agent”, a turncoat ...... Cathy Cowan lently harrassed by the Chi­ necessary to require proof of a who kissed the hand of the ...... , ...... Debbie Pedrin nese and Filipinos who were job or of a responsible spon­ WRA Director (names and ...... Anne McGillicuddy incensed at the Japanese mil­ sor. However, over 1,000 per documentation on request) ...... Maria Shroyer '" ’ ...... Mark Stephens itary action in their countries. week continued to leave and and the now indignant JACL Many were fleeing and taking 4,000 went to college, mostly an activist group have created Bookkeeping...... ®° ...... Mary Kay Peabody refuge in Buddhist temples. with U.S. church aid. a myth. This myth has deni­ Represented nationally by B.J. Presslor and Associates. 7303 The Japanese American Citi- grated the U.S., by tarring it Broadway. Lemon Grove, CA92045. Phonc(6l9)466-NAVY or zens League (JACL) When government tried to with the Nazi brush, prosti­ (619)466-2890 requested that the U.S. close the centers a delegation tuted the Statue of Liberty Government provide shelter. from the centers said the and made a mockery of the Military Hawaii is produced and distributed prior to payday as a Since individual evacuees were JACL went to Washington to Holocaust by using them for free-enterpri.se newspaper. The opinions of the writers whose also having trouble the plead that they not do so propaganda, and tarnished materials appear, herein are those of the writers and not the governm ent intervened. because “our property has the record of the truly heroic publishers. Military Hawaii is in no way connected with the Department of Defense. Opinions expressed are not to be consi­ Assembly Centers such as been leased for the duration". 442nd Regimental Combat dered an official expression by the Departmeni of Defense, and Santa Anita Race track — Life was not all that hard in Team by disguising them­ the appearance of advertisements including inserts does not later used for our soldiers the Relocation Centers. One selves in tins uniforms. constitute endorsements by the Department of Defense. Mil­ going overseas — were pre­ young man said, “They were itary Hawaii is diretfltoiled to approximately 19,000 military pared for occupancy while the most carefree days of my The goal is not the $20,000 # homes. Subscription ^ mail S60.00 per year FPO or U.S. nor the apology but the $25 address. 2 billion class action suit 1 (already filed) that will auto­ matically be won if the U.S. PROFESSIONAL REHABILITATION apologizes and pays repara­ ASSOCIATES, INC. 254-4969 tions. In passing it should be noted that those in the Relo­ Musculoskeletal Injuries - Arthritis. Back 6 Neck Pain. TM J cation Centers who renounced Physical & Occupational Therapy their U.S. citizenship and Speech-Language Pathologists were repatriated to Japan to fight against the United States CHAMPUS • VISA • MC will also be eligible for repara- Next to Yum Yum Tree Reeteurent ' tions under the Bills now 970 N. Kalaheo-Pali Palms, Kailua before Congress. A second *’’Day-6f Infamy”.* »“ •

t ■?

Marvin L. Schenker 330 Shlomo Schnitzler 180 JWV and J apanese-Americans Sidney Schultz 459 Dr. Isadora Schwartz 193 George H. Schwartz 444 Samuel J. Segal 246 One of the Resolutions passed at our chain that held the prison gates shut. He Martin Seritzeanu 773 National Convention in 1984 dealt with he saw a couple of the 50 or so prisoners, Jack Shapiro 209 the internment of Japanese-Americans sprawled on the snow-covered ground, Lester Shapiro 177 during World War II. Our resolution moving weakly. They weren't dead as he Merrill Shapiro 759 reads as follows: _ had first thought. Lew Sherman 359 The Commission on Wartime Reloca­ When the gates swung open, we got Martin Sherr 258 tion and Internment of Civilians, after an our first good look at the prisoners. Milton Siegel 395 exhaustive two year study, concluded Many of them were Jews. They were Murray Siegel 100 “ that a grave injustice was done to wearing black and white striped prison Raymond Siegel 258 American citizens and resident aliens of suits and round caps. A few had shred­ Murray Silver 680 Japanese ancestry who, without individ­ ded blanket rags draped over their Murray H. S i h 395 ual review or any probative evidence shoulders. It was cold and the snow was Ray R. Silverstein 302 against them, were excluded, removed, two feet deep in some places. There were Dina Sinyovksv 113 and detained by the United States dur­ no German guards. They had taken off Philip Siralnick 718 ing World War H." before we reached the camp. Stan S. Sirota 346 Legislation currently pending before The prisoners struggled to their feet af­ Abraham Smith 336 Congress seeking to redress a constitu­ ter the gates were opened. They shuffled Harold Jay Smith 162 tional wrong resolves that such a viola­ weakly out of the compound. They were Jacob Smith 613 tion of basic democratic principles will like skeletons—all skin and bones. Edward J. Snyde 45 not happen again. Outside the compound, there were a Irving Snyder 178 Therefore, the Jewish War Veterans of couple of dead cows lying on the road. In Gerald L. Sollender 24 the USA supports legislation before Con­ minutes, the prisoners had cut off strips Jeffrey E. Spapiro 976 gress to adopt the recommendations of of meat, roasted them over a small foe Melvin Stallman 235 die Commission. and were gobbling the food down. They Harold Strager 1% Legislation supporting redress is now were starving. After they finished eat­ Theodore Sulzberg 695 to be placed before the full Judiciary ing, they moved on down the road and Sidney Taub 493 Committee. took shelter in a large stable. They in­ Rubin G. Tepper 112 Call or write your senator or represent­ sisted on staying in the stable and Edward L. Tessler 206 ative and find out how she or he stand refused to spend another night in Da­ Bernard Thau 265 on the issue of redress for Japanese chau. Barry S. Tobias 273 Americans interned during the war. If We had been ordered not to give out Leo Tobin 555 your representatives are co-sponsors, rations to the Dachau prisoners because Stanley Topiin 215 make sure they know that you support the war was still on and such supplies Semon Tulchiner 209 their positions. If they are not co-spon­ were needed to keep our own fighting Ralph Tunick 498 sors, urge them to endorse the bills— strength up, but we gave them food, Bernard L. Turchin 395 H.R. 442 and S. 1053. Both bills are cur­ clothing and medical supplies anyway. Leon Wapner 767 rently in subcommittee. The officers looked the oilier way. These Alvin Waserman 717 At our upcoming Convention, we will prisoners really needed help and they Sidney F. Wein 47 be recognizing the 442nd Regimental needed it right away. They were sick, George J. Weinberg 346 Combat Team that so bravely distin­ starving and dying. Hy Weiner 122 guished itself during WWII. It seems I saw one GI throw some orange peel­ Paul Bernard Weinstein 749 particularly appropriate for us, at this ings into a garbage can. One of the pris­ Morris Weintraub 191 time, to publish the following diary ex­ oners grabbed the peelings, tore them . ■'.muel Weisman 23 cerpt. into small pieces and shared them with - o Wei, 555 The piece was brought to our attention the others. They hadn't had any fruit or .tanley V.iener 395 by Daniel Valk of Post #2 who, wrote, “It vegetables in months. They had scurvy. Stan Winter 157 is ironic that a people whose families Their teeth were falling out of their Samuel Wirth 243 were put into concentration camps here gums. Samuel Wisotsky 504 in America, even though born in Amer­ We stayed near Dachau for several Allan M. Wolf 66 ica, solely because of their ancestry, liber­ days and then got orders to move on. Jack John Wolfrnan 395 ated the remnants of a portion of another During this time, I found some large Robert Zappan 706 people who were in concentration chalk-like bars, sort of oval-shaped, with Sidney B. Zellen 44 camps, also because of their ancestry." numbers stamped on them. I was about Murray Zelterman 1% This article, is from an eyewitness to the to “liberate" a couple of them as souve­ SUiott Zerivitz 555 liberation of Dachau. nirs when an MP told me they were the Matthew Zizmor 187 remains of prisoners. The numbers were Sidney . . cker 670 wo liaison scouts from the 522d for identification. I put the bars back. Sara B. Zuc.serman 682 Field Artillery Bn, 100/442 RCT, Paul H. Zuckerman 297 T were among the first Allied troops FROM THE DIARY OF Theodore Z usman 266 to release prisoners in the Dachau con­ T/4 ICHIRO IMAMURA Seymour Zwick 359 centration camp. I watched as one of the MEDICAL DETACHMENT Sidney Zwim 395 scouts used his carbine to shoot off the 522d FIELD ARTILLERY BATTALION

July/August 1986 11 j e ;'

H a j a a t t H e r a l d Hawaii's Japanese American Journal Vol. 7, No. 10 The Slorv of the 522: The Liberation of Dachau nationalism and anti-semitism, Dachau, located “ The camp itself was almost completely just 10 minutes from Munich, subsequently burned down and near the entrance I found became one of the principal camps strung together more than 200 almost completely charred in a network within the Third Reich for the so- bodies. The few uncharred bodies were ema­ called “final solution of the Jewish question.” In this mode, the camp was developed first as a train­ ciated skeletons, literally consisting o f only ing center, then as a model camp for the SS (ori­ skin and bones. The opening o f two large, ginally an elite military formation of the Nazi makeshift pits, carried out by a Health offi­ Party, a unit of which was later put in charge of cer, revealed a huge number o f corpses piled concentration camps). At Dachau, the SS per­ on top o f one another, in five layers. The fected the inhuman concentration camp system, arms and legs o f many o f the corpses had preparing for the extermination camps of Ausch­ witz, Majdansk, Treblinka, and so forth. been broken, apparently to force them into Twelve years had elapsed since the establishment the pit. All life in the camp had been extin­ of the hateful camp by the time the 522nd came guished ..." upon Dachau on April 29, 1945. During that (Capt. J. Barnett, describing the conditions in period, documents show that some 206,206 Jewish Kaufering, a subsidiary camp o f Dachau, upon prisoners had entered through its murderous gates. entering the camp on April 30, 1945—testimony at One report lists the death toll at Dachau at 31,591 Dachau trial.) people. Veteran Stanley Kaneshiro recalls the night they fired their first rounds on German soil. “The 522nd By BEN TAMASHIRO Special to The Hawaii Herald was one of many units that were brought up front to break the stalemate at Alsace-Lorraine. At achau was the first of the German concen­ about 0100 hours, the whole sky blew up with D tration camps established in 1933, shortly American artillery and the German defenders were after the Nazis came to power. In the beginning, its literally demolished.” purpose was largely political: “Not only to punish In those final days of the war, the German army enemies of the regime, but by their very existence to beat such a hasty retreat that the artillery battalion, terrorize the people and deter them from even con­ in close pursuit, found themselves in front of the templating any resistance to Nazi rule.” (Shirer, A 522nd FA Bn soldier enroute to Dachau, where the infantry instead of behind them. Hence, the artil- "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich") nisei soldiers would help to unlock the horrors of the However, under Hitler’s intense ideology of Concentration camps. (Photo courtesy o f Htdeo Nakamine) Continued on page 7 us s ByBENtAMASHiRO

• Special id the t/awali herald £t,. • > » .» v- '.r ^ , . Berlin 0 vtily six months before World War 11 O finallVferidediii.Eti^oh^otl May 8,1945,

dfif M t a a i i i______t a to m ' *s tndW & PrtiigtiW h^lheU;S!l&Hl' the U .S ^ ir5t 4ahd h d ,1 M ® l m n !d arive to the ' iN6fthS^a{8^((^^®nife^^Keinitnsupplyf.He Main supply it port of tHe Aihe£?i f\ Hitler’s surprise attacldachieved Some initial v success under coveLoflfie nilstshfoUding the ArdehneS'-’^orest^ui'-ymakyhift pockets of resistance formed td’slovV^the enemy’s move-< ments. And Soori. battered by Allied air forces rV and challenged by the Vltiofbf the Allied fighting men, the Carman drive stalled, Combined with a ' shortage ofgasdlitt^the; Fuehrer’s ambitious; design ground to a Jilil mid-February. 11 The first mhp '|t/M f e depicts that point when the;AlMSf®Viiig Stopped the GerJ^' man drive,• recapiii^M 2|d|te^iy4.by fihallyji overcoming the Odthe Rhine, f. It was in this historical context that the all-nisei Illustration B 522nd Field Artillery Battalion of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) was called up B) indicate the movement of the 442nd RCT, on German soil. From then till the end of the to the Western Front to provide the additional while the broken line depicts the path of the 522 war, two months later, the 522 served as a roving firepower needed to crack the enemy’s hold on on its new assignment. Following the tremen­ battalion, answering some 52 assignments in the Alsace-Lorraine sector, then sustain the dous battle waged by the 100/442 in rescuing the support of corps and divisional units. Their Allied thrust into Germany. “Lost Battalion” up in the northeast corner of almost daily shift in frontlines reflected the hasty The solid lines in the second map (Illustration France in October 1944 (1), the units were retreat of the enemy. 442 REGIM ENTAL COM BAT TEAM shipped south to the Mediterranean for duty in Back in the Mediterranean, the 100/442 was the Maritime Alps, the snow-capped border shipped out to Italy (3) on March 23, where it 442nd Infantry between France and Italy. During their long stay was to provide the 5th Army with the punch it near the Riviera playground, the 522 provided needed to finally break its stalemate on the Engineer Artillery direct artillery support to the 100th Infantry Gothic Line and open up the Allied advance to 232nd En Co 522nd FA Bn Battalion. Ordered to proceed to the Western the Po Valley, where the end of the war in Italy Infantry Front (2), the 522 left for the new front on came on May 2. March 9. On the Western Front, the flanking thrust of 100th Bn 2nd Bn 3rd Bn Crossing the Franco-German border on the 522 led it in the direction of Munich and This chart shows how the 522nd FA Bn fits into the March 12, the 522rid fired its first rounds in sup­ Berchtesgaden (4) where on April 29 it became organization of the 442nd RCT. (Units not charted port of its new mission the following day. By one of the first Allied units to enter Dachau in Anti-tank, Cannon and Service companies; Medical doing so, they became the first AJA unit to fight those closing days of the war 41 years ago. KQ Detachment; Band.) THE HAWAII HERALD >- VM6 Dachau Continued from page 1

lery battalion was the first to reach the gates of cam p o f Bād T512*“It Was t6fribl£.~Wfc tygre hndfer .«~“I gat 0fl a table with-a sign-saying ‘Dachau.* I Dachau. Upon their arrival, the 522nd found many strict orders not to share or give away any of our was mistakenly taken as one of the survivors until I subsidiary camps around the main camp, and its food rations, But we disobeyed and gave them out explained to them who I was . . . They made me members entered the subsidiary camps as well as anyway, because those people were starving to feel like one of them. Everyone would come and the main camp at Dachau. death. The suffering was just horrible.” shake my hand, and thank me for what we had The experience of entering the concentration Nakamine’s experience has driven him to main­ done.” camp is permanently etched in the minds of 522nd tain a lifelong interest in the concentration camp At the approach of the American troops, veterans such as Toshio Nishizawa. He rode into experience. He has also worked to document the German guards had evacuated the camp, taking Dachau in a jeep with Capt. Johnson, commander role that the 522nd played in the liberation of many of the more eminent prisoners with them so of B Battery, fellow 522nd member George Mura- Dachau and to provide information as requested they would not fall into American hands. When the maru, and the driver. “The gate was open,” recalls by such groups as the Center for Holocaust Studies 522nd entered the town of Waakirchen, south of Nishizawa. ‘i t was spooky. Just the way you see it in New York. In an early letter from Bonnie Gure- Munich, they were met and cheered by 5,000 in the pictures—the prisoners in their striped witsch, the librarian/archivist of the Center, she Dachau prisoners who had been taken from clothing; deep, sunken eyes staring at you. We had points out: “It is ironic that members of one per­ Dachau a week before the Americans arrived. some food in the jeep, regular issue rations and the secuted minority were liberating those of another Forced to march through the Bavarian mountains, like, and wanted to pass them out to the starving minority; yet the official histories have so far only 5,000 of the original 8,000 had survived. The prisoners, but the captain said ‘no* because it would prisoners suffered from malnutrition, typhus and only serve a few and that would cause a riot and trench foot. Although short on rations, the 522nd then our lives would be in danger.” Kaneshiro: “I could not tell whether members shared their food with them. Although the gates were open, the place was still they were men or women. They all And so the men of the 522nd were exposed to full of prisoners. “Where could they go?” reasoned one of the most horrifying spectres of death and Nishizawa. “They were free, but they didn’t know looked alike to me." torture in our history. In Dachau, Stanley Kane- what to do with that freedom.” Shuttled from shiro recalls seeing people literally hanging by their prison to prison for years, many of the survivors ignored this. It is time to set the historical record skin and bones, their thin frames topped by shaven were very far from their homes. straight.” heads and deep-socketed eyes staring out from “In their weakened condition, most of the Last year, Nakamine attended the 40th annual under the depths of some unfathomable terror . . . prisoners were either lying on the ground or sitting gathering of Holocaust survivors in Philadelphia. “I could not tell,” he says, “whether they were men up against the fence, but their eyes were following The three-day conference commemorating Holo­ or women. They all looked alike to me.” us closely. And as we drove around the camp, we caust Day was attended by some 15,000 survivors, It is an observation that rings with the demono- soon began to sense the stirrings of a movement their children, and liberators. Nakamine was the logy that lay in Hitler’s chilling declaration for the toward the jeep. The captain said we’d better get only AJA in attendance, and he was recognized by destruction of the Jews. On the other hand, it is yet out of there, and that is what we did,” Nishizawa the assembly and made a presentation of the book, another portraiture of man’s inexhaustible will to stated. “Go For Broke,” on behalf of the nisei vets and lay live and endure. 133 Another 522nd veteran, Hideo Nakamine, had tropical Island flowers at the Monument of the Six similar recollections of entering the subsidiary Million Martyrs. End Part I. To be concluded in a future issue.

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EDITOR’S NOTE. The little-publi­ food’ would be prepared for them in cized story of the 522nd Field Artil- due time, because they would be lary Battalion (FA Bn), part o f the all- unable to handle the regular food. nisei 442nd Regimental Combat “After eating, we disposed of our Team (RCT) in WWII, was the sub­ leftovers by dumping them in a large l e t o f a Herald cover story on May 16 sump hole dug into the ground—right ("The Liberation o f Dachau"). In that in front of the freed prisoners who article, writer Ben Tamashiro were standing around the sump explained how on March 9, 1945, asking ‘Varum?’ It was a sad and after receiving orders to proceed to trying time for us of Hq Battery; our the Western Front, the 522nd was hearts were saying, ‘Yes, feed them, separated from the rest of the 422nd help them ,’ but our heads were saying, RCT, eventually becoming the first AJA ‘No, don’t feed them, those are unit to fight on German soil. The522nd orders!’ What those freed inmates engaged in numerous battles, pur­ must have suffered and endured is suing the retreating German forces, beyond imagination—they were like until on April 29, arriving at Dachau, walking skeletons.” they became one of the first Allied units to discover and to unlock to the MELVIN HAMAMOTO. Melvin world, the horror of the exter­ Hamamoto's recollections of Dachau mination camps. By the day of libera­ are much different than Shimazu's, tion, more than 40,000 people had since he did not enter Dachau or any (Left)Melvin Hamamoto stands beside the “Dragon teeth” of the Siegfried Line, been murdered in Dachau—80 per­ of the subsidiary camps around it. 1945. (Right) Joe Obayashi stands with a Dachau survivor at the reconstructed cent of them Jews. Some 522nd “But we were in the general area for a camp museum, 1984. (522nd Photo) veterans share their recollections in long time after the war ended, about Two years ago, when Hamamoto the open gate, seemingly lost. There the following conclusion to this six months,” he said. “What with revisited the Dachau area with other were no others outside the fenced remarkable story. everyone trying to get home at the 522nd veterans and their wives, he area.” same time, transportation was very was surprised to find a group of The group drove on in search of By BEN TAMASHIRO tight. And besides, we were in people waiting for him. Four decades enemy lines, but were soon recalled by Germany and there were a lot of Special to The Hawaii Herald• had not dimmed their remembrance radio. Returning via the same route, of him, and he was welcomed as they ran into a sea of prisoners who though he were a returning hero had by then found the open gates and rather than a former member of the were pouring out of the camp. occupation troops. Although he felt “1 had noticed some dead horses on joy in seeing his German friends, the side of the road as we passed by memories of his wartime days in earlier. On the return trip, the pri­ Dachau flooded in upon him, and his soners were tearing the dead animals mind took him back to the begin­ apart and were eating the meat raw," ning—to his father who had charged Obayashi said. him with the prescript that nearly all Since Service Battery’s bivouac Japanese fathers left their sons with as area was near the concentration they went off to war: “Do not bring camp, the prisoners used to come shame to the family.” Then added, around. “But they did not beg for “Fight well for your country.” food,” Obayashi pointed out. “They just stood around and, if we asked them to go away, they would. They JOE OBAYASHI. The task of the were so polite . . . their manners were Hq Battery Liaison Group was to still there.” maintain contact with the fast Once, Obayashi and a Mainland retreating enemy. In the forward ob­ nisei, Sadao Kodama, encountered an old Jewish man. “He was under (From "THe Holocaust,"by Marlin Gilbert) server group were jeep driver Joe Obayashi, Capt. Charles Feibleman five feet, bald-headed, and was and another enlisted man. In the early dressed in the demeaning striped con­ DON SHIMAZU. The above photo troops between us and Marseilles, our morning of April 29, they drove past centration camp pajamas. We gave of Dachau concentration camp was port of embarkation.” one of the gates of Dachau con­ him some food and served him coffee, taken on April 29, 1945, the day the It was during this long occupation centration camp. It was open. The which he relished. After a second cup camp was liberated by American period that the men of Service Battery captain remarked to Obayashi that or so, we told him that too much at troops. On that day, a scout from the were able to become acquainted with the fleeing German guards must have one time was not good for him. And 522nd had opened one of the prison the people around the place. “For left some of the gates open. “We must the old man could still smile, after all gates by shooting off the locks. Don instance, there was this school teacher have been one of the first to get there.” that he had been through.” Ohavashi Shimazu from the Survey Section who spoke perfect English,” Hama­ Obayashi said, “because only a couple concluded. “No one in our group can said, “My recollection after 40 years is moto recalled. “This was her first of prisoners were wandering about by have a harsh word against the Jews.” that we went through the main gate encounter with nisei troops and our and visited the guest reception features, different from the other building very early in the liberation, American troops, frightened her. She within the first hour or so. I remember used to stay in her house and peek out seeing the Rev. Martin Niemoeller in at us from behind the curtains of her his striped inmate’s clothes sitting on home. But the war was over and we a couch in that building. What we were a happy lot. Every night we might have said to each other, I don’t would pull out our guitars and sing remember; or about who else was the night away. Our laughter and joy, there with me on that occasion.” too, were quite apart from the way the Rev. Niemoeller, the distinguished other troops acted.” Lutheran theologian, was one of the Although there were standing early political prisoners of the Nazi orders against fraternization, Hama­ system. Imprisoned in 1937, he was moto recalls that “Soon we were sentenced to Sachsenhausen and friends with all the local people, Dachau concentration camps. including that school teacher. The Shimazu immediately recognized German people were really nice and Niemoeller from among those sitting they invited us into their homes. We on the couch. used to bring our leftover food to Shimazu continued, “That evening, them. And ice cream! We filled our as we went through the field kitchen canteen cups with ice cream. The chow line, 1 remember the orders not people loved it, especially the child­ This metal sculpture now stands at the Dachau concentration camp museum. A sil­ to feed the freed prisoners with the ren. We were like ambassadors from houette of this piece was used in the cover design of the May 16 issue of the Herald. food we got. I was told that ‘special Hawaii.” (522nd Photo) "i THE HAWAII HERALD Friday, July 4, 1986 9

IFrom Pearl Harbor to the ------—

IIIDEO NAKAMINE. Hideo February 1943, when the call went out Nakamine was working on a sugar for volunteers to form the 442nd plantation on the Big Island when war RCT. came to the nation on Dec. 7, 1941. Although he was from a family of 13 With the permission from his children, only he and three school- supervisor and his parents’ blessing, aged brothers remained at home with Nakamine joined the 442nd. Four their recently retired parents on the months later, while he was training at plantation. The older ones had all Camp Shelby, Mississippi,- his moved away. Although he wanted to younger brother fell ill and died. It serve his country in the armed forces, was at this point that the plantation enlistment had been closed off to manager suddenly became aware that AJAs. Under the circumstances, it Nakamine was no longer with the was all he could do to keep on plantation. Fuming, he gave the working as usual. family 30 days to vacate their home But then things began to change. and get off the plantation. With no The AJAs who had been drafted into recourse, the elderly couple and their the Army before Pearl Harbor and two remaining boys resignedly made those who were in the Hawaii their way—first to Hilo, then on to National Guard at that time were Honolulu—to be with family banded together and sent off to Main­ members. Hobbled as the father was Hideo Nakamine presents his personal albums on Dachau to W. Donald Duck­ land camps for combat training. The with a physical handicap, the group worth, director of the Bishop Museum. Pictures in the albums were mostly taken by the men of the 522nd themselves. (Bishop Museum Photo by Christine Takata) 100th Infantry Battalion thus came was further slowed by wartime re­ into being. So impressed were Army strictions governing interisland travel. entered combat in June 1944. Four vivors in Philadelphia, where the officials with their training record, Back in Camp Shelby, the 442nd months later it was sent to France, assembly of some 15,000 survivors that the enlistment ban was lifted in was shipped overseas to Italy, and where, in the Vosges Mountains, it gratefully recognized him as one of rescued the beleaguered “Lost Bat­ the liberators. talion” of the Texas 36th Division, For the sake of posterity, Naka­ suffering casualties four times the mine recently offered his albums to number of Texans saved. Following the State for safekeeping. Upon the that battle, the 442nd was shipped recommendation of the Governor’s south to the Mediterranean, from office, the albums were presented to I ASOSIIUI which point the 522nd made their the Bishop Museum. He says of that ■ ASHACH ■ I bukgau AMriKMOtnjNcB H ickinc fateful departure to Germany, and, moment: “ My thoughts wandered eventually, their fateful discovery of back to ’43, to the time when my " “ " 1 1 1 «DACHAU MU1 the concentration camps. parents were being kicked out of the «■NCUHSCHWAIU KAUHRING ■™ ■|kAIHSmU kMH'TUD Besides shooting with guns, the plantation. You see, it was only IURKHIIM mm I _ aiiachH ■ ■■MUNCHIN iiiiu rn i'y men of the 522nd also shot pictures, recently that I found out about the SAUICAU ■ « | ■ 01 lUBI.’UNN using camera and film captured from incident; I was not told about it then. IANDSBIRC CERVIRING ■ the Germans. Nakamine has served as There’s nothing I can do about it, but KAUIBIURIN STII'IIANSKIKCM0< the unofficial historian of the group’s it’s something I shall never forget. Dachau experience. Some of the “I’m saddened by it, more so that « URIRIINGIN « KlMPNN J g photos, taken from personal albums during the war, although we were pro- maintained by Nakamine, have been hibited from fraternizing with the tklinklCIUMAHN ■lISCHIN used to illustrate this series. As German civilians, we ignored such mentioned in the first installment of orders and treated the Germans as this article, Nakamine has also pro­ people, not as enemy aliens. The nisei vided information and photos to the soldiers showed no hatred or pre­ Center for Holocaust Studies in New judice against innocent civilians in This diagram shows the most important subsidiary camps, in relation to the main York, and last year attended the 40th European countries who were not res­ Dachau concentration camp. annual gathering of Holocaust sur­ ponsible for the act of war.” BE A Letter From the Past Club 100 Holds 44th Banquet n one of Hideo Nakamine’s al­ Ibums is a 1945 picture of him hold­ ing hands with two little girls in Mertingen, near Dachau, where B Battery had set up roadblocks to apprehend Nazis trying to escape the Allied net by losing themselves among the swarms of displaced persons wandering about the country. When he visited Dachau two years ago, Nakamine passed the photo around amongst some residents of Mertingen, until an aunt of the girl’s recognized them. Christa Steindl, one of the twins, is now married and lives in the nearby foothills of the Bavarian Alps with her husband and two daughters. Her twin sister, Renate, is married and also has two children. Christa’s letter reached Nakamine just before the presentation ceremony at the Bishop Museum: (L-R): Stanley Akita, first vice president; and Hajime Yamane, president; hold up a replica of the Club 100 banner that Ellison Onizuka took into space with him on his first mission. "I’m sorry that I don’t remember Hideo in Mertigen with 3-year-old many details about those days. So twins, Christa & Renate, 1945. (522nd Members of the Club 100 held their Keynote speaker, Franklin Odo, much happened 40 years ago and I was Photo) 44th anniversary banquet at the Prin­ director of ethnic studies at the U niver- only three years old then. But I still cess Kaiulani Hotel on June 27. Club sity of Hawaii, challenged the Club remember that across the way from chance to meet you. That you haven’t president, Hajime Yamane, gave the members to write their own history, to our house in the schoolyard there were forgotten me and my sister pleases me opening address. The members paid communicate their feelings and moti­ Americans. My twin sister, Renate, very much. ” their respects to astronaut Ellison Oni­ vations to others, to leave a written and I used to go there because every­ zuka, who had a special relationship legacy. Citing the controversial work, one was always so friendly and often The men of the 522nd themselves with the Club. Onizuka was praised for “Land and Power in Hawaii,” Odo gave us little gifts. During that difficult harbour no illusions that their brush his character as well as his accomplish­ stated, “or others will do it for you.” period this was a very beautiful time with a little town in Germany will lead ments, and a moment of silence held in Commenting about journals written in for us. Now today I can finally thank to anything beyond memories. But, in his memory. A replica of the Club 100 his university classes, Odo further you fo r what you did for us. the act of expressing their care, they banner, which Onizuka had carried stated, “Many of your children don’t "... Hopefully, you are doing well. may have lengthened the shadows they with him on his only journey into know who you are,” he told the It’s too had that I didn’t have the are casting into the future. space, was displayed. gathering of veterans. A-10 Tuesday, April 29,1986 The Honolulu Advertiser " Japanese American lawmakers fight tears during testimony

Combined Wire, Staff Reports was 5 months old when Roose- the detainees “without trial or v- velt issued Executive Order hearing . . were summarily WASHINGTON, — A; con- 9066 on Feb. 19, 1942, forcing ordered into what can only be gressman fighting back tears 120,000 Japanese Americans described as American-style told a hearing yesterday how into internment camps. concentration camps, surround- his family was forced from its . a House Judiciary subcom- ed by barbed wire, searchlights home after President Franklin mittee held a hearing yesterday and armed guards.” D. Roosevelt’s order to keep> on a bill that would offer a for- Although Congress passed Japanese Americans off the mal apology and $20,000 to the American-Japanese Evacua- West Coast during World War each of the 60,000 survivors of tion Claims Act in 1948 to pay H* that time — a potential cost to Japanese Americans for their “ We really were American taxpayers of about $1.5 billion, lost property, many never filed ' citizens when . this happened. The Reagan administration is claims — and those who did We were loyal American citi- opposed to the bill. ; received only a fraction of zens,” said Rep. Robert Matsui, j, Seni Spark Matsunaga, D-Ha- what they had lost. In January, D-Calif.,as he told how his par-;; waii, whōse father was arrested a federal appeals court ruled entk came tp the United States ■'briefly in Hawaii, when war that Japanese American detain- ' in 1910, settled in California —-f broke ’ out, also, fought back ees could sue the government and then lost everything they tears as he supported restitu- for damages, owned shortly after the Japa- tion for those who lost homes, 3Ut Matsunaga said the cur- nese attacked.Pearl Harbor.; jobs, businesses and selfrrespect rent ^ would provide a “long “For the next 3V6 years, we, in the government’s drive to overdue remedy for what has were nomads; we were wander- clear the West Coast, and Ha- been called America’s worst ers,” said Matsui, who strained waii, of a supposed espionage wartime mistake and the worst to hold back tears. threat. i; . single violation of individual The 44-year-old congressman Matsunaga told civil liberties in our nation's •, | , %. ... ^ u 4 %*•*>*'%■ history.” . - v Matsunaga said he was a U.S. soldier stationed in Hawaii when the Japanese imperial forces bombed Pearl Harbor on Decj 7, 1941. He said his com­ manding officer asked him and other* Japanese American sol­ diers to turn in their weapons. The congressman and senator joined a long list of witnesses. Justice Department official John Bolton said the decision to relocate and detain Japanese ' Americans was made “against a backdrop of fears for the sur­ vival of our nation.” fOnesdoy, Moy 21, 1V86 Honotvw awfwmwn Refusing to Feel Guilty Calling for reparation for — Japanese World War II detainees arouses my anger and disdain. j This action by our government t was regrettable and despicable, j but so was the whole World War 1 and the tyranny and deceit of ] our politicians, especially Frank- * lin D. Roosevelt, who tricked our country into a bloodbath few citizens wanted or supported. In fact, Roosevelt was elected be­ cause he promised, as did Wood­ row Wilson 20 years earlier, not to involve American boys in any foreign confrontation. Young Americans behind barbed wire at an intern­ I am sick of being made to ment camp during World War IL feel guilty about things I had no part in and no control over. Most citizens would not have condoned or agreed with this ac­ Biased Views on internees tion. Why should we be forced to pay for the stupidity and de­ D. H. Blanchard’s May 10 let­ note that those Japanese \*%o ceit of politicians elected over 45 ter attacking Sens. Spark M. Mat­ were responsible for these war years ago? sunaga and Daniel Inouye with crimes were severely punished I refuse to feel guilty about respect to the reparation bill re­ following World War II. this issue, as I refuse to feel quires a response because of its As to the amount involved in guilty about what happened to obviously biased views. the reparation bill, the sum the Jews in Nazi Germany, the Blanchard’s comparison of represents only a portion of murder of thousands in allied Japan’s treatment of interned what these surviving former in­ raids on civilians in Dresden or Americans and the United States ternees had lost as a result of other atrocities perpetrated by treatment of interned Japanese being interned. If the amount is foreign and domestic dictators. Americans is ludicrous. considered excessive, I would It is time to put these things Throughout examples cited by point to the fact that our gov­ behind us and bring our politi­ Blanchard, an assumption the ernment is giving well over $10 cians under our control to in­ author makes is that Japanese million a day to Israel alone or sure such things never happen Americans are not Americans about $1,000 per Israeli per year again. but Japanese nationals. ($3.75 billion this year). What Blanchard refuses to see Certainly, if we are willing to H.E.B. Shasteen is that Japanese Americans, two- give such a large sum to people thirds of whom were American to whom we have done no citizens, were interned by the wrong, there should be no objec­ U.S. government. tion to a one-time only payment Japanese immigrants in the in­ of $20,000 to Japanese Americans ternment camps were Japanese who had lost so much due to No to Reparations citizens, not because they want our government’s error. I strongly support D.H. Blanch­ ed to remain Japanese nationals ard’s stance that it is absurd for but because the U.S. government Yasumasa Kuroda International Relations the United States to give $20,000 at that time did not allow Japa­ to each World War II Japanese nese to become naturalized. Committee internee who was held in safety Furthermore, there are no Japanese American Citizens in this country while our own verified cases of Japanese League husbands, fathers, and sons left American espionage reported. Honolulu Chapter home and family to protect this The “loyalty test Blanchard country, often sacrificing their refers to contained at least one- very lives in the grim reality of question (No. 28) which was in war. violation of the Geneva Conven­ Compassion tion. Many not only endured separa­ In addition, how can you I am inclined to agree with D. tion from their loved ones dur­ blame Japanese Americans for H. Blanchard and H. I. Hayaka- ing the war years, but forfeited the Bataan March? One might .wa in opposing reparations to in­ all the future years which nor­ terned JapaneseAmericans. But mally would have been theirs to why single out Sens. Daniel K. enjoy. Inouye and Spark M. Matsunaga? These are nighly decorated Ruth M. Haupt veterans of the 442nd and 100th infantry. It must have been a tough decision to go to Europe to fight for your country, while {j/.. tASfz (£) a mother, father or other rela­ tives were interned on the Main­ land. (I ?(■' So a little compassion, please. R. B. Thil Saturday, May 10, 1986 Honolulu Star-Bulktin A-7 Reparations Opposed Sen. Spark Matsunaga pro­ Japanese-American survivors poses "to give $20,000 each to should compare their stories Japanese-Americans who were with the few survivors of the interned during World War II.” Bataan Death March when the He states that the defensive ac­ Rising Sun sunk lowest as Japa­ tion taken by the United States nese soldiers bayoneted unarmed following the Japanese sneak at­ American prisoners of war. Gen. tack on Pearl Harbor was "the James Doolittle’s fliers were worst single violation of individ­ summarily executed following ual civil liberties in our nation's the Tokyo raid. history.” Former Sen. H. I. Hayakawa On Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941, I was has the right idea about this attending college in Los Angeles prepostrous bill and points out and signed up as a private in that the "samurai spirit” of the the Marine Corps the following majority of Japanese-Americans dav. thus disrupting my planned would find the payment of any football coaching career. Am I amount of money to be "appall­ entitled to $20,000 also for the ingly ^humiliating.” Perhaps the many years I had to live in senator recalls, as I do, that temporary tents and foxholes in many Japanese-Americans (over the Pacific behind barbed wire 600 Nisei at the camp at Poston, and under the watchful eyes of Ariz.) were openly ^disloyal” to Japanese machine gunners? the United States and refused to Sen. Daniel Inouye states “the swear allegiance when question­ internment of Japanese-Ameri­ ed by the Dies congressional cans was the only time that such committee as it was searching a thing had happened — solely for loyal Japanese-Americans on the basis of race.” Both sena­ "who could be released from the tors possess a strange slant on center to work on the outside.” our nation’s history. The yellow- Before final passage on Ma- race internment — of 120,000 tsunaga’s flawed bill, it is hoped West Coast Japanese-Americans that some congressman will — pales into insignificance when examine the congressional compared to the forced red-race record with respect to the loyal­ displacement of over 1 million ty question, for I would hate to American Indians west of the think my tax dollars were going Mississippi and the forced black- to someone who was disloyal to race enslavement of over 3 mil­ the United States at the time lion black Americans along with when I was prepared to die for many thousands of white-raced America! indentured Caucasians. My personal advice to Ma­ The 64,000 Japanese-American tsunaga and Inouye is to heed survivors of the peaceful intern­ the counsel of Hayakawa and ment process should compare Rep. Sam Stratton who stated stories with Jewish-American correctly that this nation was in survivors of Adolf Hitler’s con­ a “state of shock” after the centration camps and the horror Pearl Harbor sneak attack — on stories of the Russian-American a “day that will live in infamy” survivors of Josef Stalin’s gulags. —and President Roosevelt took Has anyone in this discussion the appropriate action to protect considered the feelings of the the West Coast against possible some 12 million men and women Japanese invasion. of all American races who sur­ the Supreme Court ruled that vived World War II on the bat­ the internment process was tlefields and on the high seas? legal, and every report I have Especially noteworthy would read disclosed that tne Japanese- be a comparison between the Americans who were affected Japanese treatment of interned were justly compensated. And I Americans and the American am extremely proud of those treatment of interned Japanese. Japanese-Americans who left the Of course, in the treatment of eaceful camps to serve honora- prisoners of war, Japan totally ly with the “go for broke” ignored the Geneva Convention 442nd Infantry Regiment in Eu­ while the United States complied rope! completely. Most importantly the D. H. Blanchard Saturday, May 10, 1986 Honolulu Sfar-Bulletin A-7 J" Spying in U.S.J ,/t Actions by the present administra- C om m entary which suggested that mass evacu­ rewrite history in order to appease tially, the DOJ felt certain that it And it’s all absolute nonsense. The Si ® the pow£&ul Japanese-American > could show in the courts and in Con­ report in question was a personal as­ T3 = ^ W o lobby. gress that Roosevelt's administration sessment sent on Jan. 26,1942, from a LL > c °„ Incredibly;; the U.S. Congress is acted on the evacuation issue in good LL Cmdr. Ringie to Adm. Stark, chief (!) 2 'i © considerin|legislation (HR-442) pro- faith based on availabie intelligence. of cava! operations. Stark’s office

