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1-800-474-4163 ext. 455 • sportmix.com The Kennel Spotlight Magazine PUBLISHER Bob Hughes (417) 652-7540 [email protected] EDITOR/AD SALES Kathy Bettes (417) 652-7540 [email protected] [email protected] AD SALES/MARKETING Shayla Stehlik [email protected] [email protected]

The Kennel Spotlight is published by Southwest Publications, LLC P.O. Box 534, Wheaton, MO 64874 Printing by Print Shop Plus, Monett, MO Contributing Articles by: Dr. Brandon Sinn-LVS, Patti Strand-NAIA, American Kennel Club, Humanewatch.org, Dr. Don Bramlage-Revival Animal Health, Chris Beth-Petland & Amy Donaldson w/Compass Quest.

Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 5 BEAT THE HEAT! Help your dogs beat the heat by practicing healthy hydration and understanding of heat stress. You can help reduce the dangers of over-heating by keeping in mind that dehydration can occur rapidly. Exercising dogs or dogs that are over excited can quickly lose the ability to maintain a normal body temperature. Some differences between ‘heat stress’ and ‘heat stroke’ are:

 Lethargy vs Distressed & Anxious behavior  Heavy Panting vs profuse, thick Drooling  Lack of Coordination vs Vomiting  Squinting of the Eyes vs Gums & Tongue may turn dark pink or bright red

If you suspect your dog has overheated, immediately cool the body using water from a hose or pond/creek or any other source to help bring down the body temperature. Do not submerge your dog in water too cold; they can cool too rapidly and this could lead to other problems. If your dog shows signs of heat stroke, you should take your dog to the veterinarian immediately! A dog with advanced heatstroke may have seizures or slip into a coma. The effects of heatstroke can continue for 48 to 72 hours even if a dog appears normal, so it is important for a veterinarian to evaluate your dog for damage to the liver and kidneys and any other health problems.

Some Hydration Tips: Monitor your Working Dogs for signs of heat stress and dehydration. To Slow DeHydration give your dog small amounts of water every 15 to 20 minutes when working and especially during events lasting longer than 60 minutes. Try Cooling your Dog by periodically squirting water with a spray bottle or mister. The wetness on the coat has cooling effect as it evaporates.

Some Water Rules: Always give an overheated dog COOL WATER-NOT ICE WATER! You don’t want your dog to cool down too quickly. Ice Water can cause the blood vessels to constrict and slow the blood fl ow to the brain and cooling process. Allow your dog to drink small amounts of water, do not let them gulp as drinking too much water too rapidly could cause vomiting. You can use cool water under their front legs and in the groin area; there is a higher concentration of blood vessels there to aid in the cooling process. Another ‘home remedy’ is to apply rubbing alcohol to the pads of their feet; the alcohol evaporates quickly and helps cool their temperature down faster. Pedialyte is also a good additive for the water to aid in rehydration.

Your dog’s normal temperature should be between 100 to 102.5 degrees. Immediately after working or exercising, the dog’s temperature may be as high as 107 degrees. Within 5 minutes it should decline to below 104 degrees; if it doesn’t, your dog may be suffering from heat stress and require immediate veterinary care. A dog compensates for overheating by panting, which causes salivation. As saliva evaporates, it cools the blood going to the brain, helping to maintain central nervous system (CNS)functioning. While panting is an effective short-term solution to help maintain CNS function, it is an ineffi cient method of lowering body temperature in the long run because it uses energy and generates additional heat.

About 60 percent of heat dissipated by during exercise is through water evaporation in the respiratory tract. In extreme conditions, a dog’s body redirects the fl ow of warm blood from the body core to vessels under the skin where it is cooled by air or water fl owing over the skin. The only place dogs sweat is around the pads of their paws.

Understanding your dog’s complex circulation may better help you to prevent problems during the hot days of Summer!

6 * Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 © Be sure your puppies are healthy and ready for their new families. Your puppies will be life-long companions to their new families and you want to be sure they get a healthy start. Vaccination against infectious diseases is one of the most important ways to protect them.

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©2015 Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. Solo-Jec is a registered trademark of Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. XXXXXX 05/15 Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 7 Warm Weather Pests A Danger To Pets Keep Fleas and Ticks Under Control This Summer

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• Watering & Feeding Supplies • Food This informational article • Disinfectants & Cleaning Supplies • Wormers • Whelping Supplies & Puppy Care • Flea & Tick was brought to you by • Grooming Supplies • Microchips • Kennel Care Supplies • Prescriptions Brandon Sinn, D.V.M. X±ĵÆåųƋšåƋ„ƚŞŞĬƼ„Ƌ±ýšåƋåųĜűųĜ±Ĺ • Vitamins & Supplements • Vaccines • Cages, Crates & Kennels • Pest Control

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Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 9 Animal Rights Legislators Push Window Dressing Laws instead of Tackling Real Dangers!

By Patti Strand

In the current political climate, cordial discourse has gone the way of the dodo bird, trans fats and disappointed Cubs fans. The Left and Right spend days placing blame on each other for deemed failing in Washington. However, there is one issue, which our elected leaders seem to fi nd common ground—protecting animals. No less than a dozen bills have been proposed in recent months, many of which will garner bipartisan support as they move through the fl oors of Congress.

While the National Animal Interest Alliance (NAIA) supports congenial legislating, and will gladly praise the passage of bills like the Dog and Cat Meat Prohibition Act and Shark Fin Trade Elimination Act, we fear that a larger issue impacting American families across the country has gone unnoticed.

Commerce is one of the most closely regulated functions of our economy. Currently, the US Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) inspects commercial dog breeders to keep dogs safe. The organization regulates the shipment of nursery and greenhouse plants in all 50 states to fi ght the spread of insects and diseases across the country. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sets rules and regulations on goods that can and cannot be transported on highways to protect drivers and passengers.

Notwithstanding all these alphabet agencies and their overlapping jurisdictions and regulations, there is one ticking time bomb that remains ignored, and threatens the health and safety of American families, homeland security and animals. Every year, hundreds of thousands of dogs are imported from other countries, transported across state borders and sold at rescues and shelters with little to no oversight from any agency.

Newspaper accounts from across the nation tell the story: Shelter Dogs Imported From Asia Quarantined to Prevent Further Disease Transmission; Egyptian Rescue Dog Diagnosed with , Handlers to Undergo Post Exposure Treatment; TB Diagnosed in Dog Rescued from Turkey; Rescue Dog Used as Drug Mule to Traffi c $1 Million in Heroin from Puerto Rico to New York; Adopter Killed by Newly Adopted Dog with Known Bite History. These travesties are the direct consequence of lax pet import laws and the absence of regulations on animal shelters and rescues.

These problems could be mitigated if we had appropriate pet import laws and regulated commerce in pet rescues like we regulate the commerce of pets sold in the retail supply chain—like other goods moved around the country. But we have yet to see any leadership on these matters coming from state houses or Capitol Hill. Instead, we see political grandstanding by those who want to be regarded as animal rights leaders. But they are not protecting the dogs they claim to care about, and they are not protecting families adopting these pets. Yes, the Big Cats Safety Act and Pet & Women Safety Act are reasonable acts by Congress to protect animals and families, but these laws will mostly serve as puffery for sponsoring politicians on their social media channels and press releases.

