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t n THE COMPACT.

On the iith day ot November, 1620 (old style), there was drawn on the lid of a chest on board of the Mayflower in harbor, and signed by forty-one of the principal men of the first band of Pilgrims, a platform of government known as the Compact, and which gave to these people the claim of being the first "signers" of this great and free United States of America. THE COMPACT.

The following is the full text of the compact :

In Ye Name of God, Amen.

We who!? names are underwritten, the loyall fubjects of our dread fovereigne Lord, King James, by ye grace of God, of Great

Britaine, France and Ireland, King, defender of ye faith, etc., have- ing undertaken for ye glory of God and advancemente of ye Chrif- tian faith, and honour of our King and countrie, a voyage to plant

ye firft colonie in ye Northerne parts of , doe by thefe a prefentf folemnly, and mutualy, in ye prefence of God, and of one another, covenant and combine ourfelves togeather into a civill body I politik for our better ordering and prefervation and furtherance of ye end aforefaid, and by vertue hearof to enacte, conftitu.e and frame fuch juft and equall lawes, ordinances, acts, conftitutions and offices from time to time, as fhall be thought moft meete and con- i venient for ye generall good of ye Colonie, unto which we promife I i all due lubmiffion and obedience. In Witnef whereof we have I hereunder fubfcribed our names at Cap-Codd ye II of November, I in ye year of ye raigne of our fovereigne Lord, King James of Eng- land, France and Ireland, ye eighteenth, and of Scotland ye liftie. fourth, Ano Dom. 1620.

.I0I1 11 Carver, Kdnaril Tilley, Deirory 1'rlost, William Bradford, John Tilley, Thomas A\ illiniiis. Kdward Winslow. , Gilbert winslow. "William Brevrster, Thomas Holers, I '.il 111 11 ml MiirKi-min, , . l'eter Bf•*fB, , John Kigrdnle. Itteunril Hrl 1 1 it I«!b<\ John Alden, Edward Fuller, GeorR/e Soule, , John Turner, llioluird Clarke, Christopher Martin, Francis Eaton, Itlcliitrd Gardiner. William Mnllins, June! Chilton, Jolin Allerton. I William White, , Thomas l\intll-li. , John IlilllnKtoii. K.dwurd Dolcjr, I , , Lunard !.i«.n-r. John Goodman, Stephen Hopkins. j COPYRIGHTED, 1S9G, BY THE MAIL AND EXPRESS PUBLISHING COMPANY. it - V

PART I.

Signers of the .

JOHN CARVER, First Signer.

