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Publication 6. Geological Series 4. Volume 1. the KEWEENAW STATE OF MICHIGAN 16. Tables of Analyses and Notes. .............................36 MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY CHAPTER III. Microscopic Petrography. ....................43 Publication 6. Geological Series 4. 1. Historical Introduction..............................................43 Volume 1. 2. Minerals...................................................................44 THE KEWEENAW SERIES OF MICHIGAN Olivine.................................................................... 44 Augite..................................................................... 44 BY Feldspars............................................................... 44 ALFRED C. LANE Quartz and other forms of silica ............................ 44 Opaque Minerals ................................................... 44 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT 0F THE Green decomposition products or viridite.............. 45 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR Laumontite............................................................. 45 1909 Thomsonite............................................................ 45 LANSING, MICHIGAN Wollastonite ........................................................... 45 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE Calcite.................................................................... 45 PRINTERS Epidote................................................................... 46 1911 Datolite................................................................... 46 Copper................................................................... 46 Mica ....................................................................... 46 Contents Clay and kaolin ...................................................... 46 Letter of Transmittal. ...................................................... 2 Apatite.................................................................... 46 Fluorite................................................................... 46 Foreword.......................................................................... 2 Sulphides............................................................... 46 CHAPTER I. A Popular Description.............................. 2 3. Textures ..................................................................46 (1). Crystallinity..................................................... 47 1. Introduction............................................................... 2 (2). The Fabric ...................................................... 47 2. The Lake Superior Basin.......................................... 3 (a) Ophitic ..................................................................47 3. The Keweenaw Fault................................................ 4 (b) Doleritic.................................................................49 4. Other Cracking. ........................................................ 5 (c) Glomeroporphyritic or navitic ................................50 (d) Porphyritic or hiatal ...............................................50 5. Slides........................................................................ 6 (e) Amygdaloidal ........................................................50 6. Character of the Beds............................................... 6 (f) Microlitic.................................................................51 7. General Succession of Keweenawan Rocks. .......... 9 (g) Vitrophyric.............................................................51 (h) Graphic .................................................................51 8. Source of the Copper. ............................................ 12 4. List of Specimens of Keweenawan from Sp. 15000 9. Gases. .................................................................... 14 on. ................................................................................52 10. Alterations and Minerals Produced Thereby. ....... 14 CHAPTER IV. The Grain of the Igneous Rocks..........54 11. Shear Zones and Shoots...................................... 15 1. Introduction. ............................................................54 12. Surface Geology and Distribution of Float Copper.15 2. Grain Numerically Defined and Recognized...........55 CHAPTER II. Nomenclature and Chemical Relations 3. Grain Dependent on Relation to the Margin. ..........56 of the Keweenawan Rocks........................................... 16 4. Criticisms.................................................................58 1. Historical Review of Names Applied to Igneous 5. Allowance for Varying Diffusivity.............................59 Rocks........................................................................... 16 6. Mathematical Treatment. ........................................59 2. Winchell's Correlation............................................. 19 7. Applications.............................................................64 3. The Nomenclature of the Sedimentary Rocks. ...... 23 4. Methods of Studying Chemical Relations............... 25 (1). The Quantitative Classification.......................25 List of Illustrations 5. Family Relationship of Keweenawan Rocks. ......... 27 6. Magmatic Concentration......................................... 29 Plates 7. Wet and Dry Differentiation Within the Family. ...... 29 Plate II. Ophitic texture developing and pock marked 8. Secondary Chemical Changes............................... 30 appearance at the crest of the bluff of the Old Delaware 9. Hydration Yielding Native Copper. ......................... 30 mine ...............................................................................22 10. Alteration of Calumet and Hecla Boulder. ............ 31 Plate III. (A.) Weathered surface of ophite ............................40 11. Kaolinization of Keweenawan Dikes. ................... 32 Plate III. (B.) Weathered surface of amygdaloidal 12. Concentration in Sedimentation. .......................... 33 conglomerate. ................................................................40 13. Concentration of Chloritic Material. ...................... 34 14. Conclusions. ......................................................... 34 Plate IV. (A.) Photograph of an ophidian, the Gila monster...54 15. Density Observations. .......................................... 35 Publication 6, Geological Series 4 -- Chapters 1-4 – Page 1 of 66 Plate IV. (B.) Ophitic mottling brought out near a seam of LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. chlorite from the Manitou section....................................54 Plate IV. (C.) Effect of ophitic texture in thin section..............54 Lansing, Mich., Nov. 1, 1911. Plate V. Tracks on a slab of Nonesuch shale........................54 To the Honorable, the Board of Geological and Biological Survey of the State of Michigan: Plate VI. Typical ophitic drill cores of different sizes. ...........61 Gov. Chase S. Osborn, President. Hon. D. M. Perry, Jr., Vice President. Figures Hon. L. L. Wright, Secretary. Figure 1. Outline map of Michigan showing the “Thumbs” ......3 Gentlemen—I have the honor to transmit for publication Figure 2. Lake Superior region. ...............................................3 as a part of the report for 1909 of the Board of Figure 3. Cross section through Lake Superior from the Huron Geological and Biological Survey, Publication 6, Mts. to Port Arthur. ...........................................................4 Geological Series 4, in two volumes, a contribution to the geological survey of the State. Figure 4. Geological Column. ..................................................4 Very respectfully, Figure 5. (a) Formation of the Keweenawan fault by R. C. ALLEN, compression; (b) Formation of the Keweenawan fault by Director. intrusion of a great gabbro sill ..........................................4 Figure 6. Cross-fractures north of the Gogebic Range............5 Figure 7. Illustrating effect of normal slide faulting. .................6 FOREWORD. Figure 8. Outline Map of the Keweenaw Copper Range. ......10 May I take the opportunity to express my obligations to Figure 9. Outline cross section near Calumet........................11 Mr. A. H. Meuche for help rendered since he left the Survey and to Mr. R. C. Allen, my successor as State Figure 10. Illustrates the effect of slump in a series of traps Geologist of Michigan, as well as to all those who both and amygdaloids ............................................................14 on and off the Survey have done so much to help me. I Figure 11. Illustrates gaping beds, or pile of cards when want to thank Mr. Allen in particular for aid in finishing up unequally bent. ...............................................................15 the illustrations, as well as for his willingness to help me in every way, and especially for permission to announce Figure 12. Diagram modified from Iddings, showing distribution of rock analyses. ..........................................26 that while the cross-sections are on a rather small scale, engineers who have need of them on the original scale Figure 13. Illustrates Osann’s method of plotting analyses and can make arrangements with the Survey office to obtain their relations..................................................................27 blue prints. Figure 14. Illustrates relation of prehnite, chlorastrolite and It is one of the necessary inconveniences of publishing chlorite............................................................................33 that by the time a thing is out, it is out of date. I regret Figure 15. Diagram illustrating abstraction
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