^m 5 S' claiming that there was no evidence forwarded the report to the Army, ■ 4 - t o However, this position backfired of spying by resident Japanese nor when it ran smack, into the highly the FBI, the DOJ, and several other any indication that they presented organized Japanese-American lobby, organizations. In the cover memo the any kind of a security problem on the and an ill-informed public which Navy points out that Ringle’s report -West CoastWherWorld War n com­ came down on the side of what was “does not represent the final and offi­ >- menced... -perceived to be the innocent victims cial opinion of the ONI on this sub- < Q This is in absolute contradiction to ject” < of a roughshod, free-wheeling, war­ LU the-position of the U.S. intelligence time government Thus, the report was not an ONI _I community in 1941 and 1942. Intelli­ report, did not represent ONI's posi­ (U to gence reports from, the'Federal Bu­ Consequently, a whole new strate­ tion, and was not concealed. (0 gy was adopted by the DOJ. The "O h- reau of Investigation, the Army’s The Ringie study also contains a OC Military Intelligence dh!ttear and game plan now appears to be to statements that he considered 25 per­ 3 D the Office of Naval Intelligence de­ cave-in on the substantive issues and cent of all Japanese-Americans to be C o making a deal on the money. In a CO u scribe large-scale organized of doubtful loyalty, that 3,500 Japa­ espionage by West Coast Japanese complete turnabout DOJ announced nese residents could be expected to V) UJ to the Supreme Court on April 20 that *0a) X and conclude that they were indeed engage in espionage and sabotage, X ro - LU -Q on only man alive today from the presi­ The “shame” rests squarely with cording to Ringie, espionage had a) u dent’s inner circle on the evacuation, the present spineless administration been going on here for years and the 5 £ testified that these intelligence re­ which has the facts but not the cour­ continued presence of this largest ■M O ports were the reason that Roosevelt age to defend war-time measures concentration of Japanese residents Is u (0 signed the evacuation order. taken to defend the nation, made in on the West Coast presented a major r>. oo t/) All of the important intelligence good faith, and with what appeared hazard to U.S. security. 2 3 reports along with key MAGIC mes­ at the time to be adequate justifica­ Subsequently, Terminal Island was UJ sages are now available in the pub­ tion. the first area on the West Coast or­ ro X lished hearings on HR-442 conducted In the Supreme Court case the dered to be evacuated by people of h* by the House Committee on the Judi­ DOJ says the Statute of Limitations Japanese ancestry. tn ciary. has run, and therefore, although the X An even more remarkable distor­ government is guilty as can be, it Lowman Is a former official of the h- tion of facts is occurring in the case can't be sued. The Japanese-Ameri­ Na tional Security Agency and an ex­ currently before the Supreme Court can lobby, on the other hand, says the pert on declassified World War I I in­ Here, the Japanese-American lobby government concealed an Office of telligence. Garber, H., Dr. (1987, October 5). Apology, reparations are based on lies. Los Angeles Herald Examiner. A-J4 Honolulu Star-Bulletin Friday, December 6, 1985 i£^., ( c.m AJA Internment Report Is Disputed Retired U.S. Agent Says Spying Evidence Was Uncovered

By Harold Morse Japanese messages by the name man said. Star-Bulletin W riter “ magic.") “A fter everybody was evacuat­ One such message from the ed, the problem seemed to be A retired top-level intelligence Tokyo government to its Wash­ solved.” consultant called conclusions of ington, D.C., embassy, dated Jan. Intercepted Japanese transmis­ a commission that recommended 30, 1941, was said to have re­ sions named about a half-dozen $20,000 reparations payments quested preparations for “utiliza­ people in the espionage network, each for surviving World War II tion of our ‘second generation’ but there likely were many internees o f Japanese ancestry and our resident nationals.” more involved, Lowman said. “absolutely wrong” yesterday. Lowman was quoted in 1983 as “ You don’t put names of agents David D. Lowman, a retired saying in retrospect it was clear in messages that go out on the special assistant to the director that Japan had "misjudged the air." of the National Security Agency, loyalty of Japanese-Americans He claimed spying was w ide­ disputed a June 16, 1983, report completely. But at that time no spread. that by May 1941 of the nine-member Commission one knew for certain.” “ dozens” and even “ hundreds” on Wartime Relocation and In­ of “ first- and second-generation ternment of Civilians. HOWEVER, LOWMAN was Japanese" had been recruited It called for payments totaling more outspoken yesterday. for espionage. SI 5 billion to some 60,000 surviv­ He found flaws in the intern­ By January 1941, all Japanese ing individuals as “an act of na­ ment commission’s research. diplomatic posts in the United tional apology” for a “grave “They even got the date wrong States “ had been ordered to con­ injustice." when Hawaii became a territory struct intelligence nets,” and — terrible!” ABOUT HALF OF the 120,000 U.S. code-breakers knew this. He insisted diplomatic mes­ who were relocated from the Lowman said. sages from Japan that were West Coast and interned in in­ "It’s not true that President intercepted and decoded in early land camps in 1942 had died by David D. Lowman Roosevelt was motivated by rac­ 1941 implied that Japan fully ex­ 1983, the commission estimated. In tern m en t “great tragedy" ist and political considerations.” pected espionage aid from some Hawaii’s U.S. Sen. Spark M. HOWEVER, LOWMAN admit­ Japanese-Americans. Matsunaga has introduced bills residents of Japanese descent in ted in hindsight that Roosevelt President Roosevelt and some which would provide for such the United States. and other officials may have of his key advisers were among payments. “The legitimate aspirations of overreacted. the few officials who had access Lowman, while answering the Japanese people on this mat­ He devoted most of his talk to questions after his prepared talk ter can, I believe, be obtained to those messages, Lowman said. the history of code-breaking, not­ Immediately after Pearl Har­ to about 75 former intelligence without distorting history,” he ing that the United States officers at the Hale Koa Hotel, said. bor, it seemed nothing could clandestinely intercepted, de­ said he recognized the “great HE REPEATED allegations stop the Japanese war machine coded and read Japanese secret tragedy" the large number of made public earlier that cryp­ in the Pacific, and Roosevelt and messages for more than 20 years West Coast people of Japanese tanalysts had decoded secret his defense aides were legiti­ before the Pearl Harbor attack ancestry experienced in being Japanese messages that suggest­ mately alarmed at the possibility Poor management and poor o f subversion among residents of "uprooted.” ed resident Japanese and Am eri­ distribution of this information Japanese descent on the West But he said it was “wrong” of cans of Japanese ancestry were led to Americans being caught the commission to taint Presi­ being organized into espionage Coast, Lowman said. by surprise Dec. 7, 1941, Lowman dent Franklin D. Roosevelt as a networks before the Pearl Har­ “ I do know they had cause for said. “ racist” and “ political opportun­ bor attack. concern,” he said. But continued interception of ist." The Defense Department made NO PROSECUTIONS for espio­ Japanese messages in World W ar He also said the commission these claims in a 1983 document nage took place because it could­ II led to spectacular American was “wrong to say the govern­ called “The ‘Magic’ Background n’t be disclosed that Japanese victories in the Pacific and the ment lied about having evi­ of Pearl Harbor.” (U.S. intelli­ messages w ere being decoded ultimate defeat of Japan, Low­ dence of espionage dangers from gence officials bad referred to and read during wartime. Low­ man said. Herzig, J. A. (1984). Japanese Americans and MAGIC. Amerasia Journal, 11(2), 47-65. Omura, J. (n.d.). On Betrayal. Plain Speaking. Oishi, G. (n.d.). Fear rules lives despite 'model minority' status. p. 1C. Family in asbestos n&HXtct

^ y T t ^ t r awarded extra $1 million The family of Pearl Harbor shipyard worker Lawrence “Bay” Kaowili will get an extra $1 million added to the $5.1 mil­ lion they won in a suit against in asbestos product manufacturer Raymark Industries, Circuit court Judge Frank Takao ruled yester­ day. Takao said the family is enti­ judgment interest of $1,036,290.33 tled to interest on part of the awarded yesterday Was the" larg­ damages, calculated from June 1, est interest payntentc»Mts; kind 1979, when the family first filed ever awarded in an asbestos case. suit. The interest was awarded on On April 22, the jurv^jn the $1.8 million of the compensatory case awarded the family ($8Jymil- damages in the case. lion -j- the largest verdict in the history of asbestaalitigation. It Kaowili died Jan. 12, 1979, at was reduced to million by 45, leaving a 38-year-old widow the jury because or its finding and five minor children. Judge that Kaowilfs own negligence as Takao noted that defendant Ray­ a cigarette smoker was responsi­ mark Industries had offered to ble for 33.75 oercent of the dam- P settle the Kaowili case for less ages. than it was forced to pay in the Garv Galiher, who represented case of Tristan Nobriga, a ship­ the Kaowili family, said the pre- yard worker who died aLage tt*,,

Internees would get $200, 000 under Matsunaga legislation Sen. Spark Matsunaga recent­ camps ‘one of the country’s Japanese Americans who were ly sponsored legislation that worst World War II mistakes,” relocated during the war would pay $200,000 to each per­ Matsunaga said the bill would The remaining money would son of Japanese ancestry relo­ compensate American citizens be used to establish a fund for cated during World War II. of Japanese ancestry and their humanitarian and public educa­ The bill is similar to one he immigrant parents for injustices tion purposes relating to war­ introduced in 1983 in that it suffered during the war. time events. ) ] would implement recommenda­ The measuref|would require tions of the Commission on The measure would establish Congress to offe^a formal apol­ Wartime Relocation and Intern­ a $1.5 billion fund that would ogy to those were placed ment of Civilians. be used first to provide a one­ in reloteatiod-1 “ ~ Galling the incarceration of time payment of $2 Am^ricans in^detfentjem 80,000 ” ! He N ew s from Spark M. M atsunaga U.S. Senator from Hawaii

CORRECTION TO NEWS RELEASE 85-22

MAY 7, 1985

Please note the following correction to the above referenced news release which appeared on page two, paragraph four: the figure $200,000 should have read $20,000, as follows:

"The Hawaii lawmaker's bill, which is identical in scope to the one introduced to the 98th Congress would:

1) Establish a $1.5 billion fund which would be used first to provide a one-time, per capita payment of $20,000 to each of the approximately 60,000 surviving persons of Japanese ancestry who were excluded from their places of residence pursuant to the Federal Government's Order 9066."

In addition, item 2 in the same paragraph should read:

"From the remaining money in the $1.5 billion fund,"

Senator Matsunaga's office regrets any inconvenience you may have experienced in reporting this information due to the errors. S '" ' j f*1 ^.a f i( j^ ;n ew s from Spark M. M atsunaga U.S. Senator from Hawaii

85-22 FOR RELEASE: MAY 2, 1985

MATSUNAGA REINTRODUCES LEGISLATION TO IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS OF COMMISSION ON WARTIME RELOCATION AND INTERNMENT OF CIVILIANS

Wa s h i n g t o n , D-C-— U-S- Se n a t o r Spark Ma t s u n a g a (D-Ha w a i i ), JOINED BY 24 OF HIS COLLEAGUES, TODAY REINTRODUCED LEGISLATION TO IMPLEMENT THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION ON WARTIME Re l o c a t i o n a n d In t e r n m e n t of C i v i l i a n s .

Ma t s u n a g a , who i n t r o d u c e d the fi rst piece of legislation IN 1983 TO COMPENSATE THOSE AMERI CAN"BORN CITIZENS AND THEIR IMMIGRANT PARENTS FOR THE INJUSTICES SUFFERED IN WORLD WAR II, CALLED THE INCARCERATION IN DETENTION CAMPS OF THE 120,000 Am e r i c a n s , "one of the c o u n t r y 's w o r s t Wor l d War II m i s t a k e s ."

The Hawaii l a w m a k e r was j o i n e d in introducing t o d a y 's bill by Se n a t o r s Da n i e l K. In o u y e (D-Ha w a i i ), Ted St e v e n s (R-Al a s k a ), Frank Mu r k o w s k i (R-Al a s k a ), Alan C r a n s t o n (D-Ca l i f .), John Me l c h e r (D-Mo n t .), Sla d e G o r t o n (R-Wa s h .), Da n i e l Eva ns (R-Wa s h .), Carl Levin (D-Mi c h .), Do n a l d R iegle (D-Mi c h .), Je r e m i a h De n t o n (R-Al a .), W i l lia m Pr o x m i r e (D-Wi s c .), Ed w a r d Ke n n e d y (D-Ma s s .), J ohn Ker r y (D-Ma s s .), Da n i e l P. Mo y n i h a n (D-N-Y.), Al f o n s e D'Am a t o (R-N-Y.), Qu e n t i n Bu r d i c k (D~N.D -), Ho w a r d Me t z e n b a u m (D-0h i o ), Paul Sa r b a n e s (D-MD), Gary Hart (D-Co l o .), Tom Ha r k i n (D-Io w a ), B ill Br a d l e y (D-N. J.), Frank La u t e n b e r g (D-N - J ■-), Jam e s Exon (D-Ne b .), and Paul S imon (D-III-).

"The r e l o c a t i o n and i n t e r n m e n t of Ja p a n e s e -Am e r i c a n CIVILIANS REPRESENTS AN EVENT UNPRECEDENTED IN AMERICAN HISTORY* These individuals we r e d e p r i v e d of l i b e r t y and lost t h e i r h o m e s , FARMS, BUSINESSES AND CAREERS WITHOUT TRIAL OR HEARING," Ma t s u n a g a e x p l a i n e d . The Hawaii l a w m a k e r sa id t h a t "a l t h o u g h th e CIVILIAN COURTS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES WERE OPERATING NORMALLY ON THE WEST COAST, NOT A SINGLE ONE OF THE EVACUEES WAS EVER CHARGED OR INDICTED FOR THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME, TRIED OR CONVICTED."

Ma t s u n a g a sa id a Congressionally -m a n d a t e d st udy c o m m i s s i o n WAS APPOINTED IN 1980 TO EXAMINE THE FACTS SURROUNDING THE i s s u a n c e of Ex e c u t i v e O rd er 9066 a n d the s u b s e q u e n t r e l o c a t i o n AND INCARCERATION OF NEARLY ONE“QUARTER OF A MILLION AMERICANS AND RESIDENT ALIENS OF JAPANESE ANCESTRY DURING WORLD WAR II*

-MORE" INTERNMENT/2

"The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of C ivilians, through its careful review of wartime records and its EXTENSIVE PUBLIC HEARINGS, HAS ANSWERED SOME OF THE QUESTIONS SCHOLARS AND HISTORIANS HAVE ASKED SINCE THE WAR AS TO HOW Americans abandoned their most cherished ideals even in time of WAR*

"The Commission confirmed what Americans of Japanese ANCESTRY HAVE ALWAYS KNOWN: THE EVACUATION OF JAPANESE AMERICANS from the West Coast and their incarceration in what can only be DESCRIBED AS AMERICAN“STYLE CONCENTRATION CAMPS WAS NOT JUSTIFIED BY MILITARY NECESSITY, BUT WAS THE RESULT OF RACIAL PREJUDICE, WARTIME HYSTERIA AND THE FAILURE OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP," Matsunaga o b s e r v e d .

"In light of these findings, the Co m m i s s i o n 's final report, Personal Justice De n i e d , co ncluded, 'A grave injustice WAS DONE TO AMERICAN CITIZENS AND RESIDENT ALIENS OF JAPANESE ANCESTRY, WHO, WITHOUT INDIVIDUAL REVIEW OR ANY PROBATIVE EVIDENCE AGAINST THEM, WERE EXCLUDED, REMOVED AND DETAINED BY THE United States during World War II,'" Matsunaga s a i d .

The Hawaii l a w m a k e r's bill, which is identical in scope to THE ONE INTRODUCED TO THE 98TH CONGRESS WOULD:

1) Establish a $1.5 billion fund which would be USED FIRST TO PROVIDE A ONE“T I ME, PER CAPITA PAYMENT OF $200,000 TO EACH OF THE APPROXIMATELY 60,000 SURVIVING PERSONS OF JAPANESE ANCESTRY WHO WERE EXCLUDED FROM THEIR PLACES OF RESIDENCE PURSUANT TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S ORDER 9066•

2) From the remaining money in the $1-6 billion fund, ESTABLISH A FUND FOR HUMANITARIAN AND PUBLIC EDUCATION PURPOSES RELATED TO WARTIME EVENTS-

3) Enact legislation which officially recognizes THAT A GRAVE INJUSTICE WAS DONE AND OFFER THE APOLOGIES OF THE NATION FOR THE WARTIME ACTS OF EXCLUSION, REMOVAL AND DETENTION*

4) Grant presidential pardons to individuals who WERE CONVICTED OF VIOLATING THE WARTIME STATUTES IMPOSING A CURFEW ON AMERICAN CITIZENS ON THE BASIS OF THE ETHNICITY AND REQUIRING ETHNIC Japanese to leave designated areas of the West Coast to report to assembly a r e a s .

"MORE- INTERNMENT/3

5) In s t it u t e "l i b e r a l r e v ie w " by appropriate EXECUTIVE BRANCH AGENCIES OF APPLICATIONS SUBMITTED BY JAPANESE AMERICANS FOR THE RESTITUTION OF POSITIONS, STATUS OR ENTITLEMENTS LOST IN WHOLE OR IN PART BECAUSE OF ACTS OR EVENTS betw een December 1941 and 1945.

Matsunaga is also s e e k in g implementation of the Co m m is s io n ' s recommendations with res pect to the Alaskan Ale u t s who were evacuated from t h e i r is la n d homes by the U.S. Army follow ing enemy attacks on the Al e u t i a n I slands in 1942*

"It is time Congress acknowledged the grave injustice INFLICTED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ON AMERICANS OF JAPANESE ANCESTRY AND ALASKAN ALEUTS DURING WORLD WAR II. PASSAGE OF THE MEASURE BEING INTRODUCED TODAY WOULD REMOVE A BLOT ON THE PAGES of our Na t i o n ' s h is to r y and would remove a cloud which has hung OVER THE HEADS OF JAPANESE AMERICANS AND ALASKAN ALEUTS," Matsunaga s a i d . Mainichi, K. (1985, February 1). Canada Rejects Redress Payments. Los Angeles Japanese Daily News. PACIFIC CITIZEN/December 14, 1984

OTTAWA—Multiculturalism

ren ters Nov. 21 that an Canadians interned during WW2 “is very likely.” The government’s position on compensation may be an­ nounced by Christmas, he closer to making a recom- mer. ation, It has to be a Cabinet decision,” he said, Murta spoke a few hours after the National Assn. of Japanese Canadians issued a report saying that the in­ ternment of 21,000 Nikkei Canadians was motivated by racism, not by fears for national security. Rogers, D. (1984, November 12). Men of 442nd battled prejudice to prove loyalty to U.S. Raleigh News and Observer. Japanese TV Series Sf/rs Up Controversy

By Lois Taylor Star-Bulietin Writer RIDAY morning, Toshi University of Hawaii professor| TPmasawa of the Japanese- Flangoage programming depart­ James T. Araki has discussed ment ' of KHCU-TV said that the advisability of showing [“Sanga Moyu,” the Sl-episode 'Sanga Moyu/ a Japan-made r World War II drama, will not be Uhown beginning June 21 as TV saga about Japanese- [previously announced. The diffi- Americans in World War II, • cujty ln getting local Japanese- with Japan's ambassador to ; American businessmen to sponsor • the series, he said, was the reason the U.S. [ for cancelling it • , Trimasawa has repeated an [ action taken by television stations • in Los Angeles, San Francisco I and New York that regularly • schedule Japanese network ‘ programs. The powerful Japanese • pdbUcTteievision network NHK V. I thtfi produced “Sanga Moyu,” has • already decided not to make the •'series"avaUable in the United Star-Bulletin [States despite the fact that it is • attracting audiences in the ' millions in Japan. "th is is the result of a storm of 'I • controversy among Japanese- • Americans that is accompanying / Today J the showing of the epic series in Professor James T. Araki, • Japan. It appears on Japan’s chairman of the East Asian Features • Golden Network at the prime literature department at the • time of 8 p.m. on Sundays, in the University of Hawaii, is personal Monday, March 26, 1984 Honolulu tnoisi prestigious series of translator for Yamasaki. He has Entertainment Japanese television. Each drama discussed the advisability of [■runs for an entire year, and until showing the series in the United ; "Sanga Moyu,” the.shows have States with the Japanese • always been set in the historic ambassador in Washington, D.C. documentaries. War has been the They don’t speak or understand [ period of the samurai warriors. Araki had no immediate advice background for countless English and their behavior, I The current offering is the since he has not seen any part of melodramas, which would particularly their body language, [ story Of the Amoh brothers, the series. “I have read the novel, become boring if the moral issues is different. If you see a person t'Kenji and Tadashi, sons of a Los but I have not seen the scenario,” of war were expounded in ail of of Japanese ancestry walking [ Angeles laundry owner, and is set he said last week. “ It’s a Catch-22. them. down Kaiakaua Avenue, even in j in the_years between 1936 and , If the American public is allowed “ What little ambiguity shorts where you can’t make a 1946. The story focuses on to see the series in order to \ . regarding the possibilities of judgment on the clothes, there is Japanese-Americans’ experiences critique it, and in the process divided loyalty there Was in . no mistaking a Japanese national and loyalties during World War becomes violently anti Japanese- Yamasaki’s novel seems to have for a Japanese-American. They 111, tbeir wartime treatment by American, the damage would be been eliminated in the early Carry themselves differently, they 1 the U.S. government and the irreparable.” episodes of the TV program. The look different. Japanese- [ postwar military war-crimes ? Araki, who was born in Salt kid brother, in Japan for the first Americans squirm in their Seats (trials. Lake City, was. a student at time in his life, spouts lines such . watching themselves portrayed | The crisis comes during the Hollywood High on Dec. 7, 1941. as Th e blood coursing through on the screen. war when the older brother is a He and his family were detained my veins is Japanese blood,’ Tin “As soon as the camera moves ‘ military intelligence officer in the at the Gila River Relocation a Japanese,’ ‘America is not my into the home of the Japanese- i. U.S. Army and the younger—who Center in Arizona, an area that • fatherland,' and so forth." American family, you find an had returned to Japan for figures in “Sanga Moyu.” Ara)ti Leading roles are taken by untypical view of these people schooling and was drafted—is joined the U.S. military Toshiro Mifune and Yoko They speak unnatural English. [ fighting with the Japanese intelligence in 1944 and served as Shimada who appeared in the The parents are continually • Imperial Army. The story is based a language officer at General NBC-TV miniseries, “Shogun.” As yelling ‘Shut up’ at the children. on the three-volume novel Headquarters in Tokyo during in that production, the actors in - When they speak Japanese it is ; "Futatsu no Sokuku,” meaning the U.S. Occupation. “Sanga Moyu” speak both fantastically fluent with the . 'Tw o Homelands,” by Xogsfco His personal history partly Japanese and English, making proper Tokyo accent. This would [ Yanaa&akj, one of JapamTmost parallels that of Kenji Amoh, the Very few Caucasians are part of the dialog unintelligible be a very rare Japanese-American rpMular writers. older brother in the controversial portrayed sympathetically, and to everyone not bilingual The family. t Her premise is that Japanese- series. Japanese-Americans are shown. . was changing the title from English dialog has subtitles, Araki ‘T h e essential error, though, is • Americans were divided in their The principle concern of its constantly as victims of white “Futatsu no Sokuku,” which said. a misconception. Many Japanese [ loyalty between the two warring opponents seems to be over the Americans. Japanese suggests divided allegiance, to Mifune plays the father of the are convinced that ‘Japanese » countries. Criticism of the series, current detente on the subject of responsibility for the war is “Sanga Moyu” which means brothers and Shimada is the _ Wood’ has some magical quality ; cajling it racist and unfair to all ' reparations for Japanese- minimized, with the Nanking “ Mountains and Rivers Aflame,” '. • aristocratic Tokyo girj whose not to be found in other races. » Japanese-Americans who Americans who were detained in massacre termed an “exaggerated “a,vague illusion. IP a line from a family forbids her to marry the • and that Americans of Japanese • remained loyal to the United relocation centers during World report” and the Pearl Harbor celebrated 8th-century Chinese son of an immigrant, but who ancestry would qatuudly be 'States, is led by the politically War n. A fragile agreement bombing “a technical mistake” poetic commentary on the demise remains loyal to the older' • ..... inclined to feel a degree of . influential Japanese-American appears to be in the making, and caused by a typist who failed to of the grandeur of the Tan g brother throughout the series; loyalty to Japan. [ Citizens League based in Los any antiJapanese-American transcribe a coded message Dynasty,” he explained. Araki’s objection to “Sanga ’ T h e United States of America • Angeles. sentiment could easily fracture it. cancelling the attack. Stisumo Hondo, NHK executive Moyu” is based more on artistic is a nation made up of J - “Th e novel and its movie The novel is strongly anti- NHK officials, according to a producer of the series, has been reasons than philosophical ones. immigrants from all parts of the t adaptation will reinforce old American, describing brutal New York Times reporter, have quoted as saying, “ We have tried “Technically, 1 understand it is a world and their descendants. It ' fears and prejudices,” the treatment of Japanese in the said that the television series to balance the picture. beautiful movie—the camera might be the only nation in • League’s newspaper. The Pacific relocation camps, it begins with deviates considerably from the Sympathetic Americans will be work and the music, but every which the children of immigrants J Q luen. stated. ’Th e ' the account of naked prisoners novel. The production appears to given more than cursory Japanese production on the feel that they are 100-percent ; misuhderstanding of Japanese- standing under the blazing be about only seven episodes treatment and Japanese atrocities theme of Japanese-Americans is citizens of their parents’ adoptive [ Americans will be increased on Arizona sun being strip-searched ahead of what is being shown in Asia will be portrayed.” kind of a stinker,” he said. country. They are not gradually [ both sides of the Pacific. Again, by U.S. soldiers looking for a weekly, and changes are made as Araki commented, “Kondo "The reason is that young ‘ Americanized,” Araki concluded, i Japanese-Americans will become single spoon missing from the the taping progresses. must be under pressure. Japanese actors and actresses are “they are Americans, and nothing ; the ultimate victims.” mess hall. A major revision. Araki said. Melodramas are not portrayin'-, Japanese-Americans. else." ’ Stewart, R. A. (n.d.). Put the blame on Japan. Hawaii group testifies today In pursuit of internment redress By Beverly Creamer Washington were abruptly ended as "The emotional distress cannot bo armed guard towers, its double cir­ he became one of America’s 120,000 on the insidef fully appreciated by critics who cle of barbed wire. One night the air­ 4dvrrthrr Slatf W rilrr interned Americans of Japanese have never been unjustly impri raid siren went off and guards sur­ Their words ring with irony and ancestry. And Murakami, now a • Little marks the ace where soned.” rounded the camp "to see that we anger, frustration and bitterness. semi-retired insurance company several hundred An|ericansof Retired newspaper editor Seiyci could not escape." He was later Retired Big Island businessman general agent, remembers the Mini­ Japanese ancestry were interned Wakukawa remembers being .subtly transferred to the Topaz camp in the Henry Tanaka remembers the day doka Relocation Center in Idaho's in leeward Oahu after the asked by the FBI to work as an unof­ Utah desert. in Oahu’s detention Camp Honouliuli bitter, windswept desert that be­ bombing of Pearl Harbor, but the ficial informer ferreting out possible Today in Seattle an eight-member when one of the guards yelled, “Hey, came his war-time home. If the in­ memories linger. Page E-l "subversive elements" in Hawaii's contingent from Hawaii — four who you Japs, stay in line” At the time ternees wanted more thart a bed in Japanese-American community be­ were internees and four who are he was cleaning their compound for the barren barracks, they had to fore being arrested and then intern members of the Japanese American 10 cents an hour. build it themselves. For five months for internees. For ha four months ed in the Lourdsburg, New Mexico Citizens League — will talk about He’d been arrested “for investiga­ the only bathroom was a stinking* there he remembers] trigger-happy camp. In a strange twist, a protest this at hearings mandated by Con tion” in the months after the bomb­ outdoor latrine. soldiers” on the grot nd. more sol­ letter he wrote to President Roose­ gress to look into the World War II ing of Pearl Harbor and was taken He remembers how he ‘“dutifully” diers with machiii -guns in the velt brought his "parole" a year detention, relocation and internment from his wife and family and sent registered to be taken into "protec­ towers, 9 p.m. bed <5 ecks, and the later and he finished the war serving of civilians first to jail, then to the Sand Island tive custody” and how he "dutifully” "mental anguish” of 1 aving his free­ the American effort by teaching at The Commission on Wartime Relo­ Detention Camp and then to Honouli- reported with all of the others on dom taken away. Hi vas then that Harvard University. cation and Internment of Civilians uli. May 5, 1942 at the. Pacific Interna­ his insomnia started^ Journalist Iwao Kosaka remem­ has already held hearings in Los An- Mark Murakami remembers how tional Livestock Exposition grounds ‘‘The feeling of ho elessness and bers how much like a prison was the his law studies at the University of that served as an assembly center powerlessness tore at me,” he says. Sand Island Detention Camp with its See Isle group on Page A-4 Mark Murakami Seiyei Wakukawa Iwao Kosaka Earl Nishimura Surrounded by guns Sent protest to F D R Camp was like prison Says officials lacked proof Isle group testifies today for internment redress backbone of the island's plantation “ had agreed to remove all Japanese from page one economy; aliens to some island other than geles and San Francisco. Today, it • " ‘T h ere is evidence,” adds Law ­ Oahu — probably Molokai." This sets up shop for a three-day stretch rence D. Kumabe in his testimony eventually was watered down to in Seattle that is expected to include for today’s hearing, "that the eco­ about 1,500 people', he adds, because testimony from at least 150 people nomic leaders in Hawaii requested of legal and logistical problems. including the eight from here. More President Roosevelt to- save their Odo notes that the pattern of ar­ hearings are expected before the end economic interests by stopping the rests after Pearl Harbor "strongly of the year when the commission's internment of Japanese-Americans suggested that the common denomi­ Franklin Odo recommendations are due. in Hawaii. .';T' nator was not evidence of potential The bulk of the hearing testimony "B y contrast, on the Mainland. danger but close association with Sees d pattern will be from Japanese-Americans in­ Japanese-Americans had no such things Japanese." terned during the war, from their economic friends in Washington." The testimony prepared for deliv­ families and from national organiza­ says Kumabe, a Hawaii deputy ery this morning in Seattle by mem­ tions pressing for redress and repa­ attorney general and vice-chairman bers of the Hawaii group is outspo­ rations. But additional testimony is of the Hawaii JACL reparations re­ ken and often eloquent. expected from Aleut Indian groups search committee. "If anything, Says Wakukawa, a retired editor describing their 1943 relocation from they were perceived as an economic of the Hawaii Times: “ The whole in­ the northern Aleutian and Pribiloff threat to agricultural and other ternment show was a travesty of jus­ islands to Admiralty Island in south­ interests.” tice — short-sightedly, injudiciously eastern Alaska. To a large extent, those in Hawaii and indiscreetly executed with mal­ The Hawaii delegation in Seattle is who were interned were leaders in ice aforethought under the pressure led by Earl Nishimura. president of the Japanese community — teach­ of wartime hysteria, greed and rac­ the Hawaii chapter of the JACL, and ers. journalists, priests; those who ism.” Franklin Odo. director of the Ethnic appeared to have any connection Patsy Saiki, a retired Hawaii Studies program at the University of whatsoever with Japan or the Japa­ teacher and a research assistant for Hawaii and chairman of the chap­ nese Embassy; and those who had the Hawaii J A C L ’ s Research Com­ ter's Research Committee on Intern­ accessibility to the sea. mittee on Internment and Repara­ ment and Reparations. The group But a c c o rd in g to Nishim ura's tions, talks about interviewing in­ will cover the impact of detention testimony to be given in Seattle ternee George Hoshida who was ar­ and re lo c a tio n on the H a w a ii today the FBI never found any sub­ rested because he was a part-time Japanese-American community. stantial evidence that any of those judo instructor and an alien. He k k Already the national JACL is on interned had been disloyal, had came to Hawaii from Japan with his Lawrence D. Kumabe record suggesting payments of $25,- spied, or had committed sabotage parents in 1912 when he was four. 000 per internee to cover losses in before or at the time of Pearl Har­ The impact on Hoshida was tragic. Economy made difference property and. in essence, to recog­ bor or during the rest of the war. After Hoshida’s detainment his 8- nize the emotional and psychological "A few Japanese might have year-old daughter Taeko. paralyzed damage done to a minority group of made indiscreet statements in the and blinded in a car accident as a Americans. heat of the war fever,” he continued. baby, was sent to Waimano Home Some have charged that the deten­ “ Still, these are very few isolated where she died a few months later. tion and seizure of property was not cases. It appears that because of a His wife, pregnant at the time, and only racially but economically moti­ very few, the rest of the Japanese their .two other children lost their vated — to remove Japanese-Ameri­ suspects were arrested for the in­ mortgaged home and eventually cans from economic competition on ternment following the theory of were relocated to a camp in Jerome, the West Coast. guilt by association." Arkansas. In H a w a ii, fe w e r than 1,500 “ If only the American military Says Saiki: “ Is this not an oppor­ Japanese-Americans of the 157,000 intelligence had more thoroughly ob­ tune time to show the world that we total were imprisoned compared to served and studied the Americaniza­ do not condone racism, we do not virtually the entire Japanese-Ameri­ tion among the Japanese,” he con­ condone economic greed at the ex­ can population of about 120.000 on tinued later, "they would have pense of a minority group, we do not the Mainland. reached a different conclusion on the condone injustices? Part of the reason the Hawaii question of loyalty.” “ Righting this wrong should bur­ Japanese-Americans fared better In his testimony Odo will point out nish the image of America as a sym­ than their Mainland counterparts, that before Dec. 7. 1941, the FBI in bol of justice. Both on a worldwide explains Odo, it that they constituted Hawaii had only listed 400 suspects scale and in the heart of each intern­ 40 percent of the critical civilian and designated only 50 of those ee, justice is the very essence of workforce. t,,;. ;> . ■ "sinister.” However, he continues, relationships, and what makes life Patsy Saiki He points out ..that. „they_w*xe the by Dec. 19 Roosevelt and his Cabinet precious.” Calls justice crucial ADVERTISEMENT Japanese-American Internment by CURTIS T. NARIMATSU

About 120,(XX) Japanese Americans and nationals were imprisoned during World War II based on suspicion of sabotage. But not one case of espionage was ever lodged against these innocent people'whose only crime was for being a "Jap." Eght were killed for no reason at all and dozens of others were shot and wounded by guards. Others committed suicide out of humiliation and despair, and still others died in poor makeshift medical facilities. v *'•.*, «e, Recent Congressional hearings hopefully will reaffirm the incredible and awesome determination of our proud forefathers and their loved ones who began their lonely vigil against Nazism and tyranny in desolate and isolated internment camps but who stood tall in hours of peril and with only good conscience their sure reward, knocked down the brutal forces of terror abroad. Their courage and patriotism inspired this country as very few had ever done and their unconquerable spirit captured the hearts and minds of Americans everywhere. But they suffered great and devastating losses in their quest to achieve and preserve the full blessings of American fife. The 442nd Regimental Combat Team, with their battle cry, "Go for Broke!" along with the 100th Infantry Battalion, the most highly decorated American units to fight in World War II and the combat troops most feared by the enemy, lost nearly 800 soldiers killed in line of fire. Over 4,000 more were wounded and many of them returned home crippled in body but awesome in spirit Terribly costly and severe losses in comparison to other less battle-tested troops.

"M ANY OF OUR SOLDIERS CAME HOME." Fathers, mothers, sisters, brothers, cousins, uncld?, aunts, sweethearts, wives, children, and friends welcomed back our men with hugs and kisses, leis and greetings, joyful tears and tearful laughter. Photo acknowtadgamant to John A. Radamakar

I personally have vowed that their heroic sacrifices will not be lost or forgotten. Let their valor and heroism mold and inspire the characters of generations now living and those yet unborn. To these and other gallant soldiers of wars past and those more current, we owe them a debt that may never be fully repaid. I only hope that we never lose our sense of patriotism and of our courage and commitment to honor soldiers and veterans as recent as those Who withstood the ravages of the Vietnam War with all of its accompanying political thunders. They are heroes to us all. They put their lives on the fine. Let our children and our grandchildren and their children too be told of our proud and patriotic ancestors who not only defied Nazism and tyranny but who proved their patriotism and preserved their pride and honor by spilling their blood for America at great loss on foreign lands they had never even heard of. Let there be a spirit of national pride whose sincerity is as deep as the brilliant blue of the sky. And let us honor our traditions, our many and wonderful religious and cultural heritages, and the spirit of a great nation. For these soldiers were summoned by history to give testimony to our national honor. And history will recall not only our hopes and accomplishments, but also the soldiers who fought and many of whom that died to keep alive our faith in America and in democracy. To these gallant and invincible warriors of "BUT MANY DIDN'T" fate, we owe them our lives. Above-A Silver Star instead of a daddy and husband Tor courageous sendee to his country beyond the cal of duty.” Pride, resolution, bravery were here too, where sorrow lived, as it did in many American homes. Only a simple, “My husband won't be back.” Below-Jtsuhie Monwake replied to Colonel Fielder when he presented him with the Purple Heart for his son who dnd at Cassano: * . . though we, the parents of the honored dead, are classified as enemy aiens. our loyalty is with the United States, for which country on sons were wiling to fight and die. It is not only human for us to fight side by side with our sons; it is right that we should do so. We owe it to our sons who are s ti fighting or who having fought their best, today rest in the bloodsoaked fields of Italy wrth thousands of other Americans.” JfT' _ ? -

, f > ,’ ’■ j£S*K ■ " « l^ w

— Trti>«i»e-Hm}d photo by Larry Kadook* • . • .■ . , • • ■ ■ . fviV • _ n • jT-'i FRIENDLY DEBATE—University of Hawaii professor James * their debate over whether Japanese-Americans should receive Wang and former social worker Ubrada Luis take a pause in reparations for their internment during World War n. l> C/2 Reparations for AJA’s debated

ByGeneTao , AyTo * right* -'the1 " wrong, Wang said Luis said1'many of her relatives were TriktM -Henld *uff writer something has to be done, “even if it is not tortured to death. “You trembled when ¥ based monetary grounds,”- to remind* •' you S0w;afJapfcne3b sentry passing by your A University of Hawaii, Hilo, political * the nation that the same mistake will not home,” she told the gathering. science professor says the federal repeat. “I have read the defense letters of those government should make some sort of / ‘Perhaps, we ought to declare one day who suffered in the relocation camps,” she reparation to the West Coast Japanese- in February—since Executive Order 9066 continued. “I would gladly, gladly, trade Americans who were illegally in­ was signed in February—as civilian in­ the situation and conditions I was in to that carcerated in relocation camps during ternment memorial day,” he suggested. of the relocation camp.'’ World War H. Or, he said, the court should be asked to Luis said she and her husband did not But a former state social worker who decide the issue, since there’s little ask the United States for anything after suffered under the Japanese occupation in likelihood of monetary reparations under the war. “I think it’s honorable to just shut the Philippines says the internees should the present budgetconscious Reagan up your mouth,’' she said. not ask for reparations. administration. And, if the veterans of the 442nd Combat The exchange between professor James ?But Luis said that not a cent should be Team or 100th Battalion are extolled as Wang and retired social worker Librada given to the internees. heroes, people should be reminded that Luis took place Thursday during a “I’m opposed to compensating the in­ there were heroes elsewhere, she said. meeting of the Hawaii Island Media Ad­ ternees,” she said. “I admit that it may be Her husband lost part of his leg from the visory Council. a mistake of Gen. John L. Dewitt who. explosion of a Japanese bomb when he and Commenting on the hearings, now being ordered the 120,000 Japanese-Americans others in a Jeep entered a prison to free held by the federal Commission on relocated and interned. interned Americans, she said. Wartime Relocation and Internment of r“He must have had a reason. The cir­ “He did not ask for the compensation of Civilians, Wang said the incarceration cumstances of the time were not wholly that part of his leg,” she said. “He thinks it was “flagrant violation” of Americans’ without justification ...” is a part of the w ar.” basic civil liberties guaranteed by the She said she still was frightened in 1946 Constitution. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl when she came to Hawaii. There was Nearly two-thirds, or 77,000, of the Harbor,. Clark Field north of Manila, discrimination against her and she was 120,000 people moved into relocation Singapore and Bataan, there was fear that passed over for job promotions, she said. centers were American citizens, with the some Of the Japanese-Americans might be “No amount of American money in remaining 43,000 classified as resident tempted to aid a Japanese attack on the paper, gold, or silver can pay for these alien Japanese, Wang said. West Coast, she said. hurts,” she said. “Let’s forget about But nowhere in Executive Order 9066, reparations and be a sport.” signed by President Roosevelt, was the “If you were the commander of the U.S. Several persons in the audience said Japanese ethnic group singled out for Army,” she said, “you will have to save Luis’ remarks were irrelavent to the relocation, he said. what’s left.” reparation issue because the Japanese- I Because of a long standing When the Japanese invaded the Americans were put into the relocation discriminatory attitude toward the Philippines, she and her husband, camps by their own government in Orientals, military and civilian authorities Anastacio, who were both U.S. nationals, violation of their constitutional rights. interpreted the order to mean expulsion of were there. “We lost everything,” she “Unfortunately, many people think they the Japanese ethnic group, not Americans said. are relavent,” said Tom Inomoto, a 100th of German or Italian ancestry, the Battalion veteran. professor said. She said she and her husband constantly “The Congressional committee should sought hiding places and did not have Inomoto said the underlying issue is find out what happened, who made this enough to eat. racism. He said he had thought the war decision, how this act was transformed -‘iljreighed 72 pounds,” she said. “I was would wipe out racism. “What has sad­ into a civilian expulsion for one ethnic a nursing mother without milk to feed the dened me most...is there’s still racism,” group,” he said. baby.” he said. Yasuda, C., Abrams, M. R., Kuwahara, S. S., Jensen, D., & Maher, J. A. (n.d.). America's Concentrations Camps [Letters to the Editor]. The Wall Street Journal. c

- J &Zot Uj(^ Civj] Service Retirement Credit for Japanese Americans .. . Interne? During World War II Statement on Signing H.R. 947J Into Law. September 22, J978

] Riii very happy to sign H.R. 9471, a bill which represents one more Govern­ Sept. 22 A dmmislTQtion of ]■ ment effort to redress inequities that oc­ curred during World War II. July 15, 1952. The third law, Public Law Three and a half decades ago, our Gov­ 92-603, granted social security credits for privately employed adults who were con­ ernment overreacted to the attack on fined in World War II internment camps. Pear) Harbor and ev acuated and interned All three of these laws were designed as approximately 110.000 Japanese Ameri­ partial compensation to workinc-aee cans who lived in our Western Slates. Japanese American internees, but they do Even at the time this action seemed not help those who entered Federal serv­ shameful and indefensible to many of us. ice after mid-1952. These Federal em­ The loyalty and devotion of our Japanese ployees generally do not qualify for social American citizens— despite tins Govern­ sec :y benefits. ment action— has been proven many I' \ . 9471 will cover that group by times over. Most of the internees were granting civil service retirement credit for American citizens, and many subsequently periods of confinement after age 18 in gave their lives in defense of this country. ’World War II internment camps to any While we cannot undo or erase the Japanese American who later entered hardships and indignities suffered by these Federal service. loyal Americans, we can, in some small This bill represents years of unceasing measure, compensate them. effort by many Members of Congress who wished to redress the injustices suffered by Three laws have been enacted for this this unique group of American citizens. 1 purpose since the end of World W ar II. am pleased to have the opportunity to Public Laws 82-545 and 86-782 granted share in that effort today. special benefits for civil sejvice pay and n o t e As enacted, H.R. 9471 is Public Law retirement purposes to Japanese Ameri­ : 95-382, approved September 22. j cans who met certain criteria and were employed by the Federal Government on

Co .“ -p. r.'lE COPY 1569 I'V.oLATvP or Iv CU.-m.’ts , _ „ ' V p. Japanese-Americans: Internees Win Job Credit. (1978, December 25). Federal Times, p. 7. ^Japanese Benefit Bill Signed

President Carter has signed into law’ a long- office and civil service subcommittee on compen- ' awaited legislation which grants civil service sation and employee benefits, and Jim Leach, R- retirement credit to Japanese American federal Iowa, the subcommittee’s ranking member. employees for the time spent in internment camps during World War II. In signing the bill, the President emphasized that the new law was created to “redress inequi­ The measure affects Japanese American federal ties that occurred during World War II.” workers who were 18 years of age or older when they were interned in labor camps in this nation About 110,000 Japanese Americans, who lived in during the second World War. western states, were interned during that period. After the bill's signing, the Committee for In- During congressional hearings, representatives ' temment Credits — one of the organizations fore­ of the National Treasury Employees Union — most in the ficht to gain retirement rights for this another of a large number of organizations testify­ group of employees — held a reception for mem­ ing on behalf of the Japanese American federal bers of its own organization as well as those of the employees — noted that the cost for maintaining a Japanese American Citizens League which also law providing retirement benefits for this segment worked to secure passage of the legislation. of the federal work force would be minimal, since only about 500 and 1000 Japanese Americans would • Among those honored was the bilPs author, Rep. qualify for the benefits. NTEU estimated the cost ' Norman Y. Mineta, D-Calif., as well as Reps. Cecil • * . Heftel, D-Hawfcii, a mfember of the House post 1 r 1

" 51/jzo^&sr ^ cc*. V|. f-

Laws 82-545 and 86-782 granted special benefits for yjajjanese civil service pay and retirement purposes to Japa­ nese Americans w’ho met certain criteria and w ere employed by the federal government on July 15, 1952. The third law, Public Law 92-603, granted (From Page 3) social security credits for privately employed ■ adults w ho w ere confined in World War II intern­ of such legislation at no more than $500,000. ment camps. Many interned citizens worked as doctors, None of these laws, however, helped those who nurses, laborers, teachers and clerks in the camps entered federal service after mid-1952 and it is this to w hich they were assigned. Others volunteered to group that the new legislationAHR 9471, sought to fight in the w ar and formed one of the most deco­ assist. rated units to emerge from World War II. While delighted over the new law, a number of . In signing the bill into law, the President also Japanese American federal workers contacted by commented that “while we cannot undo or erase Federal Timesexpressed regret only that the * the hardships and indignities suffered by these White House failed to hold a special ceremony for loyal Americans, we can, in small measure, com­ the occasion — but they feel this w as understand­ pensate them.” able because the President was fatigued from the Since the end of World War n, three laws have tedious recent summit meetings at Camp David been enacted to compensate internees. Public over the Israeli-Egyptian issue. March 25, 1976

Ms. Darlene Mariko Yamauchl Davis Hall Vfelle3ley College Vfellesley, Massachussets 02l8l

Dear Ms. Yarnauchi:

Senator Inouye is currently in Hawaii and in his absence, I wish to acknowledge receipt o f your letter concerning your research paper on legislation connected with the Japanese Americans Citizens League.