Based on industry data, there are between 70 and 80 million dogs currently residing in US households, and it takes 6.5 million puppies just to replace the ones who die each year. As has become highly regulated, overpopulation has been solved in much of the US---there are now fewer local dogs available for purchase or adoption. Each year, lawmakers draft bills to further restrict the breeding and commerce of American-bred dogs, based on the outdated belief that there is a dog overpopulation issue. This myth is fueling the explosion of importation and rescue transport activities, moving thousands of unregulated dogs all over the country. With escalating demand and the ‘no kill’ philosophy spreading, rescues and shelters are motivated to import and place dogs with families that should never be put up for adoption.

As an organization whose mission is to promote the welfare of animals, to strengthen the human-animal bond, and safeguard the rights of responsible animal owners, the NAIA supports fi nding loving homes for healthy, temperamentally-sound animals in need. It is the time for policy makers to take a serious look at the state of not-for-profi t animal transport, sheltering and adoption practices in the U.S. To protect public health and safety and the welfare of dogs, our elected leaders must recognize the need to treat all pets in commerce with the same amount of care and regulation. Surely these pets deserve as much protection as houseplants.

Patti Strand is the President of the National Animal Interest Alliance 10 * Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 2017 APRI Schedule of National Teleconference Calls

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Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 11 REVIVAL SOLUTIONS 7KHSXSS\LVVWHULOHLQWKHXWHUXVVRSUHYHQWLQJPRPIURPSDVVLQJ WKHVHLQIHFWLRQVWRWKHSXSSLHVLVKRZWRPDQDJHRXWRIWKHP 7KDWLQYROYHVFKDQJLQJKHUJXWƮRUDEHIRUHDQGDIWHUELUWK0RP VHHGVWKHSXSS\ZLWKJRRGDQGLIVKHKDVWKHPEDGEDFWHULDZKHQ OLFNLQJDQGFOHDQLQJ:DWFKWKH1XUVLQJ3XSS\/RVVZHELQDUIRU PRUHLQIRUPDWLRQ Avoid Fading Puppy Syndrome )DGLQJSXSSLHVLVDSUREOHPLQDGYHUWHQWO\FDXVHGE\XV,WoVLPSRUWDQW WRUHPHPEHUWKDWQXUVLQJSXSSLHVKDYHYHU\WKLQVNLQVRFHUWDLQ FOHDQLQJVXSSOLHVFDQEHWR[LF&KORUKH[LGLQHLVVDIHDQGHƪHFWLYHWR XVHDURXQGQXUVLQJSXSSLHV'RQRWXVH&ORUR[®, chlorine, pine oil FOHDQHUVRUDPPRQLDGLVLQIHFWDQWV %OXHEHOO\LVDQRWKHUW\SHRILQIHFWLRQWKDWFDQFDXVHIDGLQJSXSSLHV 7KHSXSSLHVXVXDOO\JDVXSEXWWKH\GRQoWDOZD\VWXUQEOXH7KH QXPEHURQHFDXVHRIEOXHEHOO\LVDQDYHOLQIHFWLRQ7KHNH\WR 30 Critical Days for Preventing SUHYHQWLQJEOXHEHOO\LVWRGLSWKHXPELOLFDOLQVWURQJLRGLQHRU6XSHU Puppy Loss WRGLVLQIHFWDQGGU\XSWKHXPELOLFDO Why Calcium is Critical It’s 30 days. But it isn’t just 30 days. The last three weeks of pregnancy :KHQSXSSLHVDUHERUQQRUPDOEXWGHDGLWoVHPRWLRQDOO\GUDLQLQJ DQGWKHƬUVWZHHNDIWHUELUWKLVWKHWLPHZKHQPRVWSXSS\ORVVRFFXUV DQGIUXVWUDWLQJ0DQDJLQJPRPoVODERUEHWWHULVWKHEHVWVROXWLRQWR But the good news is, puppy loss doesn’t have to happen. It DYRLGWKLVIURPKDSSHQLQJDJDLQ6LQFHGHDGSXSSLHVGRQoWVWUHWFK LVPDQDJHDEOH ZKHQWKH\DUHSXVKHGRQWKH\DUHYHU\KDUGIRUPRPWRELUWK,Q 6KHoVPDGHLWWKURXJKPRVWRIKHUSUHJQDQF\EXWIURPGD\WR PDQ\FDVHVWKHQH[WSXSS\LQOLQHPD\DOVRGLHEHFDXVHRIODFNRI ZKHOSLQJIHPDOHVQHHG\RXUKHOSWKHPRVW2XUIRFXVDWWKLVSRLQWLV R[\JHQ7KHVROXWLRQKHUHLVWRJHWWKUHHWRIRXUGRVHVRIFDOFLXPLQ NHHSLQJPRPVKHDOWK\VRWKHLUSXSSLHVDUHERUQKHDOWK\DQGƬJKWLQJ PRPEHIRUHWKHƬUVWSXSS\LVERUQ2QHFFSHUSRXQGVLVDJRRG to live. JXLGHOLQHWRIROORZ2XUJRDOLVWRKDYHZKHOSLQJRYHUDQGGRQHLQ XQGHUQLQHKRXUV:KHQODERULVIDVWHUPRPVPRWKHUEHWWHUEHFDXVH Keep Mom Eating they aren’t as tired. 7KHEHVWZD\WRGRWKLVLVWRNHHSPRPHDWLQJ$VVKHEHJLQVWREHOO\ GRZQVKHZLOOEHFRPHXQFRPIRUWDEOHDQGZLOORIWHQJRRƪIRRGRU Prevent Milking Issues EDFNRƪWKHDPRXQWRIIRRGVKHHDWV7KLVLVQRWZKDWZHZDQWDQG ,IWKHUHLVYHU\OLWWOHRUQRPLONDWELUWKWKLVFDQEHDPDMRULVVXH FDQOHDGWRSUHJQDQF\WR[HPLD$WWKLVSRLQWLQWKHSUHJQDQF\WKH LQWKHƬUVWƬYHGD\VDQGFDQOHDGWRSXSS\ORVV

The materials, information and answers provided through this article are not intended to replace the medical advice or services of a qualified veterinarian or other pet health care professional. 800-786-4751 Consult your own veterinarian for answers to specific medical questions, including diagnosis, treatment, therapy or medical attention. RevivalAnimal.com Not to be used without permission of Revival Animal Health.

