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An Index Model on Predatory Effect of Female Adults of Coccinella Septempunctata L

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An Index Model on Predatory Effect of Female Adults of Coccinella Septempunctata L JEN 129(1) doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2005.00912.1–5 Ó 2005 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin An index model on predatory effect of female adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. on Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas P. N. Deligeorgidis, C. G. Ipsilandis, G. Kaltsoudas and G. Sidiropoulos Department of Crop Production, Technological Education Institute of Western Macedonia/Branch of Florina, Terma Kontopoulou, Florina, Greece Ms. received: March 17, 2004; accepted: August 25, 2004 Abstract: The predatory effect of female adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) was examined under laboratory conditions, in controlled environmental chambers. This study took place on single rose leaves in transparent small plastic cages at varying proportions of predator/number of aphids. Coccinella septempunctata proved to be an effective predator for the biological control of M. euphorbiae under controlled conditions in closed environments. It is proposed to use starved adult females of C. septempunctata in biological control programmes in greenhouses, as a specialized predator of M. euphorbiae in proportions near 1 : 35 predator/aphids. The percentage of aphids that may escape was correlated to the hunger satiation of the predator and the total number of aphids, and the theoretical models describing the predator’s behaviour under controlled conditions were defined. Key words: Coccinella septempunctata, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, efficient predation index, functional response, hunger satiation, predatory effect 1 Introduction experimentally appraised established throughout Eur- ope in glasshouse crops such as tomato, sweet peppers In modern cultivations, plant resistance to pests is and cucumbers. Coccinella septempunctata is also one of getting lower and plantsÕ battery of defense is destroyed the most numerous coccinellid beetles in Greece. It is by modern way of cultivation (Stechmann, 1986). Pest predaceous usually on aphids (which can cause great management programmes involve (a) habitat modifica- damages to many plant species) and additionally on tion, (b) use of resistance in plants (proper varieties) and thrips, whiteflies, mites and lepidoptera (Gordon, 1985). (c) enhancement of naturally occurring biological con- Especially the adults of C. septempunctata prefer aphids trol (Bottrell, 1979). The population dynamics of to feed and are reported as common aphid predators and insects in agroecosystems involves interactions of phy- thus they can be used in biological control programmes tophagous species and their natural enemies and are (Harpaz, 1955; Franz, 1961 as referred by Sundby, 1966). considered of great importance for biological control In general, adult stages of C. septempunctata are more programmes (Evans and England, 1996). The complexity predaceous than larvae stages (Sethi and Atwal, 1964; of this relationship is based mainly on the predator Agrawala and Saha, 1986; Singh et al., 1994; Kumari and effectiveness and thus the success of a biological control Singh, 1999). Among aphid species, Macrosiphum programme. Predator effectiveness is a presumption for euphorbiae (Thomas) is preferred rather than Myzus use of a specific species in biological control pro- persicae (Sulzer) by the predator C. septempunctata grammes and in such cases, laboratory estimations can (Shands and Simpson, 1972). be used for estimating effectiveness in controlled envi- Predation rate of C. septempunctata on cereal aphids ronments (Deligeorgidis, 2002). was higher when aphid density was higher and was Individual predator species in the families Anthoco- depended on temperature conditions (Triltsch and ridae, Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, are Roßberg, 1997). These researchers proposed a model capable to maintain green plant pest numbers below that can simulate the predation rate, depending on damaging levels (Onillon, 1990). Coccinellids have been temperature, pest density and availability in the experi- widely used in biological control in the past and the mental field. Foglar et al. (1990), studied the functional methods for using these predators have remained almost response and preference of Macrolophus caliginosus unchanged. Augmentative releases of several coccinel- (Wagner) for two of its prey: Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and lids species are well documented and usually effective Tetranychus urticae (Koch). They developed a model (Van Lenteren and Woets, 1988). Coccinella septem- which describes the predation rate on two prey simul- punctata L. is considered one of the most important taneously, based on estimations of handling time and species of coccinellids (Gordon, 1985), which have 2 P. N. Deligeorgidis et al. attack rate, within a 24-h period and under laboratory and suitable for second-degree models according to common (controlled) conditions. All these models are based on experimental procedures such as data distribution and the type II functional response model proposed by correlation based on least-square method (Snedecor and Cochran Williams Juliano Foglar Holling (1959). The functional response model (usually , 1980; and , 1985; et al., of type II), in general, can describe the predator’s 1990). The measurements on the predatory effect of C. septem- behaviour under a stable prey density and in a certain punctata were based on the percentage of aphids consumed period of time. This model cannot tell us under which by the predator to their initial number, before the introduc- conditions the predation rate must considered effective tion of the predator. by estimating individual consumption of prey in relation Statistical analysis was based on both the original data and to predator/total prey density ratio. transformed data according to the formula: In this study, a laboratory estimation of the pred- atory effect under controlled conditions, of 2-day-old pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x0 ¼ x þ 1 ðFasoulas, 1979) female adults C. septempunctata on an aphid species (M. euphorbiae Thomas) was conducted. The aim was to propose a simple index based on a mathematical model that can estimate easily the rate of effective 3 Results predation under controlled conditions. Analysis of variance on the original and transformed data revealed statistically significant differences at level <0.001 (table 1). Total number of aphids 2 Materials and Methods consumed by C. septempunctata, increased as initial number of aphids in the cage increased (table 1), but The predatory effect of C. septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: the rate of this increase was not linear but declining Coccinelidae) was studied in 2002 on aphids of the species according to the second degree model in fig. 1. The M. euphorbiae Thomas (Hemiptera: Aphididae) using a ) 2 series of experiments in small cages. The basic experimental equation of the model is y ¼ 0.0164x + 2 ) unit was a single rose leaf (approximately 45 cm )ina 1.3921x 2.45 (y ¼ number of aphids consumed by 15 · 10 · 4 cm clear plastic cage. The cages had one hole of C. septempunctata, x ¼ initial number of aphids, 2 6 · 5 cm covered with dense material made of muslin r ¼ 0.998). The percentage (%) of aphids that (0.06 mm opening) for airing and a wet piece of cotton for survived is described by the second-degree equation: moisturizing air. Each rose leaf in the cage was held away y ¼ 0.0329x2 ) 0.4403x + 1.82 (y ¼ % aphids that from the upper internal part of the cage with sticky tape. survived, x ¼ initial number of aphids, r2 ¼ 0.979). Two-day-old females of C. septempunctata (collected from No mortality was found in the control cages after original rearing kept in the laboratory for 9 months at 24 h (100% survival of aphids). 25±1C) were used for all experiments and were starved ° Predictions according to the second-degree model for 24 h before use by placing them on rose leaves in individual cages. Also, M. euphorbiae were collected from (in fig. 1) describing the relation between the initial laboratory colonies reared on tomato leaves (for 9 months at number of aphids (Initial Nr of Aphids) and the 25±1°C). After introduction of the aphids and the percentage (%) of aphids that may survive (Survived predator, cages were held in controlled environment cham- Aphids %) are presented in fig. 2. The theoretical bers at a temperature of 22 ± 1°C, 65 ± 2% relative maximum linear models show that, when initial humidity (RH), with a 16 h light : 8 h dark photoperiod number of aphids in the cage is 35, the expected linear and intensity of light 9000 Lux, after which survivor of model has a b ¼ 1. As percentage (%) of aphids that aphids was counted. One single female C. septempunctata may survive represents (according to the model) the corresponded to 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 aphids per cage (five number of aphids that may escape, this b value ¼ 1 different pest densities). Each treatment was replicated eight indicates equal rate of aphids that may escape and times. Five more cages (treatments) were used as control number of aphids added initially. Additionally, the (check). In these cages there were 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 aphids per cage but in absence of the predator (no beetles) and percentage (%) is considered an easily understandable aphid mortality after 24 h was measured. The five different presentation of data, instead of absolute numbers, and pest densities were considered satisfying for data analyses can be used for general purpose indexing. Table 1. Initial number of No of Aphids Srv. Aphids EAP ÖEAP + 1 Cons. Aphids CAP ÖCAP + 1 aphids in the experiment 10 0 0 1 10 1 1.414 (No. of Aphids) 15 0.625 0.042 1.021 14.375 0.958 1.4 20 1.125 0.056 1.028 18.875 0.944 1.394 25 2.625 0.105 1.051 22.375 0.895 1.377 30 5.625 0.187 1.090 24.375 0.813 1.346 Gen. Average 2 0.078 1.038 18 0.922 1.386 LSD.05 1.156 0.048 0.023 1.156 0.048 0.018 CV exp % 56.46 60.19 2.15 6.27 5.09 1.23 Comparisons are significant at P < 0.001.
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