/a you my knew, the most significant measure to pass Congress in recent history, which was o f great Interest to the Senator personally and to members o f the JACL, was the re pea } o f T it le H (th e Emergency Detention Provision) of the Internal Security Act of 1950.

With the strong support of the JACL, the Senator sponsored S. 1872 during the 91st Congress, seeking to repeal that provision in the Internal Security Hbt that empowered the President to arrest persons suspected o f espionage or acts o f sabotage. As some of the enclosed m aterial s w ill show, 25 o f th e S en ator's colleagu es Joined him in cosponsorfing this b ill, and several interest groups (including the fcerican C ivil Liberties ttiicn) and county councils gave their strong endorsement. Editorials in the New York Tiroes and the Washington - Post appeared in late 19^9, urging repeal of the Security Act pro­ v is io n . • --fh-' ‘ - _ ' - •: - - p ••

S. 1872 won fa v o r a b le approval from the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and secured unanimous approval from the full Senate in December, 19&9* Ihe House failed to act on the b ill prior to the adjournment o f the Congressional session, however.

O n February 4, 1971, Senatnr Inouye reintroduced the b ill in tbs 92nd Congress with the cosponsorship o f 29 Senators and with continued support from the JACL and other groups. Ihis b ill, S. 592, again won favorable support from the Judiciary Ccmnittee and was readied for floor action. Ms. Darlene Noriko Yamauchl Page Two I-tu-ch 25, 1976

Hawaii Congressman Spark Matsunaga sponsored a companion bill in the House that same year, H.R. 23 4, which passed the House Judiciary Cccmittee. H e full House passed the measure cn September 14, 1971, by the following vote: 356 for, ^9 against, 28 not voting.

r > n. 5 r . ill The Senate acted on H.R. 23^ cn September 16, 1971, rather than' cn - S. 592, giving the House version unanimous approval on a voice vote. The House version contained minor language changes not written into

S * 5 9 2 * V ; ' . .-‘ c r / n \o Other SACL-supported legislation which the Senator has Introduced has included several bills that have sought civil service retirement ccrrpensaticn and social security credit for persons interned in detention carps during "World War II. One current law, P.L. 92-603, amended Title I ofthhe Social Security Amendments of 1972 to provide social security credit for internees.

Recently, the Senator spoke in the Senate in favor of the Rice Production Act', S. 2260, a bill supported vigorously by the JACL. Its House companion, H.R. 8529 eventually won final approval from Ccngress^qn February"3j 3-976«. ^feterlals-^relating to the Rice Production Act are~enclcsed for your information. — j H." «f .,yj. inforirnti'cn 'cai tcpic v ~ It is irprri I hope I have been of assistance^ to you..a .Please accept our befet - wishes fo r’your research project-r^r vcur tisnd cons iuera.* Ion. e- . v.n . -v — • r-- ■— - " f ' . • - Aloha, * Rr.sjectivlly ■ yovr ' . , / 1 ) x . UV-'M, /V/UO

RICHARD SIA Press Assistant

ENCLOSURE BSIjnpl Executive Order 9066 Terminated. (1976, June 11). Pacific Citizen. Zane, M. (1993, October 5). 1942 Arrest: U.S. War Camp Resister Cleared. San Francisco Chronicle. Uyeda, C. I. (1982, February 9). What Redress Means for All Americans. The Japan Times, p. 1. IITBEP 2 Of MONDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1981 PREPARED BY JINNY OKANO 1. BULLETIN, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1981 a. Weapons Theft Suspect Hunted-A-3--HPD and military authorities continued their search today for a Marine suspected of being involved in Oct. 13 theft of machine guns and other weapons from the armory of Kaneohe MCAS. L. Cpl. Charles C. Ng, described as oriental, 5 ’7" and 140 lbs. is being sought. Military authorities said he is considered dangerous. *** b. Hope for Hawaii's Papaya Growers-A-18— SeeTelArt. 2 . HAWAII TRIBUNE HERALD, NOVEMBER 11, 1981, Pg. 6 inouye ī Reparations Clouding Is£ue— SeeTelArt. A-1B Mondoy, November 16, 1981 State report Hope for Hawaii's Inouye: Reparations PapayaGrowers a i. * HONOLULU (U P I )-U S . Sen. Daniel Inauye said the question of 'A Dews report from California provides a glimmer of hope for reparations is douding the belter days ahead for Ha waifs papaya growers. congressional investigation into- the « The industry is currently bedeviled by marketing problems in internment of Japanese-Americans California and Japan related to ’the use of the chemical EDB to ' during World War H - fumigate the fruit. EDB is considered a possible cancer-causing Inouye, who co-sponsored the agent, and its use is restricted. . ■ w ■. legislation authorizing the. in­ But there is another way. — apparently a better way —> to vestigation, said the main issue Is to destroy fruit flics and other insect pests in the fruit That way is irradiation.- .. • ' • • . • ■ • • clouding issue ;/IrradiaUon is not new to Hawaii It was the State of Hawaii that pioneered the first prototype of a commercal food Irradia­ establish the historical sad offldsl tor, in 1567 at Fort Armstrong. record of what happened to interned '.'But after .waiting in vain - for the federal Food and Drug Japaaese-Aroericans during the early period of the war. * . Administration to give' clearance for the use of irradiation to He said discussion Of reparation* disinfest papayas, the state dismantled the irradiator in 1976 and should come later, He also said he isn’t the cobalt CO core was sent back to the Atomic Energy Commls- opposed to reparations, but believes sion. ^ . . .*■ - that issue isn’t as Important as what Now interest in irradiation is being revived. A company ih" San really happened during the war years. Jose, Calif,, Is planning to start building an irradiation facility gear Stockton next year. It is awaiting clearance to proceed- from the FDA, but expects to receive i decision soon. The firm also plans sinilar facilities in Fresno, Bakersfield,1 Salinas, G0- Foy, Long Beach'and the San Francisco Bay area. t ,'t,, ;v ,i The point is that if, irradiation works in California it ought to work in Hawaii tod". . \ V ; ^Scientists' say irradiation J a .better' than fumigation- Unlike’ fumigation, it., assures complete disinfestation and leaves .no chemical residue. It also delays ripening, thus extending the shelf life of the produce. ' ' * • * ' ” Of Immediate importance. Irradiation,foffers a way for Ha- w '^’s jwpaya growers out of thefr'current plight Sitrep 1 of Thursday, November 12 1981 t A ' ■ :-C\ ■ ' k-% Vcanesoiy, November lV lW l Jfbt henoimtt Ao«raJtt

* V* ' < *•' #'* r- ■/«*' M' ‘.'■'a ; .. Former ‘Circuit Judge'iJohh Lam- * Lanharm^who retired .as a Hono- Reparations not: v. • ham has been confirmed' as the first ."lulu circuit Judge ip 1879, was av. chief justice,'of the;High Court, of f*.etete,;ie£sIaU>r for 12 years. Since >, the Marshall Maqd*,\ one. ,of the --leaving; the court bench,, .he has ..three self*gb vern fn g.cou tt.lfI?B l't> ««» bvjn?$te practice here and In.- \main internnient > emerging from the Trust'Territory. •''Minnesota. .? Lanhara, '56, .will, preside over- ■ He wa a appointed to the new li'v- "cases similar te the’ ones handled,*v.Judgephip by jdarshaU Isi^d^Prea}* issue, Inouye , .'here bv the circuit caurts and AipAe-K&bua Md his Cabinet mediate court in hUvMS.OOCMtryean? and • confhmed.br.the Parka-; ' By Jerry .Burns w ) , , ‘/.Vw.w-- ; y. v- : postwWch Includes fr^h ou sin g.h ' TOent eanjer.this mwvih.' Aduftixr M M & Editor? ‘/M ^ \ * j*' ' f . ppulatkrti of about35,000> made /' ' -V-V*:;• 'f -;•? i.1*-*__ * - • * ■ . T^e congressional Investigation Into the intern-, ‘menk of Japanese-Am erlcaps/during -World War H has become sidetracked by talk of. monetary -

Lanham's judgeship is renewable < ; n : ^ .Jprem^Court... . V< • ■ .0/yearly,,. . ,V ^ \ Inouye,T_ _ fone V of t the n co-sponsors rttof 4>%Athe tflOTlaw tTrtlftt’-that1 — - '— ------" ' ,set‘*3p the.'congressionar Conunisslori' on JapSnes^American internment,, said the primary IdelGOP^offer^ipi, i issue1 is to establish the historv- ’• cal apd official record of what- *«• :n r»- i -V haririene:d to thousands, of to D.C. ratsers — C \ r •’T f ¥ M if: ; f ' , *• , Japanese-American families The Hawaii - Republican Party nas' come1 up * - durfffg the early period of with an uniisu&l fund-raising idea: It is offering ai/l WorVdWarll . • Chance to fly'to.Washington for a round 6f ac-/ . TbV question of reparations Uvities 'that includes a meeting with President- should come laler, Inouye In­ Eeagan. . . - ' • , '• «' ..= sist^/- Parly Ohalhnan Jphn Carroll said he organized,' Tfie Hawaii senator added, the idea with presidential aide Lyn Nofsiger and- hov^ever,1 that he is not .op-'] residential • appolntmhntj assistant' Gregory;.^J. posfca to the idea of financial ErewelL ' ' •';> reparations in some form. But Inouye For $5,000, about^50-Hawaii, residents can"jota ' thafTIssue is/ really not. as a group that'wiil fly to Washington for meetings - imp§dant,as establi^iing a true account of what-- with top GOP officials, ,a photo session with -the-.-' happened during.the war years, he said, president and a dinner; with , Vice President .- . . Ino.uye’e comaients' came in the wake .of ntrws George Bush.* X : v;s , ■ / - serfjee reports'.On a speech he^ delivered to'a .Also on the achedule/!CarroUriaid,'.'is a special.;„| .synjporium on Japanese, Jntenimejit at.yufts "Chrisunaa” -.tour of the’; White House and. other;-,; Umycrsity’ni Medford, Ma^/pver the weckeni activiUtw/:, ') &.%;•: jy-.v-l 'V '■'/,} :.Thffi5 reports-indicated Inouye was,ppposod to The four-day tour is echeduleq to leave in ,the > financial repārāUonia,"^V: oral week of December,;... • *' i. ;V Not ro.'he said.' Carroll said the trip ia not. restricted to.Repub- - ."It is just like a jury trial,’ he said* ".Before licans. - . v '•;'' •• "- -••• you assess' damages/you have to try the case —'. was there a .w rong^y^ t » •„-'• |^OP W o m e n slate-, "/y» I--.InouyeInouye also suggested ihat Vnoneymoneyjp^ymc^® payments fa? ! f someime cases indymay bbe e .riot ,riot worth askihg'fdr. Some j^bnveiiUoji-Novy.,21.^; j families, lost more than their material posses-' .rior4 he pointed , out In a few cases1 there were The Hawaii State Eederktipn, o7 Eepublicao Women has a ' suldpesand pth'ers^s?w tbd?, careers destroyed.. couple of journalists, a special film on the Reagan admlnistra* . "(n some; cases''maiihg'a monetary, redress' tion, seeches by current.and fdhner'lawmakers and a prize' would be ahndst Insulting, he saidl- ^ /drawing on-the agenda for its 16th biennial convention .N ov.. | Innuye"saM bis .view is that the'blame for the :21 at.the Hale Koa Hotel In/Waikiki, ‘ ' w incaiceratioh.pf Japanese-Afhericaris'rests'not so' I' The convention' luncheon. ia open, to the public .and tickets) much with ^military authorities as with civilian / at;$7^0 each, are .available froth.the Federation' or from olfii^ais.who allowed the program to go ahead. ‘ ;Tverne Saunders, 14 Aulike St. No,-'4, Kailua, Ōahu. lrt; ./. :• 'Among the.events.on ’t$p are presentations by newsmen.' } Jack Hawkins and Joe Hoee; a film on the Reagan edminJsLra* !-Uon narrated by Maureen Reagan; speeches by Rep. Barbara . Marumoto and former Rep^ Richard,."Ike" Sutton; and- ','mementos from.President Resgan, .Vfce‘‘President Bush, Mrs, / Reagan,. Betty Ford and others as door prizes. '; *. • I

,A-o v>eunesuay, iNovember 11, IV61 lae noooiuiu Aum iu*:r | S . f- A» i ! * Reparations not main internment | issue, Inouye says By Jferry Burris Advertiser Politics Editor * v r • The congressional investigation into the intern­ ment; of Japanese-Americans during World War II has become sidetracked by talk of monetary reparations, Hawaii Sen. Daniel Inouye said yes­ terday. Inouye, one of the co-sponsors of the law that set jip the congressional Commission on Japapese-American internment, said the primary ' issue is to establish the histori­ cal |n d official record of what ! happened to thousands of Japanese-American families duritig the early period of World War II. The question of reparations shoqjd come later, Inouye in­ sisted . T$e Hawaii senator added, however, that he is not op­ posed to the idea of financial reparations in some form. But th at, issue is really not as important as establishing a true account of what happened during the war years, he said. Inpuye’s comments came in the wake of news service reports on a speech he delivered to a symposium on Japanese internment at Tufts University in Medford, Mass., over the weekend. Tho§e reports indicated Inouye was opposed to financial reparations. > Not so, he said. / “It is just like a jury trial,” he said. “Before you assess damages, you have to try the case — ; was there a wrcjng?" Inouye also suggested that money payments in some cases may be not worth asking for. Some families lost more than their material posses­ sions; he pointed out. In a few cases there were suicides and others saw their careers destroyed. “Iu some cases making a monetary redress would be almost insulting,” he said. Inouye said his view is that the blame for the incarceration of Japanese-Americans rests not so much with military authorities as with civilian officials who allowed the program to go ahead. Nisei Reparations Fee Is Opposed by Inouye MEDFORD, Mass., Nov. 9 (AP) — Senator Daniel JC. Inouye, Democrat of Hawaii, said yesterday he opposed set­ ting a reparations fee for Japanese Americans who were incarcerated on the West Coast in World War II. “It would be almost impossible to place a price tag on reparations,” he said at the opening of a 10-day public forum at Tufts University on Japanese internment. “It would be insulting even to try to do so.” Mr. Inouye sponsored legislation forming the Cocnmiaskin on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, which is hearing testimony in Washington.

THE NEW YORK TIMES Tuesday, November 10/ 1981 A-17 "Around the Nation" Column Monday, November 9,1981 Honolulu, Hawaii Volume 56, Number 2S& Price 22 Cents WWII internment of Japanese Americans

Back in August* this paper late concentration^ camps, the concentration camps until carving or rocks for decora­ reprinted a commentary by government called the process mid-1945 when they were final­ ting their dwellings with Kiyoaki Murata, Editor of The an innocuous “evacuation” or ly permitted to return to their throughout their sojourn there. Japan Times, about the World “relocation.” Such terms are homes on the West Coast. Therefore, to say “the camps War II internment of Japanese known ;as euphemisms. In sum, Mr. Murata did a were surrounded by. . . .” is Americans. The following The actual purpose of the tremendous disservice to your not accurate. readers by misrepresenting letter was in response to his program was detention. The Even though Poston, one of the truth. The plain fact is that the 10 relocation centers, may article. A copy was sent also to camps were surrounded by barbed-wire fences, guard tow­ Americans of Japanese ances­ have been an exception in this the Hochi. ers. searchlights and armed try were unjustly incarcerated regard, it does not make Mr. Mr. Murata's response, sentries; any inmate who tried by their own country, and in Okamura’s statement the printed in The Japan Times to leave without permission the process lost their liberty, “truth.” October 31, follows the letter. was shot. Indeed, seven in­ property and in some cases, In writing the piece. “The mates were killed by guards their lives. Some sort of re­ Distorted Image,” I was not in­ Disservice to Readers? for “attempted escape.” dress is in order, and it takes terested in making a moral Since citizenship is an impor­ a great nation to admit a mis­ judgment on the wartime epi­ To the Editor: tant consideration in this dis­ take. sode because it is up to the Kiyoaki Murata (“The Dis-, cussion, it should be noted that RAYMOND OKAMURA Americans concerned — both torted Image,” Aug. 21, 1981) the overwhelming majority of Berkeley, Calif. in the government and those may have lived in the United the imprisoned Japanese- * * * “victims” — to make. For one States during the Pacific War, Americans were citizens of the Mr. Okamura says I “did a thing, I do not regard myself but his observations on the United States only. On Dec. 1, tremendous disservice” to our as a “victim” of the relocation mass incarceration of Ameri­ 1924, Japan rescinded the jus readers by “misrepresenting program but rather a “benefi­ cans of Japanese ancestry are sanguinis rule for children the truth.” Such was farthest ciary” from the precious expe­ myopic. Mr. Murata’s sojourn born in the United States. Any removed from my mind. His rience, which I could not pur­ evidently was too short for child bom on or after that date own statements certainly do chase with a billion dollars but him to gain a thorough under­ was not a Japanese national not represent the truth as he which I was able to have by standing of American in­ unless the parents executed a would like to think they do. the sheer coincidence of hav-, stitutions and propaganda tech­ special application at the Japa­ Mr. Okamura makes sweeping ing been on the West Coast of niques. nese consulate (few did); and generalizations like the follow­ the U.S. in early 1942. There­ The fundamental tenet of those born before that date ing: fore, I do not accept Mr. Oka­ American jurisprudence, were allowed to renounce their “The actual purpose of the mura’s charge that my obser­ which Mr. Murata failed to Japanese nationality if they so program was detention. The vations are “myopic.” grasp, is that all people (not desired (most did). As a result camps were surrounded by My only concern was that a just citizens) are entitled to of this change in Japan’s na­ barbed-wire fences, guard tow­ moral judgment must be freedom, and that no person tionality law. only 15 percent ers, searchlights and armed based on facts that are objec­ can be deprived of life, liberty of Japanese-Americans were sentries; any inmate who tried tively collected and examined. or property without due pro­ citizens of both the United to leave without permission KIYOAKI MURATA cess of law (U.S. Constitution, States and Japan in 1942. was shot. Indeed, seven in­ Amendments V, VI, VII, XIV). After one year of forced con­ mates were killed by guards It was this inalienable right to finement, 33 percent of the de­ for ‘attempted escapes. ” freedom which was denied to tainees — mostly young un­ This may have happened at American citizens and per­ married men and women — one relocation center or at sev­ manent residents' of Japanese were eventually paroled for eral. At the Poston War Relo­ ancestry during the conflict outside employment. But this cation Center where I spent with Japan. conditional release did not re­ nine months, however, there Because the U.S. govern­ sult in freedom; instead, it was were no barbed:wire fences. ment realized that imprisoning more analogous to a work fur­ Only for a few days after I people —- especially native- lough from a penal institution. moved in there in August 1942, born Americans — without evi­ The parolees had to period­ I saw one or two MPs posted dence, charge or trial was con­ ically report their activities on the fringe of the camp trary to American legal prin­ and whereabouts to govern­ area. I chatted with one of ciples, the government cam­ ment officials, and had to ob­ them and walked out of the ouflaged the truth by calling tain government approval be­ camp area into the sur­ the incarceration something fore changing jobs or resi­ rounding mesquite forest with­ else. Thus, despite, the fact dences. Such restrictions are out being stopped or shot at. that Japanese-Americans were intolerable to Americans. Most The residents of Poston, in forcibly 4aet*4i»elyvleft Xhebr-barrackS' homes and& unprlsonea in destf- • peopTeshad" to remain in the to look for pieces of wood for I nouye&l nter nmen* £,a nt bea Re oa i dn

’ ■ ■ ’ . ' - '..> •'■• ;•. - •.’.’ ■-: .- ••• , By Gregg’K. KoxesoW. -v "' But Inouye, fa a tdcphoi^iijiervkw im Roosevelt, the secrielaiy ik war and . .. 4>far-Fulteiin Writer , from Los Angelas Internationa] Airport the attorney general, he raid,‘and was ^ 'Vc-‘- -r * ’■ * ' ' * this morning, denied making s u c n 'i opposed by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoov- ZJ$£. Sen. Darnel Inouye said yzstetfai ■. sUtertent in, \' \ :i;r ■ b ';. :•; • vj ,v •.;■ ; among "" . K would be "insulting” and 11‘impossIbie : . i4l have never b ^ opposed Ho repaid £5‘put * price isg.ots what happened to ' . rib e ’ Ipct that these Individuals did - lions*” Inouye said 41 have not changed not act concerns n>e and leads me to the 120,000 Japanese Americans who my position at all", t ?vv ^,-yfj;rii wem forced to give up tbeir homes knd ; ; believe that R can happra again. When businesses and were relocated after ILe . '' rnoiiyfiv%wbov was c« hk way 'fion^ia ■ these men are swept up tiy the time, today to attend the funeral services af . Jheii ^trahge artd evQ tMrgs will bap- surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on Ded - pea”^7.-.' 'V>- »'7v .•- •■■-. • fciM W . * ,v: ^'; -;7-’V •' the Rev. Him KgochV *. friend ^Speafclng at * the opening of a l&l&aj.' and the legendary ehāplkin of the' 442nd ' vCommerding on testimcmy’ list’ week* public forum to ‘Japanese internment * t . . Regirneika] ComDat Team/also critK by.John J. MoClby. the fortocr assistant ■ jufuMMvereity m Medford, Mass^. cized the media for focusing only oij the " $ecreUrT of war who 'ovorsfiW reloca­ In&uye sajd that besides being "almost "reparations aspect of the Internment tion of Japanese Americans and defend* impossible to place a price tag on rep*- \ 1SSB& ? ; ■• ,. •*' .* t‘ ;• .-■■.’••/ • ' : •• ••• ed (heir internment Inouye said HcCtov raUom, it would be insulting even to try "My feeing has always been that’/ii. “ha's served our' country wcH and I denx to do so.” ’ has been higWy imfcrteriate. that aO the wish to be critical of him* but If those . /- The Associated Press reported that reporting has only focused on repara- who have skid this spent but week in an; toouye said {» opposes selling a repara­ ; iiocfc &i«J not on the most Important Internment csmp. they wouldn’t say it" \ tions. fee ';'for ■ tMs Ja p nose Americans-1 ^aspects, such as how • snd.Why such• an ; McCloy called the internment .‘.'ba* who were in c a r c e r a le i/f ....' z /. ■ *. < "• event was allowed to 'occur and tl - the ‘maaeA*.^ ; . 1 ’ actioo was just or unjust . ‘ *T am for something, but j don't know what it & at this poini," ho K'*' \ r’ In’ iJs speech.yesterday*IbeVHawaiL Denwcrat; who lost his light arm while fighting with 442nd. RTC in Europe, s&±.; , “I would thtnV that if I were In m camp . and my mother was strung up. and the». ' ihe govenmwait told m* she Was worth JS06,1 would teE them to v **-^r ^ « r r l - V ^ - » + + 0 *'- * tN THE PAST,- bcSi 'Iiwuj^’and ’Sea. MstsimSf ti .'wbō alto-served iu ' .WorM War -H, support Tor the" ' mires? mdverheht, but retused to fcaa> .'mit themsdm' to Bett.'‘rtooeU®p ,'<»#• peruaSJoo.'1 t ■/■•■■ v ■> -. ī *- v;» J1. In his Tuft» Unlvenrtty speech, Inouye," who sponsored legislation forming the tommiasita co Wartime Relocation and ■ .Intenimeid.-af CWniais/'sl». warded ' tha ti-uncenstltptlonat* detalmneat-vof-. .Arherjcans. could ‘^p e o Jagaid.',i^ ’’Jv " '■. .'Executive Order 9066,'the pHsldeirt&l • bet permitting'irrterhroort of some 12B^ ' 006 • Japanese • Americans: from IMS 4d 1M|, was approved ty. President JVank- Ur*+. Stu - / J ™ - f 1 Why the AJAs Were Relocated Some of the officials involved in the decision to relocate Japanese-Americans from the West Coast during World War II are getting a chance to defend the rationale behind that decision. Karl Bendetsen, a retired Army colonel who administer­ ed the internment programn told the commission investi­ gating the affair that the relocation was necessary for the safety of the AJAs. John McCloy, who was then assistant secretary of war and subsequently U.S. high commissioner in Germany, denied that the relocation was induced by “racial or puni­ tive motives.” McCloy testified that it was “reasonably undertaken and thoughtfully and humanely conducted.” Sen. S.I. Hayakawa has spoken in a similar vein. But the most persuasive defense we have seen came from Tom C. Clark, later a Supreme Court justice. In the preface to a 1976 study of the legal history of the Japanese in the United States, Clark recalled that he was civilian coordinator of the Western Defense Command in the early months of World War II. As such, he wrbte, he received “hundreds of threatening messages against the Japanese community everyday.” He wrote that he had not expected any sabotage from the Japanese community on the West Coast and saw little strategic justification for the relocation. Rather, the final decision was “based on the physical dangers then facing 110,000 people of Japanese descent then living in California, Oregon and Washington.” It seems unlikely that a fully accurate picture of the reasons for the relocation can be achieved 40 years after the fact. There does seem to be reason to question the easy conclusion that it was totally a pandering to anti-Japanese sentiment. Whatever the motivation, there is general agreement that the relocation was a mistake that resulted in great and - avoidable hardship for many thousands of Japanese-Ameri­ cans. ’*7*. * ’’ .,V< FgbfttWd bf Gormtt Pedfk Corporcrtkm " ••? -:Vto: W ’ ■ Why the AJAs * (' CHINN HO, CKAMMAN . ' t . AtlXAM H I ATHIUTON, «M w n t Woro Relocaied ' m ill»T. 4»»tANiLIA,n«USHEt . / ^ V \ s *. r* « .» if *1 V, f ' • • , ’ ‘ ' 1 , ^ T . Some of the official» involved in the decision to relocate’ i JOHN I. SIMONM A. A. »MT*iB Y. :f% tWHIItn Utagr tdfrw, EdftarM *0911 . *■'' . ^ ' Japanese-Arocricaiis from the West, Coast during World. War U are getting'a chance to defend the rationale behind .5.1 ' •. <- •: -■ ■ .«* • ". , ; *■*".— /, m' j* m '* ’ r ■ r fi ■ « n> • ■ 4 -• ' a lUtHmni «d CjrtrtM* 01# AwWari **qr*njVv trfthjn# illl'K otmi» SparK. that decision:. ..’j; ^ • *. : - . n cWfufi I*k Fraakftlf ami Carl XImo w n l a i*#"" Autttorw W*dHW Pogpu' 1 Karl Bendetsen, a retired Axmy colonel who administer­ V ■ j.". - "s-i . 1 . ■ 's.:.*.*'- , ed the toternment program»» told the commission investi­ JPubfffMI at 403 KapWbni taifarard HorelUki; HmoS ««*116*13 3 . ..W v .tfr. gating the affair that lJw:relocation was necessary for the i'K- •* '•/ y • ’v Safety of the A JA i.-, ’ M* Mdgy, WuvwiAnr A. 1 ^R1 «#>■ •t. .John McCloy^ who.was then asslstant secreUuy oX war^ and subsequently U.S. high commiesioner. in^Gerrhauy,, : .> .^ s .:• denied that'the relocation was induced by ^racial.or punt;- rtive motives.**,. McCloy testified that it waif *'reasonably • Keeping the Senate undertaken and thoughtfully arW^uman^y'conductedi’iis'li.' . Sen. S.I. H aya^w a has spoken in a simQ'ar vein/ : i .Coalition Operating r But the^lmo^'^pe^uaslve defense we have seen . came ^ :_r, ...... i-.V.V . • * j ; " ' V:'" ; .-7T. v from ’Tom C: Cl^fc*lat®r a Supreme Court justicOv Two of Hawaii’s leading politicians arc playinfr.». little ’’ In the preface a 1978,study of the legal history o f the ^ Japanese in the /United Siates, Clark recalled that be was . , game wtth the voters: • -■,■•,■ ■■- . v - :/. • Although he Is a candidate for governor in all but name, civilian coordinator of the Western Defense Command: InA state Sen. D.G. “ Andy” Anderson is going to put off a the.early month's of World War IL V, » ‘ ' ;. * formal announcement of his candidacy until the 1982 legis­ As such,-he wrote, he received "himdreds of threatening - lative session ends in April...... , y v; ^ \ . messages against the Japanese community every day.” He . 'This will permit Sen. Richard Wong to continue playing, wrote that he’ had not expected any sabotage from the; ball with Anderson on Wong*s term« and keep the -Japanese community on the -West Coast and saw little ' Democratic-Republican coalition alive. That, Incidentally, strategic justification .for'the relocation. .Rather, the final • decision was’ •“based' bn "the physical dangers then facing 110,000 people of Japanese descent then living in California, Oregonai>dWashington^* ■ ■>“• . . _ nominee fo?: governor, who will probably,be George It. seems unlikely that a fully accurate ‘picture of the Ariyoahi, and that be cannot continue to cooperate with the reasons for.the relocation can be'achieved 40 years after . Senate Republicans after Anderson becomes a declared the fact. There does seem to be reason to question the easy candidate. ;• •' conclusionThat it was totally a pandering to anti^Japanesc fjtl&M hr rather slily, because Wong obviously considers . eentim'ent.Vry''"f^y?/.i«v? ;-i • • • l_A,r; Anderson to be a candidate now and an announcement will Whatever, the; motivation! -there' Is" general;;agreement.. be just a formality. ' '5 - '<’**; :7i '.-y‘ 'III that the relocation .Was a mistake that resulted in great and * Party labels don’t mean much in Hawaii' any more, and avoidable hardship for many thousands of Japatiese-Ameri-T we doubt that anyone wilt be upset by Wong's.position, But cans. We hope no one takes this charade seriously.: - •; '■ ;R'onnder .v ■ of 442nd 'internee tangle at . . -.e- * v ' ; . . \ - . ' Relocation he airing- "Mfa -p, /)-/?. ■ . . ■ . ■ /By WeftTcy G. Pippert jectcd, considering a]J ihe’exlgencie* ‘Untied P rtfi Tntcrn&tlona} , to which b number did share in the way of retribution for the stleck on I .WASHINGTON — A sharp coo- Pearl H2tbor/fc v \ . ^fiDntsiion between & World War 11 Grimacing in apparent disbelief, frccirpont of a Japanese Internment MarutHni B$k’cd Lhe court reporter to |esmp and one of the men who plan­ rē?d back what McCloy had said. . ned the. relocation program yester­ McCloy conceded he didn't Ilke to day interrupted a R earin g of the use the word "■retribution/' ^Commission on Wartime Relocation, , ‘Tm trying to determine what f .‘WLIHam M ^rulam , the fo rm e r happened, whst went through peo­ JdC eupeot who now is a Pennsylvania pled .minds and what motivated ‘Cohimon pleas court. Judge aDd a them," Manitnni said. . ’ ' tmember of ,the sjom mission, inter* McCloy said "that December day Jrupted the testimony of John J. ... . caused disruption Ln all our /McCloy, former assistant secretary lives/1. . ■-* .... : > : 4m arfd a key official in the relocation ‘ '•'It Jsn€i feasible, for us now, 40.; program...... years efier lhe act, to redistribute ; McCloy V testimony'reFlected his the damages,*1 he said. , belief fhfct the occupants suffercd'nq The confrontation provided one of more than any other Americans the most dramatic exchanges in the from World War 11, ^nd at one point commission's five-month inquiry Indicated the internment was a H>rm'-,inl0 the relocation of .120,000 Japa- ofnf■"ffLrihutlnn1* "retribution** for the JapaneseJansnfrxe at­at- ncse residents snd citizens into tack. : V ' ’ camps filler Pearl Harbor, One VJI da'noi think the Japanese- more day of hearings is scheduled in Americans were unduly subjected to New York.. , - distress/' $sid McCloy, who at 87 Is Former, Supreme Court Justice Ar­ still in active law practice on Wall thur Goldberg, a Jew,, and former Street. He made several references Sen. Edward Brooke,R-Mass.,' a Id the Japanese attack od Pearl Httr-' black, asked McCloy whether racism 1 boron Dee.?, 1S41, calling it "ā das-^ wa$ involved in the decision Id relcK • lordly thing that affqefed us all/' ^cate. McCloy'insisted U was not. 1 >"We were at! victim s," he said. l'* V The decision made by President - „ ^He was Interrupted by Marutani/ Franklin D. Roosevelt, War Seere- . who shouted the question: "W hat tary Henry Stimsoo and Attorney' j olher^Americans fought for this General Francis Biddle, said, country while their parents, brothers •'was real statesmanship." and sisters were incarcerated?" i*'It sends me up wall when I .- /.McCloy called it "fatuous . . v 40* hear someone suggest we ought to" ypsrs later . . , to sit here in this apologize for what wo did," McCloy marble hall and aay this might have said, \ ' 1 Wen done this way or that/* i. / N\ visited those camps . ✓ . I saw ."Is there not some distinction be- ^ the solicitude," Me£loy said, Insist- tween serving your country —•'’ ks* - ing several times that the comps- you did — and being stigmati2ed?" were.conducted in a "compassion-eornpasfcion- Goldberg asked. “* * . 1* ajc, benign way/* x . "Wc didn't brand Ihem as disloyal. --/.‘That's not ’the point," Marutftni We said there is a danger to you and safd, and referred to the many Japa­ to its. The people oh Iwo Jima suf-. nese Americans who served heroi­ . fered, too," McCloy said.- % * V cally in the war while their families McCloy charged that Japanese as­ w£rc incarcerated in tile camps. - sociations, public relations and legal McCloy, who noted that he estab* firms had been hired to "create a lljhed the Nisei 442nd Combat Team ease that hasn't entirely taken into that became the most decorated account the other side end all the American outfit in 'te’ war. said he distress that has arisen as a result of didn't like the word "incarcerated." that attack." ? ‘ .if"Well, all right. Behind barbed “ When you take a good look’ at this wrne fence*/* Marulani said. thing, you realize the people .who .^McCloy, his voice rising» replied: made the decisions made them with ^it*s unpossible to make ^n equal a constant realization they had re* distribution (of the suffering). You sponsibLHly for the security of the ciiVtdoft/ 1 ., , • bountry, and they did It in a compas-. rMarufanJ started to re p ly but sionate, benign way," McCloy said. McCloy persisted: " I don't think the "This Is a thing we ought to let fv j o ■tfFormenOfficial Defends internmet conditions permitted.” •. > missioner of a defeated Tier many, ed out. ./ : * n $ In fact, he sold, tn retrospect he J He played a key role In the Intern- * "It was heartbreaking to wiine ^ has the Impression "that on the meat of the Japanese-Americans the cooperation of hum an'being* in ~ WASHINGTONAPI — Former, whole the decoucentratiotr of 'the* and native Japanese living on the preparation* for ihelr disposal, • be diplomat John J. McCloy, who * Japanese population and its bedlstrK West Coasts . / said. ^Loud expressions of rage and P^yed a kay role.in the relocation of., Yesterday, an official who played despair would have been a relief.. - people of Japanese .ancestry in' butioa throughout the country result­ ed In their finding a healthier-and ~ a small, unwilling role bi the relocar a The quiet acceptance of injustice World War II, defended Uieir uproot- tion said the experience was a was unnerving/' . iqg today as "reasonably undertaken more advantageous environment than they would have Had on the' wretched one that he hated. and thoughtfully, and humanely con­ West Coast following the Pearl Har­ " Laurence 1. Hewes was director of-" ' ' MEWES DESCRIBED the mood in ducted /', . . bor attack and the reports of Japa* the western region ol a New Deal" California, where 110,000 people of SMcCloy, BT, who still practices law v nese atrocities 3m the Philippines and small farmers' agency,\the Farm *•. Japanese descent lived, in the day*/ * •' iq New York City, testified before, • Security AdminUtratlon, when the * after war broke out. the Commission on .Wartime Heloea-’ : the Southwest Pacific/' • A COMMISSION member, William .Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. He At fln t, he said, nothing hap- tljm and Internment of Civilians, Marutanl, who is a Pennsylvania "was assigned the job of moving which Is investigating the resettle­ pened, but then came word that a ment of 120,000 Japanese and judge and who was Interned for a Japanese and Japanese-American unit of the California National Guard m time In a relocation camp, argued farmers in California to 10 resettle­ from Salinas, Calif., had been wiped Japanese* Am erica m following the with McCloy after he said that ment camp* in the interior. attack on Pearl Harbor. out in the fighting at Corregkior and^jp • Japanese-Americans were not "There is something Kaffcaeeque public opinion took a sharp turn. y * McCloy disputed the view that the ■ "unduly subjected to the distress of tn the evil of such an assignm ent/' episode constitutes a blot on Ameri­ the war.1* Hewes said today In testimony pre­ "Practically all political leader/ ijj can history. Asked Marubeni: MWhat other pared for the commission, comm is- ' ship Joined the antbJapanese cru- • "There has been, in my judgment, Americans, Mr. McCloy, fought lor ,sioned by Congress lo consider j flade/’ He we* - said in hi* written at times a spate of quite Irresponsi­ this country'while their parents, whether financial redress b owed testimony, ’ . * • • ♦ ble comment to the. effect that this brothers and sisters were Incarcer­ the Internment camp survivors and "One after the other they com­ wartime move was callous, shame­ ated?'’ their heirs. "Everything was so^ peted in vocal support of those who ful and induced by racial or punitive "1 don't like the. word Incarcerat­ quiet and orderly. claimed that our Japanese neighbors motives/’ he said, MIt was nothing of e d /1 McCloy replied; "A field office In an Exclusion were a clear and present threat/* he the sort/’ ...... "Weil/* Marutani said, '"behind Area (which the evacuees had to said. * ;* He said he hoped the commission barbed wire fences/’ ^ leave) Had tba outward appearance . California Attorney General Earl will share with him the conclusion McCloy was assistant secretary pf of normalcy. Evacuees sat quietly : Warren, later to become chief jus­ that the resettlement program was war at the lime World War II start- beside desks; soberly answering / tice of the United States, led the o*U 4!bj benignly.' conducted .as wartime "ed and later beta ma the high com­ . questions as an official form was fill ­ for anti-Japanese measures, be said/ 2 o f >; day, November 2, 1981 2/% \*elocated I '< ••• :‘jl I - tor jf ‘«TTI\l heir • ' #