12 * Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 13 Canines with a Cause

Fifi, Sable, Lucas, Summer, Daisy, Three surgeries healed her physical woes, Duke, Willow and Kyra—these are just some however, Donaldson still suffered from of the dogs trained in the Joplin, Mo area emotional trauma due to that incident. to aid U.S. veterans returning from war-torn Many of her symptoms, she said, mimicked areas in Afghanistan and the Middle East. those experienced by PTSD sufferers. More than 300,000 veterans are She felt "lost and without a currently suffering from post-traumatic purpose" until she began working directly stress disorder. Aside from the innate with veterans after she and Ted created the abilities such as lifting moods and showing non-profit Compass Quest in 2014. Aside unconditional love, these "emotional from helping veterans heal, she began support" dogs can be trained to help helping Heartland, who employed her, to veterans overcome the disorder. The pair vets with trained pets. dogs, for example, can stand between the This was also when Jaxx, a veteran and a stranger to avoid any sort beautiful German Shepherd came into of confrontation or help a veteran enter her life. She received Jaxx from another a building with confidence without first veteran who at the time was going through scanning it for any perceived dangers. a rough patch and could no longer care for Thanks to a unique partnership the dog. "Jaxx is basically a PTSD dog, even between three area organizations--- though I don't suffer from that," Donaldson Heartland Canines for Veterans, Compass said. "When I'm standing, Jaxx stands with Quest and On Command Canine Training me, right by my side. At the grocery store, Center—veterans suffering from PTSD or if I'm doing something, he will sit down other psychiatric disorders brought on behind me and give me space so nobody by witnessing life-threatening events like will touch me. Having people touch me and combat, are getting paired with loving not being armed anymore is a big deal." dogs. Compass Quest works closely with In other words, dogs continue the the veterans, Heartland receives donated military's "buddy system"—that extra layer animals from breeders in the Missouri Pet of vigilant protection that keeps soldiers Breeders Association and pays for their and sailors out of harm's way. training, while On Command carefully trains Many of the trained dogs are the dogs to be paired with a specific vet like Jaxx—German Shepherds. "They are and his personal ailments. all purebreds," Donaldson said. "We have Despite the cooperation, the requests from a lot of veterans for German problem isn't finding qualified dogs for the Shepherds, and for me, I love that they vets, said Amy Donaldson, who is president are all working dogs. And I think veterans of Compass Quest and director of veteran want them because they remind us of our relations with Heartland. The problem, she service." It takes roughly $7200-$7500.00 to continued, "is that we just aren't getting train a dog, a process that can last up to 12 enough qualified vets." months. Currently, Heartland/On Command She's currently working hard to are training five dogs, all earmarked for a get the word out about the dogs. She specific veteran. Four of them are trained hopes the parents of the veterans living to help vets suffering from PTSD; three of in the area can pick up the phone and tell them are also trained as dogs that help vets their sons and daughters: 'Hey, we have with balance issues. this organization here and they are placing While many canine-training good dogs with veterans and they are groups target specific veterans—those that willing to travel.' are combat veterans and those who fought "They are like sons and daughters," only in Iraq or Afghanistan—Heartland Donaldson said of the dogs. "And we will pairs dogs with veterans who have been bend over backwards to help a veteran." honorably discharged from the military and Donaldson speaks from experience; she is have a disability that a dog can help them both a retired veteran and proud owner of with, Donaldson said. a trained rescue dog. The dogs "really do allow the men and She'd spent hundreds of hours woment o come out of their shells." working as a loadmaster inside a C5 Galaxy Transport, among the largest military Donations can be made at aircraft in the world. For nearly 10 years, www.heartlandk9s.org she'd accumulated more than 1,000 hours on strategic airlifts into Iraq and Article submitted by Afghanistan. Like her 32-year USAF husband Chris Beth of Petland & Amy Ted, she hoped to become a "lifer." But that Donaldson of Compass Quest wasn’t meant to be; she was injured in a (pictured right with ‘Jaxx’) training exercise in 2009. The plane she was in experienced a sudden decompression, she said, when it was struck by lightning. The sinuses inside her nose burst from the crushing and unexpected pressure. "I went to get my Oxygen bottle and the next thing I know the loadmaster is pulling me by my flight suit and said I had passed out with head in my lap," she said. "Blood was everywhere."

14 * Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 CELEBRATING FIFTY YEARS For fifty years our Pet Counselors have been dedicated to enhancing the knowledge and enjoyment of the human-animal bond with people and pets around the world. We would like to thank our breeders for helping fulfill that goal, and for the commitment you make with the pets in your care every day.

Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 15 The Welsh Corgi...which is which? be proficient workers, and no mating was consummated without due consideration. CARDIGAN WELSH CORGI

The Cardigan Welsh Corgi, the Corgi with the Tail, is the older of the two Corgi breeds, and one of the earliest breeds of the British Isles. In the beginning, the Corgi came to the high country now known as Cardiganshire with the tall, tawny-headed Celts from central Europe. The migration of this warrior tribe to Wales is place, roughly at about 1200 B.C., which means that the Corgi has been known in the land of its origin for more than 3,000 years. The dog was member of the same family that has produced the Dachshund. The village of Bronant in Mid-Cardiganshire became After the breaking up of the crown lands, and the introduction of the special stronghold of those early Celts. The vigilance and the new breeds, there was a certain amount of experimentation intelligence of the Corgi must have been a great asset to the Celts, with crosses. The ancient dog of Bronant was crossed with the red and tales handed down from father to son for generations identify herder, but it did not prove very successful and was not attempted him always as a valued member of the family circle. His uses were many times. The brindle herder, however, made a rather fortuitous many and varied, not the least of which were his guardianship of cross. The progeny followed the dominant characteristics of the the children and his aid in beating out game, which in those times Corgi, and gained a little through the finer coat and the color of the was of more than ordinary importance. brindle herder. Crossed later with the Collie, there was produced Still, the occupation which made the Corgi worth his the breed known as the heeler. weight in gold to those Welsh hill men came at a much later The principal strains of the Cardigan Welsh Corgi of today period, but still hundreds of years ago. This was when the crown go back to the old Bronant Corgi with a slight infusion of brindle owned practically all land, and the tenant farmers, or crofters, were herder blood. This dog approximates as nearly as possible the dog permitted to fence off only a few acres surrounding their dooryards. that enjoyed his greatest popularity in Cardiganshire a century and The rest was open country, known as common land, on which the more ago. crofter was permitted to graze his cattle, one of the chief sources The two Corgi breeds were regarded officially in England of his meager income. It can be imagined that there was great as one breed divided into two types until 1934, when they were competition among the crofters to secure as much as possible of recognized as separate breeds. Up until that time they had been this pastureland for their own uses, and the task would have been interbred to some extent, and sorting out the two breeds became difficult had it not been for the Corgi. The little dog which had been a difficult task. In 1934, two hundred and fifty Pembrokes were with this Celtic people so long, and which had come to be of almost registered to only fifty-nine Carigans. The Cardigan was considered human intelligence, was trained to perform a service the opposite to be less uniform in type at that time and the breed nearly of that done by the . disappeared in its native Wales. Instead of herding the cattle, the Corgi would nip at their The first pair of Cardigans imported to the Unites States ) heels and drive them as far afield as desired. Often the crofter by Mrs. Robert Bole, of Boston) arrived in June 1931. The breed was called upon his dog to clear “his” ground of the neighbor’s cattle. admitted to AKC registration in 1935. The dog worked the same way in either case. The crofter would stand by his gate and give a soft whistle of two notes, one high, Coat: Medium length but dense as it is double. Outer hairs slightly one low. Many times the dog could not see the cattle he was to harsh in texture; never wiry, curly or silky. Lies relatively smooth chase, but he would keep going as long as he could hear that and is weather resistant. The insulating undercoat is short, soft and whistle. His speed was remarkable, considering his short legs thick. A correct coat has short hair on ears, head, the legs; medium with their out-turned feet, but the length of his back gave him hair on body; and slightly longer, thicker hair in ruff, on the backs of added spring. When the dog had scattered the cattle by biting their the thighs to form “pants”, and on the underside of the tail. The coat hocks---avoiding death only by ducking close to the ground when should not be so exaggerated as to appear fluffy. This breed has a they kicked---the crofter would give the recall signal, a shrill, long- shedding coat, and seasonal lack of undercoat should not be too drawn-out whistle made by placing the fingers in the mouth. The severely penalized, providing the hair is healthy. Trimming is not dog would return at once. allowed except to tidy feet and remove whiskers. Soft guard hairs, The division of the crown lands, their subsequent uniform length, wiry, curly, silky, overly short and/or flat coats are sale to the crofters, and the appearances of fences, removed not desired. A distinctly long or fluffy coat is an extremely serious the usefulness of the Corgi. He was still retained as guard and fault. companion by some of the hill men, but to most he was a luxury they could not afford. In many instances he was succeeded by the Color: All shades of red, sable and brindle. Black with or without red herder and by the brindle herder. The original type of Corgi tan or brindle points. Blue Merle (black & gray; marbled) with or known in Bronant since time immemorial became very scarce, and without tan or brindle points. There is no color preference. White it is due only to the greatest care on the part of modern breeders flashings are usual on the neck (either in part or as a collar), chest, that the old strains have been preserved. legs, muzzle, underpants, tip of tail and as a blaze on head. Needless to say, studbooks were unknown to the Celts White on the head should not predominate and should never and to the early Welsh farmer-descendants of the old warrior tribe. surround the eyes. Any color other than specified and/or body color But if there were no records, there was a rigid policy of selective predominately white are disqualifications. breeding surpassed in this present day. The original Corgis had to Info from the AKC Book of Breeds