There seems something strange and elu- terms "under his hand and seal," the poor the people by the way and see to the dis- sive about the fact that so little is known pilgrims, weary and discourgaed, were pensing of their possessions and such like of Gov. Carver, and yet from the outset driven to bay. affairs." next pleaded their cause with the he held the most important places of trust They THE START. Dutch traders to , but, as there- and authority among the Leyden Pilgrims. suit shows, all they did was to acquaint All preparations being made, the vessels One of the oldest of this little band, he them with both plans and hopes, and as a pronounced ready for sea, they sailed Aug- must have acquired the traits of character return reap their reward in deceit and ust 5, 1020. Before the start was fairly that inspired confidence iu his ability, in double dealing. What wonder that, dis- made the was reported leaky. This seemed but a trifle, and both vessels some broad field, where education and the couraged on all sides, they turned to one returned, the Speedwell was repaired, anil friction of intercourse had developed him Weston, who appeared on the scene express- ing kind sympathy with the situation, of- again, August 21. they put to sea. Their until he became a ruler of men. troubles fering his services and means for their ben- were not over: the history of the "John Carver, Sonne of James Carver, Speedwell was repeated and, though de- efit, that they should, as the result of his no fects were revealed on Lincolnshire, Yeoman, called by ye grace of counsels, place themselves in the hands of the second search, the whole thing God Governor of our Colony, Dec. ye 10th, some seventy English merchants, known as was attributed to general weakness, and she was the "Merchant Adventurers," and accept, condemned as unfit 1G20, for one year," came to the Leyden for use. though they did it very unwillingly, their Colony unannounced, so far as the records "Twenty of the passengers were put on terms. place him; still, when it wT as necessary to shore, the others, with their worldly pos- was the one appointed send as envoy to England and the West sessions-, transferred to the Mayflower." for the negotiations, and John Carver saw and the start for the colony they were to Indian Company one who would make their ship out. to fitting the found made, with the knowledge that there interests his own, he was the unanimous The little all of the colony was intrusted must be no turning back. choice, so priceless from and the sequence showed that, for to their care. The money, Upon the defection of the Speedwell of- "Seven hun- the means at his command, he had requited its scarcity, they disbursed. fice sought John Carver, and he was made provisions their trust to the fullest extent. dred pounds was expended in the Governor of the whole colony. pounds and stores, and seventeen hundred The day of the signing of the compact off The die was cast. The rilgrinis, they was the value of the trading venture (\-i|x> Cod John Carver was in weacy with the well-doing that could not confirms! carried." his office of Governor, though both Yonng secure them peace either of conscience or of The failure or success of the enterprise and Belknap state that no oath of oflice and mind, surrounded by foreshadowings of war devolved wholly upon John Carver was required, and he entered upon his ofli- in Holland, the derogatory intercourse with Robert Cushman. No word of criticism eial duties without ceremony or parade. conduct, the people from many lands thrust upon has ever been given of Carver's His term of oflice as chief magistrate, a the Mayflower was finally fitted their children, must make for themselves a but, when I>osition he held without an assistant, was and the requirements of the adven- new home. out of short duration. turers were known, a strong but impotent In four months and twenty days the For this there was but a small fund, and spirit of rebellion was aroused. little colony, April .">. 1681, was called upon only by contract with some company, who Pastor Robinson had never approved of to part with one who had endeared hiuisel: and would surely claim their pound of flesh in Cushman's connection with Carver, by every act to all surrounding him. The deal tor proclaimed that "he was unfit to "good estate he had in England was spent return, could it be made a possiblity. ami other men by reason of his singularity, in his migration to Holland and America." So John Carver and Robert Cushman faithful as a man more facile in talk than He had gone hand in hand with the 1' went forth armed with the authority to in service." grims in all their sorrows, borne the heat terms, seek the King "freedom to out by the make of His strictures seemed borne and burden of the day when the ne. Pilgrims any worship their God unmolested in the New terms, which hardly left the of the situation called him from affairs of is something World, and of the Virginia Company, which personal control; still, there state to work in the field for the means to extenuation, when Cushman was established in 1006, a patent on which to be said in sustain life. claims that it "was one thing to set lie they might settle." The Governor must set an example. lead, themselves in Leyden. and matters among not follow, in the emergencies which v\ ore the other THE KING. quite another to make terms with pressing so hard upon them. side in .'' That the King should turn a deaf ear to , The fatal first sickness, so much as he with the proceeds of their own estates their petition a matter of course. So, was part of it. was telling seriously upon seemed the merchants to and the assistance of his strength. Work must ho done, hut the Any liberty, even that of thought, if it had mortgaged their lahor and trade whom thev hands to do it were lessening, and those been in his power, would have been denied return for their venture, for seven years in loft were weak and nerveless. provided, one in Holland them. Through 1018-10 Carver and Cush- two vessels were Whatever Gov. Carver's physical condi- tons, called the Speedwell, which man were active in London. The patent of sixty tion, "he was one of the foremost io action, intended to transport some of them was not issued directly to the separatists, was and bore a large share of the sufferings of to America, and there remain for one year (or the colony." True to his life record, his but it ran in the name of John Wincob service for fishing and the natural in their death was caused by overwork and exp-*. Winkop), a member of the Earl of Lincoln's uses of a new settlement: another, of ISO ure in the tio'.ds. whore, side by s'.de with household, who intended to join the emigra- tons, called the Mayflower, chartered by the humblest of them all. the Governor bore in future, but never did, and the Cushman in London, and sent to tion the Mr his part, asking no exemption by Tirtne of patent never issued. , where Mr. Carver was wait- was his oflice and age, and when the end came, The Virginia Company, torn by internal ing to superintend the equipment. assist- stricken at his post, "he was sciicd with dissensions, the King only playing with "A Governor and two or tnroe ship to order that species of apoplexy which in advanced their request, never willing to give them ants were chosen from each 4 SIGN ERS OF THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT. life is superinduced by great bodily fatigue scendancy when, as this poor people were was supposed to be a sister of Pastor Rob- and exertion." in great sickness and weakness, he shunned inson, of Leyden, and wife of the first Gov- HIS BURIAL. not to do very mean service for them, yea, ernor of , mourned her the meanest of them." dead and would not be comforted. "Gov. Carver's remains were consigned No one appreciated Gov. Carver's worth Frail of constitution, her great sorrow to the earth with all the affectionate so- more than Gov. Bradford; he recognized upon her, the struggle for life was more his true character upheld his every act. than she could bear. The future lemnity which circumstances at that time and had no hope strong enough to rouse her failing fac- would permit, and with the discharge of WESTON. ulties. The other world made a better all their firearms." The trust placed in Weston as principal claim; there she would not be alone; her Unknelled, perhaps uncoffined and un- in their final contract with the adventurers isolation was only on earth; so, without a marked, the rude winds of winter chanting was of short duration. struggle, she, "weary with the march of his requiem, John Carver, always the Gov- He was speedily tired of the slow returns life," simply lingered until the summer, and ernor, rested from his labors. then laid beside her in that he received from his investment, and com- down husband How they mourned and missed him his- "eternal sleep which knows no waking." tory has not failed to record. He had suf- plained that the colonists represented by CHILDREN. fered all the privations uncomplainingly, Gov. Carver had not exerted themselves to never too weary to listen to their confi- send back in their cargo just tribute money Bradford's journal disposes of the hope dences and give of his abundant sympathy to the adventurers. that Gov. Carver left descendants; still, the in all times of trial. Perhaps he realized Gov. Bradford, cognizant of all that had power of tradition is so strong that, though from the first of his arrival that the pri- gone before, realizing that the sick and it cannot be positively proved that he had a vations which were inevitable would prove dying had required their care, answered daughter, those brought up with this con- beyond his powers of endurance, and he Weston, telling him, with touching pathos, viction will not part with it lightly. There endeavored to make his impress of char- "He is departed this life and is now at rest is always the hope, which seems reasonable, acter and unselfishness as potent as pos- in the Lord from all these troubles and en- that Gov. Bradford only meant descendants sible to buoy up their flagging spirits. cumbrances with which we are yet to strive. bearing the name of Carver. There were Their testimony as to his worth was un- He needs not my apology, he who, for the other Carvers who came early to the colony, ceasing, telling that Gov. Carver was a common good, oppressed himself-" and he may have wished to record it that "gentleman of singular piety and rare for Gov. Carver gave his life to his country, they in no way belonged to the Governor's humility, as appeared by his great conde- and poor Catherine Robinson Carver, who family.