• 2 W . V y > , F & f iA L C '? > 9 Ī / - , I,- > ’ . .IS. .» ■ '' *. •! -• ■ '• ’: •- ■ v ^ - n i V ■ ' current etind&rde what/was’done in ’ Pacific coast <- as they welJ could - ■ ■ By Mlfee fecwllhef (d'm thooe .‘ienze, explosive and trying have — that petsons (of Japanese WASHINGTON (A ^ ’v- A former.: time$M.and added that’Kc would find, ‘ descent) would have had an easy • time regardless of their feelings of Army officer foday defended the., the incident h&rd,to believe if be h&d K forced relocetton ot 120,000 people of.', not been there himself. ‘ '• • ’ *■ remaining loyal to the United r Japanese descent in World War 11 ,-b&| • . But. he said that. In the early, States,” Bcndetsen testified.’ ’■ ' - • essential for their own well-being: it», months of the war, with Japan ,seor-.* light of American, hostility and the ing .one,' Pacific .'.victory &fter'6n6tb* DRESSED IN A brown suit, he sftt threat of an invasion of the .West • er/ a Japanese invasion of the' ■ i t a witness Ubte before the com­ Coast by Japanese forces... ; ,•*• United States appeared likely, and

*. *- other wltncsnea, Sen* 8.-I» KayakawjC Even then» he sam, the Army took R-Calif-ritold the commission in Ab* pains not to mistreat the Japanese^- gust that such'proposals made h lf; "We made special arrangement "flesh crawl with shame and emba^. aboard the train* for their protection raiment//** :3 and for their"reasonable comfort and A citizen of Canada during'thd health/’ he said- ■ “ ' war. Ifayakawi suggested the Japa- r»F N nrVftPM . t.-^ T T had to be relocated for .their * SAID that Booae-. pwn protectlW v iō M * m i ū ^ _ \ ( f - yeU• J . & __ *}£ ,4 j . W3* r intended" Bendetsen said critics must cob-,11?**? /5. ^ *■* slder the atmosphere of the day and v i f*?* *? sai?’ ^ Pufposeww$t argued that the Japanese were treat- } ° Vjem ^ country’* In* edhumancly* . v .'V . *•/Hi . j ■ theni free, to raiie : With reports coming in from.tfie £veir famthes, school their children, conquered Philippines of Japanesif^1^ ■?? 0r Into'business brutality toward captured* American * ‘ """I;1 wlux *rom reruns soldier* and civilians, be about Japanese feeling was Intense, parties r/®.re5f independently, .;;** ulerly in'the West Coast Mates, Vip*‘ fence was near at hand*” •. J;: Commission Hearings Probe Reparation for Japanese-American WWII Internment. (1981). American Bar Association Journal, 67, 1439-1442. Thurtdoy, October 15, 1981 Honolulu Siar-Bulletin D-3 Ethnic and Racial Labels Arp Tricky Things to Deal WithPf By Sharon Bibb with a range of labels, from African “ They assigned names for them­ I studies professor at University of skinned Americans prior to the ’60s no doubt continue, with little hope pC^ to Negro. reaching a consensus. There is sim-.v 'V- Gannett News Service selves.” j California at Berkeley. He added Asian American doesn’t relate A grandmother of Chinese ances­ Racial groups have rejected some i that ethnic terms do more than iden­ to anything cultural. It’s just a po­ ply no pat answer. , j; Some ethnic and racial labels are try calls herself Oriental, but her ethnic terms simply because those tify a particular culture; they serve litical handle. Within the Japanese But people like Takaki, whose jobs ; recognized by all who hear or say grandson may take offense if you labels were not of their own choos­ ; a political purpose as well, community, they have come up with bring them in regular contact with ' . them as slurs. call him that. A Mexican American ing i “ In fact, (playwright) Frank Chin a word comparable to black or racial minorities of different genera- ,v! But in these changing times, memf- may refer to his people as Hispan- YET EVEN the more recent terms icalls himself a Chinaman,” he Chicano — Nikkei. The term means tions and backgrounds, often choosf'.^v bers of racial and ethnic minorities ics, but many Chicanos would disa­ appear caught in limbo, compounded | noted, “ It’s like Sgokely Carmichael Japanese American. their terms according to the o cc ij may be offended by what those in gree with him. A Cherokee Indian by the gaps of generation and as­ {taking 'black' and adding militancy “ Hiere has yet to be a term to sion — addressing young L a tin o s '«s‘K v the majority (or other minority might prefer to be labeled by tribe, similation. ■jto it.” come up for Chinese Americans. Chicanos and older ones as Mexican groups) call .them although no of­ not as an Indian* ” 1 think what has happened fat the ) Takaki prefers the term Asian They used to call themselves China­ Americans. ~ “ fense is intended. “ Racial minorities did something last 15 years has been a reflection of | American to Oriental. men,.but it was a word made into a “ No one’s going to be happy, actu­ For "instance, Americans of A fri­ in the ’60s and ‘70s that was unprece­ the importance of labels and their f “ ’Oriental* is comparable to derogatory term by the white ally," Takaki acknowledged. “ I can descent often are referred to as dented in this country,” noted Ben relationship in terms of identity.” ' ’Negro,’” Tong said. " It ’s a term/ media.” guess you have to ask yourself what v blacks. Yet they refer to themselves Tong, a San Francisco psychologist. taid Dr. Ronald Takaki, an ethnic that white people assigned to yellow. The debate over ethnic terms will is the most neutral term.”

R o• ALA MOANA b • DOWNTOWN in s ALA MOANA ONLY ^ ONLY $1.89 • FtAAULIDOC • WINDWAU) CITY Blusttl • KIM CHOW DOWNTOWN K M T JT. *UU Reg. $2.89 ptustaz Sals Pries Good 1* SIDEWALK Fru, Oct U »0(1 f 2 DAYS ONL S a l, Oct. 17 only FRIDAY and SATURDAY ALA MOANA CENTER c * I ci Anderson, H. (1981, October 7). Japanese-Americans Deserve Compensation - Ex-Camp Boss. South Pasadena Review, pp. 1-2. Compensation for Internees °/e/e\ Editorial in the Chicago Sun-Times Sfc M S '

FINALLY, after nearly four dec­ of whom were American citizens, deem the debt for the spiritual arid ades, it’s on the official record: the were rounded up in 1942 and intern­ emotional damage done to Am eri­ painful story of how 120,000 ed behind barbed wire, most of them cans by other Americans. And fair ^Japanese-Americans were lawlessly for the duration of World War II. payment for property losses, though imprisoned by other kinds of hyphe­ They lost homes, farm s, busi­ justified, is out of the question, given nated Am ericans in one of ithe most nesses — whatever they could not our ravaged economy. '.shameful episodes of this country’s carry or sell out at giveaway prices E ven the $3 billion proposed Vby history. ; to the Caucasian scavengers among one Japanese-American organization Two days of testimony in Chicago whom they had lived ak neighbors. — $25,000 to each of the internees or closed out hearings held in six cities And they lost what money can’t re­ their heirs — is unaffordable. The by the Commission on W artim e place — families, cajreers, self-es­ iSad tru th is. t h a t '$25,000 is n o t Relocation and Internment of Civil­ teem, liberty./ ’f «enough, arid $3 billion is too much: ians. And the commissionershave , '• - ft Less clear is what a now-remorse- Still, the nation must pay people^ [scattered to ponder the report , they ful nation should do aibout “ redress something to acknowledge the I* (must submit to Congress by .Jan. 15. and reparations.” But we agree with wrongs done them. And hold out ' i The facts are dear: Studs Terkel, who testified that enough, perhaps in a scholarship \ In gross violation of -more than “ some dough should Ije involved. It fund, to keep alive the lesson that half the articles of the Bill'of Rights, can’t just be an ‘I’m sorry, dear.' ” the freedom Americans hold sacred | the Japanese-Americans,^ two-thirds Yet no amount of mpney could re- is very fragile. / Racism in Disguise A recurring theme of writers of letters to the editor who oppose the internment restitution issue raised by Japanese-Americans is racism in varying disguises. Since such an. attitude . is easily recognized by alert editors and rea­ soning citizens, one wonders why the seers of the editorial page are so ,selective, opportunistically reprint­ ing tasteless letters and helping to I perpetuate the discrimination of a minority.. To the narrow minds of American authorities during World War II be­ longs the everlasting discredit for hostage-taking on a grand scale. Under the powerful intimidation of the United States/ countries in the Western Hemisphere were urged to round up and ship to the United States all Japanese—even those who could not be remotely classified as Japanese in political or physical senses—for use as bargaining chips. (Was there a psychological relation­ ship, guilt, remorse, or worse, with the leadership's inaction against i Hitler's final solution?) ‘ The weak or opportunistic nations did so. The same mind-sets of the 1980s would have held all Iranians in America hostage for the return of ours held by the Khomeini regime. If editors can see the senseless­ ness of holding West , Germans hos­ tage ;as.we .might attempt to make East ^Germany more compliant to our wishes, of taking South .Koreans into protective custody so as to force North Korea into a more cooperative posture, or of the neuroses we suf­ fered in Vietnam over our attempt to confront the Viet Cong among “friendlies,” why is it so difficult for 6 The Hawaii Herald Friday, October 2, 1981 Former POW reflec

Hikoshin Toguchi and fellow Okinawan ex-POWs look out over caneflelds to where the prison camp Honouliuli used to be. Wihen Hikoshin Toguchi first came to Hawaii Hawaii. Okinawa. 36 years ago, it was as a prisoner of war. Last month, When the ship came to Hawaii, Toguchi said they On this return to Hawaii, Toguchi said, he is he returned as part of a delegation of 32 Okinawans, were first taken to Honouliuli. After a short time happy to be back and to be able to see the places all former POWs, who decided to return and see the there, h&said he was taken to a site on Sand Island. where he once was incarcerated. It has no bad old sites where they were held captive. On a tour bus memories for him. And although he said he could ride to Honouliuli and Sand Island, he reminisced Toguchi said that life here was good considering not recognize any sites on Sand Island—he said about his days as a POW. he was a prisoner. The food was plentiful and there there were no trees back then and only remembers were things to do to keep busy. At Sand Island, he Toguchi said he was still in school when he was en­ the view of the mountains and the Aloha Tower— explained, the prisoner would get sent out of the- listed into the Japanese army in 1945. He said he be­ and couldn’t see any of what might have remained of camp to work. He said he worked doing things like came a helper for gunners that fired at U.S. planes Honouliuli some where across fields of sugar cane cutting grass or picking up garbage at such places as flying overhead. But after three months, he said, he from the vantage point near the highway, he still Fort Ruger and Fort Armstrong. He said the pri­ was captured and soon found himself on,a U.S. ship. feels good about being here. He said once the tour soners worked six days a week, eight hours a day. with the group is over he wants to go out on his own, Toguchi said he thought that he and the other And, he continued, when they came back to the and try to see the places where he worked while a pri­ prisoners on board would be killed at some point in camp at around 5:30 or when it was Sunday, they soner of war. He said he liked to see Fort Ruger, time. Even after five days when the ship docked in would spend their time sleeping, playing ping-pong Fort Armstrong and the place in Kalihi where he Saipan, he said he only “half-believed” the person or cards and learning English, if they wanted to, was held after Sand Island before he went back to who told him and the others that they were going to from a POW who was an English teacher in Okinawa. World War II Internment Recently, you published an ac- eount of the appearance of Studs Ttrkel, hoted map-about-Chicago, before a groups of Americans of Japanese ancestry who feel that )they are owed financial reparations for their detainment in relocation , e^mps following the Dec. 7. 1941. at­ tack on Pear! Harbor. 1 honestly do not know why good ole Studs should be considered ex­ pert testimony but he sure told the group what they wanted to hear. fh his remarks, good ole Studs nbied that Americans of Italian or Gdfiman ancestry weren't held in dttMtion camps. Hut then he failed to note several profound differences between the Japanese-Americans and the Ameri­ cans of Italian or German descent. , fed instance, Italians and Germans j teijded to blend into the American 'iHguistream and» of course, their ' Nflflons were long established in II* United State*. On the other hand, the Japanese Uiei, for the most part, disdained tte. English language, lived in J spa­ ngle enclaves, clung to the Japanese customs and culture add the Shinto religion which deified their emperec, I beikve the Japanese unity o!T Church snd state and the Japanese s propensity for educating their chil- \dren in Japan were really the key t«$lbn engendering distrust in the Alndrican psyche. Good ole Studs also failed to note thst other than some sparring a«dU«d between American destroy­ ers and German submarines in the kfcrth Atlantic, during October 1941, thnjhpefm heavy stuff until after Q lm any and Italy formally de- ckred war en the United States. In sharp contrast. Imperial Japan stfjiiek a devastating sneak attack on Pearl Harbor without the formality Of declaring war. Only someone who livbd through those days in our coun­ try can realise the tremendous im­ pact of pee. 7, 1941, upon the aver­ age American . mentality already shaken by “stories*; of the Nazi Fifth Column in our midst. T.ant in no way attempting in this lePcr to justify the relocation of AJAp to detention camps. For me. tfcg action of my government in this matter was inexcusable and indefen­ sible. A* an American Citizen who lived igh the horrendous d ay s of War II, and spent three years lat Ume as a Combat infantry- Ibe South West Pacific am Attempting in my own bumbi^Svay to address some of the Sftemistllg circumstances which no oiii'eiae inwpur editorial page seems to have touiiiad upon. U good ole^&ids Terkel still main­ tains that the%)temment of AJAs was “racist,V„J[ suggest that he be relocated—to a rubber room in the Funny Farm . Jack H. AUen COMMISSION ON WARTIME RELOCATION AND INTERNMENT OF CIVILIANS

726 JACKSON PLACE. N.W. □ SUITE 2020 □ WASHINGTON. D.C. 205Q6 □ 202/395-7390

For Additional Information Issued Sept. 28, 1981 Contact: Bill Wise 202 342-7052 For Immediate Release Sue Wrenn 202 342-7053

MACBETH NAMED CWRIC SPECIAL COUNSEL

Mr. Angus MacBeth, a partner in the Washington, D.C. law firm of Bergson,

i Borkland, Margolis & Adler, has been named special counsel of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Commission Chairperson Joan

Z. Bernstein announced today.

Mr. MacBeth, who will assume his duties at the commission immediately, served in the U.S. Department of Justice as a Deputy Assistant Attorney General from 1979 to 1981. Earlier he served as Chief, Pollution Control Section of the Land and

Natural Resources Division of the Department of Justice from 1977 to 1979. From

1975 to 1977 Mr. MacBeth was Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern

District of New York and from 1970 to 1975 he served as staff attorney of the

Natural Resources Defense Council in New York City. He also’served as a law cierk i to the Honorable Harold R. Tyler, Jr., Judge of the U.S. District Court of the

Southern District of New York from 1969 to 1970.

A member of the New York and District of Columbia bars, Mr. MacBeth also

serves on the Board of Directors of the Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, as

a member of the Atomic Energy and the Environmental Law Committees of the New

York City Bar Association, and as a member of the Executive Committee, section on

environmental law, of the New York State Bar Association.

Mr. MacBeth received his B.A. from Yale College summa cum laude in 1964, attended

Oxford University as a Henry Fellow in 1965, was a Carnegie Teaching Fellow at Yale

University in 1966, and received his LLB from Yale Law School in 1969.

(MORE) ADD-1 MacBeth

"The commission is fortunate to obtain the services of someone with the

experience and the established leadership qualities of Angus MacBeth," said

Ms. Bernstein. "His investigative experience and his strong analytical and legal

skills will be of tremendous value as the commission completes the hearing process

and the preparation of a report and recommendations for the president and the

congress.11

The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians was established

by the congress last year to examine the facts, and circumstances surrounding the

relocation and detention in remote camps of approximately 120,000 Japanese American

citizens, resident aliens and Aleut natives during World War II/

Mr. MacBeth said he intends to focus immediately on the compilation of references

of reparation and restitution precedents in order to advise the commission on the

critical issues of redress.

"The commission has been charged by the congress with the difficult task of

recommending appropriate redress for those who were unjustly relocated and

incarcerated," MacBeth said. "It must be dealt with in the context of sound legal

history and precedent." Campbell, C. (1981, September 27). Leading U.S. Jews to Explore Painful Holocaust Questions. The New York Times, pp. 1, pp. 40. MAUI NEWS f /• * r~ e r D i» bSf SEK. ;sCtti0B^2&i..SSSS8^

By LEE IMADA “ They wanted to punishes, it was not oniy prejudice." Staff Writer Nakamura said forcefully “They wanted to be mean to us. They treated us like animals." A ILU K U — He had just made the last payment on a Nakamura and his family lived in smelly horse stalls in W $100,000 loan in that fall of 1941. a Los Angeles race track for six months, before they were The years of sweat and hard work as a produce man take to Topaz camp in Utah. paid off; the master lease on the supermarket was his. There in the dusty Utah desert. Nakamura and his Now. he could sit back and watch his investment grow*. family lived for almost three years, like prisoners of a 4‘I figured I could retire in 10 to 15 years. I could retire a war in a nation that called them their citizens. m illionaire," said the man. then 40 years old. In 1945, the government released them with $25 in their Then came that day of “ infam y/’ Dec. 7. 1941. The pockets, ordering them to go east of the camp — not west Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. In the days and months to their former homes. Nakamura settled in Chicago, to follow, the U.S. government restricted his travel. Cur- where he ran a night club and bar before retiring in 1962. few’s w^ere set He is now 80 years old. living with his wife in Waikapu. Finally, his assets — including that supermarket lease playing golf everyday. There is no mansion on the hill, no he worked so hard to purchase — w’ere frozen by the millions to spend as Nakamura had hoped. Unlike other government. Americans, the government took aw*ay his one chance, With that government order w’ent his chance for finan­ leaving him to contemplate the “ what ifs " for the rest of cial success. It crumbled with the government s his life. earthshaking order. There wouid no more chances in his Nakamura w ill go to his grave confident that he lifetime to make that million. He was “ wiped out.” “ could’* have made that million dollars All because Harry Nakamura w’as of Japanese descent. Most Americans would not deny this man s right to The final straw came wrhen the government interned reparations. Most would sympathize with him and him and his family in a concentration camp. In the spring chastise the government for its unjust actions While of 1942, he and some 110,000 other Japanese ethnics w7ere some could ralionize this travesty of freedom as an act forced from their homes — ea rn in g only what could fit in necessary to insure victory over the Japanese enemy, few’ two suitcases — and herded into temporary quarters, could condone the action, especially when they consider then on to one of 10 concentration camps. that German- and Italian-Americans were not interned

Harry Nakamura * pho*°b»L~ ,~ d* * ir2 5F* samon s r i««!SsaiK3LI3:«GannnnHBHHHHnKi ~ v jrj?m Was it an act of the U.S. government to protect or to subordinate freedom?

So what kinds of reparation would be appropriate for to study the psychological affects of internment or to pay people like Nakamura*7 for the pain and suffering caused by the “unjustified ac­ This question is currently being addressed by a U.S. tions.” Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of “There were suicides. Dreams were shattered. That » Civilians. The federal commission, which is traveling kind of injury’ can never be erased,” he said. I around the country holding hearings, will review the facts But, it may be too late to repay the debt to those w’ho of the internment of Japanese-Americans and determine suffered most, counter those against monetary7 repara­ whether any reparations are justified. tions. The bread winners and property owrners in their 30s This won’t be the first time this issue of reparations has and 40s during the internment would now be in their 70s been debated on the federal level. Three times the U.S. and 80s. And many have passed on. Supreme Court upheld President Roosevelt's right to in­ Elderly internees in general would rather forget about tern Japanese-Americans. these “painful” and “personal” days in the camp than But those extraordinary wartime powers, wiiich gave seek reparations. When asked about the days of intern- | the president the legal right to imprison Americans who ment, the wife of a Hawaii internee closed her eyes and had committed no crime, was repealed in 1974 by Presi­ shook her head, saying that the subject brings back pain­ dent Ford. ful memories that she would rather forget. ‘'We now know what we should have known then — not These people, the ones who were adults when the in­ only was the evacuation wrong, but Japanese-Americans ternment orders were carried out, are the ones who J were and are loyal Americans,” said President Ford. deserve monetary compensation, said a Maui woman, in- I Since the war, the U.S. government has repaid a small terned as a teen-ager with her family. She believes, portion of the debt — some $38 million in 1948, a mere 8 however, that they should seek reparations individually, percent of the total amount of property lost. Total losses receiving a just amount, rather than handing a lump sum by Japanese-Americans were estimated at $400 million. to all internees. But the solution to this question of reparations is not But under current statute of limitations laws, this easily derived. The split in the Japanese-American com­ group may have a problem obtaining reparations in­ munity on this subject can attest to that. dividually, according to Lawrence Kumabe, Hawaii On one side are those arguing for monetary repara­ deputy attorney general and a member of the Japanese tions. Their controversial proposal calls for each victim American Citizens League of Hawaii. This problem can of internment to be paid $25,000 by the government — a be remedied by the commission, he added. total of some $3 billion — for civil rights violations, lost Persons interned as children do not deserve repara- * income, psychological and social damages and property tions, the woman added. They, unlike Nakamura, had the losses. opportunity to rebuild their lives because they lost very On the other side are Japanese-Americans who support little property. symbolic or token reparations, such as an apology from The experience made “lots of us a lot better persons,” the government. The latter group wants the nation to she added, saying that the relocation experience broke up remember this breach of civil rights during World War II, close-knit Japanese communities and scattered their peo­ hoping that the episode will prevent this nation from ple across the country. repeating a mistake. “We would have never known about life on the outside Nakamura believes that the U.S. government should (of the Japanese community),” she said, noting further literally pay for its mistake. Compensation for property that the experience taught many youngsters the value of losses is mainly what he’s after. an education. “I deserve monetary compensation, not a promise that Sen, S.I. Hayakawa, R-Calif., made similar statements, it won’t happen again,” said the former internee. arguing that the internment camps helped pump Nakamura said he lost over $100,000 in property due to the Japanese-Americans into the mainstream of American internment, but he’ll take the $25,000. life. In calling the movement for compensation “absurd” “Because we lost money, it’s just like a debt.” said the and “riduculous,” the Canadian-born politician and for­ stocky, white-haired man. “The government owes us.” mer university administrator argued that Japanese- Although he claims hat he is not bitter about the intern­ Americans were relocated to protect them from ment, Nakamura did complain vehemently about pre­ vigilantes. judice toward the Japanese-Americans. He said that Hayakawa added that most of the people arguing for Japanese-Americans today don’t have “that much reparations are younger members of the Japanese com­ power,” that people think Japanese-Americans are “still munity born after W7orld W7ar II. Japs.” Nakamura took issue with Hayakawa, calling him a “They're all anti-Japanese,” he said. “ traitor to his race.” An apology is not enough, says Nakamura, because “He (Hayakawa) never wrent in the camp. He never lost “money is everything.” a nickel,” said Nakamura. But getting that money from the government will be Opponents of monetary reparations also despise the the difficult, especially with the tight Reagan budget. Sen. idea of groveling before the government for money. They Daniel Inouye, D-Hawaii, cited the $25,000 payment as a would rather see a public apology from the government or major stumbing block. setting aside money for research grants on the causes and “I'm not suggesting that $25,000 is too much or too lit­ effects of the internment camp on Japanese-Americans. tle.” he said recently. This faction is also afraid that talk of monetary repara­ “You can’t put a price tag on the suffering this caused. tions during these poor economic times could stir up But if you did put a dollar amount on it, Congress would “anti-Japanese” sentiment. probably vote it down — not because of a refusal to rec­ Nakamura still believes that Japanese-Americans in­ tify injustice, but because of the great amount of money terned during World War II deserve monetary compensa­ involved.” tion from the government. And the government better get Nakamura disagreed with this assessment, saying that their act together soon before he, too, passes on, he said. “tight money is not our responsibility.” He said that the But should he not receive monetary compensation from United States is a “wealthy” nation spending money the government, don’t fret because Nakamura’s got a “foolishly” on things like defense. plan to get his reparations. Besides the indequate monetary’ compensation for His plan is to live another 20 years. That should be property loss, there is another kind of debt. In a commen­ about $25,000 in Social Security checks from the govern­ tary. Inouye wrote that the American government has yqt ment. HAWAII CUFFING SERVICE P.O. Box 2033 - Ho noluiu. Hawaii PHONE. 734-8124 Victoria. Custer Elaine Siroup HAWAII TRIBUNE HERALD 2 4 831 itsstc . etc Letters

implement it against the Japanese taken away without due process of law. Now is the time Americans and not the Italian and Ger­ Simple due process «as interpreted by the man Americans, who were also classified U.S. Supreme Court) means notice, a to right wrong as “enemy aliens.” The reasons that have hearing and the opportunity to be heard Dear editor, been given for this imply racism and prior to any action. It is questionable I have been reading with great interest economic jealousy. whether 24 hours notice was adequate your paper’s position and the various Secondly, this was not an act by the under the Constitution, and nowhere in the letters on the relocation of the Japanese Japanese government against our records is there proof that any hearings and Alaskan Americans. As Dan Inouve'*s civilians. The evacuation was caused by were given prior to the internment. legislative aide during the 96th Congress, the United States government (President These are topics that the Commission on who primarily worked on passage of the Roosevelt, the Army and the FBI) who put Wartime Relocation and Internment of bill that created the Commission, I would American citizens (native born and Civilians must address in their report, due like to express some ideas, naturalized) and lawful permanent in January’ 1982. Since part of our Executive Order 9066, which began the residents behind barbed wire and sentry legislative purpose in creating the mass evacuation was non-discriminatory towers on American soil. Commission was public education and on its face (as written). However, the Lastly, our U.S. Constitution guarantees community testimony, I am urging all Western Defense Command - chose to that life, liberty and property will not be Americans. Japanese or otherwise, who were affected by the mass relocation and internment, to write to the Commission at 726 Jackson Place, N.W. Suite 2020, Washington, D.C. 20506. This is your op­ portunity to be heard and to record what happened almost 40 years ago. Carolyn Sugiyama ’ Hilo Internment & the Constitution In a letter (9/15) protesting the reparation cause of the Japanese internees, A.L. Shipley writes that “ the internees are asking the wrong government for indemnity, when it was their own government primari­ ly responsible with its unprovoked attack on Pearl Har­ bor.” It is historical fact, however, that of the 110,000 Japanese that were interned, two-thirds were U.S. citi­ zens. If we follow Shipley’s line of reasoning then, the Japanese are asking the right government for repara­ tion. The U.S. Constitution (Amendment 14, Section I) states: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citi­ zens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of j the United States; nor shall any State deprive any per- j son of life, liberty, or property, without due process of j law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” I As we evaluate the validity of the internees’ cause, it 1 is well to keep this in mind. LEI L. TANAKA /ViJ September 2i. I^ōl iiOiNoLl'Ll' AL« Vē.*, 1 i5Eit Okinawans recall POW days here i&nd say they ne\|er had it so good fS> Jim Borg isrr Militnry W ritrr -V*It’s not often that former prisoners of war re* !$&lljwith fondness their days behind barbed wire. JJBat 32 Okinawans who were POWs in Hawaii \Surjhg World War II say their stays here border- cm being posh. C»»In fact, life as a POW in Hawaii in 1945 was so e^sant, several of the Okinawans recalled yes- cday, their eventual return to the war-scarred .Japanesef prefecture was a rude awakening. The ;4cen said they ate better as prisoners than they ~3gd either before their capture or after their re­ ntes se. “When I boarded the (U.S.) ship in Okinawa, my jjpeling was they were going to dump us in the ’wean." said Shinyei Kuniyoshi. 53. who was cap­ e r e d in 1945 as he tried to escape the recently- invaded island in a fishing boat. Today he is a funeral director. * “When we arrived in Hawaii, we were surprised •>jy the food . . . and the clothing on our backs.” ^Kuniyoshi said. “This was the first time I experi­ enced democracy.” * The former POWs returned here yesterday for yihe first time to tour their old camp in Honouliuli .^nd express their appreciation for the aloha they received 36 years ago. They related some of their experiences at a Atfvrf titer photo bv C her let Ok «mure C T«ss conference at the Pacific Beach Hotel. Roy Nakada, a Hawaii-born lawyer with a practice in Thirty-six years after: was taken prisoner by U.S. forces on Okinawa, Hosaburo Akamine Okinawa, served as translator. offers a wreath honof i,g America’s war dead at the National Memorial Cemetery of the ^ The veterans ranged in age from 51 to 75 — Pacific at Punchbowl. some were captured at age 15 — and many are now successful or retired businessmen. the Big Island, all were lodged at Honouliuli and couldn’t say exactly what they were fed, but all “When we first arrived in Hawaii as POWs. we during the day were aj gned to work sites any- attest to being “amazed at the quantity avail­ didn't know whether we were going to be dead or where from Schofield Baracks to Mokapu penin- able” to them. Nakada said. alive.” said Hosaburo Akamine. president of the sula. They cut grass, I undered clothes, cooked Honolulu insurance agent Siean Hokama. who Naha air terminal on Okinawa and the leader of and pulled KP. cons tan y under the scrutiny of was the Army sergeant assigned to translate for the delegation. “Each and every one of the POWs military police. the Okinawans after their capture, was on hand who has been in Hawaii 36 years ago has always Kitchen duty was poj Jlar because cooks and yesterday, too. “I gave them cigarettes when I talked very highly of the people, because notwith­ helpers had access to l tra food. Unfamiliar as interviewed them.” he recalled, smiling. “Four or standing we were prisoners of war, we were treat­ they were with Wesfitefri food, the Okinawans five of them remember my face.” ed well. “We cannot explain and thank the American people in words.” t He added. “In order to have peace in this I world, we have got to have the United States to be I the leader.” * Most of the men were drafted into the Japanese » arm y to resist the U.S. invasion of the island in ' April 1945 One was a schoolteacher, another was ‘ un entertainer; most were ordered to carry » a m m o or dig trenches. N on e of us carried weapons." said Akamine. Ironically, some Okinawans committed suicide r a th e r than face capture. Stays in Hawaii for the POWs varied from 10 to 18 months. Except for one man who was sent to a camp or WAR MEMORIES— Okinawans who w e prisoners of war at Honooli- iMi, most of whom were teervogers working for the Japanese army when |hey were captured, meet reporters at the Pocifk Beach Hotel. — Star- feulletin Photo by Ken Sakam oto. 32 Okinawans Recall y \ v the POW Days Here

By Phil Mayer the Arizona Memorial at Pearl Har- Siar-Bulletin Writer bor tomorrow. * Miyasato recalled his first encoun­ ’Shiyei Kuniyoshi didn't believe ter with American butter, which tiiat the ship he was boarding would came when he was assigned to a tike him from Okinawa to a World kitchen crew at Honouliuli. War II prisoner of war camp in "I thought that it was an egg dish Honolulu. so I tried a big spoonful of it and ?“I knew I was going to die." he choked while the other guys laugh­ recalled yesterday. "I was sure that ed," he said . when the ship was a few miles out to sea, the Americans were going to THE! BEST KNOWN of the ex- dump us in the ocean to drown." POWs is Shitoku Toma, an actor Kuniyoshi is one of 32 Okinawans who plays women’s roles and whose who have returned to Honolulu for stage name is Miezo. Toma explain­ the first time since the war to visit ed that he had gone to Japan to the site of 'the camp where they study acting bdfore the war began spent up to 18 months as POWs. but returned to Okinawa to entertain Some 2,000 men captured oiv Okina­ Japanese soldiers and sailors. wa in 1945 were brought to the camp When he got to the camp on Oahu, qt Honouliuli near Ewa, which is in only a few weeks he was doing better known as the place where programs of Okinawan dances for Japanese Americans from'Hawaii his fellow POWs in costumes made were interned at the start of the by members of a women’s club war. whose help was solicited by an : Kuniyoshi and others of the unique American officer. group of visitors recalled those old The Okinawan group’s leader is days at a press conference at the Hosaburo Akamine. who became the Pacific Beach Hotel sponsored by manager of Okinawa’s principal air­ Hawaii’s United Okinawan Associa­ port at Naha. tion. Some' of their hosts acted as One of’ the ex-POWs noted that interpreters since none of the visi­ “we were treated so well in Hawaii tors speaks English. that most of us would have to say we • Kuniyoshi said that he "really were shocked by the lack of food, couldn't believe it when the first water and shelter when we were -thing the Americans on the ship did freed and sent home." He had beep was to give us food and fresh cloth­ drafted by the Japanese army on ing." : Okinawa after being invalided home FEW OF THE Okinawans were after sierving in Manchuria. members of the Japanese army. Another .member of the group said Host were "gunzoku," teen-agers that he was sent to Hilo to work and . Whom the army mobilized to aid that otjier POWs also were sent to troops' defending Okinawa against the Neighbor Islands where, as on the Americans. . Oahu, many of them cut grass at rButuntil they came back to Ha­ school and park sites and repaired waii, “the war wouldn't really be buildings. aver for any of us," explained Seitet- The interpreters at the press con­ sp Miyasato. i \ ference Were Seian Hokama, an The Okinawans all paid their own insurance salesman who, as an way to Hawaii, said State Rep. Ken- Army sergeant, interviewed all the neth Kiyabu, president of the Okina­ Okinawans and the 2,000 other Japa­ wan association. The returnees nese army POWs who were sent to placed a wreath at the National Oahu, and attorney Lloyd Nakata. Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific. who served as an American Army Punchbowl, yesterday and will visit officer in Burma. ~ ; M l S b Pay for Ex-Hostages; fa Pay for AJA Internees? r>-* r»r • • •’ 1 At first glance, a presidential panel's rfe>mmend a lion of &2.50 a day special compensation for American hostages in tfan seems quite stifigy.1 ; ^ Accompanied by unlimited medical and health benefits for hostage-related conditions it seems less so. °‘4r ^And Louisa Kennedy, wife of one of the hostages, seems right in viewing the award as symbolic, with $12.50 as good a figure as any. y,s’'. How, after all, Can pain and suffering ever be valued or ~ "compensated for? The Iran hostages at least had an advan- tage not enjoyed by our Vietnam War veterans in coming ' home to a nation that overwhelmed them with tribute, and , t adulation. v The $12.50 figure is derived from compensation paid to ; ^ Vietnam POWs and to the crew of the USS Pueblo. Whether someone will try to apply it to the pending re­ view of the internments of Americans of Japanese ancestry * in World War II remains to be seen. In all of these cases, however, symbolism may be the most important element. No nation as vast as America can ever right all the wrongs in its past. Recognizing them, however, can be a balm to many. v Former Justice Goldberg Blasts WWII Internment. (n.d.). Chicago Sun Times. Scigliano, E. (1981, September 22). Aleutian Islanders: The other interns of World War II. The Christian Science Monitor, pp. B9-B10. HONOLULU ADVERTISER Tuesday, September 22,1981 Reparations proposal under fire By Robert HoUis the government owes the survivors of the “Education and the truth, no matter Advertiser Staff Writer camps, as well as families of detainees how ugly or painful, are really the key to . who have since died, something more preventing this type of denial of human Proposed reparations of $3 billion for than words of apology. rights from ever happening again in the I 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry in­ “How will you right . . . the wrong future,” he said. j terned during World War II represents done to them?” asked Mark Murakami, Another alternative would be for Con- r only half of what is fairly owed them, a 72, who was interned in 1942 at the Mini­ gress to appropriate enough money to group of Island Americans o f Japanese doka Relocation Center in Idaho. “Just care for those surviving issei — first I ancestry said yesterday. saying, ‘We’re sorry,’ borders on replac­ generation Japanese immigrants — who | When the actual losses of those sent to ing an outrage with an insult.” were detained. About 36,000 of this group i 10 detention camps on the Mainland and Two other members who were also in­ went to the camps. ' in Hawaii are added up, the amount terned — Iwao Kosaka, 66, at Sand Is­ “Our elderly need low-cost housing," I would equal $6 billion in 1981 dollars, said land, and Seiyei Wakukawa, 72, at Nishimura said. “They need day care J Earl Nishimura, president of the Hono­ Lourdsburg, N.M. — agreed that substan­ centers and other social programs that • lulu chapter'of the Japanese American tial reparations should be paid those in­ can help make their remaining days in ' Citizens League. This equals $50,000 for terned shortly after the attack on Pearl America comfortable.” | every detainee. Harbor, which triggered America’s entry The eight Hawaii witnesses were | Nishimura was one of eight members into the war. among scores of people who testified be- , of the Hawaii JACL delegation to testify Nevertheless, because of “economic fore the commission in six Mainland earlier this month at Seattle hearings of hard times,” the delegates agreed that cities. The panel is charged with investi- j the Commission on Wartime Relocation other forms of reparations m ight be gating the causes and consequences of ij and Internment of Civilians. Seven of appropriate. One would be special educa­ the mass internment and then recom- ! them held a press conference yesterday tional facilities to teach Americans mending to Congress what should be • to discuss their efforts in Seattle. “about this dark chapter in our history,” done now. It can recommend repara- j One thing they all agreed on was that said Nishimura. tions. • HONOLULU ADVERTISER Monday, September 21,1981 A-5 Okinawan ex-PO Ws will visit here

By Jim Borg and segregating the Japanese and Hosaburo Akamine, who Kiyabu said barbed wire entanglements, he said. cruise of Pearl Harbor and that evening will host a banquet for about Aitvertiaer Staff Writer Okinawan soldiers,** he recalled. runs the airport on Okinawa. The Okinawan group arrives 130 guests, including members the “ The Okinawans really were so-call­ According to former U.S. military Wednesday morning and will take a A group of about 30 Okinawans, local Okinawan community. “ Some ed ‘gunjoku,* helpers picked up by officers, about 12,000 prisoners of tour of the city, including Punch­ former prisoners of war held captive of them had families here,” said the Japanese government. They war were held in some 50 camps on bowl, where they will lay a wreath here during World War II; will re­ Kiyabu, “ and want to thrfnk some of carried ammunition and so forth.” Oahu, Guam and Saipan. These at the National Memorial Cemetery turn to Oahu this week for the first the people who helped them." Hokama said there were about came from both the Pacific and Eu­ of the Pacific, Kiyabu said. time to reminisce and revisit the site 2,000 Okinawan POWS here, most rope. The group will tour Honouliuli on of the former POW camp at Honouli­ arriving after the U.S. invasion of “ Hie POWs in Hawaii were scat­ On Thursday they will take a Friday. uli. Okinawa in the spring of 1945. A tered in small groups of 200 to 250,“ I v Acting as hosts for the group are large percentage of them were sent recalled William F. Steer, a retired Ken Kiyabu, a state representative to Honouliuli, more widely known as Army colonel who was provost mar­ and president of the United Okina­ the camp where the internees, shal here during the war. “ They ran wan Association, and Seian Hokama, Americans of Japanese ancestry, a lot of the quartermaster laundries a local insurance salesman and past were held. . . . and harvested a couple thou­ association president. Other POWs were sent to Kaneohe sand acres of corn on Molokai. The Hokama was the Hawaii-born and Hilo, Hokama said. He has a list whole territory of Hawaii was only Army sergeant assigned to act as of names of the visitors, but said allowed 25,000 pounds of shipping translator for Okinawan prisoners none rings a bell. “ I interviewed per month, so we had to grow a lot during the war. them, but after all, it was 35 years of our own produce." “ I was stationed at Fort Shatter ago.” Most of the camps were two-story and was in charge of interviewing The leader of the delegation is wartime barracks surrounded by letters f Internees, hearings.... were cast aside during one of the most shameful and Who will be next? hysterical periods in our nation's history. . Pastor Martin Niemoller’s quotation is a penetrating Shipley remarks that he is sure that none of these , -and thoughtful response to letter writers A. L. Goulart, internees would have changed places with the poor !-!A. L. Shipley and K. Chu: boys who died (in WWII). Has he not heard of the Rain­ "In Germany, they first came for the communists, bow Division? The single most decorated unit in the I'and I didn’t speak up for I wasn’t a communist. European theatre and one who suffered the most casu­ "Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up alties? Perhaps Dan Inouye could straighten him out for I wasn’t a Jew. on that one. . . . "Then they came for the unionists, and I didn’t speak MAREN J. WRYN up for I wasn’t a unionist. "Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn’t speak up for I wasn’t a Catholic. "Then they came for me, and by that time there was no one left to speak up.” Goulant, Shipley and Chu should be aware that what happened to the AJAs in the United States during World War II could happen to their ethnic group in the future. It could happen unless we stand united and speak up now against the government-perpetuated injustices against any groups or individuals. No one should be locked up behind barbed wires without due process of law. Towards this end, the Japanese American Citizens League of Honolulu should be highly commended for standing up and speaking out. EDGAR A. HAMASU