16 * Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 they would cost money to feed. One day an enterprising young man tucked a couple of Corgi puppies under his arm and set forth into a neighboring shire. When he returned there was the jingle of coins in his pocket. Th ereaft er, other young men followed the example. Th e old hill man who relates this incident says that he sold puppies to the farmers in Carmarthenshire and in Pembrokeshire. It is not known whether any Cardigan Corgis had gone into Pembrokeshire at an earlier date, but it is quite possible, and it is only logical that if the two breeds were in the same section they would be bred together at the same time. So far as is known, the Pembroke was not taken into Cardiganshire up to the time of World War I, although since then there have been many instances of intermatings. Th e two breeds of Corgi were mated together frequently at the time when these dogs fi rst came to the consciousness of the show fanciers. Little was known about either dog, and crossings were common. Th is practice has been stopped, and breeders today are determined to keep the Pembroke distinct from the Cardigan. Th e Pembroke is one of the most agreeable of small house PEMBROKE WELSH CORGI dogs. It has an aff ectionate nature but does not force its attentions upon those unwilling to accept them. Its intelligence is undoubted, Although all evidence seems to point to the fact that the and it is remarkably alert, ever-vigilant home guardian. Pembroke Welsh Corgi is a much younger dog than the Cardigan Coat: Medium length; short, thick, weather-resistant Welsh Corgi, it is still true that the Corgi from Pembrokeshire is a undercoat with a coarser, longer outer coat. Overall length varies, breed of considerable antiquity. No breed that traces its origin back to with slightly thicker and longer ruff around the neck, chest and on A.D. 1107 can be regarded as an especially new type of dog. the shoulders. Th e body coat lies fl at. Hair is slightly longer on back In modern times there has been an eff ort to link the two of forelegs and underparts and somewhat fuller and longer on rear types of Corgi under the heading of a single breed. Th is is far from of hindquarters. Th e coat is preferably straight, but some waviness the truth, according to W. Lloyd Th omas, the Welsh authority who is permitted. Th is breed has a shedding coat and seasonal lack of has spent so many years digging out the history of these small cattle undercoat should not be too penalized, providing the hair is glossy, dogs. He has given some interesting information, that, while it tends healthy and well groomed. A wiry, tightly marcelled coat is very faulty, to divorce the two Corgis defi nitely, still gives the Pembroke a colorful as is an overly short, smooth and thin coat. Very serious faults--- past. Fluffi es---A coat of extreme length with exaggerated feathering on the Th e direct ancestors of the Pembroke were brought across ears, chest, legs and feet, underparts and hindquarters. Trimming such the Channel by the Flemish weavers who had been induced by Henry a coat does not make it any more acceptable. Th e Corgi should be shown 1 of England to take up their abode in Wales. Th is occurred in 1107, in its natural condition, with no trimming permitted except to tidy the and it stands as a sturdy cornerstone upon which the development of feet, and if desired, remove the whiskers. a breed has been built. While weaving was one of their occupations, Color: Th e outer coat is to be of self colors in red, sable, these Flemish people were also of an agrarian nature, and they soon fawn, black & tan with or without white markings. White is acceptable had transferred to the southwest corner of Wales, at Haverfordwest, on legs, chest, neck (either in part or as a collar), muzzle, underparts the replicas of the model homes and farms in their native land. Th e and as a narrow blaze on the head. Very serious faults---Whitelies— dog fi tted into this scheme. Body color white, with red or dark markings. Bluies—Colored portions Th is early progenitor of the Pembroke Welsh Corgi of of the coat have a distinct bluish or smoky cast. Th is coloring is today has been described as having a noticeable resemblance to associated with extremely light or blue eyes, liver or gray eye rims, nose the old Schipperkes. It sprang from the same family that includes and lip pigment. Mismarks—Self colors with any area of white on the the Keeshond, the Pomeranian, the Samoyed, the Chow Chow, the back between withers and tail, on sides between elbows and back of Norwegian Elkhound, and the Finnish . It has little or nothing of hindquarters, or on ears. Black with white markings and no tan present. the Dachshund characteristics. In relation to the Cardigan, the Pembroke is shorter in Info from the AKC Book of Breeds body; the legs are straighter and lighter boned, while the coat is of fi ner texture. Two of the most noticeable diff erences are in the ears and the tail. Cardigan ears are rounded, while the Pembroke’s are pointed at the tip and stand erect. Th e Cardigan has a long tail, and the Pembroke a short one. In disposition, the Pembroke is more restless, more easily excited. If one could see specimens of the early members of both breeds at the same time, the diff erences would be very marked. In modern times they have become more similar. Th e whole development of the Pembroke evinces a desire on the part of its breeders to produce a lower, stockier dog. It also may be noted that the head has grown stronger, while in these times, good-sized, round- Kennel,Rabbit And Small Animal Equipment tipped ears are not unusual. ....since 1961 Th e manner in which the Pembroke and the Cardigan have approached each other in appearance is not merely a matter of chance FREE COLOR CATALOG! or of selective breeding. It is known, rather defi nitely, that the two were crossed before the middle of the nineteenth century. Order Toll-Free or Online at: www.bassequipment.com Th e story comes direct from one of the old croft ers, a man of nearly ninety years, who spent his whole lifetime in Bronant. It MIDWEST: 1-800-798-0150 WEST COAST: 1-800-369-7518 seems that in his youth, many of the young people in that village found a manner of increasing their pocket money. Th ere were FAX: 1-417-235-4312 FAX: 1-707-433-3306 always plenty of the Cardigan puppies; in fact, the majority were a burden on the poor tenant farmers. If these puppies were retained, Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 17 Modern breeding...... from the encyclopedia dog’s eminence, produces many above-average young. This is not as strange as it sounds when we consider the fact that thet individual animal is the custodian of his germ plasm and it is this germ plasm that produces, not the individual. In this instance, due to variation in the germ plasm, the top dog does notn possess the happy genetic combinations that his average brotherb does and so cannot produce stock of comparative value.v Any of the various categories of breeding practice whichw are outlined here can be followed for the betterment of thet breed if used intelligently. Regardless of which practice one follows, there generally comes a time when it is necessary tot incorporate one or more of the other forms into the breeding programp in order to concentrate certain genetic characters, or to introduce new ones which are imperative for over-all balance.b Outcross breeding is not recommended as a consistent practice. Rather, it is a valuable adjunct to the other methods In today’s mechanistic world, with its rushing pace and easy when used as corrective measure. Yet outcross breeding does pleasures, much of the creative urge in man has been throttled. not, as would be supposed from defi nition, produce completely We who breed dogs are extremely fortunate, for in our work heterozygous young. The root stock of any breed is the same we have a real creative outlet—we are in the position of being regardless of which breeding partners are used and much of able to mold beauty and utility in living fl esh and blood. Our the stock which represents what we term outcross breeding tools are the genes of inheritance, and our art, their infi nite shows common ancestry within a few generations. combination. We have the power to create a work of art that will show the evidence of our touch for generations to come. INBREEDING If we are to achieve the greatest good from any By breeding father to daughter, half brother to half program of breeding, there are four important traits which sister, son to mother, and the closest inbreeding of all, brother we must examine. It is essential that these traits should never to sister, stability and purity of inherited material is obtained. depart from the norm. Specifi cally, inbreeding concentrates both good features and The fi rst if fertility. The lack of this essential in any faults, strengthening dominants and bringing recessives out degree must be guarded against diligently. into the open where they can be seen and evaluated. It supplies The second is vigor. Loss of vigor, or hardiness, and the breeder with the only control he can have over prepotency its allied ills, such as lowered resistance to disease, fi nicky and homozygosity, or the combining and balancing of similar eating, etc….will lead to disaster. genetic factors. Inbreeding does not produce degeneration, it Longevity is the third important trait. An individual merely concentrates weaknesses already present so that they of great worth—who represents a fortunate combination of can recognized and eliminated. This applies to both physical excellent characteristics which he dominantly passes on to and psychological hereditary transmission. his offspring—must be useful for a long time after his or her The most important phases of inbreeding are: (1) To worth is recognized by the progeny produced. choose as nearly faultless partners as is possible; (2) to cull, or The fourth is temperament. Here is the sum total of select rigidly from the resultant progeny. the dog’s usefulness to man in the various categories in which Selection is always important regardless of which he serves. breeding procedure is used, but in inbreeding it becomes The real objective of all breeding is to raise the imperative. It is of interest to note that the most successful norm of a given breed and thereby approach always closer inbreeding programs have used as a base an animal which was to the breed standard. The norm can be likened to the force either inbred or line-bred. To the breeder, the inbred animal of gravity, possessing a powerful pull toward itself, so that represents an individual whose breeding formula has been so regression toward the average is strong, even though you have simplifi ed that certain results can almost always be depended used, in your breeding, parents which are both above average. upon when the inbred dog is used. The same holds true for progeny bred from animals below It is interesting to note that genetic experiments with norm, but from these you will get a lesser number which plants, vegetables and animals