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The Analysis of a Late Holocene Bison Skull from Fawn Creek

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The Analysis of a Late Holocene Bison Skull from Fawn Creek University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers National Park Service 7-1997 The Analysis of a Late Holocene Bison Skull from Fawn Creek, Lemhi County, Idaho, and Its Implications for Understanding the History and Ecology of Bison in the Intermountain West Kenneth P. Cannon National Park Service, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark Cannon, Kenneth P., "The Analysis of a Late Holocene Bison Skull from Fawn Creek, Lemhi County, Idaho, and Its Implications for Understanding the History and Ecology of Bison in the Intermountain West" (1997). U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers. 59. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark/59 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Park Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Analysis of a Late Holocene Bison Skull from Fawn Creek, Lemhi County, Idaho, and Its Implications for Understanding the History and Ecology of Bison in the Intermountain West By Kenneth P. Cannon Report Prepared for The Department of Agriculture United States Forest Service Salmon-Challis National Forest Salmon, Idaho United States Department of Interior National Park Service Midwest Archeological Center Lincoln, Nebraska July 1997 . Executive Summary In 1995 the skull of a subadult male bison was coid grasses and other cool-season grasses in an open recovered from the cutbank of Fawn Creek, Lemhi forest setting. The stable-carbon-isotope analysis is County, Idaho, by a ranger for the Salmon-Challis consistent with the plant data—this particular bison National Forest. After slowly drying the skull for lived its life in the mountainous region of the Salmon about a year it was turned over to the Midwest Ar- River. There is no indication of long distance migra- cheological Center in order to be stabilized and ana- tions into the lower valleys of the Lemhi or Snake lyzed for clues to the ecology of Late Holocene bison rivers. in the Intermountain West. In addition to the physical analyses, an over- A number of analytical techniques were applied view of the historic and archeological literature to the skull in order to understand its age of deposi- citing bison is presented. The information from tion and ecology. Radiocarbon dating revealed a re- these sources indicates that bison were most abun- cent age of 170 ± 70 yr B.P., which calibrates to about dant in the wide grass-covered valleys of the the late eighteenth to early nineteenth century. Iden- Lemhi River and Snake River. Archeological data tification of macrobotanical remains recovered from indicate that bison may have become more abun- the infundibulum of the molars, in association with dant during the Late Holocene, although the sta- the analysis of pollen and phytoliths extracted from tistical correlation is weak. tooth tartar, indicates this bison subsisted on festu- i Acknowledgements To begin, I would like to express my gratitude read over an earlier draft and provided thoughtful to Stephan Matz, archeologist for the Salmon-Challis comments. Diane Schult and Breck Hudson of the National Forest, for supporting this research en- Salmon-Challis National Forest read over an earlier deavor. Also, thanks to Dr. Ralph Hartley of the version of the vegetation section and provided de- Midwest Archeological Center for allowing me the tailed comments that make this section much more opportunity to do the work. I would also like to ac- accurate. knowledge the other members of the research team who contributed their knowledge and expertise to Production of this manuscript is attributed to a bringing this project to a successful conclusion. These number of individuals: Carrol Moxham for produc- include Dr. Linda Cummings and Cathy Puseman, tion oversight, John Andresen and Ken Gobber for who conducted the macrobotanical, pollen and their diligent editorial skills, Marie Johnson for typ- phytolith analyses; Dr. Richard Marlar and his staff, ing the manuscript, and Carrol Moxham and Jim who used numerous techniques in an attempt to iso- Dahlin (freelance illustrator) for figure production. late bison DNA from our specimen; and Larry Even though a number of people worked on this Tieszen and Michael Chapman, who conducted the project, the interpretations presented here are mine stable-isotope analyses. Thanks to Dr. Tieszen for and any errors in the data reporting or interpretation never tiring of my e-mail requests and providing me are my burden. with unpublished data on plants and Yellowstone bison. Conversations with Alan Osborn and John The cover illustration was reproduced from H. Ludwicksen concerning stable-isotope analysis were R. Schoolcraft’s Indian Tribes of the United States, of great help in clarifying several issues. Rob Bozell published in 1860. ii Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. ii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... iv Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Environment ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Modern Environment ......................................................................................................................... 3 Paleoenvironment .............................................................................................................................. 5 Prehistoric Evidence of Bison in the Region............................................................................................ 7 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Birch Creek Valley Investigations ..................................................................................................... 7 Shoup Rockshelters .......................................................................................................................... 14 The Challis Bison Kill (10CR196) and Quill Cave (10CR197) ...................................................... 15 James Chatters' Dissertation Research............................................................................................. 16 Corn Creek ....................................................................................................................................... 18 The Weston Canyon Rockshelter .................................................................................................... 18 Malad Hill Sites ............................................................................................................................... 19 Snake River Sites ............................................................................................................................. 19 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 20 Historical Evidence of Bison in the Region ........................................................................................... 23 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Corps of Discovery .......................................................................................................................... 24 Peter Skene Ogden ........................................................................................................................... 28 Kit Carson ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Alexander Ross ................................................................................................................................ 28 Warren Angus Ferris ........................................................................................................................ 29 Osborne Russell ............................................................................................................................... 29 S.F. Baird ......................................................................................................................................... 30 Richard Leigh................................................................................................................................... 30 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 30 Description and Examination of the Skull ............................................................................................
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