Interned ‘citizens’ Re letter by A. L. Shipley (9/15), decrying the grow­ ing demand for official redress for the Japanese- Americans wrongfully interned during World War II. In his zeal to point out where the blame lays, he has unwittingly provided us with an example. Three times in his letter he refers to "their government" and asks us to imply Japan. He is forthrightly stating the very reason that this tragedy came to pass. Japain was not “their" government. True, many of the internees were not official citizens of the United States, because racist policies of the time prevented it. But they were citizens-in-name-only, or common-law citizens by any standard. They chose to come here to work hard, contribute to our national well-being, raise families, till the soil, and in every way acquit themselves of the highest ideals we would require of our "citizens." Many of them were actually citizens — whose rights Su. i, ' v '■*& -v v. f. AM TESTIMONY—Henry Tanaka of Waimea, Kauai, covers his heart as he concludes his testimony yesterday in Seattle at a hearing on the internment of Americans of Japanese ancestry during World War H .— AP Photo. AJAs Tell Federal Probe It's Racism, Not Security

By Kathy McCarthy nor interned U.S. citizens of Japa­ SEATTLE (AP)—Racism, not na­ nese ancestry should be compensat­ tional security, was the most basic ed, Kane added. reason for the World War II intern­ His statement that internment of ment of Japanese-Americans, and the latter group was “one of the bur­ that wrong should be righted by dens of citizenship” drew loud boos monetary awards, a number of wit­ from the capacity crowd at a Seattle nesses told a federal commission Central Community College auditori­ yesterday. um. ESTABLISHED by Congress last A panel of eight witnesses from year, the commission is charged Hawaii said the vastly different war­ with investigating the causes and time experiences of Japanese- consequences of the evacuation of Americans in Hawaii and on the the Japanese from West Coast states Mainland showed national security and their subsequent internment in was. not the key issue in the incar­ camps. Aleut residents of both the ceration of 120,000 Japanese on the Aleutian-and Pribilof Islands also West Coast - were removed from their homes But two of the initial witnesses from 1942 to 1944. speaking before a scheduled three- As well as determining causes, the day hearing of the Commission on commission is charged with recom­ Wartime Relocation and Internment mending remedies, including decid­ of Civilians argued spiritedly against ing whether monetary restitution is any awards to Japanese-Americans warranted. confined during the war. Hearings in Washington, D.C., Los The commission should reject Angeles and San Francisco preceded “any finding or concept of national the Seattle hearing, which runs guilt for the relocation,’’ said Henry through tomorrow. Three additional Kane, a Beaverton, Ore., lawyer. hearings are scheduled in Alaska “ ...The United States cpmmitted and one in Chicago. no ‘crime’ that compels, merits or “Mr. Kane, what is your ethnic suggests ‘redress’ or ‘reparation,’ ’’ background?” asked former U.S. Kane said. Sen. Edward W. Brooke of Massa- Neither interned resident aliens Tura to Page A-3, Col. 1

\ 3/ib/ai k -\ AJAs Claim Lockup Caused by Racism

* __ Continued from Page One bone of Hawaii’s plantation econo­ * chusetts, a commission member and my, Kumabe said, and there is evi­ dence Hawaii’s economic leaders * a black man. i . “ I’m of Jewish ancestry.” Kane asked President Franklin Roosevelt * replied. to let their workers remain free to * ‘‘My God, I’d think you’d be ar- harvest crops. guing (that v internment was wrong) Although Hawaii’s geographic \ harder than I am.” said Brooke. position placed it squarely in the ‘‘Well. I also differed with you on path of a Japanese invasion, there « the Panama Canal issue.” Kane were no reported incidents of sabo­ replied. tage or collaboration among the Japanese-American community al­ A 77-YEAR-OLD Pearl Harbor though all but its leaders were al­ y veteran who says he has spent 38 lowed to move freely during the war years trying unsuccessfully to win years, Kumabe said. disability benefits from the Navy for If such a large segment of 1 a fall he took at the Puget Sound Japanese-Americans, in such d [• Naval Shipyard, said he, his wife sensitive location, could, be allowed *4 and the survivors of the U.S. serv- to remain free because of economic icemen killed in the attack on Pearl reasons, the real reason for the in­ *4 Hajbor should be compensated, not ternments could not have been na­ the Japanese-American internees. tional security, the Hawaii speakers you (Japanese-Americans) indicated. *1 Want any money, sue the Japanese SEIYEI WAKUKAWA, a retired % government,” said Thomas Todd. Honolulu editor and naturalized citi­ ‘'God forbid, but if Japan had won *4 thd^ar, whose side would you be .on zen, said hie was running a small pri­ r*now ?” vate business, at the time of Pearl • j ‘ ‘'Mr. Todd, no one wants to deny Harbor but had no thought that he *4 you or your colleagues at Pearl Har- might be interned . bbr*fhe right to any compensation to “ To my great disappointment, *4 which you are entitled,” Brooke however, what to me was ^think­ able did happen,” he told the com­ ^4 said. *4 “ f hope you and those who feel as mission. He eventually was interned *4 you do understand what this comm- in Lourdsburg, N.M ., but secured a *4|hission has b efo re .it— not P e a r l parole in Febuary 1943 after firing jjllarbor, not Japan, but Japanese- off a letter of appeal to the White .^Antericans who were deprived of House. P their rights...Can’t you see the dis- He recommended “ proper and *4 tinction? ” Brooke said. adequate indemnity or reparation.” P 1 “ No, I cannot,” replied Todd. ¥* Todd’s wife Mildred said the Seat- “ MY FAM ILY and I suffered both 5 tJ$ Jtian suffered recurring numb* monetary and other material losses ness* from the hips down after his because of my internment,” said pfalir*but the Navy claims he was not Henry Tanaka, a Kauai businessman rjon active duty at the time of the who was interned for nearly 2*/i p accident. He disagrees. years at Honoulili on Oahu. “ How­ ever, material losses cannot com­ 3 LAWRENCE D. KUMABE of pare. with the suffering caused by p Honolulu, of the Japanese American the trauma of having been tainted ^Citizens League, was one of eight with the suspicion of being disloyal p witnesses from Hawaii who told the to my country. vjcommission of the special circum- “This has left any everlasting scar p stances Japanese-Americans found on my heart,” he said. ^themselves in in wartime Hawaii, Other Hawaii residents who sub­ p ' W h ile 120.000 West Coast mitted testimony were Earl K. tjJapanese-Americans were interned, Nishimura, president of the Honolulu ponly 1,500 of Hawaii’s 150,000 Chapter, JACL; Franklin Odo, direc­ pJapanese-American residents were tor, Ethnic Studies Program, f i sent 1,0 camps, Kumabe said. University of Hawaii; Patsy Saiki, K The Japanese formed the back* Mark Murakami and Iwao Kosaka »M ' SeptemWrldj lMfi-27 . . . 1 . J.l 1 1 I 1 , II » 11 Til T T 1. News analysis

Japanese-American Congressmen, internees during WWH, not decided about reparations

By DAN MEYERS They were joined in the compromise by the other three in and prove that the suspicions of their disloyalty during WASHINGTON—When Norman Yoshio Mineta meets congressmen of Japanese descent—Sens. S.I. Hayakawa, the war were unfounded. with fellow Japanese-Americans, he sometimes catches a R-Calif., and Spark Matsunaga and Daniel Inouye, Many children whose parents were fluent in Japanese’ racial insult. They call him a banana. Hawaii Democrats, none of whom was interned. were taught to speak only English. Matsui, to his em­ barrassment today, speaks no Japanese, although Mineta “ YELLOW ON THE OUTSIDE, white on the inside,” BUT THE PRESSURE STILL is on and their stand has does. Mineta explained with a shrug. “ That’s fine. In the earned Mineta the “ banana” epithet much as moderate position I ’m in, I ’m going to be subjected to this kind of blacks were called * ‘Oreo” by militants. IN SCHOOL, MATSUI SAID, “ there was a certain thing.” That the issue was raised at all is evidence of a new uncomfortableness. Some of my friends and I didn’t want Robert Takeo Matsui also has felt the heat. “ Many of boldness in the Japanese-American community, some to be in the room when we talked about the war with the Japanese-American groups,” he said, “ feel we sold younger members of which now wish to pursue through Japan. The stigma was great because we were at one out.” the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment time thought to be the enemy.” Mineta, from San Jose, Calif., and Matsui, from of Civilians an issue that once was taboo Mineta was older, 11, when the war began, and his Sacramento, Calif., are targets for such criticism memories are more vivid. He tells of wearing his Cub because they are special. Of the more than 110,000 per­ Matsui, 39, illustrated the change in attitude with a Scout uniform to the station where his family boarded a sons of Japanese descent interned by the U.S. govern­ story about his son Brian. The boy had been given a train for a Southern California staging area. ment between 1942 and 1946, they are the only two in helmet in the style of those worn by ancient Japanese On the ride, his father, a prominent and popular Congress. warlords. One day he asked his father for permission to spokesman for the Japanese-American community in take it to school to show his friends, and Matsui Santa Clara County, cried. THE ISSUE RAISING such strong emotions is what to automatically agreed. “ It indelibly made an impression,” said Mineta, now SO, do, four decades after the fact, about those of the in­ who would return to become San Jose’s mayor before he ternments of U.S. citizens against whom there was no LATER, WHEN HE THOUGHT about it, Matsui was became its congressman. “ Citizens because of an ac­ evidence of disloyalty. amazed. “ This kid was not at all uncomfortable about his cident of their ancestry were put into camps behind Some militant Japanese-Americans want the gover­ heritage and background,” Matsui said. “ I would never, barbed wire and armed guards. Without any legal charge nment to pay individual reparations of $25,000 for each ever have thought of doing something like that because it they were herded up. person who was interned, a $3 billion proposition. Some would have brought up what happened in World War II. In whites, however, recalling the Japanese attack on Pearl my family we just did not get into anything Japanese.” “ THE LAW WAS BEING APPLIED on racial grounds. Harbor, reject any notion of reparations. Matsui, a third-generation American, was just 6 months It didn’t happen to the Germans, it didn’t happen to the old when he was taken to an internment camp in Idaho. Italians. It only happened to American citizens of And many Japanese-Americans, especially those who He has only fleeting memories of the internment and Japanese-American ancestry. It shows how fragile our are older and more traditional, are nervous about airing those probably are buttressed by the accounts of his Constitution is.” an issue that still brings painful memories of a time when family. Mineta still keeps a memento of the camp he was sent toi they were stripped of their property and their rights as in Wyoming—a check from the government for 85 cents,| citizens. Ode of his memories is of watching Roy Rogers cowboy payment for 10 hours of picking potatoes. j movies in the mess hall of his camp. Another is of the Mineta and Matsui grew up to be political leaders of a| CONGRESS. WITH THE SUPPORT of Reps. Mineta setbacks faced by his father, who owned a produce generation of Japanese-Americans that excelled and Matsui, California Democrats, has appointed a business before the war and returned to Sacramento after academically and in business. They each graduated from' commission to study the issue and determine if the war to work for someone else. the University of California at Berkeley, Mineta in reparations or some lesser form of compensation are business, Matsui in law. justified. Hearings wore held recently in Los Angeles and FOLLOWING THE WAR, Matsui underwent an ex­ But the. push for the reopening of the internment issue in San Francisco. perience common to many of his generation. "When they came not from them but from the next wave of Japanese- got out of the camps,” he said “ they wanted to make sure Americans, born after the camps closed in 1946. The commission itself is a compromise. Initially the they were mainstream Americans. I was about as vocal Japanese-American Citizens League pressed for American as you could come.” “ IT TOOK US 30 TO 4« YEARS to even talk about it,” reparations but Mineta and Matsui wanted to avoid the The war was a painful memory best forgotten quickly. Matsui said. "With some of the younger ones, the attitude political loss that was inevitable if the JACL plan were By becoming assimilated into American life, the is much different. I wouldn’t call it militancy—it’s that put to a congressional vote. Japanese-Americans like the Matsui family could blend they are less afraid of the issue.” ______y SITREP 1 of THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 1981 PAGE 2 of 3

ADVERTISER, 9/10/81, Front Page Reparations ipTQlQOSSLlTfS'T* /hs 1T> tCh O /7 assai . , * • * ii • / * . / y * *> . / . • ,r

-T Seattle; testimony angers Hawaii delegation ?’ «* ‘*J X By Beverly Creamer anything for Pearl Harbor survivors or those that died ed that the government might have1 been involved .in (em inent .down there?*' — "fraud and coercion," forcing people to vacate Jheir “People who testified against reparations, they still Brooke took offense at those comments,'too. “ Nobody homes. ' :'.'l believe the nisei were responsible for bombing Pear! . would want to deny you or anyone at Peart Harbor your . If the' commission finds that, he continuedhere Harbor/' said an Incredulous Lawrence Kumabe in a right -to compensation," he said, “but many will disa­ might well be more solid legal ground **to open ;the call from Seattle la9t night. Kumabe was part of an gree on your Insistence in failing to distinguish between courts to lawsuits for aggrieved individuals." eight-person Hawaii delegation that testlLed yesterday ' the.Japanes* nation and Japanese in America. But Kumabe added: “We don't want to create on the opening day of the three-day bearings. unnecessary hopes." ' “Some lady .said ‘Look, these Japs, you're giving"!- “Pearl Harbor has nothing to do with taking 120,000~ However, he.noted that time and again durlt|£;the them money, you're giviqg money to the very people Japanese-Americans and Incarcerating them Just be­ bearing It was emphasized that the American system ’ who bombed our boys In Pearl Harbor/ “ recalled an- cause they were Japanese." provides that compensation should follow fault. '**111$ angry Kumabe, „ < But moat of the testimony reiterated the suffering of country, as one person mentioned," he added /“ ‘was' Former Sen. Edward Brooke of Massachusetts, ft J‘first and second generation Japanese Americans in the founded on protection of property. The city attorney for member of the Congressional Commission on Wartime wake of Pearl Harbor. They lost farms, crops, homes, Seattle brought this out — you're constitutionally re­ Relocation and Internment of Civilians which Is holding businesses, and in some cases, holdings that now would quired to - compensate people for property loss.Jt's the hearings, stopped the woman short. ,v .. t be 'vorth millions. unequivocal." “I have to set you straight/* he told her, according to , Much of the testimony, Kumabe told .The. Advertiser, . While the Japanese American Citizens League, whose Kumabe. “These people are Americans. Don't you echoed stories of bitternes?. and humiliation and. loss Hawaii chapter was represented by the Hawaii-group, understand that? '*' told at the previous Sen Francisco hearings. has suggested a reparation of $25.000 per interneo, one The emotional firework» were part of the latest In a . Even those whose goods were stored by the War Relo­ person at yesterday's hearing suggested $50,000. And' a series of hearings by the panel, which is charged with cation Authority lost out, he said. While, the property letter to the commission from Sen. Henry Jackson, probing the internment of more than 120,000 Japanese- was stored in warehouses, often the buildings weren't spoke of providing funds to set up an education-founda­ American civilians during World War II. guarded end were broken into and looted. tion for research and a health insurance fund to cover Thomas Todd, a veteran from Seattle who lived What remained was returned after the war, "but health care for internees who suffered. Sitrep 1 of Wednesday, September 9, 1981 , f - ' t k lMemorie a timM" " reras • /i'iv- ofcift f. E-r the detainees were.transferred lo the Honouliuli camp they were afldwed tools, nails and m ug^'m es. C n t a m e r .. By Beverly At Sand Island, Nishikawa rolled shells on the con­ ht\rrii*rt Stiff crete floof»nf the shower room for hours on end until D a n Nishikaua has driven p 3 st on the H -l fre e w a y they became smooth lengths he fashioned Into a neck­ i>ut it#s hard to pinpoint the place where he spent more lace gift for his wife. "It's something you gnlla do,*' he ban & year of his life during World War II, He was says. ’‘Otherwise you're gonna be nuts if you think of separated from his wife and son. With luck they could the family. So that's why I was forced to make some-, rtslt every few months» bringing new linrfershirts, thing, you see , . . Try to make something, then you 'olored pencils for his sketches, a guitar. Or maybe & forget the hours.” ■ xmquet of flower*. Even some did go crazy. NLshikawa remembers Litrlc marks the place where Nishikawa and severat the two young male schoolteachers who were taken lutidred other Americans of Japanese ancestry were away from, the Sand Island camp to the hospital and hfemed in leeward Oahu after the bombing of Pearl never returned. And he remembers the m an In Honou- -farbor. 1 ' * ' . ■ liult who had a history of mental illness. The camp, . Nishikawa suspects the concrete slab mcsshall floor affected him uniquely. • . . ’ . iiill exists, but everything else disappeared long ago — There was o giant rock between Nishikawa's shack he 24 rough barrack houses, the prisoner-of-war tent and the next one, and the gentleman Would spend hours rompound, the baseball field, the guard towels» the rolling a smeller rock against the larger one. Each day jorbed wire fence. be sang a song and rolled the small rock against the’ > I t *8 been almost 40 years since the Honouliuli Deten- big rock. And each day he carefully collected the pow­ ion Camp was thrown together on plantation land in der be created in a small pouch arid took it back lu his be dry gulches off Kuma Road near Waipahu. Now. shack, s. . , here unly are roaming cattle and the same kind of scrub koā the JapHmisc-Amortcan internees cleared but He did this.until the ruck he rolled was little more rom under the barracks to ease the mosquito problem. than a stone. And then he went to Nisbik&wa. Maybe someday, says Franklin Odo, associate "Mr. Nishikawa," he said. ” J have the big inven­ jrufessor and director of the Ethnic Studies depart* tion,* ' .. J ... £ ncntVtthe University of Hawaii, a marker will go up "What did you invent?*’. Nishikawa replied. "[■ it the'camp’ site. Not. a big marker. Nothing gaudy. The man was eager. "Now' we don't have to buy Fust something to mark a piece of history that some salt,” he said ami told Nishikawa he had made " s a il vould still sooner forget. powder." .4 • « -* f Tod ay in Seattle the congressional Com mission on Only when the man was found stooping in the water- Vartim* Relocations atid Internment of Civilians opens ^ fUlcd trough-like communal washbasin, covered with a. he latest in a-series'of hearings on the detention of blanket» Was he sent out of the camp to a hospital,, [apanese-Amerleans during World W ar II. A delegat­ never to return, Before he left, ho tola Nishikawa his ion of eight from Hawaii testifies this morning and; • body warmth would heat up the cold wafer and make ilthnugh NishiVawa could not be there in person with papaya juice. /- ’ hem, his wrJLten testimony formis an important part of . When Nishikawa was first huld .at the temporary he Hawaii story." * - . 1 . Sand Island Camp, he was elected — by a show of* NisMkowo is a youlhfuMooking men of 75 who* chain, hands to t>c group captain, or a kind of spokesman, mokes, likes a good joke and stays home to care for for the second group: - * he dog end the fish when his wife travels. There were six groups of Japanese-American detain­ By chance he saw the Oahu detention camps from a ers at Sand Island: Group One was. the nisei who were are perspective. As £ csmp "captain" at the Sand mostly young people: Group Two, the older business­ stand detention camp and later at HcmuuJiulf. and then men; Group-Three. old men; Group Four, from Maui: s clerk of the Honouliuli food stockroom, he was given Grpup Five, from Kauai: and Group Six. from the Big csponsibifily and a certain authority, - * / . . ✓[island. ‘ r At the time he was taken by the FBI to the Sand ...The Japanese’Americans also were segregated from sland cam p in e arly 4942 he was a .solicitor for the 4he Germans and Italians, as thuy were later at Honou- tawaii Times newspaper. He thinks he was suspected liuti. At the second camp, the Japanese-American men f espionage because his job often took film to the wore In one area, the Japanese-American women o panose consulate. Even though he said he was only' (there were only four! in another, the Germans tand icrc to collect bills or take new printing orders, the Italians in another (there were two only) and the. BI suspicions led to his arrest. prisoners of war in another area. ' * Was he angry? The dark eyebrows shoot up in b Barbed wire divided each group ' u'tvd encircled the □ j2*ical expression. “Angry? Oh sure, why not.** tn? whole cjrmp. Two towers were manned by soldiers with 3ys. "I d»d nothing. I never go in the jail. I never muchinc-guns: another armed M P guarded the eiv. i1ksc*d the c lectern, even the prim ary. I never missed trance, r*e time since I came back from Japan, tin 192C4 M ust A s a 10-ccnt-an-hour clerk of the stockroom at Ifohuu ’ a loyal citizen." \ liuli, Nishikawa was at first appalled at the food given They were all angry, the Japanese.Americans who the Japanese-Americans, * . f.. ire first held st Sand Island and then either shipped r There already had.bcim discrimination with the food’ the Mainland or moved in March 1JM3 to C a m p at Sand Island, he says. The handful of Gorm an detain-’ mouliuH in the cane fields. But anger did no good and ees were getting fruit and vegetables, even pumpkin practical man soon put Ms life to other pursuits to pie at Thanksgiving while the Japanese-Americans got Hintain an i:quiUbnum . . _ bread, canned meats/a few raisins and & few >>ardtnet>. The mcti turned to handicrafts (clear plastic (ooth- For the first three months at Honouliuli the ush handles were priced for making rings for lovud Japanese-Americans hod nothing but chill con curne. cs on the outside), gardening, even making instru­ perk and beans and canned syrup. "And most of the c ts or furniture- One man made a baby's highchair Japanese from Japan, they don't ent too much chill con - -r *i— » n.,Ltn

..overat months and were still there when Nishikawa TQCT ■paroled" in March 1944. crowded next to each other..The door was bolted out­ joined Dole Company and learned to be o mechanic, lie White the internees lived eight to a barracks, bathed side and soldiers with machine-guns stood at the win­ retired in 19T0 after 27 years with the company. communally, showering in cold water that ran from dows, guns trained on the internees inside. Nishiltawa’s son was 7 years old when he was first' im-tal pipes onto concrete floors,, the Koreans lived in And when the Sand Island camp was closed and the detained and he tried to explain to the boy why it had. , ic nu scl up on what had been the camp's baseball field remaining 64 people were moved to Honouliuli they happened, *'1 told him there is a war, the United States .. jnd vegetable garden. Each day they ate iii the same rode In three trucks with machine-gunners itj front and and Japan. 1 am not an alien,” he continued, “but you -» mcsshalt with the internees, but weren’t allowed to as­ behind pointing weapons in their direction. know working for Japanese paper and having business 0 Later, at Honouliuli, American flyers practiced their sociate with them. with the Japanese consul and being orchestra leader, It was the internees who cooked for the POWs, The bombing by making aerial dives on the camp. "They . that’s why 1 was thrown in here. But 1 did nothing- cm p commander had asked Nishikawa if he could dlvt down to our shacks, near top the roof, and then.go wrong, so don’t worry, don’t worry. m jnagc feeding them and Nishikawa said sure, "we do up, like that,” says Nishikawa. “And then 1 tell my son they trea\ me all right. You lor you folks.1* When he complained, the warden told him that if the know a little bullshit 1 had to tell him /’ J • ' in pursuit of in tern A O * ' ^ By Beverly Creamer’ •' Washington were abruptly ended as 4{!vrrlf*rr Stuff W ritrr . be became one of America’s 1$0,000 , on the inside; ' interned Americans of Japanese .' • Little marks the place where Their words:ring with 'Irony'and ancestry, And. Murakami, now & anger, frustration ond bitterness- % semi-retired insurance company x several hundred Am ericans of Retired Big Island businessman . general agent, remcmbors Ihe Mini-, 1 Japanese ancestry w ere interned Henry Tanaka remembers the d ay doka Relocation Center in Idaho’s > In leeward Oahu after the : in Oahu's detention Camp Ifonoutiuli bitter, windswept desert, that be­ * bombing of Pearl Harbor/ but the when one o f the guards yelled, ;H *y, came his w aM im e home.i If the In­ memories linger. Page E-l you Japs, slay in line/1 At the tim e ternees wanted more’lhaTl a bed in he was cleaning their compound for the barren barracks, they had lo 10 cents an hour. ' build il themselves. .For five months n for internees,. For hi} four months He’d been arrested ‘Tor investiga­ . the only bathroom was a stinking* there he remembers "trigger-happy tion” in the months alter the bomb­ outdoor.latrine. ‘ ; : t '■ soldiers*' br> Ihe'ground, more sol­ ing of Pearl Harbor and was taken He remembers how he "dutifullyV diers with machine-guns in* the from his wife and fam ily and sent registered lo be taken into ‘"protec­ towers, 9 p.m. bed chocks, and Ihe first to jail, then to the Sand Island tive custody” and how he "du tifu lly” ‘’mental anguish^'of having Vis-free-- Detention Camp and then lo Honouli reported with ..all of the others on dom taken away. It was then, that ull. May 5, J942 at the Pacific Interna-, his insomnia started. | Mark Murakami remem bers how. .(tonal Livestock Exposition grounds "T h e feeling of hopelessness and' his law studies at the University of that served as.pn assembly center powcrluRRnoss tore at me/* he says. ment redress

"The emotional distress .cannot be armed guard lowers* its double cir­ fully appreciated by critics who cle of barbed\w*re. One nieht I he a ir­ ■ have never been unjustly impri­ raid siren went off and guards sur­ soned/1. ; rounded Ihc ram p " lo see that we .Retired newspaper editor Seiyci could ‘ npt. esrapc/' He whs la ter Wakukawa remembers being .subtly transferred to the Topaz camp In lhr asked by (he FB I to work as an unof­ Utah desert. ’ ficial informer Ferreting out possible Today In Senltle nn eight-me rubor '.'subversive elements" in Hawaii's , contingent from Hawaii —• four wl*> Japanese-American community be­ were internees nnd four who ore fore being arrested **nd *hcb intern­ members of the Japanese American ed in (he Lourdsburg, New Mexico Citizens lea gu e -- will talk about camp. In a strange twist, a protest this »i hearings mandated by Con letter be wrote to President Roose­ gress to look into the World War It velt brought his "parole'1 a year detention, rcliKation and internment later and he finished the, war serving of civilians. the American effort by teaching at The Com mission oh Wartime Relo­ Harvard University. cation and Internment of Civilians Journalist Iwao Kosak* remem­ has already hold hearings in Iios An- bers how muph tike a prison was the t Sand Island Detention Camp with its See l«lf group on Pagr A 4 I Sitrep 1 o f Wednesday, September 9 , 1981 Isle for in ietnm ent from page one backbone of the island's plantation , "had agreed to remove all Japanese economy, aliens lo some island other than gales and San Francisco. Today, it. "There is evidence." adds .Law­ Oahu — probably Molokai.”- This sets up «hop Tor a three-day stretch rence P. Kumabe in his* testimony eventually was watered down (o in Seattle that is expected to include* for today's hearing, "that the ceo- ‘about 1,500 people', he adds, because testimony from at lesst 100 people . nomic leaders in Hawaii requested . of legal and logistical problems. ihctuding the eight from here. More President Roosevelt to- save their Odo notui that the pattern of ar­ hearings are expected befure the end economic interests by stopping the rests after Pearl Harbor/'strongly of the year when the commission's internment of Japanese-Americans suggested that the common denomi­ -recommendations are due. in Hawaii. * nator was not evidence of potential The hulk of the hearing testimony . contrast, on the Mainland, danger but close association with will be from Japanese-Americans in-'< Japanese-Americans had no such . things Japanese” / ' terned during the war, from the Jr. economic friends In Washington," The testimony prepared for doliv- • families and from national organiza­ says Kumabe, a Hawaii deputy cry this morning in Seattle by mem­ tions pressing for redress and repa­ attorney general and vice-chairman bers of the Hawaii group is outspo­ rations. But additional testimony is of the Hawaii JACL reparations re­ ken and often eloquent. expected from Aleut Indian groups search committee. "If anything, Says Wakukawa, a retired editor describing their 1943 relocation from they were perceived as an economic of the Hawaii Times; ,%Thc whole in­ the northern Aleutian, and Pribiloff threat lo agricultural and other ternment show was a travesty of jus­ Islands lo.Admiralty Island in south­ interests" ‘ tice — short-sightedly, injudiciously eastern Ataska. To & large extent, those in Hawaii and indiscreetly executed with mat- The Hawaii delegation in Seattle is who were interned were leaders In ice afuroth ought under the pressure led by Earl Nish^mra, president of the Japanese, community teach­ of wartime hysteria, greed and rac­ the Hawaii chapter of the JACL, and ers* journalists, priests; those who ism." * ... FranlcJin Odo, director of the Ethnic appeared to have any connection Pat&y Saiki, a retired Hawaii Studies program at the University of whatever with Japan or the Japa­ teacher and a research assistant for Hawaii and chairman of. the chap­ nese Embassy; and those who had the Hawaii JACI/s RcRfcurch Com­ ter's Research Corfimittcc on Intern­ accessibility to the sea. mittee on Internment and Repara­ ment and Reparations. The group But a c c o rd in g to N ishlm ura’e tions, talks about interviewing in­ will cover the impact of detention testimony to be given In Seattle ternee George Iloshida who was ar­ and re lo c a tio n on th e H a w a ii today the FBI never found any sub­ rested because he was a part-time * Japanese-American community. . stantial evidence that Bny of those judo instructor and an alien. He Already the national JACL is ori- interned had been disloyal, had came to Hawaii from Japan wlih his record suggesting payments of $25,- spied, or had .committed sabotage parents in 1912 when he was four. 000 per internee to cover losses in before pr at the time of Pearl Her- . The. impact on Hoshlda was tragic. properly and; in essence, to recog­ hor or during the rest of the war. After Hoshida’a detainment his 6- nize Ihe emotional and psychological M.A,fcw Japanese might have year-old daughter Taeko, paralyzed damage done to a minority group o f' made indiscreet statements in the and blinded in a car accident a* a Americans. heat of the war fever/' be coptihbed. baby/ was sent to Waimano Home Some have charged that the deten­ "Still* these are very few, isolated where she died a few months later. tion and seizure of properly was not cases. It appears that'because *of a His wife, pregnant at the time, and only racially but economically moti­ yery few, the rest of the Japanese their two other children lost their vated — to remove Japanese-Ameri- suspects w ere arrested for .the in- mortgaged ’home and eventually eans from economic compi/tii/on on tcrnmcnt following the theory of were relocated to a camp In Jerome,' the West Coast.’ ■. guHl by association." Arkansas. • In Hawaii, fewer than 1,500 "If only the American mltitary Says Saiki: "Is this not an oppor­ Japanese-Americans of the 157,000 intelligence had more thoroughly ob- ' tune time to show the world that we total wore Imprisoned compared to served and studied the Americaniza­ do not condone racism* we do not virtually the entire Japanese-Ameri­ tion among the Japanese/* he con­ condone economic greed at the ex­ can population of about 120,000 on tinued later* "they would have pense of a minority group, we do not the* Mainland.. . ' *■ ' m ‘ reached a different conclusion on the condone injustices? • • Fart of the reason the Hawaii question of loyalty." / . * • VRighting this wrong should bur^ Japancsc-Amerte&ns. fared better In his testimony Odo will point out nlsh the Imnge of America as a sym­ than their Mainland counterparts, that before Dec. 7, 1941* the FBI in bol of justice- Both on ā worldwide explains Odo, is that they constituted Hawaii hud only listed 400 suspects scale and in the heart of each intern­ 40 percent of the critical civilian and designated only 50 of those ee, justice is the very essence of workforce. • * "sinister." However, he continues, relationships, and what makes lire He points out that they were the by Dec. 19 Roosevelt and his Cabinet precious." Author Pens History of Nisei GIs R\sBy HaroldMnrchlrl MorseAAr*r*m 1 1 I V/»<. r v , Her first book, "Tokyo Rose, OrohOrphan of the Pacific,” published in Japanese in 1976, won the j*5* ■. Star-Bulletin Writer nonfiction prize in Japan. Her husband translated A;history of Japanese-American fighting units : it into English, and the English version appeared , in^Vorld War II;— the 100th Battalion and the, in 1979. 442nd Regimental Combat Team that later in­ cluded the 100th and 2nd and 3rd battalions — is THE BOOK focused on the 1949 treason trial in colfoing to life from the facile pen of Masayo San Francisco of Iva Toguri d’Aquino,an English- Duus, ' •./’ x * \V . ' \ • language announcer on Radio Tokyo during the A writer of three other books, she is most war who was accused of making propaganda fainted as the author of "Tokyo Rose, Orphan of broadcasts to American servicemen in the Pacif- th£Pacific.” *\ # ' ic. v . ’ . Duus is a diminutive Japanese woman married D’Aquino was found guilty of treason and sen­ to *Peter Duus, a Harvard-trained American tenced to 10 years in prisoii. She was released ; professor of Japanese history who is now director, after six years early in 1956, quietly taking up a ‘ of'past Asian Studies at Stanford University. new life in Chicago. - She writes in Japanese and has lived in both the President Gerald Ford pardoned her in 1977 * United States and Japan, moving back and forth Duus set the tone of the book in her foreword. ^ sihtete 1963. f. She called d’Aquino “ a Japanese-American * A* writer who teails both Japan and the United woman falsely accused of being the infamous trai­ Stages home is in a unique position to treat the tor, Tokyo R ose/’ >/ turbulent 1941-51 decade in which the destinies of "It was four years after the war, and still the the two countries became entwined in bitter war­ United States prosecuted her,” Duus said of fare followed by a bittersweet peace. d’Aquino, adding that the trial was held in San THE SIGNING of the peace treaty in San Fran­ Francisco, then a hotbed of anti-Japanese senti­ cisco Sept. 8, 1951 ended the Allied occupation of ment. postwar Japan and rang down the curtain on the There was no single Tokyo Rose, as several tumultuous decade that Duus explores in her re­ women with American-sounding voices broadcast search and writing. on programs of recorded American music in dtsc- She said Japanese readers are familiar with the jockey fashion over Radio Tokyo, Duus said. Pacific war but not with the war ,in Europe wherte Similar English-language broadcasts were made Japanese-Americans frdm Hawaii and the -U.S. front! Japanese radio stations in the Philippines. Mainland fought in Italy and France while serv­ Taiwan and Korea, she said. ing with the much-decorated 442nd.. THE OTHER women, though American-born, Her treatment of the experience of Japanese- had taken Japanese citizenship and could not be American soldiers there will furthter enlighten tried as traitors to the United States, she added Japanese residents about the war ih Europe, she r D’Aquino was the only one who resisted pres­ 'said. . -it *-■. sure to become a Japanese citizten and thus the •" Some of these young Japanese-Americans f only one who could be tried for treason in her ; volunteered to fight for their couritry from intern­ Mosoyo Duus s home country, Duus said. ment camps, she added. ; This was an "ironic tw ist/’ she said. r ♦‘.They were so motivated, so eager to prove viewing 442nd veterans: she also conducted inter­ D’Aquino was visiting a sitek relative in Japan >;;themselves.” * views here the year before. when the Pacific war began and was made to > /Those who survived turned ,the, tragedy of war^ She said she has completed the first draft of her work at Radio Tokyo, Diius said, - jnto a "winning experience,” she,Said. "She was told to broadcast during the war,” she 4 - . VjThey made maximum use of their military story in Japanese and expects her manuscript eventually to be translated into English. , aaid; . . / * ' ■’4 ' ' ^eirord,” Duus said. "A lot of them smartly used Duus last year published a book of essays in 1 the;GI Bill." v ^ ■ The title is subject to negotiation With her Japa­ Japan, material that originally appeared in Japa­ nese publisher, she said. /jliANY AMERICANS of Japanese ancestry who nese newspapers and magazines on life in the ‘ 46oft advantage of postwar educational opportuni- She and her" husband leave tomorrow for anoth­ United States. became prominent Americans, "especially in er year in Japan, where her husband will devote a She also published a book earlier about the Hawaii,” she said. "They changed the Japanese- sabbatical leave to study of economic pressures American postwar occupation of Japan, having Arherican course.” i experienced by Japan in the 1930s that played a done most of the research in archives in Washing­ Sjhe spent six weeks in Hawaii last year inter- role in Japanese military actions. ton, D.C. V II) Wednesday. August 26. 19HI HONOLULU ADVKKTISKK Bigotry blamed for internment soned along with his California family in minister for the United Church of Christ, By Robert W . Bone an Arizona concentration camp during told the audience of about 70 that preju­ l ... Three others from Hawaii who were also sent to camp during the war took part in a panel discussion at the forum. Iwao Kosaka was first imprisoned on Sand Island and later yas imprisoned on the,.Mainland.' He recalled traveling to camp on a train with all his money — $25 — in his pocket. After he was taken to eat in the dining car, he had no small change to leave the waiter for a tip: - Jap!’ the waiter said.” Eigo Kudo, whose family members were Peruvian Japanese, was taken with others from that South American country to the United States in 1944 to be used in case ethnic Japanese were needed to trajie for American prisoners of war in Japan. When the war ended, the United States attempted to deport him and his family “as illegal aliens” to Japan, saying Peru would no longer accept them, despite the fact that they had never lived in Japan. With legal help, they finally obtained resident alien status in the U.S. in 1954. Dr. Unoji Goto, who was from a small I coffee farm in Kona, was unlucky enough to be caught in the Mainland roundup of Japanese while he was studying dentistry at the University of Southern California. He said all he could think of while board­ ing a bus for camp was Lincoln’s Gettys­ burg address in which he said “all men I are created equal.” A-16 Honolulu S tor-Bulletin Wednesday. Auflos» 26. 1981 Panel Relates Effects of Internment Camps

By Harold Mofse to endure hardships while keeping Star-Bulletin Writer one’s feelings to oneself. But in recent times, Japanese- Many Japanese-Americans who Americans have learned from other were placed in Mainland internment people and from their own sons and camps in World War II found their daughters to find outlets for iheir experiences too painful to talk about feelings, Kawata said. years afterward even within their The program on the internment own families, a former internee said question was attended by about 70 last night. persons. It included a slide presenta­ Kay Kaneko, of Los Angeles, who tion prepared by Kaneko’s sister. was interned at age 9, told a Church Amy Uno Ishii, and her son. Ken of the Crossroads audience that her Ishii. brother discovered this when he Kawata and three other former in­ taught the first course on the ternees related some of their war­ Japanese-American experience at time experiences. San Francisco State College 30 years Kawata said he believes repara­ ago. tions are in order. Kaneko said her brother had his Those who lost homes and busi­ students ask their parents who had nesses had only a small portion of been interned to come forward and their losses reimbursed. He said his tell their stories. The students re­ father received $4,000 for his Califor­ turned with the message that the nia farm that was worth $40,QP0. parents found the memories so pain­ “At the age of 60, this man had to ful they did not want to discuss start all over again because the them, Kaneko said.' United States government had com­ pletely wiped him out; he lost every­ This is one reason it took so long thing.” for the Japanese American Citizens HIS FATHER bought his farm in League, of which she is a member, 1912, a year before the Alien Land to begin its movement for redress Law was passed th at would have and reparations for wartime intern­ prevented him from buying it. ment, Kaneko said. Kawata said. She later said she would favor a Others in his father’s generation tax credit for reparations purposes, were unable to start over after the the amount of which would depend war because their physical health on the num ber of days a person was broken and “mentally they spent in an internment camp. could never quite get themselves to­ gether again,'* he said. THE REV. Teruo Kawata, a young “ I’m willing to accept the fact that internee during the war who now is I don’t need $25,000, and I’m not ask­ a minister with the Hawaii Confer­ ing for it,” Kawata said on the repa­ ence of the United Church of Christ, rations question. said it is Japanese family tradition But the U.S. government is “ legal­ ly and morally obligated to make some kind of reparation in some form,” he added. Kawata said he would like to see a trust fund set up to help World War II internees who are poor and to help provide education for their descend­ ants. He said he also would like to see a legal defense fund established to help preserve civil rights, he said. Iwao Kosaka, one of three former internees who took part in a panel discussion, said he hopes the histori­ cal documentation of the internment experience will be “recorded in Con­ gress.” E1GO KUDO, who was born in Peru and later interned in the United States along with other Japanese-Peruvians, said, “I think it should remain in the history so it will never, never happen again.” Dr. Unoji Goto, Kona-born amd in­ terned while a dental student at the University of Southern California, said he hopes such incarceration will “never happen again” — that no one “be incarcerated purely because of his ancestry.” The slide show and speakers de­ scribed the internment camps in great detail. Kawata said the mass, incarceim-—■ tion of 120,000 Japanese-Americans was done because of bigotry and prejudice and not because of mili­ tary necessity while the United States was at war with Japan. Commentary