which we consider lower in reach the mean average and a greater number which remain the evolutionary scale than our beloved dogs, have shown that below the norm. In the case of the better-than-average parents, when two intensely inbred lines of consecutive brother and some of the progeny will stay above the norm line and the sister matings are crossed (heterosis), the resultant progeny are majority will regress. Occasionally a dog of superior structure larger than the original heterozygous stock and possess hybrid is produced by a poor family, but inevitably this animal is vigor such as the possesses, which enables him to useless as a stud because he will produce all his objectionable exist even under environmental neglect. family traits and none of the fortuitous characteristics he It is essential that the breeder have a complete displays in himself. understanding of the merits of inbreeding, for by employing it From a breeding standpoint it is far better to use an skillfully results can be obtained to equal those found in other average individual from top stock than a top individual from animal-breeding fi elds. We must remember that in-breeding average or below-average stock. It is also true that many itself creates neither faults nor virtues, it merely strengthens times a great show dog produces average progeny while his and fi xes them in the resulting animals. If the basic stock used little-known brother, obscured by the shadow of the great 18 * Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 Continued on page 20 Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 19 Modern breeding cont from pg 18 is generally good, possessing but a few, and those minor faults The method varies greatly in intensity, so that some dogs then inbreeding will concentrate all those virtues which are so may be strongly line-bred, while others only remotely so. valuable in that basic stock. Inbreeding gives us great breeding Selection is an important factor here too, for if we line-breed worth by its unique ability to produce prepotency and unusual to procure the specifi c type of a certain fi ne animal, then we similarity of type. It exposes the “skeletons in the closet” must select in succeeding generations breeding stock which is by bringing to light hitherto hidden faults, so that they may the prototype of that individual or our reason for line-breeding be selected against. We do not correct faults by inbreeding, is lost. therefore, we merely make them recognizable so they can be One of the chief dangers of line-breeding can be eliminated. The end result of inbreeding, coupled with rigid contributed by the breeder of the strain. Many times the selection, is completely stability of the breeding material. breeder reaches a point where he selects his breeding partners With certain strains inbreeding can be capricious, on pedigree alone, instead of by individual selection and revealing organic weaknesses never suspected that result in pedigree combined within the line. decreased vitality, abnormalities---physical and mental---or lethal or crippling factors. Unfortunately, it is not possible to To fi nd a strain which has defi nite characteristics, within the foretell results when embarking on such a program, even if breed, the following recommendations can be used as a guide. seemingly robust and healthy breeding partners are used as a base. The best chance of success generally comes from the  Decide what few traits are essential and what employment of animals which themselves have been strongly faults are intolerable. Vigor, fertility, character and inbred and have not been appreciably weakened by it in any temperament must be included in these essentials. way. An interesting development frequently found in  Develop a scoring system and score selected virtues inbreeding is in the extremes produced. The average progeny and faults in accordance with your breeding aim. from inbreeding are equal to the average from line-breeding or Particular stress should be put upon scoring for outbreeding, but the extremes are greater than those produced individual traits which need improvement. by either of the latter methods. Inbreeding, then is capable of producing the best and the worst, in the same litter.  Line-breeding consistently to the best individuals Another type of inbreeding, which is not practiced produced which, by the progeny test show that they as much as it should be, is “back-crossing.” Here we think in will further improve the strain. Inbreeding can be terms of the male dog, since the element of time is involved. indulged in if the animal used is of exceptional The process involves fi nding a superior breeding male who is quality and with no outstanding faults. Outcrossings so magnifi cent in type that we want to perpetuate his qualities can be made to bring in wanted characteristics if they and produce, as closely as we can, the prototype of this certain are missing from the basic stock. Relationship need individual. This good male is bred to a fi ne bitch, and the not be close in the foundation animals, since wide best female pup who is similar to her sire in type is bred back outcrosses will give greater variation and therefore again to her sire. Again, the best female pup is selected and offer a much wider selection of desirable trait bred back to her sire. This is continued as long as the male combinations. can reproduce, or until weaknesses become apparent (if they do) that make it impractical to continue. If this excellent male Every dog used in this breeding program to establish a seems to have acquired his superiority through the genetic strain must be rigidly assessed for individual and breeding infl uence of his mother, the fi rst breeding made should excellence and the average excellence of its relatives and its possibly be the mating of son to mother, and the subsequent progeny. breedings as described above. In each litter the bitch retained OUTCROSS BREEDING to backcross to her should, of course, greatly mirror the sire’s type. Outcross breeding is the choosing of breeding partners whose pedigrees, in the fi rst fi ve or six generations, LINEBREEDING are free from any common ancestry. With our dogs, we cannot Line-breeding is a broader kind of inbreeding that outcross in the true sense of the term, since the genetic basis of conserves valuable characteristics by concentration and in a all pure breeds is based upon the germ plasm of a few selected general sense gives us some control of type but a lesser control individuals. To outcross completely, using the term literally over specifi c characteristics. It creates “strains” or “families”, (complete heterozygosity) it would be necessary to use an within the breed which are easily recognized by their similar individual of an alien breed as one of the breeding partners. . This is the breeding method used by most of the For the breeder to exercise any control over the larger kennels, with varied success, since it is not extreme and progeny of an outcross mating, one of the partners should be therefore relatively safe. It is also the method the neophyte is inbred or closely line-bred. The other partner should show, in generally advised to employ, for the same reasons. himself and by the progeny test when bred to other bitches, Specifi cally, line-breeding entails the selection of that his dominant in the needed compensations which are the breeding partners who have, in their pedigrees, one or more reasons for the outcross. Thus, by outcross breeding, we bring common ancestors. These individuals (or individual) occur new and needed characteristics into a strain, along with greater repeatedly within the fi rst four or fi ve generations, so that vigor and generally a lack of uniformity in the young. Greater it can be assumed their genetic infl uence molds the type of uniformity can be achieved if the outcross is made between succeeding generations. It is a fact that in many breeds success animals of similar family type. Here again we have a breeding has been obtained by line-breeding to outstanding individuals. method which has produced excellent individuals, since it tends to conceal recessive genes and promote individual merit. 20 * Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 But it generally leads to a lower breeding worth in the outbred To sum up briefl y, we fi nd that inbreeding brings us a fi xity animal by dispersing favorable genetic combinations which of type and simplifi es the breeding formula. It strengthens have given us strain uniformity. desirable dominants and brings hidden and undesirable Outcross breeding can be likened to a jigsaw puzzle. recessives to the surface where they can be recognized and We have a puzzle made up of pieces of various shapes and possible corrected by outcross breeding. When we have thus sizes which, when fi tted together form a certain pattern. This established defi nite improvement in type by rigid selection for basic puzzle is comparable to our line-bred or inbred strain. wanted characteristics, we line-breed to create and establish But in this puzzler there are a few pieces that we would like a strain or family line which, in various degrees, incorporates to change, and in so doing change the fi nished puzzle pattern and produces the improvements which have been attained. for the better. We outcross by removing some of the pieces In this maze of hidden and obvious genetic stirring, and reshaping them to our fancy, remembering that these new we must not forget the importance of the concrete essence that shapes also affect the shapes of the adjoining pieces, which stands before us. The breeding partners must be examined as must then be slightly altered for a perfect fi t. When this has individuals in themselves, apart from the story their pedigrees been successfully accomplished, the fi nished pattern has been tell us. For us individuals they have been fashioned by, and altered to suit our pleasure---we hope. are the custodians of, their germ plasm, and mirror this fact in It sometimes happens that a line-bred or inbred bitch their being. Breedings made from paper study only are akin to will be outcross bred to a stud possessed of an open pedigree. human marriages arranged in youth by a third party without It would be assumed by the breeder that the bitch’s family type consulting the partners—they can be consummated but have would dominate in the resulting progeny. But occasionally the small chance of success. stud proves himself to be strongly prepotent, and the young instead refl ect his individual qualities, not those of the bitch. This can be good or bad, depending on what you are looking for in the resultant litter. Incidently, when we speak of corrective, or compensation breeding, we do not mean the breeding of extremes to achieve an intermediate effect. Corrective, or compensation breeding means the breeding of one partner which is lacking, or faulty, in any specifi c respect, to an animal which is normal or excellent in the particular area where the other partner is found lacking. In the resulting progeny we can expect to fi nd some young which show the desired improvement.

