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S I Section 4 3/1/2011 Kingdom Plantae Plant or land plants Multicellular eukaryotic organisms composed of cells having plastids SSiection 4 Primarily live on land Professor Donald McFarlane Evolved from green algal ancestors that lived in aquatic habitats Lecture 10 Plants: Distinguished from modern algal relatives Colonization of the Land by adaptations to terrestrial life 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Streptophytes Land plants (kingdom Plantae) (embryophytes) Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Euphyllophytes Seed plants (spermatophytes) Bryophytes Seedless Green algae (nonvascular plants) vascular plants Gymnosperms Ancestry 0 CENOZOIC Ginkgo Cycads Mosses Hornworts 65 Liverworts Lycophytes gnetophytes Conifers and Angiosperms Pteridophytes Probably originated from a photosynthetic Other green green Other algae Flowers, fruits, Simple charophyceans endo- Complex charophyceans sperm MESOZOIC in seeds protist ancestor having a relatively 248 Permian Ovules, pollen, seeds 290 comppylex body Carbon- iferous Euphylls (megaphylls) 354 Devonian Filament of cells with side branches 417 Lignin in walls of water-conducting cells; cutin common on epidermis; Silurian stomata common on plant surfaces; PALEOZOIC 443 dominant sporophyte generation; true roots, stems, leaves Ordovician Either Chara or Coleochaete are modern Millions of years (mya) ago Millions 490 Cambrian protists most closely related to ancestry of 543 Sporic life cycle, embryo, sporopollenin-walled spores, tissue-producing apical meristem, gametangia, sporangia, xyloglucans in cell wall Plasmodesmata, plant-specific features of cell division, eggs and sperm land plants PROTEROZOIC Chlorophyll a and b, starch produced in plastids KEY 2500 Critical innovations Common protist ancestor a:© Roland Birke/Phototake; b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Linda Graham, photographer; c-e: © Lee W. Wilcox; f: © B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; g:© Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold; h: © Patrick Johns/CORBIS; i: © Bob Evans/Peter Arnold; j:© Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; k: © Fred 3 4 Bruemmer/Peter Arnold; l: © Gallo Images/Corbis 1 3/1/2011 Complex Distinctive feature of land plants charophyceans share several derived traits with Represent early adaptations to land land plants Bodies composed of 3D tissues Increased ability to avoid water loss Plasmodesmata Tissues arise from apical meristems at growing tips Sexual Able to produce thick, robust bodies reproduction using egg and smaller Tissues and organs with specialized functions sperm Distinctive reproductive features Alternation of generations Dry air resistant reproductive cell Specialized structures to generate, protect, and disperse reproductive cells 5 6 10 plant phyla “bryophytes” 1. Liverworts – Hepatophyta Include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses 2. Mosses – Bryophyta 3. Hornworts – Anthocerophyta Each forms a monophyletic phyla 4. Lycophytes – Lycophyta Share common structural, reproductive 5. Pteridophytes – Pteridophyta 6. Cycads – Cycadophyta and ecological features 7. Ginkgos – Ginkgophyta Models of earliest terrestrial plants 8. Conifers – Coniferophyta 9. Gnetophytes – Gnetophyta 10. Angiosperms – Anthophyta 7 8 2 3/1/2011 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sporangium Bryophytes display features absent from charophycean algae but present in plants Likely early adaptations to land Sporophyte Charophycean algae display a zygotic life cycle with a one cell diploid zygote Gametophyte Bryophytes and other plants exhibit a sporic life cycle with alternation of generations (mniumSEM): © Eye of Science/Photo Researchers Diploid, spore-producing sporophyte generation Haploid, gamete-producing gametophyte generation 9 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. KEY haploid Single-celled diploid diploid (2n) Sperm zygote Multicellular Fertilization haploid (n) gametophyte Spores Meiosis Mitosis Egg Mitosis KEY New: Haploid Clarophycean “algae” Haploid spores multicellular Diploid diploid (2n) Meiosis sporophyte 11 12 3 3/1/2011 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sperm Fertilization Multicellular haploid (n) gametophyte Single-celled Adaptations to life on land diploid (2n) Egg zygote Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spores Meiosis Spore Mitosis dispersal tip Multicellular diploid sporophyte generation (a) Zygotic life cycle of charophyceans Sporophyte advantageous because it allows a single KE Y change ry a ppplant to disperse widely yyg by using meiosis Haploid Diploid Gametophyte Evolution to produce numerous, genetically variable Sperm Multicellular Fertilization Single-celled haploid (n) diploid (2n) zygote haploid spores gametophyte Mitosis © Lee W. Wilcox Egg Each spore has the potential to grow into Mitosis New: a gametophyte multicellular Meiosis diploid (2n) sporophyte (b) Sporic life cycle of early plants 13 14 Gametophytes Sporophytes Role to produce haploid gametes Matrotrophy – zygotes remain sheltered and fed within gametophyte tissue Produced by mitosis Embryophytes – all land plants have Gametangia protects developing gametes from matrotroppyhic embryos didrying ou t an d m icro bilttkbial attack When mature, spores are produced in protective Antheridia – round or elongate gametangia producing enclosures known as sporangia sperm Plant spore cell walls contain sporopollenin to Archegonia – flask shaped gametangia enclosing an help prevent cellular damage egg During evolution, plant sporophytes become Sperm swim to egg and fuse to form diploid larger and more complex zygote Zygotes grow into sporophytes 15 16 4 3/1/2011 Distinguishing bryophyte features Gametophytes dominant generation As opposed to dominant sporophyte generation in other plants Sporophytes are dependent on gametophtye – small and short lived As opposed to independent, large and long- lived in other plants Nonvascular or lacking tissues for structural support and conduction found in other plants (vascular plants) 17 18 Pteridophytes – about 12,000 species of Lycophytes and pteridophytes horsetails, whisk ferns and other ferns Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vascular plants that do not produce Sporangia seeds Lycophytes- more Stem numerous and larger in the past Small leaves but now about © Lee W. Wilcox 1000 relatively small species 19 20 5 3/1/2011 Roots, stems and leaves Diverged prior to the origin of seeds Seedless vascular plants Stems Contain vascular tissue and produce leaves Lycophytes, pteridophytes and seed- and sporangia producing plants are vascular plants or Contain phloem and xylem (contains tracheophytes tracheids and lignin) Possess tracheids for water and mineral Roots conduction and structural support Specialized for uptake of water and minerals from the soil Vascular tissues occur in the major plant Leaves organs: stems, roots, and leaves Photosynthetic function 21 22 Adaptations That Foster Stable Internal Water Content Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Life cycle Vascular tissue Lycophyte and pteridophyte reproduction is Waxy cuticle present on limited by dry conditions, as is the case for most surfaces of vascular bryophytes plant sporophytes Stomate However, if fertilization occurs, lycophytes and Cutin found in cuticle that Cuticle helps prevent pathogen 120 mm pteridophytes can produce many more spores attack (a) Stem showing tracheophyte adaptations due to their larger sporophyte generation Wax prevents dessication Vascular plant sporophytes are dependent upon Stomata are pores that Stomata maternal gametophytes for only a short time during open and close to allow early embryo development gas exchange while Stems of vascular plant sporophytes are able to minimizing water loss (b) Close-up of stomata produce branches, forming relatively large adult a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Linda Graham, photographer; b: © Lee W. Wilcox 23 plants having many leaves 24 6 3/1/2011 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sporophyte 25 (sporophyte): © Barrett & MacKay Photography; Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 7.
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