By Kiyoaki Murata The Distorted Image Editor, The Japan Timet

Wartime Relocation of Japanese Suffers Dearth of Fair Information

The writer of this article lived In Critics of this forced migra­ ancestries. Why did this hap­ confined in the war relocation the U.S. from 1941 to 1948. spending tion, even during the war, re­ pen? The U.S. Congress centers until the end of the nine months In the Colorado River War Relocation Center at Poston. ferred to the relocation centers created a commission to find war. Many of them left the Arizona, following the outbreak of as “ concentration camps” in a out the facts, and it is now centers from the spring of 1943 the. war. He recently published a cynical allusion to the Nazi holding hearings. Those Ameri- on for employment outside De­ memoir on his seven-year sojourn version. Given the context of can-Japanese were allowed to spite the rumors in early 1942 In America, entitled “ Salgo no Ryugakusei” (The Last Student to the war in which it was car­ take with them only baggage that enemy aliens, i.e., Japa­ Go Abroad). ried out, a misunderstanding they could carry in their own nese subjects, would be kept In of the true nature of the east­ hands and were confined in the the centers for the duration of The hearings now being held ward exodus of ethnic Japa­ barracks hastily built in waste­ the war, they were dealt with throughout the United States nese was. to some extent, una­ land for four years until the on the same basis as the citi­ by the Commission on War­ voidable. end of the war." zens. Those who remained In time Relocation and Inter­ If it was difficult for Ameri­ Errors Listed the relocation canters until the nment of Civilians have cans at large in the early 1940s There are many glaring er­ end are the ones who pre­ aroused interest here in the to have an accurate notion of rors in this brief statement. ferred the “ safety” of the World War II episodes that in­ what went on, it was far more 1. The number of persons in­ camps. volved ethnic Japanese in so for Japanese In Japan. The volved is authoritatively stated Gross Misnomer America. government here naturally to have been 110,000, not 5. The Japanese word to de­ Because of the spirit in took advantage of the evac­ 200,000. The latter figure may scribe thU fprbs&relocation is which the hearings are being uation to fan anti-American have been closer to the total kyosel shuyo (literally, "com­ held — that of indictment — sentiments. number of ethnic Japanese in pulsory detention” ) and the however, it is inevitable that During the postwar decades, the U.S. But the fact is that centers are kijown as kyosel the American experience is some of the books written those living in other states shuyojo, the term originally ap­ portrayed as an instance of about the wartime episode — were not affected by the relo­ plied to the Nazi concentration gross injustice, for which there mostly by its “ victims” — cation program. camp. It is a misnomer that ought to be redress. Thus, the were translated in Japan, and 2. A week to 10 days, not 24 grossly misrepresents the cir­ probe is inevitably unilateral they did not help to give an ob- hours, was the usual time al­ cumstances and facts of the re­ and emotional rather than ob- jective picture of the extraor- lowed for the persons to pre­ location center; Jectlve and rational. This is dmary event. And the recent pare for relocation — first to 6. The evacuees were al­ the reason why the testimony developments Involving the assembly centers and then to lowed to have their household by U.S. Senator S.I. Hayakawa “ internment commission” relocation centers. goods shipped; U. the colters before the commission earlier have rekindled popular Inter­ 3. The 110,000 persons com­ by the U.S. army. this month was “ shocking” to est In the subject, often further prised about 70,000 Japanese- One of the -tacts not often most other Japanese-Ameri­ distorting its image. American citizens and about publicized is that the evacuees cans. An eloquent testimony is the 40,000 alien Japanese who were never (breed to work. But The senator is quoted to sub-editorial column of a repu­ were Japanese subjects. The those who worked, largely to have testified: “ I am proud to table Japanese dally which Japanese-American citizens, maintain camp life as mess be a Japanese-American, but commented on the subject on however, were technically also hall, sanitation and security when a small but vocal group Aug. 5: Japanese subjects because of personnel, etc., and as of Japanese-Americans de­ . . in America across the a conflict In the nationality teachers, doctors and ad­ mand a cash indemnity of ocean. Americans of Japanese laws of the two countries. The ministrators,

<3 . By Carl Zimmerman Assistant Editor. Editorial Page THE RECENT HEARINGS on the internment and Hawaii state Rep. Barbara Marumoto, who experi­ relocation of Japanese-Americans during World War II enced the internment as a child, recommended estab­ have produced wide agreement that an injustice was lishment of a national day of observance on the anni­ committed, but a variety of suggestions as to what versary of the executive order under which the reloca­ remedy is appropriate at this late date. tion was carried out. The major issue facing the congressionally created Frank F. Chuman, a California attorney and Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of authority on the internment, proposed that the commis­ Civilians is whether financial compensation should be sion declare the evacuation order and subsequent given. The National Coalition for Redress and Repara­ implementing orders racially motivated and therefore tions wants each of the 120,000 victims to be awarded unconstitutional. He also suggested that the U.S. Su­ $25,000. One witness proposed payments of $50,000 preme Court be asked to reverse its decisions in favor each. of the government in three cases involving actions But the Japanese-American Citizens League, which taken against Japanese-Americans. I lobbied for the hearings, has not advocated a specific One of the most interesting ideas — although not | amount of compensation. JACL officials said they presented to the commission — comes from Everett { hoped the public airing of the episode would prevent Kleinjans, the former president of the East-West Cen­ similar injustices in the future. ter. He proposes a giant monument, a counterpart of Sen. S.I. Hayakawa, R-Calif., said the demands for the St8tue of Liberty, to be built on Alcatraz Island in reparations “make my flesh crawl with shame and San Francisco Bay, its arms beckoning to Asia. Klein­ embarrassment.” jans says he was once offered Alcatraz as a site for the Of Hawaii’s four members of Congress, only Rep. East-West Center. He said he replied that the center Daniel Akaka advocated sizeable financial compensa- would be interested only if Congress would authorize such a monument there. How to remedy injustices done to * * * Japanese-Americans during World War II. MASAJI MARUMOTO, the retired Hawaii Supreme Court justice, says the internment of Japanese-Ameri­ cans in Hawaii was less objectionable than the West tion. He proposed establishment of a scholarship pro­ Coast action because it was confined mainly to persons gram, with a descendant of each victim to be given a who had some connection with the Japanese Consulate one-year college scholarship for each year the victim or who were community leaders. was interned. Marumoto points out that it is customary in time of SEN. DANIEL K. INOUYE noted he had resisted war to intern suspected persons. In the case of most of pressure to award reparations and instead sponsored the Hawaii internees, he believes the government had the investigatory commission. He said it would be reason to act. premature to suggest remedies before all the evidence This was not true, in his opinion, of the mass reloca­ is in and the commission has submitted its report. He tion of West Coast Japanese-Americans. Nor was it told the commission to “make your report one that will true of Japanese fishermen in Hawaii. Marumoto re­ awaken this experience enough to haunt the conscience calls that about 20 of them — several of them had been of this nation.” his clients — were arrested months after the Dec. 7 Sen. Spark M. Matsunaga recommended only a attack although they were not prominent people or “token” form of compensation “to prove that this great linked with the consulate. nation of ours is so strong and so steeped in righteous­ Marumoto thinks the fishermen may have been in­ ness that it is unafraid to admit its mistakes of the terned merely to pad the number of persons taken in. past.” These people, the retired jurist said, probably deserved ; Rep. Cecil Heftel said the question of compensation compensation if anyone did. should be left to the commission, adding that it is cus- But he is skeptical about awarding reparations to i ternary to compensate citizens who have been wrongly anyone because of the problems caused by the passage imprisoned. of so many years Recalls Wounds o f Internment Marumoto Testifies at AJA Hearings “ If we Americans pride ourselves logical wounds. It altered our lives By Gregg K. Kakesako not dnly through the war years, byt Star-Bulietin Writer on the supremacy of civilian control over the military and on our consti­ for years thereafter." ^ Republican state Rep. Barbara tutional rights, then a national day IN THE INTERVIEW. Marumoto Marurrioto said the subject of war­ of observance on the anniversary of elaborated on her wartime experi­ time internment in a western reloca­ Executive Order 9066 is called for. ence. tion camp was so emotionally upset­ “ A national holiday would insure “ In 1942, my family lived in San ting for her parents that they have that we would remember, in per­ Francisco. On April 30. 1942 my five tried to wipe the harrowing experi­ petuity, that ourcivil rights are pre­ week-old brother, who now is- an ence from their memory. cious to every American. Justice de­ insurance executive in Redwood Marumoto, who was first elected mands no less.” City, Calif., my parents and I were to the state House from the 8th Dis­ Marumoto apparently was the only sent to Tanforan Race Track - - - a trict (Diamond Head-Aina Haina) in person from Hawaii to testify at the temporary assembly center. 1978, testified earlier this week be­ hearings which were held in Los An­ “ We were placed in a horse stall fore the congressionally created geles this week. along with my grandparents. My Commission on Wartime Relocation The committee, which began hear­ memories of that experience are and Internment of Civilians. ings last month in Washington, met vague because I was only two at the “ The distress and deep psychologi­ in Los Angeles until yesterday, and time. But the one thing I rem em ber cal wounds have effected our lives will conduct further hearings in San is the smell...perhaps because it.v?as for years,” said Marumoto, who was Francisco, Seattle, Chicago, Anchor­ such a tense period." ' nearly three years old when she was age, Alaska and the Aleutian Is­ Marumoto said her other recollec­ carted off with her parents and lands. tions about the 100 days that her grandparents and housed in a horse During the emotional Los Angeles family was interned at Tanforan stall at a racetrack. hearing, Japanese-Americans told center mainly on the noise and~the In her written testimony. Marumo­ the federal commission of severe Barbara Marumoto lack of privacy. to recommended that the commis­ economic losses, emotional distress The only Japanese-American who Fortunately, Marumoto said her sion establish a national day of ob­ and death in relocation camps. opposed some form of reparations family was able to leave the race servance on the anniversary of was U.S. Sen. S.I. Hayakawa. R- track because her father found a-job Executive Order 9066 — the presi­ THE PANEL IS to make its find­ ings and recommendations to Con­ Calif., who insisted that such de at the University of Colorado at dential order that enabled military mands “ make my flesh crawl with authorities to m ove 120,000 A m e r i­ gress within a year on what, if any. Boulder where he taught Japanese action should be taken to redress in­ shame and embarassment." language to U.S. naval cadets.’ cans of Japanese Ancestry in Hawaii Hayakawa, who was a Canadian and the West Coast into relocation juries to 120,000 people of Japanese But Marumoto said her paternal citizen at the time, conceded the in­ camps during World War II. ancestry who were uprooted from grandparents — Jiro and Tama ternment violated civil rights, but in­ “ Before I went to the West Coast their homes in California and por­ Okamoto — had to spend the w£r sisted it was understandable because h ea rin g,” M a ru m o to sa id in an tions of Washington, Oregon and years interned in a relocation Camp of the mood of the times. interview yesterday. ” 1 sat down Arizona and sent to 10 relocation in the Utah desert at Topaz...... Marumoto said she testified after with my parents and it was the first camps around the country between “ I remember visiting theW, I Hayakawa and told the commission time we had discussed the subject 1942 and 1946. remember the desolation of the /lat that despite the fact that her family desert, the rows upon rows of bar­ because it is so upsetting for them .” Businesses, property, homes, farmlands and personal goods were was detained for only a short while, racks, the machine gun towers and MARUMOTO SAID her parents sold for a pittance or left behind, the executive order changed their the barbed wire. would rather “ forget it and place it and little remained when the evacu­ lives drastically. ‘.‘It was something I had never behind them .” ees returned. “ It necessitated our abruptly mov­ seen before and that was way -I But Marumoto said there is “ the Marumoto said her father, Takeo ing away from our homes, our rem em b er it so v iv id ly . D rivin g need for all Americans to remember Okamoto, sold his business at “ a friends and family and from our through the gates. I remember look­ what happened and not to allow it to great loss.” He later filed a claim jobs,” Marumoto said in her written ing up and seeing a soldier looking occur again — to the Japanese- under the provisions of a 1948 law. testimony. down at me with a rifle. Arnerican community or to any but only received about one-fifth of p “It caused severe economic dis­ Something tike that is something other ethnic group. what he requested. tress as well as leaving deep psycho­ you remember .” Kishiyama, D. (1981, August 5). Redress Urged. Los Angeles Times. Hatred Buried. (1981, August 5). Wall Street Journal. Apologizing to the Internees. (1981, August 4). The New York Times. SITREP II - TUESDAY, AUGUST 4, 1981 Prepared by Mary l o u

HONOLULU STAR BULLETIN - TUESDAY-, AUGUST 4, 1981 1 o'. \

*** 1) AJA INTERNMENT IS DEFENDED - (Front Page— See Tel Article) (Inouye) 2) ISLE-TO-MAINLAND FLIGHTS KEEP PACE - (Front Page— See 0 til Article) 3) WRITER JOHNSTON DIES AT AGE 66 (Pg. A-4 --See Tel Arti'Ae) 4) REAPPORTIONMENT PANEL IS CRITICIZED - (Pg. A-7— See T-.Article)

! LycLowa Speaks ai LA. Keoring^yj AJA interrimenf Is Defended • LOS ANGELES (AP> — Jeered by been generated over the. years, sts ously that all which can be done to young Japanese-Americans. Sen. S.I well as the normal Insanities af ws ■ eJp Japanese-Americans is to give Hayakawa today defended the in* time." . . .hem an equal opportunity to suc­ fernmenl of some 120.000 people oi ceed. ' . . • .. . - Japonfse origin during World War H “WAR BREEDS fear of e r ; .v s within — spies and sabotev.'i “ We think a minimum woidd be •and sski demands for pt least MOC $25,000 to each individual who suffer­ million hi reparations ’ ’ make my said. “ Such rumors were r > ,* * ed lasses as a result of being relocat­ flesh crawl with shame and embar­ ed,” said Steve Tafsukawa, spokes­ rassment. An Atonement '; ,t j •* men for the National Coalition for ■Hayakawa. K-CsfU\, was In Cana­ Redress Reparations. da during the war and not among N&xfad— Edit& r. s iA-lB those interned, but he was the lead- ■ “ There were many kinds of loss — off witness *4 * federal Waring toe- direct loaf of property, ptychoiogic&i end emotional problems and loss of sidering reparations to Japaneae* to be totally w lf r ; f u.idaiinn, but educational and job opportunities.” Americans who suffered tosses dur- in the anxletie* . J i moment they . ing the war. were believed. * T&teukawa said the $400 million '’The wartime relocation of *’ I am j . /, t I a Japanese- eetim&le was arrived ml a number ed 'Japanese-Americana can only be Arooricar. ’ tV sc • j r said, “ but years ago by Japanese-American understood in the context of Califor­ when A ' (j‘ ,1 by orul group of community leaders Ln Los Angeles. nia h is to ry .*’ Hayakawa said.. Japar / ’ j-\> a ricati ... demand a HE SAID MANY persons who “ Against a background of a!mc3t 100 cash '; .16 rr n ‘y of 000 for {each .were interned in tbe 10 relocations: years of anti-orleotal agitation of) t j e • 'ri? went to relocation Camps set up by President Franklin ’ throughout California, it is easy to dv i g World War If, my Delano Roosevelt have since died. understand that the attack on Pearl flesh cr / i / th shame and ^mbar- The organization ū asking that.their Harbor aroused In the people of Cali­ rassme f share of the money be used to sup­ fornia, as well as elsewhere, all the HeyJ / m i ’ 5{i«d statements he port Japanese-American comm unity superstitious, racist fears that'had had fT / 3 ■ n b I of times previ­ service end cultural group*. . Tbe nine-member U.S. £ommia* slon on Wartime Relocation and In­ ternment of Civilians began three days of hearings today ^ Los An­ geles. ■ * The committee began Its bearings last month in Washington ancl wUl hold future hearings In Sac Francis­ co, Anchorage,’ Chicago and the Aleutian Islands'. Beginning in early 1942, an estfc mated 120,000 people of Japanese de­ ft cent — both resident aliens and American citizens in California and portions of Washington, Oregon and Arizona — were ordered to leave their homes, taking with them only what they could, carry In -two suit­ cases. SITREP 1 of Monday, August 3, 1981 Srasrkyfo Ike Hescud •••• The scenario is surprising,-but it seeing To go like * President Ronald Reagan’s military pay, plan gets- to • A A more trouble with the U.S, JSenate Armed Services Committee, even though it U dominated.by members of his own Repub^ licanRarty,<. --;*/• •./. '• ' : *■ . .Who' rides up' to the rescue but $ liberal Democratic! prone to • senator from Hawaii, Spark Matsuhaga...' .. . The Senate committee, it seems, hacked up the adminis­ tration’s pay plan to raise, military recruit pay by shifting' the money over to higher pay raises tor skilled personnel ’ heart ills 'the services want to retain. By Hugh Clark • , *. . The recruit pay raise was dropped from the 14 J percent ’ W - r t i ( £ £ f.A -3 favored'by the administration and the House Armed .Sery».’ HILO — Americans -of Japanese ices Committee to T and 8 percent. On the other hand, the Ancestry (AJA) here and In toe Angeles] are taller and heavier than their distant; pay raises for middle and upper rank enlisted personnel'; Hiroshima cousins. . would go.as.hiigh as 22 percent, "• - . - . -; . '■ -. L.v But they are much m ore prone to ' f‘We’ll save you,M Sen, Matsunaga antf Sen. Mark HaiN. heart attack,vtend to be overweight and • field, RiOre.V Signalled the president, and promised a -floor / have less muacle development. fight to get back the I4 i percent that Defense Secretary ; •- Every two or three years since 1970, Caspar Weinberger recommends/ : ‘ . some 600 to 700 Hilo and Kona resident* The motive for the improbable alliance lies elsewhere. . get1 free medical examinations *fn>m a team of doctors from Hiroshima Univer­ Uatsunaga; like President Reagan,- opposes a return, to sity's School of Medicine. tbe draft He sees the towered recruit pay as a disguised': The program b a conttoutog study- of maneuver by pro-draft senators on the Senate Armed Serv* • lifestyle and environmental health ef­ ‘ ices comrtjittee to make a draft more necessary. fects on persons of Japanese ancestry from Hiroshima who have settled on the Big Island and In Lns Angeles. ¥J’ker%Jh%W$i _¥&Gs. I'Vrorsg . Dr.Yukio Nishimoto, chairman of the This is In response to the July 22 j ’ it would Seem thaf A^V Gouisirt, Department of Internal Medicine at letter from A-L Goulerl concerning who wrote tbe July 22 letter oppos* Hiroshima University, started the' pro­ reparations to Japanese Americans lag reparatiobs for Americana of- gram to 1970 with the assistance of tbe relocated during World War II. I -Japanese ancestry, does not under- Hiroshima Kenjin Kai of Hawaii Island. pimply cannot agree with the Hne o f. «tand. the situation. For the beneOt i .’ Thb month, .ha led a team of seven argument presented . . • . Gculart ,Md others with similar, j doctors from Japan to. HUo tor the fifth First of all,- Goulart does great vUrwa, let’s get some things straight.. • to a aeries of examinations. The Big Is­ Injustice by confusing the isaie. No ■* We i n not talking about a m h K : land was chosen o v e r ‘Honolulu, be ex­ cu>e is saying that the attack on (Red Issue conccraiog charity for s plains, because the population base here Pearl Harbor er the Bataan Death foreign people displaced in a yjar is more stable.' * . * If arch are justified by either history begun by their own government, Results o f Nlshimoto's studies are pub­ »r reparations being presorted far . Tbe issue never has and never will lished in world health journals:. He has Japanese Americans today. .. be forgotten (nor should It be forgot­ reached several conclusions about the • Tbe Issue is that the United States1 ten ). At m ost tt can be, rested relative health of the offspring o f Japa­ rohimlUed serious violations at through this comparatively meager - nese emigrants, much of it the result of 3amen rights against its own citP redressing o f grievances. The issue* eating. ' teo*. The only critrie Japanese is not charity, but justice. And the people wronged are- Nlshimoto said to an interview last Americans were guilty of during tbe week that.the three.leading ,causes of irar was their race. , * Americans, innocent of any wrong- death in Japan are stroke, cancer and- Now this poses a major contradict. doing yet Imprisoned by their fellow. lion (n the annals of American .Americans with little regard for the » heart attack in-that order,.In Hilo, Knn«: lemocracy. .The matter is germana? truth er the. rights of the innocent: and In s Angeles, the.top three killers' so domestic American policy during people jsQad/ . . ■ are heart attacks,-cancer and strokes. hewe war,win, mm and should»«u n . hot be ~ counter------A bum her of these Imprisoned One reason fo r tbe high stroke inci­ »shi*try under tbe guise of presenting. ThU la an answer to the letter toward tbe lifestyle theory of diseases as he other aide,- At a time When eoo- written by A. L.GouIari, opposed to genetic weaknesses. . »orak austerity is becoming eynony*; . Why do som e unthinking people noitt with subtle forms of reprea-. keep oh. blaming us Americans erf Although Cancer strikes ethnic Japa- ilon, try this: replace Japanese Japanese ancestry for the bombing r.rse In both Hiroshima and Hilo, the Americans with any other ethnic of Pearl Harbor and other atrocious kinds of caneur they experience an* tlif- . proup - seeking reparations for acts committed by Japan? ferenl j vruogs com tohitd «gainst toetn in - Remember^ it w u the Japanese Rates of stomach cancer, for Instance, be past, fierpember, they are tax* from Japan who committed those are high in Japan but about average wyeratoo. . - horrors.- We AJAs had absolutely with the general population in Hawaii. Yes, tt all happened over 85 years nothing to do with them. Lung cancer In California and Dig Island igo, but it doesn't follow that raising Although German nationals were AJAs is higher — about the samp as i trow means dwelling on ii. History partly responsible for the despicable other ethnic rreups — than in Japan, de­ ias many unpleasant lessons. We •els committed by their leaders, I cam from them to "build better fu- have not heard or read .anything con­ spite the high incidence of heavy ciga* urea. You don't tuck (hem away be* demning Americans of. German reUe smoking in Japan. ranse they are sordid, You confront ancestry for it. Then why should we; Cancer of the colon U mute low tn hem and you own up. .! AJA* always get blsmed'for some-' Japan compared with the United States thing we had nothing to do with? where descendant* of the *L-lllc*rs fmm Lilian Y. Yamasaki' Hiroshima hnve developed celon rancor ‘ K. Yokoysma FORUM1 A-8 Honolulu S«or-Bull«tin SoKrdoy, Augmt 1 1981 the Readers’ Page

This detention camp housed Americans of Japanese ancestry at Tule Lake, Calif., during World War II. When the U.S. Was Wrong This is in response to the July 22 who were victims of the relocation letter from A.L. Goulart concerning camps of World War II. He also reparations to Japanese Americans refers to these victims as heirs of relocated during World War II. I the Japanese who committed these simply cannot agree with the line of atrocities and says that these vic­ argument presented. tims “ lived in luxury” compared to First of all, Goulart does great American POWs in Japanese camps. injustice by confusing the issue. No Goulart also proclaims "charity sne is saying that the attack on begins at home!” Pearl Harbor or the Bataan Death I would like to inform Goulart that March are justified by either history the victims of the relocation camps >r reparations being presented to are not heirs to the perpetrators Of Tapanese Americans today. atrocities against Americans. The The issue is that the United States victims were themselves Americans. :onimitted serious violations of The victims were Americans long iuman rights against its own citi- before Pearl Harbor, having nothing tens. The only crime Japanese to do with atrocities against Ameri­ Americans were guilty of during the cans. var was their race. As for the victims living in luxury Now this poses a major contradic- compared to Am erican POW s in :ion in the annals of American Japanese camps, I must stress that lemocracy. The matter is germane the victims were Americans, not o domestic American policy during Japanese soldiers, not POWs. They he war, and should not be counter- were American citizens not unlike josed and confused with the war be- American citizens of other ances­ ween nations. That would be the tries victimized by ignorance and ssue of the war itself. hatred. Secondly, reparations in the As to Goulart’s proclamation imounts sought cannot begin to “ charity begins at home,” I must in­ :ompensate for the loss of land and form him that all this happened at ivelihood, or the damage done to the “ home” to fellow Americans. The iuman spirit. It cannot erase the comparison should not be between memory of being prisoners in their Japanese and American aspects of jwn country. World War II but between the citi­ Further, Goulart's argument zens of America during the war. It is smacks of cheap but dangerous so­ sad that those Americans of Japa­ phistry under the guise of presenting nese ancestry loyally served the homic ausieruji IS UWUtning synony- inous with subtle form s of repres­ now be faced with the same igno­ sion, try this: rep lace Japanese rance that they faced during the Americans with any other ethnic war. It is sad that they fought and group seeking reparations for gave their lives and still some peo­ wrongs committed against them in ple still cannot see them as Ameri­ the past. Remember, they are tax­ cans. payers too. I personally see no purpose in > Yes, it all happened over 36 years monetary compensation to reloca­ jgo, but it doesn't follow that raising tion camp victims. My relatives who , g now means dwelling on it. History were victims of those camps are too kas many unpleasant lessons. We proud to accept it and claim they do team from them to build better fu­ not need or want it. tures. You don’t tuck them away be­ The best compensation is educa­ cause they are sordid. You confront tion of what really happened to com­ them and you own up. bat ignorance like that portrayed by Goulart, the kind of ignorance that Lilian Y. Yamasaki put Americans of Japanese ancestry in the camps in the first place. ^ My people who fought and died fighting for America during World War II, who remained loyal and hard working, want only to be known as Americans. They do not want to be blamed for things they were not responsible for. The main point is not what was done to the Japanese during World W ar II so much as what was done to honest and loyal American citizens. Wayne Yukio Okamura Honolulu Shv-Bulletin Wednevfay. j„|y 29

Flirting at a Camp

' The impact of Executive Order 9066 issued by President Roosevelt on Feb. 19, 1942, had very little humor in its execution. Moving 120,- 000 Japanese Americans out of their West Coast homes into concentration camps is not a laughing matter. One of the original collecting camps was at Pipedale, Calif. Dur­ ing the early stages of this camp operation, it was necessary to use walking guards to patrol the area as guard towers had not yet been in­ stalled. One night as officer of the day, I received a frantic call by walkie- talkie from one of| the patroling guards. He pleaded that he be reliev­ ed immediately. Arriving at the scene, I found the /soldier dutifully walking his post along the lighted fence. Inside the fence and walking along with him were two very at­ tractive teen-age Japanese-Ameri­ can girls dressed in long tight fitting gowns. They were chiding the soldier, in­ form ing him th a t they held no grudge against him, they understood the situation, but why not come on over to their side of the fence when he got off duty and they would have a party. The soldier was about 19, and his frustrations were evident. I was using this incident in a high; school many years later as part of a course in sociology. After class, one of the students, a Japanese-Ameri­ can girl came up to my desk. She said, “I don’t want to seem rude but 1 have heard your story before/’ • I was Startled, as I could not recall having toldjthia incident before. When I asked how it was possible that she had heard the story, she replied, “One of those girls was my m other/’ H.G. “Bud" Strom be rger tr • 11 SITREP 1 of Monday, July 29 , 1981 PREBAPED 3Y JINNY OKANO

1. BPPLBTI»?R, SATURDAYJULY 25, 1981 iū Youth Held in St. Louis Classmate’s Death-Front Pg^— An argument about a girlfriend apparently.,triggered fatal stabbing of Aguim Hiu, 17, yesterday morning by another student at St. Louis Hi on the last day of summer school. Alleged assailant, male student, 17, turned himself in to assistant principal following the 8*10 AM stabbing. *** fc. Fund-Paiser to Honor Hawaiian Politicians-A-S— SssTelArt. *** c. Hilo Nursing Chief Dismissed-A-3— SeeTelArt. *** cL An Excellent Choice for the HVB-A-6~-SeaTalArt, ★** e. Jnouye Warns Poverty an Explosive Problem-A-8— SeeTelArt. f. Mililani’s Gym Must Wait, Ariyoshi Tells Delegation-A-8-— About 50 Mililani residents called on Gov. yesterday to ask that he release money for a gym for their high school. But Gov. told gp. that he intends to abide by a priority list that doesn’t call for the gym to be built for several years. Gov, said approximately the first 30 projects on list are built each year, and according to DOE’s priority list (which Gov. said he will abide by) Milalani* ranks 50. 2. ADV/BULLETIN, SUNDAY, JULY 25, 1981 ā"[ Strict Fireworks Bill Drafted by Pacarroj He Expects Approval- A-3— Some items in the proposal includes requirement that permit be usedjfireworks be set off in an approved wire-mesh cage attached to pole or tripod resting on groundjcreate penalties of $1000 and/or 30 days in jail for buying or using fireworks w/out permit. * * * b. Pratt Re-elected by Libertarians-A-41—SeeTelArt. * ** c. Inouye sWorld Stability Linked to Food-A-5— SeeTelArt. *** d. Democrat Problems Hawaii-G-l— SeeTelArt. 3. ADVERTISER, MONDAY, JULY 27, 1981 2Ū Aloha Tower Gives Rise to Dreams-and to Controversy-Front Pg-- First phase of 3 development phases of hotel-Cffice-rstail complex will be entirely financed w/$33 million revenue bond issue approved by lawmakers this year. In initial phase, architectural and engineering planning will get under way in earnest, and selected portions of existing structures on state-owned land from i Bier; 8 to 11 will be demolished. bw-• ‘ Lessons-A-7— Ltr. to Edtr.— SeeTelArt. . . Lessons Pratt re-elected Fynd-Raiser to Honor tndysreat w S»?6m o? tenor* Iht memory of W stlc? 5M.rpctn»ted apoa Its own people — this Is I tOO V — ■ it t>itk Adair’s e x c e lle n t cartoon leUs as t o ' of H* ards to the AM te a t. Libertarian Party Chairman Date wibm ahceatr,?. who represent Big ves more etsenUs! than repayment to conttowd Pratt was rootected to her. post to bjaad residents will be honored at phaitla on awareness shoot the WWII period sad the etoctton* yesterday at tha aenual *|'Atzf.T< fund-raiser spo?i.wred by V internment. Wfcstto reaSy *hocking to the nitmber party contention at tha Ala Moana lbe Hawin Council Association sf Hotel. ; • ' Hkwaftao Civic Clubs. Vmeric mi*, yoaiag. and old, who do apt even know at 3Tbe event will be held at the Seven Interning of the Japanese-Amsticsn* at Menssoor, She to also one ef to parsons chosen nationally to sarsn oa a ptat See* Loan How* in Hile at 6 p.m. is Lake. Heart Uoontain, and the seven other Jorm ccmtnitti*/ Tickets al 16 apiece ?n»y be obtained np*. Despite oSthe rhetoric, there was suppression Other officers am J t n s t k t o n , i m ) Mny Hawaii** Civic Club mertb- :hi» event in m«eh ef the post-WWtl UteraWvkc s. Cer- cbaiman; AmitolMU. to Ut, Atu Like, Hawaii VUUor* Bu­ niy none of the whitewashed, jbtgoMfe soda! stadias elected as secretary; LodwigAr> re*» and Kai Store in Hilo, ;ts mentioned the Internment whew 1 attended school ffoaoroe* will include Hep. Daniel msrdlng. re-elected as t m n n r ; Afatkm* stale Sen, Dam? Carpenter* the Midwest dartog the IfSOs and IMto. (I first t o n - Ken Schoollan^, re-slscUd m . the AJA camps to IMS from a d d SfL F tay H antt C c c n ij Councilman Merle member-at-large ef the exert tive U k Jim si DaWberg and Spencer rnk.) - *■'. committee; end TeXS1', Schott*, Board of Education VU of u$ must la n d «ad Cram Hit sad d m k p executive committ** “ WUm Waters, and Office tnt to ouf coaatiy*S past — to fo l s tip i. to t post tsrge. Affair* trustee Ldomafa- ^crtantly to ran h t that the larcad tacsnsi ilto of tHckson also was rhosto tolhrtd « ■ f r f '/ ethnic group w » oeitr areursntoii,'T% - ' « - group of delegates to tod'] Party nattoaa) •'V c^nifc to Denver. ■US*- Riley, W. (1981, July 27). You'll Pay for Liberal U.S. Policies Which Put Patriots in Prison Camps. Spotlight, p. 3, p. 30. nal Kevenuc ___ companies with cash flow troubles 10 cuunumy. 7 /w / ------1 Keep Internment Interred In March 1942, three months after things looked very bleak for the the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, United States in early 1942 after the one month after the surrender of the loss of most of its Pacific fleet at British at Singapore and right around .Pearl Harbor. Military authorities the flight of Gen. Douglas MacArthur were not wholly without justification from beleaguered Bataan, Gen. John in fearing that some of the Japanese- L. DeWitt, chief of the U.S. Army’s Americans might be tempted to aid a Western Command, ordered the expul­ Japanese attack on the West Coast. sion of all people of Japanese ancestry The 1944 Supreme Court opinion, writ­ from West Coast military areas. The ten by one of the staunchest civil liber­ order led to the roundup and intern­ tarians in the court’s history, Justice ment in relocation camps of some Hugo Black, noted that “approxi­ 120,000 Japanese-Americans, two- mately 5,000 American citizens of Jap­ thirds of whom were U.S. citizens. anese ancestry refused to swear un­ A congressional commission is qualified allegiance to the United once again second-guessing this deci­ States and to renounce allegiance to sion, which has been reviewed in nu­ the Japanese emperor and several merous forums and upheld by the U.S. thousand evacuees requested repatria­ Supreme Court as a lawful exercise of tion to Japan.” wartime powers. The impetus for the It’s also important to remember current hearings is a proposal for a that World War II was a period of un­ compensation fund—the kind of thing speakable atrocities, destruction and that would pay $500 to each of the slaughter and that Japanese-Ameri­ heirs of the internees and make mil­ cans were not the only U.S. citizens to lionaires of half-a-dozen lawyers. But suffer. Unpleasant as the relocation there seems little chance that these camps were, the inhabitants were far proposals will pass, not least because safer and healthier than GIs in the the family income of Japanese-Ameri­ jungles of New Guinea or on the beach cans is more than 30% above the na­ at Iwo Jima. What’s more, thousands tional average. So the commission’s of Japanese-Americans were allowed hearings have become mostly sym­ to leave the camps for education or bolic, addressing the question, how jobs outside military areas. Some 33,- guilty should we feel? 000 joined the armed forces and as a The congressional hearings are cat­ group compiled a distinguished mili­ aloging all the miseries faced by Jap­ tary record. anese-Americans during the war, ac­ Indeed, it is sometimes argued that companied by news magazine articles relocation ironically helped to speed describing America’s “day of in­ the postwar assimilation of Japanese- famy.’’ Loyal citizens were expelled Americans into the American main­ from their homes for almost three stream. They now are disproportion­ years-merely on the basis of their na­ ately represented in such respected tional origin. Many felt forced to sell professions as medicine and engineer­ their farms and other properties at ing. distress prices. There was no similar In short, it is not necessary to deny roundup of the 150,000 people of Japa­ the injustices of 1942 to say that, at nese origin on Hawaii and no substan­ this point, nearly 40 years later, it tial evidence that they were guilty of serves very little useful purpose to sabotage or espionage during the take this issue around the track once course of the war. more. It may never be resolved to everyone’s satisfaction but then very However, Congress did pass an few things ever are. We can instead be Evacuation Claims Act in 1948. Even thankful that in those 40 years we though the restitution was small it re­ have largely buried the hatreds and flected a genuine effort to make suspicions that were an understanda­ er amends. It’s • orth remembering that fit ble complement to total war. ga su ■—hUKUM — — ■ I llllMMH" ' < r “ ' ~ v ^ “ ' : th W«*w*4>y. iufy 22, 1981 Honolulu Stor-BolUrin A-17

"Why don't you keep the money and buy yourself a human rights memory course7 ' REPARATIONS TO AJAs PRO CON Recently in a Star-Bulletin article It was with mixed emotions that I it was mentioned that the Japanese- read of the hearing by the Commis- Americans who were relocated dur- sion on Wartime Relocation of Civil- ing World War II might be getting ians, regarding the relocating of compensation for their property and 120,000 Japanese Americans during material losses. World War II. I think everyone will However this is far too late and agree that it was most unfair as well too little. It seems that Congress and as one Of the most stupid moves, the past presidents just wanted to However, there are two sides to the forget about the episode and the peo- coin; so let's look at the other side, pie affected . This is obviou sly On that fateful day of Dec. 7 when wrong. the Japanese perpetrated their Americans were uprooted from sneak attack on Pearl Harbor leav- their homes and businesses and jail- ing 2,300 dead and 19 ships sunk or ed in prison camps because they dam aged, we w ere officially at were of Japanese ancestry. This vio- peace. Later, as some of our for- lated all we had fought for during ward bastions fell to the Japanese, the '"Civil War and what had been the prisoners were treated more like accomplished through the Emanci- animals than humans; the provi- pation Proclamation; the fact that sions of the Geneva Conference all men were created equal and that being totally disregarded. How about a person should not be discriminated the Bataan Death March where only against because of his or her race. a handful of prisoners survived from These rights were obviously for- the original 35,000? And how about gotten when the Japanese-Anteri- the survivors fron sunken ships that cans were jailed illegally against were machine gunned or run down their will. by Japanese ships; or even worse. Material compensation is in order left to die a horrible and lingering but this is not enough. I think a per- death on the ocean? sonal apology should accompany the If we are going to pay $50,000 to money made by the president or by each of the victims or their heirs as Congress. Even this won’t negate the recommended by Professor Gordon' wrongdoings perpetrated by the gov- Hirabayashi of the University of ernment at that time. However, this Washington, then, in my opinion, the is all that can be done since we can’t Japanese government should pay turn back the sands of time. twice that amount to the Pearl Har- AU the money in the world can’t bor survivors or their heirs, and also erase the memories and the night- the POWs who died or were murder- mares of the camps. Nothing is ed by the Japanese, worth what they went through for After all, the reloc.ate

A. L. Goulart SITREP 2 of Wednesday, July 22, 1981 PREPARED BY JINNY OKANO i. bulletin, Wednesday, j u l y 22, 1981 T * a. Low Eruptive Period Forecast for Kilauea-A-3--According to scientists at Volcano Observatory, Xilauea i3 probably headed into long period of low eruptive activity. Decreased probability of eruptions is due to massive changes in Xilauea mountain which occurred in 2 Thanksgiving weekend earthquakes in 1975, Sineer pressure is relaxed there is les3 force pushing new magma up to surface to form an eruption. b. 3,000 Methodists 'Gathered Into One*~A~3— SeeTelArt. ■c. Columbia Inn*s Rost 'Toshi5 Kaneshiro Dies-SeeTelArt.(ATTN; GREGG) d„ Ariyoshi, Four County Mayors L{a)unch New Political Harmony- A- 3—-SeeTelArt. e. Hawaiian Homes Executives Discuss Problems, Projects-A-13-- Georgiana Padeken, and her division chiefs discussed some of their projects fot the coming year in recent interview— among activities under way are program to stimulate native Hawaiian business enterprises, a 220-home development on Oahu, and expanded help for Neighbor Island homestead farmers. f. Arrest of Albertini Ordered by Magistrate-A-14— Bench warrant was issued yesterday for arrest of catholic Action of Hawaii activist James Albertini after Albertini failed to show up in US District Court for an arraignment on criminal trespassing (Hickam AFB) on May 16th. Circumstances for 5/16 arrest were not disclosec in court documents. f g. Planners Reject Application for Mclokai Condo-A-15— Maui Planning Commission yesterday rejected application to rezone 4.9 acreB of land at Kamiloloa, Molokai where developer wants to build 77-unit condo— request was submitted by attorney Martin Luna on behalf of Molokai Plantation Inc. *** Reparations to AJAs ;Pro and Con-Ltr. to Edtr. p.A-17— SeeTelArt. the Readers’ Page l&JXL______