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Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 21 From our Vet Corner...... Cestode (Tapeworm) Parasites fecal fl otation. Treatment involves an appropriate cestocidal medication, such as praziquantel, and aggressive fl ea control, Cestodes, commonly known as tapeworms, are involving both the pet and the environment. highly adaptive internal parasites found in all groups of Taeniids aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. Typical tapeworms are Taeniid tapeworms live in the intestine of carnivores long, fl attened, ribbon-like, segmented worms. They have and human beings. All mammals can act as intermediate no digestive tract, nor is there any respiratory or circulatory hosts. The taeniid tapeworms are much less common in dogs system. The surface of the tapeworm is covered with a than is dipylidium caninum. In their intermediate hosts the biochemically active, complex cuticle. Absorption of nutrients taeniid tapeworms are found as larvae in a variety of locations, and some excretory functions occur through this cuticle. including the liver, muscle and peritoneal cavity. A predator- The body of a tapeworm can be divided into three prey relationship must exist for completion of the life cycle. main regions: Dogs can serve as defi nitive hosts and pass eggs in their feces. The intermediate hosts become infected by ingesting eggs,  The Scolex, or “head”, of the organism, armed with the larval forms encysting in their tissues. Dogs can then with hooks or suckers and used for attachment and acquire new infections by eating tissues containing cestode locomotion. larvae. The two most important taeniid tapeworms for dogs  The neck, a highly active region from which the are Taenia pisiformis and Echinococcus granulosus. individual tapeworm segments grow. In the , Taenia pisiformis (rabbits are the primary intermediate hosts) is the most common species  The remainder of the body, called the strobila, affecting dogs. The worms are generally harmless but their which is comprised of a chain of segments called presence is undesirable. Diagnosis is made by proglottids (proglottids grow from the identifi cation of the characteristic segments. neck and are pushed back as they mature, Treatment involves cestocidal medication and so that those farthest from the scolex are preventing reinfection by controlling the dog’s also the oldest). predatory behavior. Each mature tapeworm segment is an Echinococcus granulosus is the cause of hermaphrodite (i.e., it contains both male and hydatid disease and is found in adult form in female reproductive organs). Segments wherein the small intestine of dogs and wild canids. both sets of genital organs are fully developed are Sheep serve as the intermediate hosts in which called mature proglottids. As eggs are produced the larvae encyst. In the canine intestinal tract and fertilized, they accumulate in the uterus of the gravid proglottids disintegrate and release the proglottid. When the uterus contains large eggs in the feces. Following ingestion of the numbers of eggs, the proglottid is termed a gravid eggs by sheep, the larvae migrate throughout proglottid. the body and slowly mature into hydatid cysts. These brood structures can grow to tremendous Dipylidium Caninum sizes and contain literally thousands of infectious This is by far the most common tapeworm infecting tapeworm offspring in different stages of development. (A dogs throughout much of the U.S., probably because it is closely related worm, Echinococcus multilocularis, exists in a transmitted by the ubiquitous fl ea (and less commonly, by fox-rodent cycle and is emerging as a potential threat to people biting lice). Indeed, without good fl ea control measures, and dogs in the Midwestern U.S.) Usually, these tapeworms control of this worm is nearly impossible; reinfection will cause no recognizable disease in dogs. cause tapeworm segments to reappear in the stool in as little However, hydatid disease may occur in domestic as 3 weeks after cestocidal (tapeworm killing) treatment. The and wild intermediate hosts, depending on the location of the mature tapeworm segments contain egg capsules having up cysts (e.g., eye, brain, spinal cord, liver). Hydatid disease is to 20 eggs. These are ingested by the intermediate host (fl ea an important zoonotic disease (transmissible from animals larvae or lice), which is then eaten by the dog. Rarely, young to people), with human beings acting as intermediate hosts. children may become infected in this same manner. Adult Pressure on the surrounding tissues by the growing cyst results tapeworms in the small intestine of dog may attain lengths of in loss of function and ultimately death of the tissue. 50 to 75 cm. Diagnosis of infection in dogs is based on Fortunately this tapeworm is virtually harmless to identifi cation of eggs in feces. Treatment involves its host, although owners may be disturbed by the sight of periodic treatment with an anthelmintic medication having the rice grain-like tapeworm segments, which are capable of activity against Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus independent movement, crawling about in their pet’s bedding, multilocularis, such as praziquantel. on the pet’s hind end, or in its stool. Heavy infections, particularly in young animals, may induce some nonspecifi c Pseudophyllideans gastrointestinal signs. Irritation of the perineum (region The pseudophyllidean tapeworms Diphyllobothrium between the thighs encompassing the anus and genitalia) due latum and Spirometra mansonoides are occasionally found in to the crawling segments may cause the dog to “scoot” (drag dogs. The former can be found in the Great Lakes region of its hind end along the ground). the United States, while the latter is especially abundant in Diagnosis is made by fi nding the typical tapeworm peninsular Florida. segments in the stool or bedding. The segments can Adults of Diphyllobothrium latum reside in the small be confi rmed as belonging to Dipylidium caninum by intestine. Eggs are passed in the feces and must reach water microscopic examination. Egg capsules may also be seen on to develop further. From each egg a larval form known as a 22 * Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 coracidium develops. While swimming about the coracidium from the fi rst redial forms. The redial form gives rise to the is ingested by the fi rst intermediate host, a copepod (a minute cercaria form, which is a tadpole-like larva that then leaves aquatic crustacean), in which it develops to a procercoid the snail. Depending on the species of fl uke, the cercaria may: form. The copepod in turn is eaten by a freshwater fi sh, in whose muscles the procercoid develops into a plerocercoid.  