~Why don't you keeptm'mtasmt m dt . 0 hvmon rtghh memory .... <5itn ep 2 of Wednesday, July 2 2 , 1 9 8 1 .-.2 / 5 ' nfiPARA7B©NSTO.AJA*

t u i l . ?/>>-/f? ?■ /?~/7 Recently in a Ster-Bu/ietin article It wag with mUed emotion* that 5 tt was mentioned that the Japanese- read o( the hearing by the Commis­ Americana who were relocated dur* sion on Wartime Clelocatioti of Civil­ to.g Wo rid War I! might be getting ians, regarding the relocating of compensatioE. for their .property and 120,303 Japanese Americans during materiai fosses. ,Worid War II. £ think everyone will However this ts far too late and agree that it was most unfair as weH . too little. St aeems that Cangress and as one sf tho mcst «tupid meve*<. the past president* Just wanted to However, there are two sides to the forget about the episode and the peo­ coin; so let’s look at the other aide. » ple affectedVTht* is obviously On that fatcfuf^day of Dec. 7 when vrracg. the Japanese perpetrated their Americans were nprooted from sneak attack on Pearl Harbor leav* toetr borne* and businesses and jail­ ing ^,300 dead and 19 ships sunk or ed in prison camp* because they damaged, we were officially at ^pere of Japanese ancestry. This ■vio­ peace. Later, as some of our for­ lated all we had fought tor during ward bastions feB to the Japanese* the Civil War and what had been the prisoners were treated mere like accomplished through the Emanci­ animals than humans; the provi­ pation Proclamation; the fact that sions of ihe Geneva Conferenct »JI men were created equal and tha? being totally disregarded. How about x person ahouid **>£ be discriminated the EUtaaa Death March where only against because af his or her race. a handfnf of prisoners survived from - These Hght* wtre obviously far- the original 35,000? And bow about gotten when the Japanese-Ameri- fcht survivors fron sunken ships that cans were jailed illegally against were machine gunned or run down , their will. by Japanese ship*; or even worse, Material compensation h in order teft to. die a horrible and lingering but this is not enough, 5 think a per­ death 6o the ocean? sonal apology shouid accompany the . 2 we are going to pay I5C.000 to money made by the president or by each of the victims or their betra as Congress. Sven this won't .^gste the recomrnetkied b f ?rofe**or Gordon wrongdoings perpetrated by the gov* Hirabayashi of the University of ernment at that time. However* this Washington, then, in my opinion, the is *H that can be done since we can't Japaaeae government shotnd pay turn hack the sands of time. twice that amoont to the ?eari Hat-, A3 the money to the worid canH bor survivor* or their heirs, ami sise'i erase \he memories and the night* the POWs who <8ed or were murder* / mares cf the camps, WotMag U ed by the Japanese, * worih what they went through Jar After *U> the relocated persons they were caged just because they lived fat luxury compared to the were of Japanese background. - POWs; many dying from starvation i hide my £aee in shame knowing and aim** aa we5 as lack of medical what was done to the Japanese dur­ treatm£&. Remember the aid say- , ing World War S. It is one of the’ fag, “Charity begin* at bom*J“ It is saddest am! darkest chapters tc the time that we *top bdtog so generous history of the United States, with the taxpayers* maoey, £f cur gpversmaat iulst* cm giving It ' Marc Mcroy# away, I*Ts start with our awn veter* ta»r AS that happened m r 31 years ago a&d I wm m parpoaa in ntkbv dfcsg It» Prtt « WarU War II. Seme tfckgga a n heat fwrgatton and we doridlw t la the futons rather than dwsfi os the past, an why not close the M l «* Werid War If and think ef the fdm r. and no pay­ ments! 4-t*

:> nV s.* - A, L. ib t'd s i t s * Act returned only about 8 cents NATIONAL AFFAIRS on every dollar of the estimated $400 million in lost homes, businesses, farms and pos­ sessions. Proposals have been made to grant each displaced family $25,000—but to provide that amount to all those or­ dered to the camps would cost more than $3 billion. Argu­ ments about the expense do not impress some of the victims. “Restitution must be made,” insists Denver attorney Min­ oru Yasui. Even if the commission rec­ ommends restitution, it’s un­ likely a budget-conscious Con­ gress would go along. Some Japanese-American legislators oppose such plans, agreeing with California Sen. S. I. Haya­ kawa that the mass relocations were “perfectly understanda­ James D. Wilson— N ew s w e ek ble”—and that no compen­ Yonedas at XIanzanar camp in I942y today with sign of those times: ‘Saying Vm sorry won't do' sation is in order. Others would be satisfied with symbolic ges­ tures: one idea is to erect a memorial to the 442nd. The important thing, says Hawaii America’s Day of Infamy Sen. Daniel Inouye, who lost an arm fighting s a young American patriot working member Commission on Wartime Reloca­ for the 442nd in Italy, is to “awaken this the docks of San Francisco in 1941, tion and Internment of Civilians concen­ experience enough to haunt the conscience A Karl Yoneda refused to load ships boundtrated on the period leading up to the of this nation”—and to show that America for his native Japan. When war broke out he internment. James Rowe, a Justice Depart­ has not always been the land of the free. volunteered to do whatever he could for the ment official at the time, testified that post- MICHAEL REESE with MARY LORD in Washington American cause and was assigned to help Pearl Harbor hysteria fanned fears of a Japa­ and RICHARD SANDZA tn San Francisco build Manzanar, a camp in the California nese invasion and subversion. Signs of the desert. One week later President Franklin times, for example, included one that read: D. Roosevelt ordered the detention of all “Jap Hunting Licenses Issued Here.” “We The Atlanta Case: Japanese-Americans—and overnight Karl were scared,” says Rowe, “and I think it got Yoneda, his Caucasian wife and his son, to everybody”—including President Roo­ Murder Times Two Tommy, 3, became prisoners at the very sevelt. FDR followed the advice of military Ever since 23-year-old Wayne B. Wil­ camp he was to help build. Yoneda was leaders like Lt. Gen. John L. DeWitt (“A liams was arrested last month and charged lucky: eight months into his stay in a squalid Jap is a Jap. It makes no difference whether with the murder of Nathaniel Cater, the 20-by-25-foot tar-paper shack, he was re­ the Jap is a citizen or not.”) and signed latest victim in the slayings of 28 young cruited as a translator for U.S. military Executive Order 9066 in February 1942 au­ Atlanta blacks, anxious city residents had intelligence. But his wife and son had to stay thorizing the roundup. In 1944, even as been awaiting a formal indictment. Last behind: Tommy, by then nearly 4 years old, Japanese-Americans were signing up for week the indictment came—and surprising­ was still regarded by the U.S. Government what would become the much-decorated ly, there were two counts. As expected, a as a possible threat to national security. 442nd Regimental Combat Team, the Su­ Fulton County grand jury charged Wil­ For the Yonedas. now both retired, Man­ preme Court backed up Roosevelt’s order. liams with murdering Cater, 28, whose zanar is a reminder of the unjust mass incar­ ‘Token’: Although the Emergency De­ body surfaced in the Chattahoochee River ceration suffered by 120,000 Japanese- tention Act, which gave FDR the power to in May, two days after a police stake-out Americans, a flagrant case of a group being intern, was repealed in 1971 and Executive team heard a splash and spotted Williams stripped of its civil rights solely for reasons Order 9066 was rescinded in 1975, the Su­ nearby. But the grand jury also charged of race and national ancestry. Last week, preme Court ruling still stands. But wffiile Williams with the murder of Jimmy Ray nearly 40 years after the fact, a Federal many of the Japanese in the camps adopted Payne, 21, whose body was found in the commission began hearings in Washington the attitude- of shikata ga nai—“so it river April 27. In both cases, the indictment to determine how the internment camps goes”—many second- and third-generation charged that Williams had asphyxiated the could have happened—and whether the Japanese-Americans no longer are willing victims “with objects and by means which U.S. Government should offer financial to accept their imprisonment with such fa­ are to the grand jurors unknown.” compensation to those who suffered.* “It talism. So in 1979 activists began lobbying Sources said that fibers found on Payne's was a terrible thing that happened,” says Congress, and in 1980 the commission to body were similar to some found on Ca- San Francisco dentist Donald Nakahata, study the internment episode was created. ter’s—and that they matched those taken who was sent to Topaz Camp in Utah at the “We are getting old,” says Mike Masaoka, from Williams's home. But authorities de­ age of 12. “I have a grievance and simply who served with the 442nd. “Maybe the last clined to say what evidence they presented saying I’m sorry won't do.” worthwhile token which we can give is to to the grand jury—or whether Williams was In its first week of hearings, the nine- make it so this won’t happen again.” a suspect in other cases. No trial date has * Besides Manzunar, the.- government used nine other The most troublesome issue facing the been set. Since Williams was put uncc* 'St - main :amps and 26 smaller facilities to confine the 120.000 people including Japanese-Americans, Japanese resident commission is the question of compensa­ veillance in late May, no other young At i aliens and about l.OOO Aleut*Americans. tion The 1948 Japanese American Claims ta blacks are know a to have dis :pp< SITKEP 1 Of TUESDAY, JULY 21, 1981 PREPARED BY JINNY OKANO j. l/j, X. ADVERTISER, SATURDAY, JULY 18, 1981-"Aliea Internment Defended" — Ltr. to Edtr.— SeeTelArt. 2. BULLETIN, MONDAY, JULY 20, 1981-"Prospects for 1982 Elections- A-16--SeeTelArt. 3. ADVERTISER, TUESDAY, JULY 21, 1981 *** a7 Native Culture Called the Catalyst-A-2--SeeTelArt, b. Energy Company May Move to Isle-A-4--Barnwell Industries, Inc. of Georgia, the parent company of the geothermal drilling company out in Puna intends to move parent company from Tennessee to Hawaii c. 4.0 Quake Jolts Big Island-A-5— Biggest earthquake in 4 months at the Kilauea caldera rocked many residents at 6:13 AM yesterday. d. Ariyoshi to Meet with 4 Mayors-A-7— Gov and mayors from all 4 counties are expected to lunch today at Washington Place in first mtg. of the state's chief executives since Mayor Anderson has taken office. No specific items are on agenda, but Ariyoshi said one of topics is how state and counties can cooperate in view of expected federal cutbacks. e. Organizing White-Collar Workers Here-B-8— Jacquelyn Ruff of Service Employees Intl. Union based in D.C., is in Hawaii this week to help in efforts to organize thousands of isle while-collar employees in financial, insurance and related industries. Hawaii Employers Council estimated there are about 85,000 who are not represented by unions in Hawaii. 4. OTHER ITEMS a. At the Annual Meeting of the members of the Pacific Fleet Submarine Memorial Association on 17 August, I shall turn over the Presidency to Bob Tanner, head of the IBM Corporation in Hawaii and a director of the Honolulu Council of the Navy League. I declined to run and campaigned for Bob so that the office could return to interlocking with the Navy League where it started and should continue in perpetuity. It is clear now that the BOWFIN project will succeed in Hawaii and that your desire and efforts to keep her here were wise. On behalf of HVB and Visitors to Hawaii, thank you (AlveyJ. " Alien internment defended W - Wtsftt . The jiitembentjjifcemm.ent of any American citiM»*citiian* regardlessretar of racial extraction, during Wotid War G was wrong under any measure of taw. However* tbe iat*nunefi± of alieo under the threat of hnmiweni bivaskm. wa^a prudent move, 'Revisionist*, years away from the fears evoked dur» tag the first few month# of the war, turn petal lo mi* takes made* but for those who frrad «m IV roast of California at that time, the threat at twraafcaB was real. Thousands of citizens of japan Km* twsr t k anw where tome 90 percent of this nation** afam ft tadroft? was then located — Douglas* Nwrtfenp* 1+cfcheesL North American, etc. . During that period, I was attf mTMf. UQLJfc and w ert bug nights at the end of the Saida Ffiaira jpfer as a lifeguard One of the duties eI the jab «lit ft» watch for floating mines and signs of my 1 mm ftpnnwVn, asp* ciaHy pf submarines larding diaries intended to destroy t Coast,cf California was life aAlthough it seemed highly intern , potentially unfriewGy Japanese descent should has tons for those who were, are * / P\&,->r*z4 by CcTtf!' ?csdf< Ccrporp^n ^ CH*HK {(v, ALt aAivwlk AtHISTOH^ f'lS.i-iOffr**' ~ . ; —: . PHU.IP T* GtAlA^lilA, nRi&Kt» *, ^ 4 20 . HS. £* $IM £«.nw0 N©5 £«£*», &* fc, I&tarae^ SMYSEfc fay*

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: - .* • « t» - « n a « Q-'ir@ PBS rrissfm s The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians has completed two days e? hearings in Wash* Ington ots the internment of J^,000 Americans of Japanese ancestry during World War II, The hearings ire to resume later to Chicago, San Francisco and Utt Angeles. Witnesses" have predictably condemned ,the internment decision, which in retrospect «as clearly a tragic one- . Fortunately for Hawaii,, relatively few members of the Japanese community here were interned. As witnesses asserted, the internment was spitired^by - racist, sentiments- it should be recalled, however, that ft was ordered at a time of mass hysteria in the wake of She Pearl Harbor attack, when fears of * Japsne&e invasion of the West Coast were widespread. Hawaii was placed under martial Jaw. ‘ It was 6 period of crisis, when decineas had to be made under, great* stress. Regrettably, the internment decision w&Fpnfi'ts them. ’ • 1 • ' • The commisstsa b trying t© dstermirie what happened and wfay. and to recommend what if anything should be dona to redress the grievances of It* victim». * ‘. ■ - Although the internment was upheld by the Supreme Court, there Is now almost universal agreement that a great wrong was committed. Byt as yet there seems to he , ntfcm&mms cn the appropriate response. . . Proposals of stouhle cash reparations to the victims' have been reeefws with little enthusiasm. One reason *$ that the - Japanese today ere among the wealthiest of the nation*» ethnic, greupe. Despite the ruffe? mg rf ib y crtm , the community In general has since prospered. ri te fte rcaw ite'elWB Is the qpa&6m«# where te drew the line la,rednpwBttg grievances, StsastS tber* be ycparathms for altwiy, as one commission member «abed? * a problem that re-quaw* awk^^tse ^berissioti. j We b a ^ the csmmbrion besyfegs wS meM tests- * posriWe alternatives, * 'm WaateyET-Ils recemmeasfatfefcptls* -csato&aiaa b :ftp * tomsEfi:*® feaportant service W-tehigiM^to Wortunste < ehsPtofSfe'fefetory to public fettomwm. ft te a lesson |g the- ’ ««d .| sj^ r| rts and defend a r tas* «f the Turner, W. (1981, July 20). Hatred of 40's Still Vivid to Japanese. The New York Times. Pubi*hod by Gpwtt Poetfic Corporation

CHINN HO, t harman ALEXANDER ATHIRTON, rtcsiOfNT

PHILIP T. G1ALANEUA, pusushe* JOHN E. S1MONOS A. A. SMYSEB EmcuHvo Editor EdHor. Editorial Pag»

lartwrq Morgan and Cywttilo Ol, A»»»ton» Managing Editor»; Mill Karan, Sport* Editor;' Maol h tflad o w , Now* Editor; CKartas K. Frankot and Carl Zlmmarman, AwUtont Editor». Editorial Pag*.

. PuWiiKad a t 6 0 5 Kapioioni fceutovord Honolulu, Hawaii M t1 1 I» ’ A-6 Soturdoy, July 18. 1981 Recognizing a Tragic Mistake The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians' has completed two days of hearings in Wash­ ington on the internment of 120,000 Americans of Japanese ancestry during World War II. The hearings are to resume later in Chicago, San Francisco and Los Angeles. Witnesses have predictably condemned the internment decision, which in retrospect was clearly a tragic one. Fortunately for Hawaii, relatively few members of the Japanese community here were interned. As witnesses asserted, the internment was spurred by racist sentiments. It should be recalled, however, that it was ordered at a time of mass hysteria in the wake of the Pearl Harbor attack, when fears of a Japanese invasion of the West Coast were widespread. Hawaii was placed under martiallaw. It was a period of crisis, when decisions had to be made under' great stress. Regrettably, the internment decision was one>of them. The commission is trying to determine what happened and why, and to recommend what if anything should be done to redress the grievances of the victims. Although the internment was upheld by the Supreme Court, there is now almost universal agreement that a great wrong was committed. But as yet there seems to be . no consensus on the appropriate response. Proposals of sizable cash reparations to the victims have been received with little enthusiasm. One reason is that the Japanese today are among the wealthiest of the nation’s ethnic groups. Despite the suffering of the internees, the community in general has since prospered. Anther consideration is the question of where to draw the line in redressing grievances. Should there be reparations for slavery, as one commission member asked? * This is a problem that requires much more discussion. | We hope the commission hearings will provide useful testi­ mony on possible alternatives. Whatever its recommendation, the commission is per­ forming an important service by bringing this unfortunate chapter in history to public attention. It is a lesson in the * need to cherish and defend our liberties in the face of the ; strongest pressures to abridge them. FORUMV l : fa w the Readers’ Page

For old'and young, the war meant relocation camps. Tragic Madness of Internment I wish to offer my perspective re­ mediately behind her. In those garding internment of Americans of trying times, she was a citadel of Japanese ancestry in World War If. strength. I was almost 12 years old when my As things improved for us. as family was tagged. Innoculated, schools and churches got started, a processed Into iheuGila River War great deal of the tension subsided Relocation Center in Arizona, where Things became “ normal." although some 20,000 to 30,000 others were nothing ever was comfortable. sent. The terrible dust storms of the And there we remained some Arizona desert would cloud the sun. three years. making breathing a challenge. I re­ All the horror stories and incidents call seeing this mother wiping the one hears or reads about have some faces of her children with a wet basis of truth, if not completely true, towel. A useless exercise. I thought, concerning what occurred prior to, but the gesture was impressive. during and after the internment. As the war was nearing an end. I recall the exodua of AJAs from those who wished to repatriate to the coastal areas to the inland Japan were allowed to do so. A "safe" areas. Swedish ship, the Gripsholm 1 be­ I watched four families unloading lieve, carried back to Japan this their crammed auttMind truck mov­ lady and her family. Following the ing into a barn after a long trek war, I learned' that this family re­ from Los Angeles to Fresno. A fa­ turned to Hiroshima, only to perish ther, stooped and seemingly emascu­ with the blast of the atomic bomb. lated by the humiliating experience, How tragic the experience of those sat dazed behind the steering wheel years were to her and her loved while his tear-stained and equally ones. tired wife barked frenzied instruc­ The entire period was a madness. tions to her two daughters and son to There was enough fault all around. clean out the barn and unload their Yes, there was racism. Yes. there belongings. were banzais to the emperor in In a matter of a few short months, Japanese language schools before after confiscatory visits by the FBI Dec. 7. (knives, radios, etc.) our “ safe" But there was Marian Anderson haven was to be evacuated. Uncer­ singing in our camp for freedom, a tainty, rumors, anxiety and fear. beautiful black lady 1 shall never Eventually we were placed on a forget. And Eleanor Roosevelt asked train for Arizona; all windows were me if I could see to read in the camp shut and shades drawn down to pre­ school as she made measurements vent our observing any military fa­ with a light meter. The thought was cilities. there. The heat and foul air were oppres­ Wasn’t this a genuine expression sive, and I observed the same stoic of concern by allowing Marian lady fanning her husband and chil­ Anderson into our camps, and being dren as they tried to sleep, fitfully. visited by the first lady? I am satis­ With the same initiative this grand fied it was. lady organized her new home in But the whole damned thing was a Arizona, a military barracks parti­ tragic madness which we can assure tioned by families. Although she ourselves will not happen again. dutifully followed her husband through the mess hall line, she Katsuji Kobata always insured her brood was im- Retired Colonel, U.S. Army 1 !* letters WWII problem Alien internment defended The internment of any American citizen, regardless of racial extraction, during World War1 II was wrong under any measure of law. However, the internment of alien Jaipanese, under the threat of imminent invasion, was a prudent move. Revisionists, years away from the fears «evoked dur­ ing the first few months of the war, can point to mis­ takes' made, but for those who lived on the coast of California at that time, the threat of invasion was real. Thousands of citizens of Japan lived near the area where some 90 percent of this nation’s aircraft industry was then located — Douglas, Northrup, Lockheed, Notth American, etc. During that period, I was attending UCLA and work­ ings nights at the end of the Santa Monica pier as a lifeguard. One of the duties of the job was to watch for floating mines and signs of any enemy invasion, espe- ciaUy.of. submarines landing troops armed with incen­ diaries intended to destroy the aircraft industry. The coast of California was literally defenseless at that time.- Although it seemed highly necessary and logical to intern .potentially unfriendly aliens, no American of Japanese descent should have been included. Repara­ tions for those who were, are definitely in order. - WILLIAM BLANCHARD % Hxcrdc ti'iadness e f trs'Zofiu'i II#as if Problem Could w ?*>? I wif.h to offer my perspective re- mediately behind her In those fardtoK totcrnmcnt of AincHcm» of trying time», she wo» o citadel of 0% «lopnncao ancestry to World War 11 strength. lw ai ulmost \2 years old wlioh my Aa thme* Improved fnr \i% . « i Cut Isle Fruit family wmn tagged, Innocufatcd^ xchoal* end churches got st«r Ird . a processed Into the* Clio Elver War . 3futce.. /. »4*3 great d«?ol of the tension *ub»Mc<1 Edrjcatton Center to Artxcrna* where Tiling* became ** norma I/’ fiUhour.b By Harold Mar*» qwlck to Impofi *w.h « itr k tk m i- ioms?. JO.BOO to dtoJWQ ntbtra were Bmco Walton*, irk charge of Sufo* notbisig ever comfortable. SI*r»0tilfcffn Wr Ifrr w nt. way Stores in Ito w ill sunk! the fm lt The terrlbto dust storm* of the And th e re we rem ained tom e Aritona desert would cloud fie mui, T n iU price» in the lytands m ny which S*fftw.»y ship* to Hawaii from three year»* 4ro$t slightly bef;RUfi<«i of CulUtarvtl»*» C.fiJltorrsist i t free of Im lf fttoa. making brent hi ng a rhnlh ruu J r «* All the horror «torlea aw! incident* call aeetog this mother wiping the .-protdems with Mediterranean fruit #,l do not look for ray ijjwebtom," one bear a o r read* about have «owe fly tafasteiNnt \n three count J*«, f*- fee numid. face» of her childrcn with ?» wet toojd* of truth. \t not completely time, IpweL A useless exercise, 1 thong hi. land teitfpltar* i«M ycitafttajA WnllUm s«ti4 be did not think that concerning whet occurred prior to, ITW« wttttem !!•(;«,« «nwacrf * HHMP» CtHfwnto ffhult w ilijl to» whip* but the gesture wntr Improsrlvr during nm i after the Internm-erik As fHe war wan nearing no end th»* llwijr'«f* rtgutrtaf wed h trt or lh«t pricej would d?,op« 1 recall the exodu» of AI si t from Iff wkf fltitl Ssifw ay if nmncrid nt those who w to bed to repntrmt*" b> caltfortiJ* Ml be fumiiJitw the coastal artaa to the Inland v'' r ; 2 III ini «MppHI .to tow* toauMi ■ m w M M * o t iMw-bifMttd Japan were allowed to do »<■'* A ■ ,(i"! ■ :;' ^tte^*iawNs, • . , , \ * . .. *to«fe*# are»». Swad.ltH nhilp, the Crriprbolm I to1** 1 watched four famllien tmloading Hev», twrtoc! baak to Jap an fhir. ; ‘J©«Utorp4* SWW'M:'***!» U» flusHl* m d t;® 4%ei M , *grte«J*w t rat m m ctxtm P m « r * p m * 4 # their crammed auto- truck «new* lady aud ter family. Folto^ing th#* n kmtt •',V, 1 i *tre«dy ImmJ a Rtimrbo Prodwer# fww* i i i r l MPr«mtk* years w era to .her and bet- loved «M rentJne coverfog frail from th# while hie tcar-atalned and equally •one», i - iy# I doil*t tH n k that this will have tired w ile barked f rent tod tosatriie- three in to tod Calttornl» «©smthj*. tmmcli effect on m Item. Ift Jutl « The en 11 re pe H w:t was a madness. to tfonotuto. Reynold J. T*maye, iiom to bat two dnughtenn owl ton to There wi?!}* pnough fault all around limited market f w t , We don't. h»w clean, out the bam end unload their jiir##W«nt «# M*»n*«rUt Produce. ih n t kind of veto me/ Yes, there was racism,. »«, there • tevmginjr»' w are b a n t t t s to the emperor in S&SMLSi...... ,.: .;jitl& < w « C N H M > Crttlf nmjr to? Tb* ttorci# aX’foctid co«r*»lto# to CaU* In a rnettcr of e few abort -month», &.;,..."V;.. .V-'Wtet tour* «s a w u ii, « w in g tortrift do ‘not re prtm* fro It ^aparvese language schools be fur v i.;*« » » *» ;■ :In it prte**,' '"few* m t 't o after conllicatory vtoiU by the FB I Dec, 7. ht isutded, Omlve*, recliof* etc.I our h TilkO'Jwp wtM W pula tint «*«*»» m . to toritttly bfckysnyd p'owiisf/4 But there, was Marian Anderson heven wa* to be evacuated, Urwrer- singing in w r camp for freedom, n ' iiid« tainty, rumert» anxiety «nd tormr,. it '" s.l» ^»11 ',|“TO M 1tt'rtSjf aw jm< « » «to Hawaii llfi teen viettmlfed toy the teautllul black lady f shall never -jstorlii»*. jpilafu ca n Eventually we were placed -m\ » ’ forget- And Eleanor HcwcstU asked Mfdltorr»n«*Ji frwlt fly for JO ytotw. train tor Arizona; M window» were I ll, -fit >•;/■;iiWr.'ftMtr b mm»%r \ % Early ottompt* tai rwlirmOon were me If I could sec to read in the comp tlnst and shade» drawn down lo prt- * h m schwl « she made ra^TuujmfnP m . tmmeMidiiU« iwJ fhe -foat toeim «vent our obierving nny mHttary fa- | ''/ / '/ '• ■ 'ftA fttft* TWAX ©1111» "sw » h i IW flto f «wntrol of tfm ptat hero.. with a light meier The thought v n* h i .,; ‘ feaWtMrftl* ftuK ham to m untetil m cllitlea. t.Hrre, to tot -psM X sm tjrt m U , f,It Seme California offlelals to tonne TItc heat mod foul air were epprw- WpsnT this » genuine esprrarion wmM te ctow*r for to,«» ,*• fit rid towitta w t n r t f f from Hiwwll far «let* and I ebwerved the name rtolc of concern by allowing M a r i o n l l f %■':" ■ -ft: tte-:f tato! :,' •" tektgtotf tte MtiiMy to th t MntotoiKL lady fanning her husband and chO* Anderson Into our camp.*, »nd telng r i r.{v!I'ft «sntlt#alii my r tti 4rniHle ltd Iftorwl off idols point out that the dr^naa they tried to «leep, fICfutly. 4ow n visited by the first tody? f tcii:?» fftrtcrts 4irt»p)pl*tf- II win omm Kcdfty also to common In Mexico Wth the Rome Initiative tliii grand fled It was, icpmi pr^baWy/f Tisim «ye $*{&> fttid Smith AineHk*» am! fro.it from lady urge nixed her new home In ■ Bid. the whole damned thing wa* a CtmorttSn stttl wiii h i t i a mibntan- thow «res?» xtiay respomrtbto for Arirone. m military barraeka"ParlS- tiif market for frttU %m dw tragic fnadncas which we tram asmnc cuttsing: California to ewrrent pr^to^ tinned by fatniliea- Altheujfh the our Ml vex will not happen agom. to ml 3hw ^ddrrd. " torn*'. ' dutifully followed her huaband ’#lf tboy could nxy e»»t with it, they Bat thto week. U.S. I>«p.«rtmefit of through the me»* hat) Une, she Kt>t*uff KobitfA ftltlt have n market there/* Agriculture ins pec tons ho re been nlway» Injured her br6od wo* lm* Beilred Colonel. U,3. Army Thi* MLites ro^uirinji fumhtattoti of stepping op their Inspection of br\it- .ill Cahf-i-r*-,ia fmit crow frylt them- g-i'gcof all thn-e leaving the IntamH T v :i •: a j*l. but atjate» In In cmr-Tirc that HnwoHin frok la r.ut ’ ’ t~‘ \ ' 11* ?V*nl ro brr<- •*•? toti C , Pippert, W. G. (n.d.). AJA group seeking $3 billion payment for war internment. United Press International, pp. A3-A4. SiTREP 1 of Friday, July 17, 1981 VI.* The Honolulu Advertiser E*(āhtnhr,t JulyIKS* TKurt»r>ft Tfcifj SmilH Ws«sr*#e^ l*W Bisrk BiK*h***rb h*6*** ' Jnf>n f K»£#*««r M>kr Mi*imrfcVf*rth f,***s««r

Fri^sy, July IT, t£5i

Redress tor JL< . ■ Tbe story of the forced relocation were relocated, either to a camp during World War II of 123,000 peo­ here sr os the Mainland), feel the ple of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds current hearings sure a delaying tac­ of them American citirens, is fairly tic by Congress to avoid making weS-known here and on the West. some difficult decisions. There is Coast. ' 1' .'I T '. —.A justification in this view. , . In the rest of the country, and per­ It is hard to imagine that the com­ haps even in areas where there are mission could deeide against some many Japanese-Amerieans, aware­ sort of apology and redress. The ness of the thorough and tragic relocation is already well document­ violation of American constitutional ed and these hearings will only bring 1 and human rights rosy not'be so out more heart-rending stories from J broad. those who were relocated but had And it is now 40 rears since the preferred to keep their undeserved ) start of the war which led to the stigma secret from family and hysteria which enabled American friends, authorities to put thousands of peo* ) pit Into eoBcesbetios camps simply BUT WHAT TO DO next? Even Japanese-Americans are divided os i oa the bask oa race. tMs, - SO THE COMMISSION oa War­ Possible alternatives range from i time Eekrcatioa and fntermnesi of symbolic admission of guilt costing Civilians which was approved by the public treasury nothing, through Congress, created by President suggestions for scholarship and com­ Carter and expanded by President munity service funds, to individual Reagan can serve as frnportant payments to those relocated and educational purpose. tbelr heirs that could run to billions Its hearings, which began in of dollars. Washington aid will continue in the The .com mission, first ef all must - West (including in the Aleutian Is­ write ® report which, in the words of lands where 1,090 catirves were forci­ Senator Das Inouye. will “ haunt the bly retoest«ft, can remind people conscience of this mttoaJ5 Then it mm. when It comes to massive racialmust see whst farther seeds to be '. Jomrimloatke no one should place ' iiā m confidence is the twrties “ it I nsay case, as fee •0^*1 fesppea here/* found and the cocnmissic© is now the established vehicle os this issue. Ac* thst, km-ever, the com- Him t$ long overalls. TMs may be' msy be is for a difficult and tbe last opportunity within tbe lile* frustrating time. times of many of those who were in­ ■, especially tee J spans se- terned for the nstios to make resti­ eommamty ca the Main- tution, symbolic amsi real, lor a few Hawaii residents grtevoas wrong duae to sskb.

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s # . AJAs Continue AJAs Press Reparations Bid for Internment fbr Internment Reparations Continued from Page One By David Shapiro Gannett News Service motivated by racism against the WASHINGTON - Japanese Japanese. American groups pressed their case today for substantial federal pay­ The most bitter testimony heard ments to 120.000 Americans of Japa­ by; the commission so far was deliv­ nese ancestry who were forced into ered today by William Hohri, a relo­ relocation camps by the government cation victim who now heads the Na­ during World War II, tional Council for Japanese-Ameri­ In the second day of hearings be­ can Redress. fore the Commission on Wartime Hohri, contending that facts of the Relocation and Internment of Civil­ relocation policy are already on rec­ ians, relocation victims and their ord, criticized the commission as a supporters said cash settlements are “political expediency“ that enabled the only way the government can Congress to avoid acting on the de­ begin to erase the material and mands of Japanese-Americans for spiritual losses suffered by jusi-compensation. , Japanese-Americans during the War. ^•jjfurther study of this matter The new pleas for compensation would, serve only to delay justice came despite repeated warnings lodgf overdue, justice already denied from members of Congress that law­ thrjjugh delay to most of our par­ makers will not likely approve sig­ ents; who have died,” he said. “We nificant payments to relocation vic­ haVje been exploited enough.” tims in this time of fiscal austerity . “It is a problem that goes beyond iJrfte commission received briefs that kind of solution,” said Sen stf^brting the Japanese claims Henry Jackson, D-Wash., the last of fr©t^ several Asian-American legal 14 senators and congressmen to ap­ organizations and such national pear before the commission. “ It gf$\)(ps as the American Civil Liber- would be a tragedy if you come up ti^s-i Jpnion, the American Friends with a figure that Congress would SQr^ice Committee, the. Leadership not appropriate. You would be right Copf^rence on Civil Rights and the back to square one ” < F N£,ACP Legal Defense Funds. C M panel also heard testimony The commission has made no com­ frbflP'severa! individual victims of mitments on compensation, but com­ the relocation, who told of the hard- missioner Edward Brooke, a former slppS-they faced at the outbreak of Republican senator from Massa­ W^rld War II. chusetts, said the congressional warnings will not deter the panel JciYOSHI OKURA said he was from recommending cash payments evacuated and asked to resign his to victims if such compensation is joj^ with the Los Angeles Civil Serv­ found to be warranted. ice Commission in 1942, after colum­ “We ought not just rule out possi­ nist Drew Pearson charged that ble compensation,” Brooke said, “ i Okdra, “passing himself as an Irish­ don’t think it’s up to this commission man named K. Patrick O’Kura, had to decide if Congress can afford tbe wjti'jned his way into the Los An­ compensation this commission gles city government, had familiar- recommends." ized himself with the city power and water system and had installed a THE COMMISSION was created ring of fifty saboteurs within the Bu­ by Congress last year to provide the reau of Water and Power who were first official inquiry into the intern­ potted to blow up the entire system ment program, which was ordered wljen word came.” shortly after the outbreak of World Ojmra, who now serves as a staff War II by President Roosevelt, who director with the National Institute was acting under emergency war­ oLMental Health, said he was denied time powers that have since been re­ federal employment for 20 years af- pealed by Congress. '; tdr the war because pf Pearson's As a result of Roosevelt's order, charges. Japanese on the West Coast — many y I am c o n v in c e d ... th a t my of whom were American citizens professional career was set back 10 were rounded up, stripped of their tot'12 years because of ... the incar­ possessions and sent to relocation ceration,” he said. “At age 60, I was centers that have been described by able to attain the level of my profes­ Sen. Spark Matsunaga. D-Hawaii. a!s sional career that should have hap­ “American concentration camps.” * pened when I was 45 or 50 years of Roosevelt and his advisors claim age under normal conditions.” ed the evacuation, which was upheld by the Supreme Court, was neces­ sary to preserve American security in the war against Japan, and to pro­ tect the Japanese against mob ac­ tion by vigilantes. But the Japanese groups, noting that German- and Italian-Americans were not similarly interned, charge that the government's policy was Turn to Page A-4, Col. 1 . r.-izszsv July 16, IS PREPARED BY JINNY GRAND i >L BULLETIN, THURSDAYf JULY 16, 981 a. Leprosy Expe: l Seeks to Boost Its Diagnosis-Front ?g--See7el + ** b. AJAs Press f r Internment Reparations-Front Pg— SeeTelArt. c. Au Named to Judicial Disciplinary Coitmission-A-3-- Kan Kwong An has been named by Hawaii Supreme Court to be a ntembe of the Commission on Hudicial Discipline* Term July 1 to June 19 d. Mink to Speak-A-13— SeeTelArt. e. $255,200 Aid Boosts Hawaii Energy Conservation PIans-A-13-- SeeTelArt.

•**burtr>er study of this rr.after THE COMMISSION' was cfeatoC would serve only to delay justice by Congress tfcst year to provide the long overdue, justice already demed first official inquiry mto the intern- through delay to most of our par­ men! program, which w? ordered esis. whs have died," he ssid. “ We shortly slier the outbreak cf Wcrhi have been exploded enough." War II by President Roosevelt, vrr«o f o r 11 ttCil'tinCt it «'as acting Under emergency* war. The" commission received briefs time pp-vers that have since been re­ supporting the Japanese claim s pealed by Congress ", IrCfeTJ severs! Asion-Arrerican legal As a result of Roosevelt’s order pfgaruiations and such national Japanese c»n the Wes? Coast — mam groups as the American Civil Liber- R ^ nU Uo l m t y i I o n s of whom were American c it mens — l&sl L‘r.ion, the American Friends were rounded up, stripped of their Service Committee, the Leadership * # 0 * ■ i& fp Teaxpfr ?o%^i&k*n$ and sent to re! of si km Conference pn Civil Rights and the By David Shopvs '■ v- • centers that have been described by NAACF Legal Defense Funds. KtTTf Ser% Sen Spark Matsunaga. D,Hawaii. as Jibe ’ psoefi etso heard tcftimony WASHINGTON — Japanese “ American concentration camps " from* several individual Viriims ot* Amrrkun groups p r « i « l their cafe? Roosevelt and his advisors claim the relncotiom who told of the fesrd- today f&r substantial federal siy - ed the e vacua ham v. hich u »i uphek! shiss they faced at the outbreak of mrrts to !2v.Cvv Amerie&si$ of jstrgd fey the Supreme Court, was neee» World Wa/ H. ncse ancestry who were fare« I mio sary to preserve American security relocation camps by the gevemmefg is the war against Japan. and to pro­ ’KIYOSHl OKURA said fee w§s curbsg World W ar II, tect the Japanese against mob >r- evacuated and asked to resign his _feb sritfc the Les Angeles Cinl Serv­ Irss fcy vigil sstes. lr* tee KTshh dsy of hrsringf fee- ice Corn mission in 1942. after colum­ Bi?| the JaporiC'.e groups, noting fare tfee Commis-fiOB or* W artim e nist Dre^ Pearson charged that last German sad I?shao-Arocrieaffe- Re?tCfel*Oti and Internment of Cm'r O/uira, "pasiihg himself a? ar. Irish* were not rimiiuriy mismed. chsrg? tsas, reltfCctic® victims their mj5.r. r-Bined K. Fslrirk O Kure. had supporters said cash settlements s a it that the gcvemrr.cnt't policy wa? wprmti bis «a y into the Los An­ tbt «ssh1 tfiy the governm W cam Turn ts Page A*t. Col. i 4 V» geles city government, had faumlliar- begs* to erase the material sad Ixed himself vith the city power end spifilssl losses suffered fey ^ Ceatisse^ trum F&ge Osr- water srstem snd had installed a J ap^isesse-Amcrseam during the war, - •' * • " ring ti fifty saboteurs uithrn the Bq- T ie xsew pleas for compeftattist fnoHvstcd fey racism against the rtsu of Water and Power who were eg®? despite repeated warding# Jsp-sne*?. poised to fctew up the entire system i r » s members of Congress that la w f wfees worf came." will not likely appftwe eg. The most testimony heard , Ofeur«, «he- now serves as a staff niftafist payments to reiocatioa v ia fey the exgnmkssbs sc f&r ®as cehv* director ■©'ith the National Lnstilute lists in this lime ef ftsfa! a s s e r iiy ., efed today fey WtHlans Hcfen, & rete- si Heoial Health, s«ld he was denied cities rktim wfeo uoiv hesds the Ns- federal employmrnt for 20 years af- “ m is » problem that goes bty&ag ■ isnsal CatKsdl for Ja&ane&e-Ameri- tksf bird of feidutksn" said Sea. ter thr ssar because of Pearsojt's Henry Jackson. D-Wtsh, ihe last o* c is Ecdresfe, ■- . * doargcs. 14 seflafors end congressmen ?c g p k *l sm cobvinced ... that my IHdbfi; ecrdcfrffeg last farts of tag pr»fessLmal career was set bsck 10 ptMf before the rommissksm “ I f . refeariksB policy are already os rer- m be a tragedy if ytm come mp to 11 ytara l^c&use of ... the incar ,eftS. criticised semmmsss aa a mm m figure that Congress wmAm feakl. "At age 60. I was *hpc«iicsi «xpes&esscy" tfe&t eaaīōeē att^lsi the level of my proles tm apprvpfiatt. You ^m A ā fee rtfsl to *^sid fedsail «a tse #e- back, to square one." - sisnal career that should have hsp- masds of Jsf&r pirscd when I 45 or 50 years of The com miss km has m&de sd com** 'cernr>etssat«?&. foilmeots on compensation, hat eosa- t»sdrf normal cenditsens misrioner Edward Erooke, a farmer Eepeblicae senator from RJsr.sg- cbosetts. said the ctmgressiofits k warmngs will not deter the pasa? from recommending caw* paysa^s. la victims if such compesss^eg ks ftmnd to be w-jrr acted. - “ J . “ We ought net just n st m£ fseas- fcle compcpsatKm,” Broese sas. “ I con's think it's, up to this c s ^ s s s ^ i to decide if Congress cafe sfe? remprnisrf-pr. this re com mtn d l" i *. -:--

? $ 0 f 2 Thursday, July 16, 1981 THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR Where to look Japanese-Americans in prison — ‘a dark interlude’