Directly penetrate the skin of a defi nitive host; The plerocercoid infection may be passed through several  Lose its tail and encyst on a plant as an infective fi sh via predation until the infected fi sh is ingested uncooked metacercaria, awaiting ingestion by a defi nitive host; by a defi nitive host (such as a dog or a person), in which the  Penetrate a second intermediate host, encyst as a adult form is reached. In human beings this parasite can cause metacercaria and await ingestion by a defi nitive host. anemia by taking up large quantities of vitamin B12 in the intestine, thus depriving the host of this vital nutrient. The Alaria disease potential for dogs is less well understood. This is the most frequently identifi ed gastrointestinal The life cycle of Spirometra mansonoides is fl uke of dogs in the Unites States. The adults, usually less similar to that of Diphyllobothrium, except that the second than 2mm in length, are found in the small intestine. Eggs intermediate host may be a frog, snake, bird or mammal. are passed in the feces, hatch and release miracidiae which Dogs usually acquire the infection by predation. Adult penetrate aquatic snails. The resulting cercariae exit the Spirometra rarely cause disease, but the larval plerocercoid snails and penetrate a second intermediate host (tadpoles and stage is pathogenic for human beings. Most canine infections frogs). A paratenic host (frogs, snail, mouse, bird) may ingest appear to be symptomatic. the second intermediate host. The dog then ingests either the Diagnosis of either infection is made by fi nding second intermediate host or the paratenic host. The fl ukes th small, characteristic eggs on fecal fl otation. Treatment migrate to the lungs, are coughed up and swallowed and return involves cestocidal medication. Prevention is by control of to the intestine. predation (Spirometra) and avoidance of feeding raw fi sh to Most infections appear to be asymptomatic. Clinical dogs (Diphyllobothrium). signs of heavy Alaria infections may include respiratory distress and diarrhea. Diagnosis is based on the history, Trematode (Fluke) Parasites clinical signs and identifi cation of fl uke eggs in a fecal Flukes are fl attened, elongated to oval, wormlike specimen. Treatment, if required, involves administration of parasites that are found in a wide variety of animal species. an appropriate anthelmintic medication. Some are external parasites, existing on the skin of fi sh, amphibians and reptiles. Others are internal parasites, living Nanophyetes Salmincola in organs such as the liver or intestine. Most of the fl ukes of This fl uke occurs in the small intestine of dogs that veterinary importance lie in this latter category. Fortunately, have ingested the metacercarial form in the tissues of infected fl ukes as a group are not especially common or important salmonid fi sh (salmon, trout). The fl uke alone causes little parasites of dogs. or no problem; however, it often serves as the vector for the The body of a typical fl uke is covered by a cuticle rickettsial bacterium Neorickettsia helminthoeca, a cause of which often is ornamented with scales or small spines. In salmon disease (“salmon poisoning”) of dogs in the Pacifi c most species two suckers are found on the underside of the Northwest region of the United States. fl uke. The vast majority of fl ukes are hermaphroditic, with both male and female reproductive organs present in each Paragonimus Kellicotti individual. This fl uke may occasionally be found within cystlike Most fl ukes require an aquatic environment, although cavities in the lungs of dogs. It is a medium-sized fl uke, adults a few fl ukes are primarily terrestrial. There may be more than reaching up to 15mm in length. The fi rst intermediate host a single intermediate host in the life cycle. In all instances is a snail. Dogs acquire the infection by eating cray-fi sh (the the fi rst intermediate host is a mollusk, usually a land or water second intermediate host) containing encysted metacercariae. snail. In cycles involving a second intermediate host, it is Juvenile fl ukes migrate from the gastrointestinal tract to the usually either an invertebrate (snail) or a vertebrate. Early lungs where they mature within cysts. The resulting eggs are stages of the life cycle are highly host-specifi c, while the adult coughed up, swallowed and passed in the feces. stage often parasitizes several defi nitive host species. Mustelid carnivores (mink, otters, etc…) are the Most fl ukes lay eggs, from which (usually) fi ve larval normal hosts, with dogs only becoming accidentally infected. stages develop before the adult stage is reached: Although many infections are asymptomatic, serious Egg>miracidium>sporocyst>redia>cercaria>metacercaia>adult disease can occasionally occur. Migrating juvenile fl ukes may cause peritonitis or pleuritis (infl ammation of the thin, The miracidium hatches from the egg and swims transparent membrane covering the lungs and lining the chest about in water, but it must fi nd a snail within 24 hours cavity). Adult fl ukes and eggs in the lungs can cause chronic or it will die. (in terrestrial fl ukes the egg containing the respiratory distress and pneumonia. Rarely, pneumothorax miracidium has to be swallowed by a snail.) In the snail the (collapsed lung) results from infection with this parasite. sporocyst is formed. The sporocyst is essentially nothing but Diagnosis is made by identifi cation of the eggs on a bag of reproductive cells. In certain fl uke species it may fecal examination. Less commonly, the cystic cavities in give rise to daughter sporocysts, while in others it proceeds the lungs are discovered on X-ray examination. Treatment to the next larval stage, the redia. (If daughter sporocysts with anthelmintics is relatively straight-forward, without are formed, the redia is omitted from the life cycle.) The complication, and usually successful. Infections can be redia shows some characteristics of the adult fl uke. Again, prevented by not permitting dogs to hunt along creek banks depending upon the species, daughter rediae may arise where infected crayfi sh may be found.

Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 23 Vaccination Failure

So how can a puppy die due to parvovirus? This can be a complex situation, with many possible causes that can be difficult to pinpoint.

First, let's review a little bit about vaccination. Vaccination involves exposing an animal to a specific "harmless" agent in an attempt to stimulate an immune response by the animal. This desired immune response then tries to protect the animal from specific infectious bacterial and viral diseases. This protection can and does pass through the colostrums/milk (in the form of maternal antibodies) to help protect nursing puppies.

Unfortunately, the maternal antibodies can also limit the puppies' own ability to respond to vaccination ("high titer" vaccines are becoming more successful in overriding this interference). The puppy also must gradually develop, with maturity, the ability to fully respond to vaccination—thus the need for booster vaccinations. All these factors create an unavoidable situation where the puppy has minimal protection for a short period of time—from the time that maternal antibodies are declining (due to weaning), until the time that the puppy can adequately respond to vaccination on its' own.

Now, back to the causes of vaccination failure. The causes can be put into three main categories: host (dog) related, vaccine related or human error related.

Host factors that can cause vaccination failure include: a deficient immune system (this can be inherited, congenital or acquired), maternal antibody interference (as discussed above), age (very young or very old), stress, illness, fever, hypothermia, malnutrition, hormone fluctuations, an already incubating disease at the time of vaccination, and concurrent therapy with certain drugs.

Vaccine related factors include: improper manufacture and handling (always use reputable brands), improper storage/refrigeration (always purchase from reputable sources), contaiminated needles or syringes (this includes cleaning with disinfectants that can destroy the vaccine), vaccine effective against a different/new strain of virus, overwhelming exposure, inferior vaccine (a high-titer, low-passage parvovirus vaccine is required for puppies), and the fact that vaccines are simply unable to protect 100% of the population.

Human error can cause vaccination failures due to: improper mixing of products, animal already exposed to disease a time of vaccination, improper frequency of administration, incorrect route of administration, re-using contaminated syringe/ needle and omitting booster vaccinations.

Vaccination failures are devastating and have many causes. Strict adherence to proper vaccination protocols and consideration of the above factors should help to minimize and explain loses.

Article from the Vet Briefs (Hunte Corp).

24 * Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 25 From our Friends at Humanewatch.org

The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) isn’t known for spending it’s money well. Only about 1% of its revenue goes to help shelter pets while millions go to pensions and Caribbean “investments,” but recent news out of Georgia shows another side of the organization’s poor management. HSUS sent a hidden camera to a small farm and then released the footage. The result? The farm lost its contract— even through the local sheriff and the State Department of Agriculture both declined to press any charges against the farm.

Most people would support exposure of videos showing the abuse of animals. But what’s always concerned us is the way in which HSUS produces and releases these videos. It may film for weeks or months and not involve law enforcement at all. Then HSUS will create a big media event and release the (edited) footage. The proper authorities may be left scrambling to respond to a situation, whereas any animal mistreatment could have been stopped earlier if HSUS had only let them know. It’s a case of HSUS taking the low road while animals may pay the price.

Interestingly, the district attorney is now investigating whether the HSUS videographer committed felony identity fraud, illegal eavesdropping, and surveillance, and theft of trade secrets.

The DA doing the investigation, Parks White, has some words for HSUS: “We do not appreciate the moral busybodies of the Humane Society taking advantage of a lifelong farmer, whose small business may forever be ruined by the actions of your videographer. If you choose to conduct another such expose, it is my sincere wish that you do it somewhere else.”

We suggest that HSUS stop playing “gotcha” and start playing ball. But considering the woman in charge of HSUS’s undercover filming operations is a former PETA employee, we doubt HSUS will change.

On another note: Animal Rights Activists Slam HSUS…

While there’s a lot for the average Joe to dislike about the extremist Humane Society of the United States, the group also isn’t well loved in the animal rights community, some of whose members see HSUS as a money-grubbing outfit willing to sell out on its principles. The latest internal feud comes from Vermont, where activists are accusing HSUS of supporting a bill that would make the cage requirements for breeding dogs significantly smaller. The bill passed the legislature and was sent to the governor’s desk on May 30. It’s unclear why HSUS would support a bill that weakens current standards in Vermont.

Ironically, notes the animal-rights publication Animals 24-7, the bill came as HSUS was engaged in a one-day “Day of Giving” last month that was advertised to donors as a way to fight “puppy mills.” HSUS was using dogs as a fundraising prop while supporting a bill that other advocates in Vermont say would help abusers.

Surely HSUS would smooth this over with its fellow animal advocates, right? Apparently not when ego is at play. Reportedly, HSUS CEO Wayne Pacelle responded to criticism by emailing a donor, “We firmly believe that animal groups should attack animal abusers, and not animal advocacy groups.” In other words, Pacelle doesn’t want to ever be criticized by “the movement.” That’s going to backfire; in fact, over 2,000 people have already signed a petition to the governor about the bill.

We’re not really sure why HSUS is supporting the bill, but we do know that it’s another situation where HSUS arrogance is creating unforced errors. Grab the popcorn. www.humanewatch.org

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Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 * 27 Some pictures from the MAHA Mini Seminar held in June!

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30 * Kennel Spotlight * Aug/Sept’17 How the ‘Web’ of Animal Activists are connected...... from Humanewatch.org

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