By Brad Knickerbocker ships were sunk off the West Coast, and nese-Americans should at least be fully Hollywood’s superhits Washington there were erroneous reports of impending compensated for their loss of property, They had a week to sell their homes, attacks. Three-quarters of the Japanese in which the Federal Reserve Bank of San They’re sweet, businesses, and farms, usually at far below the United States lived in California. Francisco in 1942 estimated to he $400 m il­ dazzling. . . and empty, says Monitor a fair price. Packing what they could into Even though FB I Director J. Edgar lion. There was some government compen­ film critic David trucks and trains, they were forced from Hoover, as well as military intelligence offi­ sation after the war, but this amounted to no Stenitt as he probes their communities into tarpaper barracks in cials, counseled against it, President more than 10 cents on the dollar. the faults of the remote desert areas. Surrounded by barbed Roosevelt signed an executive order allow­ Considering inflation, full compensation summer’s big box- wire and watch towers, they were guarded ing military commanders to designate cer­ Could amount to $3 billion. No one experts office draws. Page 18 by armed military police. tain areas from which “ any or all” persons Congress to approve a sum of that magni Victims of wartime fear, economic could be removed. The legality of suspend­ tude given these cost-conscious times Rep greed, and rgfeism, 120,000 Japanese - two- ing certain constitutional rights solely on Daniel K. Akaka (D) of Hawaii Suggests a thirds of them United States citizens - the basis of ancestry was upheld by the US “ restitution for lost opportunity” in the Richness reigns for fall spent World War II in deprivation, frustra­ form of scholarships for the children and tion, and uncertainty. Focus - grandchildren of the internees. American fashion Now, more than 35 j/ears later, the Japanese-Americans played an impor designers are United States is making official inquiry into Supreme Court (including such liberals as tant military role in World War II rl hoy replaying the “big what an Army historian today calls “ a dark William Douglas and Felix Frankfurter). served in the Pacific (often behind enemy look” of four years interlude in American history.” How should “ It is a sad and nationally humiliating lines) as language and intelligence special ago with a new opulence created by the Japanese-Americans — not one of whom story,” says former US Supreme Court Jus­ ists. A Japanese-American unit that fought layerings of luxurious ever betrayed their country - be compen­ tice Abe Fortas, who held a high post in the in North Africa and Italy w as one of the fabrics. Page 17 sated for loss of property and opportunity? Roosevelt administration during the war most highly decorated in US military How did it happen? More important, how years. “ I cannot escape the conclusion that history. can it be prevented from happening again? racial prejudice was its basic ingredient.” Despite this latter-day recognition and Fresh vegetables combine The Commission on Wartime Relocation Bewildered and fearful, few Japanese- the civil-rights movement that has grown in ' with any shape of pasta 14 and Internment of Civilians this week began Americans resisted. One who did was the intervening years, there still is concern the difficult and important task of answer­ Gordort Hirabayashi, who was born in that a similar racial incident could occur ing these questions. Appointed by Congress Seattle and now is a professor at the Univer­ When Americans were held hostage in Iran, Off-road motorcycle racing and the President, it is hearing from govern­ sity of,Washington. He fought all the way to there were calls to round up all Iranians in becomes a stadium sport 16 ment officials who participated in the in­ the US Supreme Court, but lost his case and the United States. ternment as well as the victims and their spent more than two years in prison. “ We need to examine what protections Carnegie Halh a musical heirs. Recalling that episode today, he says. the law offered, and whether those proba­ Retired senior government officials re­ “ For me it was a choice of accepting what I tions need to be expanded,” says com mis treasure turns 90 12 call the near-hysteria that swept the country believed the Constitution guaranteed for sion chairman Joan Bernstein “ Few g o v­ in the months between Pearl Harbor and the American citizenship ... or to resign my­ ernments ever acknowledge mistakes Arts 18,19 Food 14,15 Battle of Midway, when much of the Japa­ self to becoming a second-class citizen.” much less authorize serious examinations of Editorial 24 Living . 17 nese fleet was destroyed. Several American Dr. Hirabayashi feels that interned Japa­ them.” Financial 11 Sports 16

WITH ANALYSIS FROM MONITOR CORRESPONDENTS AROUND THE WORLD The news-briefly EDITED BY RANDY SHIPP The Japanese-Americans JAPANESE-AMERICAN named Fred Kore- and resident aliens and the small handful who A matsu, after being rejected by the Army be­ might be working for or willing to work for im­ cause of an ulcer, volunteered after Pearl Harbor to perial Japan, officials such as Lt. Gen. John L. serve his country as a welder in a war plant. Instead, DeWitt, West Coast military commander (who he and 120,000 other Japanese-Americans and urged rounding up and interning the whole comv. Japanese resident aliens on the West Coast were munity) saw no problem: “A Jap is a Jap. It driven from their homes and forced under military makes no difference whether the Jap is a citizen supervision into distant “relocation” camps, where or not.” In February 1942, President Rooseveli the majority lived out the war. The would-be welder signed the infamous executive order 9066 author­ sued, but the Supreme Court upheld the military in izing internment, and the roundup began. 1944 in Korematsu v. U.S., although dissenting Of the 120,000 who then lost their homes, justice Robert H. Jackson described Korematsu’s farms, businesses and most other worldly posses­ “crime” as solely the act of “being present in the sions, two-thirds led a spartan existence during state whereof he is a citizen, near the place where the war in closely guarded confinement at concen­ he was born, and where he lived ail his life.” tration camps in the western interior. But over Today, we recalled the locations of the major in­ 33,000 Japanese-Americans served in the armed ternment camps used—Manzanar, Tule Lake, forces, including the famous 442nd Regimental Minidoka, Topaz, Gila River, Poston, Heart Combat Team, reportedly the most highly deco­ Mountain, Granada, Jerome and Rohwer—only rated U.S. fighting unit of the entire war. as desolate monuments to this nation’s lingering The military irrelevance of the detention proc­ sense of shame. ess soon became obvious. Unlike the wholesale in­ Yesterday, a federal commission began its hear­ ternment, that occurred on the mainland, in Ha­ ings into the Japanese-American internment ex­ waii (far closer to the actual theater of war) only perience, the worst instance in modern American about one percent of the Japanese population was history of an entire group being stripped over­ detained. In the Aleutian islands, by contrast, night of its civil liberties as a result of calculated about 1,000 Aleut-Americans—whose treatment government policies. The Commission on War­ the commission also intends to study—were time Relocation and Internment of Civilians, placed in squalid camps for the entire war. created by Congress last year, must determine Few attempts have been made since World War (first) how and why the actions of military and II to compensate Japanese-Americans financially, political leaders, both in Washington and on the and even the most extensive of these—the Japa­ West Coast, caused the uprooting of the entire nese Evacuation Claims Act of 1948—led to pay­ Japanese-American community when even the at­ ments of only 10 cents on the dollar based on 1941 torney general and the FBI director did not con­ assessments of lost property. Whether Congress sider most internees a national security threat. should spend billions now in a belated full-scale ef­ Next, the commission has the difficult task of fort at genuine restitution is considered the most determining what financial compensation, if any, troublesome issue confronting the commission. should be recommended for those who suffered Some congressmen and Japanese-American internment. But its members recognize also that spokesmen have argued in favor of “reparations” they must consider what steps might be taken to for all the former internees, with each person re­ ensure that—in some future national emergency ceiving a stipend that—in some of the plans— —another whole group of Americans do not find would reach $25,000. This is extravagant and themselves in collective jeopardy because of their wrong. Even if across-the-board “reparation” funds race, ethnic background or national origins. were available, it is to cheapen the moral issue and At the time, the much larger “enemy” com­ to degrade the victims to suppose there is some munities of German-Americans and Italian- kind of monetary buyoff for the affront. A proper American8 largely escaped harassment, while the approach would involve compensating only for the Japanese-Americans—clustered on the West actual property losses Suffered. But whatever the Coast—bore the brunt of their fearful neighbors’ settlement, there is merit alone in the 16 days of post-Pearl Harbor mixture of racial antagonism, public hearings planned by the commission to economic envy and genuine hysteria over a possi­ study that dreadful time when most of us incarcer­ ble Japanese invasion. As for distinguishing be­ ated some of us solely for reasons of race and na­ tween the overwhelming number of loyal citizens tional ancestry. Weintraub, D. M. (July). FDR pressured into internment, claims panel told. Los Angeles Times, p. A3-A4. REP 1 of WEDNESDAY, JULY 15, 1981 PPXPARED BY JINNY OKANO

ADVERTISER, WEDNESDAY, JULY 15, 1981 ? 1 • lh a. Judge OKs UPK Strike Pay-Front Pg— Some $75,000 in unemployment benefits should be in mail today to school custodians and cafeteria workers who went on strike in 1979 and hai been waiting since then for checks. Judge Wakatsuki denied injunction sought by 4 counties and 2 state dept, heads to block ' payment, b. FDR Pressured Into Internment, Claims Panel Told-Front Pg— SeeTelArt. c. Don Chapman's Column-A-3— SeeTelArt, d. Rohlfing May Run for Top State Office~A-3--SeeTelArt. e. HVB To Put Lure of Isles in Mainland Television Ads-A-5— SeeTi f. $5,000 Reward Offered in Ft. DeRussy Si ay ing-A-5— Family of New Jersey woman who was fatally shot July 4 while strolling * on beach at Ft. DeRussy has offered $5,000 for the arrest and conviction of the killer. g. Bodies of Local Couple Found in Hotel Room-A-5— Couple may have died from drug overdose were found yesterday at Honolulu Hotei in Waikiki— no signs of foul play— couple believed to be local residents and husband and wife. h. State Aid, Disaster Status Asked in Big Isle Drought-A-7— Big Isle officials yesterday asked Gov, Ariyoshi for a drought disaster declaration and state assistance in carrying out a plan to avoid running out of water in Waimea later this month. OTHER ITEMS a. Clearance of legal obstacles to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant site in the salt sines of New Mexico should begin to relieve pressure for a Pacific island site (Alvey).

b. TV coverage of the first day of hearings by the Commission on Wartime Relocation of Civilians was excellent in Hawaii. You were the only one shown testifying on the national program, with the pungent phrase: "Haunt the conscience of the Nation" on ABC World News. NBC Nightly News on PEARL HARBOR LEGACY laid the foundation with clips of the action on the day of infamy, showed four examples of_the 120,000, two-thirds of whom were American citizens, and opined that they were at least ^ due an apology for the tragic error; two executive department administrators were included and even photographs of relocation ; camps. Locally, Channel 4 split, their coverage over two days. Internment was the lead story oa Executive Order §066. Tour photograph was displayed and emphasis was on Honouliuli; Dr. Qgawa said that their culture was taken away. I could not stay for the 6 o'clock programs and our betaaax was tied up taping a Bastille Day program by the Tahitians in Hawaii, including the Speaker of their legislature (Alvey). Probe into AJA Internment Hears Hard Words

By David Shapiro Most of the witnesses agreed that their heirs, if they are deceased — Americans will not become subject ficult, but crucial, issue of redress. He said cash awards can n evri Gannett News Service the Japanese were victims of a compensate for their losses. | to similar injustices in tbe future. There are no easy answers, but the fully compensate the victimaT but tragic miscarriage of justice, but Joan Bernstein, a former Carter commission will explore all possible are a necessary start. : * 'V WASHINGTON — The Commis­ they disagreed on how the victims BUT WITNESSES from Congress administration attorney who is the remedies for the wrongs done.’’ sion on Wartime Relocation of Civil­ should be compensated for their said there is little chance that Coi commission’s chairman, promised Tbe long list of congressional wit­ ians heard a broad condemnation losses of civil rights and property. gress will approve monetary con only that the panel will provide the HIRABAYASHI, who was one of nesses was headed by Sens. Daniel today of the government’s forced pensation for the victims, giveh first thorough inquiry ’’into this sad three Japanese to lose a Supreme Inouye and Spark Matsunaga. who relocation of 120,000 Japanese- Gordon Hirabayashi, a professor federal budget restraints and a feel episode in American history.*’ Court challenge of the internment authored the legislation creating tbe Americans during World War U. of sociology at the University of ing among many Japanese-Amen orders, said the government defend­ Washington who was jailed for re­ cans that cash payments would lr “ We need to understand how it ed its policy by citing the threat of The commission, which was creat­ Inouye, a member of tbe ail-Japa­ ed by Congress last year to investi­ sisting his internment orders, said inappropriate. | was that the nation’s military and citizen “ mob action” against Japa­ nese 442nd Regimental Combat gate the wartime internment policy, platitudes by the commission will They said the main value of t!$ civilian leaders decided to evacuate nese. not be enough to rectify the damages commission’s work will be to ed| and confine 120,000 people for no rea­ “ It didn't occur to these super Team during World War 11, recalled opened two days of hearings with fighting side by side with men* whose testimony from 13 senators and con­ suffered by the Japanese. cate the public about the treatment son other than their ancestry.’’ she patriots that in a democracy, one families were “ still held behind gressmen, four former military and He urged it recommend direct of Japanese-Americans during said. usually detains aggressors and dis­ barbed wire fences in the United civilian officials involved in the relo­ government payments of $50,000 to World War U, which they felt should ‘"Hie commission will also provide turbers of the peace, not their vic­ cation program and several victims. each of the 120,000 victims — or help assure that other groups 4 a forum for discussion on the dif­ tims,’’ he said. Tnm ta Page A-4, Cat. 3 ‘ The Weather Home Some clearing by mid afternoon; showers to­ night; mostly sunny tomorrow. Tradewinds 15 to 25 mph. Upper 80s to Honolulu Star-Bulletin ★ ★ ★ # ? mid 70s. A Ganneti Newspaper Details on Page A-2 01981 Gannett Pacific >rp All Rights Reserved Oahu— 25 Cants; VOL. 70, NO. 195 Six Sections HONOLULU, HAWAII TMonday, July 14, 1981 Neighbor islands— 30 Cents" ! V/ifnesses Have Harsh Words for WWII Internment of AJAs i Continued from Page One suffered property damages and per­ What happened 40 years ago could sonal injuries." just as well happen today." I States" while they spilled their blood But he called for only a "token" James Rowe, a former Justice De­ i on the battlefield. form of compensation to "prove that partment administrator who opposed “ It may come to pass that a this great nation of ours is so strong President Roosevelt’s decision to in­ budget-conscious Congress will find and so steeped in righteousness that tern the Japanese, said the order itself unable to provide any signifi­ it is unafraid to admit its mistakes was based on "war hysteria" and cant form of monetary redress or of the past." unfounded rumors of espionage by reparations," he said. Rep. Daniel Akaka recommended Japanese-Americans. a scholarship program to compen­ He expressed cynicism about the "But no Congress, president or Su­ sate the victims, in which a descend­ latest round of congressional testi­ preme Court can ever unwrite the ant of each victim would be given a mony condemning the policy. words of your report. Make them one-year college scholarship for good words — even great words. each year the victim was interned. "I can recall 40 years ago when Make your report one that will He said it is impossible for the vic­ we were skewered by the congress­ awaken this experience enough to tims to reclaim their lost opportuni­ men and senators from California, haunt the conscience of this nation." ties, but that his program would Oregon and Washington, who said "give new opportunities to their chil­ we weren’t doing enough (to perse­ MATSUNAGA SAID the dren and grandchildren." cute the Japanese),” he said. "American-style concentration "They were very hard on us. A camps" were opposed by FBI Direc- REP. CECIL Heftel said Ameri­ handful of good government lawyers tor J. Edgar Hoover and were never cans should not delude themselves opposed it, but we didn’t have any s extended to include Americans of that they "no longer make the mis­ a llie s." r German and Italian ancestry. take of judging people by how they Leland Barrows, former assistant b "I personally am unable to enter- look." director of the War Relocation Au­ i tain any doubts in my mind that . . . "Our society is again being threat­ thority, said efforts to ease the relo­ the internees were subjected to ened under an umbrella called the cation burdens on the Japanese were ? grave injustices, motivated by war- Moral Majority," he said. "It would also hindered by the news media, t time hysteria and prejudice, and be a mistake to look upon it as some­ which he said played to public hyste­ that the internees, as a consequence, thing that happened 40 years ago. ria on the issue. 1kb A-'i St>£, ] Hearings into Compensation ‘ for Japanese Internment Set By David Shapiro disagreements in the Japanese com­ support was offered by Reps. Nor­ Gannett News Service munity. man Mineta and Robert Matsui, The younger and more militant Democrats from California who % WASHINGTON — A presidential Japanese, claiming there is already were both sent to internment camps commission is scheduled to begin clear evidence that Japanese-Ameri­ as children. hearings this week to determine if cans were wrongfully imprisoned, the 120,000 Japanese-Americans denounced the proposed study com­ The five finally united behind the forced into relocation camps during mission as a “political ploy” design­ idea of a presidential study commis­ World War II deserve compensation ed to obscure the issue. sion that would have power to inves­ from the federal government. They urged that Congress act di­ tigate the treatment of Japanese- -The Commission on Wartime Relo­ rectly on a reparations bill that Americans during the war, but cation, which was created by Con­ would compensate relocation victims would not be able to compensate the gress last year, will open its investi­ for losses of civil rights/property, victims without the further approval gation with hearings here tomorrow jobs and businesses. One group pro­ of Congress. The treatment of Aleuts and Thursday. Future hearings will posed a payment of $25,000 to each was added to the panel’s mandate at b£ held in Los Angeles, San Francis­ victim or his descendants. the request of Sen. Ted Stevens, R- co and Chicago: That approach did not win favor Alaska. In addition to the internment of with many older Japanese, who THE COMMISSION’S hearings Japanese, the commission will look found it offensive to appear to be will open tomorrow with several into the government’s forced reloca­ groveling for money. Some in this voices from the past. Witnesses in­ tion, for unrelated reasons, of more group indicated they would be satis­ clude James Rowe, a Justice De­ than 1,000 Alaskan Aleuts during fied with an official apology or a partment attorney during the war; World War II. symbolic form of redress, such as Leland Barrows, an official of the At issue is the relocation program public services projects that would Wartime Relocation Authority in ordered at the outbreak of World benefit all segments of the popular 1942; former Supreme Court Justice War II by President Franklin D. tion. Abe Fortas, who worked for the In­ Roosevelt, who claimed Americans THE SPLIT IN the Japanese com­ terior Department during the war; oT Japanese ancestry represented a and retired Gen. Mark Clark, com­ threat to American security in the munity was also evident among the five Japanese-Americans who serve mander of the all-Japanese 442nd hostilities with Japan. Regimental Combat Team, which Japaneser Americans — mostly in Congress. Sen. S.I. Hayakawa, R-Calif., a na­ was the most decorated unit of from California, Oregon and Wash­ World War II. ington — were rounded up, given lit­ tive of Canada who was not affected tle time to dispose of their property by the relocation, announced out­ The commission is chaired by and dispatched to dingy relocation right opposition to the redress move­ Joan Bernstein, former counsel for camps scattered throughout the ment, claiming Japanese-Americans the Department of Health and Western states. were incarcerated not because of Human Services. Other members racism, but to protect them from are Rep. Dan Lungren, R-Calif.; for­ THE LEGALITY of Roosevelt s in­ mob action by vigilantes. mer Sen. Edward Brooke, R-Mass.; ternment order, which was issued For this, Hayakawa was tabbed by former Rep. Robert Drinan, D- under emergency wartime powers a coalition of Japanese-American Mass.; former Supreme Court Jus­ tha't have since been repealed by groups as “our Public Enemy No. tice Arthur Goldberg; Dr. Arthur Congress, was later upheld by the I.” Flemming, chairman of -the U.S. Supreme Court. Sens. Daniel Inouye and Spark Civil Rights Commission; the Rev. Japanese-American groups have Matsunaga, both Democrats from I.V. Gromoff, a Russian-Orthodox waged a five-year campaign in Con­ Hawaii, expressed support for the priest from Alaska; Judge William gress for official redress of their redress movement, but refused to Martani of the Philadelphia Court of grievances, an effort that has been commit* themselves to seek mone­ Common Pleas; and former Sen. marked from the start by severe tary compensation. Similar vague Hugh Mitchell, D-Wash. / 2■xoU'. 7/& /n /.A 5 Hearings info Lcn tipammt ion Japanese Internment Set Ey David Ssapiro disagreements to the Japanese com­ support was offered by Reps. Nor­ Gawwu K m Service munity. man Mineta and Robert Matsui, The younger and more militant Democrats from California who ' WASHINGTON — A presidential Japanese, claiming there is already were both sent to internment camps commisstoa *5 scheduled to begin clear evidence that Japanese-Ameri­ as children. hearings this week to determine if cans were wrongfully imprisons!, the 120,000 Japanese-Americans denounced the proposed study com­ Tbe five finally united behind tbe forced into relocation camps during mission as a -politic*! ploy- design­ idea of a presidential study commis­ World War 1! deserve compensation ed to obscure toe Issue. ■— sion that would have power to Inves­ from the federal government. They urged that Congress act di­ tigate the treatment of Japanese- The Commission on Wartime Relo­ rectly on a reparations bill that Americans during the war, but cation, which was crested ^ Con­ would compensate relocation victims would not be able to compensate the gress last year. wiH open its investi­ for losses ef civil rights, property. victims without the further approval gation with bearings here tomorrow Jobs and businesses. One group pro­ ed Congress. The treatment of Aleuts and Thursday. Future hearings will posed a payment of *25,000 to each was added to the panel's mandate at be held in Los Angeles. San Francis­ victim or his descendants. the request of Sen. Ted Stevens, R- co and Chicago. That approach did not win favor Alaska. In addition to tbe Internment of with many older Japanese, who THE COMMISSION’S hearings 3apanese. tee commission will look found it offensive to appear to he wB{ open tomorrow with several Into the government’s forced rriocs- groveling for money. Some In this vetoes from the past. Witnesses in­ Ikm, for unrelated reasons, of more group Indicated they would be satis­ clude James Rowe, a Justice De­ than 1.0C0 Alaskan Aleuts during fied with as official apology or a partment attorney during tbe war; World War B. symboUc form of redress, such as Lclsnd Barrows, an official of tbe At issue is the relocation program public services projects that would Wartime Relocation Authority to ordered at tbe outbreak of World benefit all segments of the popula­ 1S4J; former Supreme Court Justice War H by President Franklin D. tion. Roosevelt, who claimed Americans Abe Fortes, who worked for the In­ of Japanese ancestry represented a THE SPLIT IN the Japanese com­ terior Department during the war; threat to Americas security in tbe munity was also evident among the and retired Gen. Mark Clark, com­ hostilities with Japan. Ove J apanese-Americans who serve mander ef the all-Japanese 442nd Japanese-Americans — mostly to Congress. Regimental Combat Team, which from Califom*. Oregon and Waafe- See. S J. Hayakawa, R-Calif., a na­ was the moat decorated unit of htgfss — were roasded up, given tit­ tive of Canada who was not affected World War n. tle tome to dispose ef their property by the relocation, announced out­ Tb# commission is chaired by and dispatched to dingy relocation right opposition to the redress move­ Joss Bernstein, former counsel for camps scattered throughout tbe ment, claiming Japanese-Americ&ns the Department of Health and Westers states. were incarcerated not fceeasse of Human Services. Other members racism, but to protect them from are Sep. Das Lungren, F.-Catif.; for­ THE LEGALITY of Roosevelt's to- mob action by vigilantes. mer Sec. Edward Brooke, E-Mass.: tensaeat order, which was issued For this. Kcyakswt wat_tabbed fey form er Rep. Robert Drinan, D> under emergency wartime powers a coalition of Japssesev&tnericaa Mass.; former Supreme Court Jus­ that have since bees repealed by groups as “ our Public Eaessy No. tice Artfesr Goldberg; Dr. Arthur Congress, was later upheld by the l . " . . , Flemming, chairman of tbe U.S. Sernreme Court, Sens. Daniel Inonye and €Sv§ Rights Commission; the Rev. „ J*tpai*se-Americ*R groups have Matsunaga, both D e m is ts Irian I.Y- Grasaeff, a Russian-Orthodox waged * five-year campaign in Con­ Hawaii, expressed supfatrt for the priest frwss Alaska; Judge William gress for offksl redress of their redress movement, feetrefiaed to K&rtaal of She Fhiladelphig Court ef grievances, as effort that has been commit themselves to *s*k mone­ Com men Pleas; and former Sen. raarlei-freto the start by severe tary compensation. Shatter vague ' Hugh MitenelL D-Wash. Naked to the World, and Embarrassed

“great body” Bill wants fe Immor­ the principle of collective guilt in became apparent that he thought talize on canvas, y k him lo / lA g e action. A teacher who chooses to he was going to share my bed, I use somebody e l s » face/ftf» re­ apply that principle in her discipli­ said, “ Nothing doing.” fuses, tell him tdwaveSfcstfiid>n, nary actions should be aware of the or you will see mphrwye^fbout moral lessons she is teaching her He said I was “ undersexed,” and DEAR ABBY: I have a rather bringing another kimi of V^Qit” into children.—JOHN M. STEVENS, I threw him out of the house. He embarrassing problem. I am a 20- the picture. * PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION, hasn’t called me since. year-old college Junior at a large CALIF. STATE U., HAYWARD. Do you thihk I’m undersexed?— university. For a while I dated \ DEAR ABBY: The teacher who MYRA I punishes an entire class for the CALIF. what seemed to be a nice guy Til DEAR DR. STEVENS: Thank DEAR M YRA: No, I think be call Bill. He attends the same “ U,” j misbehavior of a few children is was over-optimistic. ! teaching that guilt can be collective you. and is an art major. CONFIDENTIAL TO CINDY IN Bill took some photographs of me ; as well as individual. The idea of DEAR ABBY; I am a 20-year-old collective guilt was the basis of girl, living alone. 1 date a guy who M INNEAPOLIS: If it w ere my on the beach in my two-piece bikini decision. I’d marry the man who bathing suit last summer. After Theodore Roosevelt’s order to dis­ is 20 and lives with his parents. He honorably discharge an entire regi­ called and said some relatives had was the best provider but didn't that I sort of broke off with him know bow to kiss. It’s easier to and started seeing another fellow. ment (black) in 1906 when not one come in unexpectedly from out of soldier would confess to a murder town and wanted to stay all night, teach a man how to kiss than to I recently . learned through make $85,000 a year. friends that Bill is painting a nude in Brownsville, Texas. but they were short of room at his portrait of me, using as a model It also served to justify Franklin house. He told his mother he would Problems? Write to Abby: 2060 the picture he took of me in the Roosevelt’s imprisonment of 110,- sleep at a friend’s house. Well, the Hawthorne Blvd., Suite 5000, Haw­ bathing suit! Of course, he's using , 000 Japanese-Americans in 1942 “ friend” happened to be me. thorne, Calif. 90250. For a personal his imagination, but I don’t like the. ! solely on the suspicion that some When he asked me if he could reply, please enclose a stamped, idea. He’s planning to use this por­ among them might be planning to sleep here, I said, “ Sure,” thinking self-addressed envelope. I answer trait of me in an art exhibit. I do commit a crime. I'd put him up on the sofa. When it ALL my mail. have a great body, but 1 don’t want Adolf Hitler applied the same half the world seeing me naked, in principle in killing all the men of addition to which 1 don’t want peo- j Lidice, Czechoslovakia, sending the pie to think that I actually posed women to concentration camps and for that. putting the children in German What should I do?—NO NUDE institutions as punishment for the MODEL i killing of one Nazi leader. DEAR NO NUDE: Since it’s your These are only three examples of In 1942, Internment; In 1981, an Inquiry

By David Oyama tion is an issue — an issue that would cost the Government about $3 billion In June 1945, Eugene V. Rostow, according to one proposal, by Repre­ then professor of law at Yale Law sentative Michael E. Lowry, Demo­ School, and now director of the Arms crat of Washington, to pay each person Control and Disarmament Agency, interned in a camp $15,000 plus $15 for wrote that in the United States during every day spent in detention. The Na­ World War II "100,000 persons were tional Council on Japanese American sent to concentration camps on a Redress has proposed a flat payment record which wouldn't support a con­ of $25,000 to each individual. viction for stealing a dog." . No one supposes that such dollar In the spring of 1942, more than amounts are adequate compensation 110,000 persons of Japanese ancestry, for three years in detention; for the loss about two-thirds of them American of life, homes, businesses, farms, and citizens, were forcibly removed from villages; for the irreparable injury to their homes, farms, and businesses on self-esteem, personal and group life, the West Coast and sent to internment and physical and mental health. Nor is camps in desolate interior regions there agreement, even among Japanese where, pursuant to Executive Order Americans, that compensation should 9066, most were detained for the dura­ be sought. Representative Norman Y. tion pf the war. Mineta, Democrat of California, and In his article, in The Yale Law Jour­ Senator Daniel K. Inouye, Democrat of nal, Mr. Rostow wrote: "Timejs often Hawaii, both among sponsors of the bill needed for us to recognize the great establishing the commission, are known miscarriages of justice . . . As time to feel that $25,000 is not enough and $3 passes, it becomes more and more billion is too much. I. plain that our wartime treatment of Those in favor of monetary compen­ the Japanese and Japanese-Ameri­ sation for Japanese Americans argue cans on the West Coast was a tragic that the commission was set up to di­ and dangerous mistake. That mistake rectly circumvent the compensation is a threat to society, and to all men." issue. William Hohri of the National Beginning Tuesday, in the Senate Council on Japanese American Redress Caucus Room — 36 years after Mr. told the Judiciary Committee that the Rostow’s words were published — the proposal fora study commission was a Federal Government will conduct its "charade." He asked: "What do you first hearings into the facts and cir­ hope to accomplish by asking Japanese cumstances surrounding Executive American victims to parade before a Order 9066 and its impact on those who commission? What are we supposed to were relocated and interned. By the say? Are we supposed to prove that we end of World War II, their number had were mistreated and humiliated? Are increased to 120,000. we supposed to prove that our constitu­ The Commission on Wartime Relo­ tional rights were violated?" cation and Internment of Civilians, Instead, Mr. Hohri’s group has re­ which will hold the hearings both in tained a Washington law firm that is Washington and around the country, preparing * class-action suit to seek was established by law last July, and monetary compensation for all Japa­ its membership was increased to nine nese Americans and permanent-resi­ by the Reagan Administration. dent aliens incarcerated in World War In addition to examining the treat­ II detention camps. ment of Japanese Americans, the The commission is mandated to commission will also look into the lit­ "recommend appropriate remedies" to tle-known relocation and detention of the Congress no later than Jan. 15,1982. some 1,000 Aleut citizens of the Aleu­ Recently, in an address to the Japa­ tian and Pribilof Islands of Alaska nese American Bar Association, Ar­ during World War II under conditions thur J. Goldberg, the former Supreme that are as shocking as any in the long, Court Justice and a commission mem­ sad history of the Government’s rela­ ber, acknowledged the difficulty of the tions with its native-American citi­ compensation issue. "Perhaps the zens. hearings the commission is to hold will Why an inquiry after 40 years? As provide answers to this and other ques­ Representative Robert McClory, Re­ tions," he said. But "whatever we publican of Illinois, stated during may do will not make our fellow House Judiciary Committee hearings Americans whole." on the bill establishing the commis­ The commission’s inquiry is, never­ sion: "We have gone into the subject of theless, perhaps the last opportunity in the injustice, and books have been the lifetime of the Americans evacu­ written about it. We are convinced of ated and interned to make good the in­ the terrible blot on our history. We are jury done to them. apologetic. I don't know what more we can do outside of compensation. What ~ David Oyama, a Japanese American can the commission do?" who was bom in 1943 in the Rohwer, In the cases of both the Japanese Ark., internment camp, is a writer and Americans and the Aleuts, compensa­ theater director C-8 Wednesday, July 8, 1981 HONOLULU AOVEHf 1SEK No Hawaii hearings, says internment panel A federal commission on the in­ war and more than 60 percent of ternm ent of persons of Japanese them were aliens. ancestry during World War II does By co m p ariso n , som e 110,000 not plan to hold hearings in Hawaii, aliens and .citizens were interned on according to its associate director. the Mainland. While Hawaii accounts for a large That is one of the reasons the com­ share of the U.S. Japanese popula­ mission, facing budget and time con­ tion, only 1,444 local residents were straints, limited its scheduled hear­ put in relocation camps during the ings to eight cities, according to As­ sociate Director Tom Takeda. Takeda said another reason is that no one asked for hearings here. The Commission on Wartime Relo­ cation and Internment of Civilians will look into wrongs committed in the detention of citizens, permanent resident aliens and others of Japa­ nese ancestry during World War II and will recommend appropriate remedies to Congress. The incarceration was ordered by President Roosevelt in the midst of post-Pearl Harbor fears of a possible West Coast invasion by Japan. Takeda said the commission has until January to issue its report, ui* less it gets an extension of that dead­ line. The commission will open its head­ ings July 14 and 16 in Washington. DC. # A-18 The Honolulu Advertiser Established Jtih 2,

Thurston Twt^-.^mith /V. «»*/* *»f A /'i,/»/<-./ G#*orgr (’haplin / iti < hi- f Buck Burhwach A \««um #■l J o h n G r i f f i n /-

F rid a y , Ju ly 17, 1981 Redress for internment The story of the forced relocation were relocated, either to a camp during World War II of 120,000 peo­ here or on the Mainland), feel the ple of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds current hearings are a delaying tac­ of them American citizens, is fairly tic by Congress to avoid m aking well-known here and on the West some difficult decisions. There is Coast. justification in this view. In the rest of the country, and per­ It is hard to imagine that the com­ haps even in areas where there are mission could decide against some many Japanese-Americans, aware­ sort of apology and redress. The ness of the thorough and tragic relocation is already well document­ violation of American constitutional ed and these hearings will only bring and human rights may not be so out more heart-rending stories from broad. those who were relocated but had And it is now 40 years since the preferred to keep their undeserved start of the war which led to the stigma secret from family and hysteria which enabled American friends. authorities to put thousands of peo­ ple into concentration camps simply BUT WHAT TO DO next? Even on the basis on race. Japanese-Americans are divided on this. SO THE COMMISSION on W ar Possible alternatives range from a time Relocation and Internment of symbolic admission of guilt costing Civilians which was approved by the public treasury nothing, through Congress, created by President suggestions for scholarship and com­ Carter and expanded by President munity service funds, to individual Reagan can serve an important payments to those relocated and educational purpose. their heirs that could run to billions Its hearings, which began in of dollars. Washington and will continue in the The commission, first of all, must West (including in the Aleutian Is­ write a report which, in the words of lands where 1,000 natives were forci­ Senator Dan Inouye, will "haunt the bly relocated), can remind people conscience of this nation." Then it that when it comes to massive racial must see what further needs to be discrimination no one should place done. false confidence in the notion “ it In any case, an answer must be can’t happen here." found and the commission is now the Beyond that, however, the com­ established vehicle on this issue. Ac­ tion is long overdue. This may be mission may be in for a difficult and the last opportunity within the life­ perhaps frustrating time. times of many of those who were in­ Many, especially in the Japanese terned for the nation to make resti­ American community on the Main tution, symbolic and real, for a land (relatively few Hawaii residents grievous wrong done to them Herald Frida), June 5, 1981 LAND REPORT and people, equally in war and in peace, and covers Former Supreme Court with the shield of its protection all classes of men, at Justice airs views on nikkei all times, and under all circumstances. “If Ex parte Milligan is right, as I believe it to be, redress then it necessarily follows that Korematsu is Editor’s note: The following is an excerpt of a wrong—very wrong. prepared speech written by retired Associate “True, Chief Justice Warren, as the Governor of Justice of the United States Supreme Court Arthur J. California, supported President Roosevelt’s Goldberg, a House appointee to the Commission on Executive Order. True, that Robert W. Kenney, then Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. The Attorney General of California and later President of excerpt specifically expresses his views with the National Lawyers Guild, argued in support of the Executive Order on behalf of California, True also, respect to Executive Order No. 9066. The speech that Charles Fahy, one of the most liberal and was written for a May meeting of the Japanese distinguished judges of the District of Columbia American Bar Association of Los Angeles. Court of Appeals, and then as Solicitor General “As you know better than most, President argued the case forthe government in support of the Roosevelt’s Executive Order No. 9066 was upheld as Executive Order. within the constitutional powers of the President What does this prove? It proves that great cases and the Congress by the Supreme Court of the like hard cases make bad law. It proves that almost United States in the case of Korematsu vs. United no one in authority is immune from war hysteria. It States, 323 U.S. 214, decided December 18, 1944. proves, as Justice Murphy warned us in Korematsu “The majority opinion of the Supreme Court so how necessary it is to guard against falling ‘into the holding was written by the late Mr. Justice Hugo ugly abyss of racism.’ Black. Mr. Justice Frankfurter wrote a concurring “The basic question, before our Commission, is opinion. Mr. Justice Roberts, Mr. Justice Murphy what we can appropriately recommend to redress a and Mr. Justice Jackson wrote dissenting opinions. constitutional violation of such magnitude. "The basis for the Court’s decision was that "I am aware that the Japanese-American evacuation and internment of the Japanese- community is divided on this subject. A good friend Americans was constitutionally justified by military of mine, who I believe, is a member of this orders authorized by an Act of Congress and by distinguished association, told me the other day that Executive Order No. 9066 based on these war he personally did not favor monetary restitution powers and the President’s authority as beyond what has already been paid. He said that the Commander-in-Chief. real question is how to restore to Japanese- “In the Court’s opinion, Justice Black explicitly Americans the 15 years of life they lost due to five acknowledged that ‘no question was raised as to years of internment and the ten following years of petitioner’s loyalty to the United States.’ Korematsu rehabilitation. He did not know the answer and at the was a native born citizen of the United States. present time neither do I. But perhaps the hearings Further, Justice Black said, ‘Like curfew, exclusion the Commission is to hold will provide'answers to of those of Japanese origin was determined this and other questions which are necessarily necessary because of the presence of an involved when an unforgivable action affecting so unascertained number of disloyal members of the many people occurs. group, most of whom we have no doubt were loyal to “This is not to say that I am of the view that the this country.’ In fact, no native born Japanese- monetary compensation paid to those who were American was ever proved to be disloyal. interned and their families was adequate or that “It has long been my view that Korematsu is one of additional reparations to them, or, in some other the worst decisions of the Supreme Court of the way, is not justified. At this juncture it would be United States, perhaps second only to Dred Scott vs. inappropriate for me to express my views in this Sanford which, in large measure, precipitated the regard until the Commission completes its hearings. Civil War. “I conclude, however, with an indisputable “For me, the applicable contitutional principle was conviction. The evacuation and internment of stated by the Supreme court in the great case Of Ex Japanese-American during World War II is utterly parte Milligan, 2 Wall 2. In that case, which declared abhorrent to a free people who are dedicated to the invalid the action of President Lincoln, in denying principles set forth in the Constitution of the United habeus corpus to persons charged with disloyalty to States. Whatever we may do will not make our fellow the Union while the regular courts were functioning Americans whole." (Rafu Shimpo) in the District of Columbia, the Court said,The Constitution of the United States is a law for rulers news from Senator DANIEL K. INOUYE

tOpid HOUSE PANEL APPROVES INTERNMENT BILL date: Tuesday, June 24, 198o release date: for immediate release

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- The House Judiciary Committee today unanimously approved legislation authored by Senator Daniel K. Inouye which would establish a commission to investigate the internment of Japanese Americans and Alaskan Aleuts during World War II.

The House Judiciary Committee made only technical amendments to the bill before voting 14-0 to send it to the House floor.

"This favorable and speedy action by the House Judiciary Committee greatly enhances the prospects for enactment this session. I am optimistic that, with the unanimous support expressed by the committee, the House will approve this important measure," Senator Inouye said.

The House Judiciary Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations held a hearing on the proposal on June 2, 1980 at which House Majority Leader Jim Wright (D-Texas) and other House members and citizen groups testified in its support.

The legislation would establish a seven-member commission to study official records, hold hearings, and report its recommendations to Congress in one year. In addition to investigating the intern­ ment of 120,000 Japanese Americans, the commission would also study the wartime internment of about 1,000 Alaskan Aleuts.

One of the minor amendments made by the Judiciary Committee was to require that the commission continue its operations for 90 days after the submission of its report, to enable it to testify before Congress.

The Senate unanimously passed the Inouye bill on May 22, 1980.

-- 30 -- DANIEL K. INOUYE Prince Kuhio Federal Building HAWAII R oom 6104, 300 A la Mo ana Boulevard Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 (808) 546-7550

ROOM 105, RUSSELL SENATE BUILDING WASHINGTON. D.C. 20510 (202) 224-3934 August 22, 1979 Dear Colleague: On August 2, 1979, we introduced S. 1647, a bill to establish a commission to gather facts to determine whether any wrong was committed against those American citizens and permanent resident aliens interned and/or relocated by Executive Order 9066 and other associated acts of the Federal government. This 15-member presidential commission will conduct hearings in Los Angeles, San Francisco and Fresno, California; Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; Phoenix, Arizona; Salt Lake City, Utah; Denver, Colorado; Chicago, Illinois; New York City, New York; Washington, D.C., and any other city deemed proper. The commission will gather facts and submit a written report of its findings and recommendations to Congress within 18 months of its formation. Executive Order 9066 caused the relocation and intern­ ment of approximately 120,000 American citizens and permanent resident aliens during World War II. Since no inquiry into this matter has been made, we have introduced this bill to provide for full consideration of the relocation and internment. Your careful consideration of this legislation is requested. If you have any questions, or wish to cosponsor this bill, please contact Carolyn Sugiyama on extension 43934.

JAMBS A. McCLURE r FRANK CHURCH United States Senator United States Senator news from Senator DANIEL K. INOUYE topic: INTERNMENT BILL INTRODUCED date: THURSDAY, August 2, 1979 release date: FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Senators Daniel K. Inouye, S. I. Hayakawa

and Spark Matsunaga today jointly introduced a measure to establish

a commission to study the relocation and internment of Japanese

Americans during World War II.

"It would be up to this presidentially-appointed commission

to determine whether a wrong was committed by the Federal government

when it ordered 120,000 persons into internment camps for an

average of two and a half to three years," Inouye said.

"The Japanese American Citizens League has worked closely

with members of the Senate in developing this legislation, which,

I think, has a good chance of Senate passage this session.

"I expect that there are three major questions that this

commission may contend with during its work: whether Executive

Order 9066 and other related actions can be justified as necessary

for the security of our nation; whether relocation and internment

were required to protect internees against wartime hysteria; and

whether the loss and pain experienced by the internees merits

remedy by the government at this time," Inouye said.

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