WILLIAM BRADFORD, Second Signer.

William Bradford is one of the few and to the hereafter, which held the same left there with his grandfather, Elder May, Pilgrims of whom much can be written promises for each. "Bradford, if not a a man for whom Bradford must have en- thoroughly educated man, was certainly one tertained very kindly feelings, as he wrote without conjecture. He started his life with of cultivation." Brewster, with his special him confidentially for years. John Brad- left one which admits of pride a record, and gift of teaching, and intense humanity, ford's record so far as any continuous his- on the part of his descendants. Even those would hardly neglect the opportunity of di- tory is concerned, soon ended, for he ar- who have no blood relation to claim can en- recting the studies of this young aspirant rived in America in 1627, married Martha, joy with those who have without the slight- for knowledge. Self-reliance, forced upon daughter of Thomas Bourne, and dying Bradford as it was in early life, tended childless in 1678, closed the page of con- est desire to repudiate any of his actions. much to his early development- When only nection with William Bradford's early mar- From the day of his advent into the world 18 years of age he suffered imprisonment riage. where he was eventually to become so im- in Boston, in Lincolnshire, for his religious Though the Mayflower seemed singled portant a factor he associated himself with beliefs, and perhaps for his identity of as- out for discomfort from the start, there William Brewster. sociation. His youth pleaded for him, but must have been times of enjoyment from he was only- successful in his effort to the very makeup of the passengers. Walks on The tie so started was a very trifling one, reach Holland after being again arrested deck, where they planned the history dear the oak grew from the little acorn of but and escaping. to all. The "pipe of peace" smoked after omen, and the man who was appointed Post From the time of Bradford's arrival in the nameless dinner, the beer drank, though of Scrooby the year of William Bradford's Holland until his departure for New En- it was doled out in stinted measure with a birth became his dearest friend and wisest gland, he seems to have gone on his way due regard to its lasting the voyage through slowly, steadily, gaining strength in the Perhaps toasts drank, when guide. and more. march. they threw off the anxieties of their ven- miles and a half north of Scrooby, the Two His first step on arriving at Amsterdam ture, and were "themselves again." Then, home of Elder Brewster, lies the Yorkshire was to apprentice himself to a Frenchman, too, Bradford tells us there were many village of Austerfield, near Bawtry, which who taught him the art of silk weaving. good singers among the Pilgrims. In- is a historical Pilgrim connection. The On reaching his majority he invested his structed by Ainsworth, no doubt. Thrust little there are many resources, how natural to place was of small moment, only two lay- property, about which upon their own estimates as to its value, in starting in imagine them bursting forth in song on the the subsidy of 1575 owning suffi- men in business for himself. slightest provocation. Standish, holding a cient property to be rated, William Bradford little aloof, even though Rose is by his side, and John Hanson, two of those small land- HIS MARRIAGE. a guarantee of future comfort and happi- holders called yeomen, a class in Elizabeth's His second important venture is gathered ness, but when the melody proved too much reign ranking next to the gentry, and en- from the municipal recordsof Leyden, which for him joining in his full deep bass. No titled to use coat armor, who formed the the wise consideration of Hon. Henry one for a moment could doubt the quality strong sinew of England. With local prop- C. Murphy has secured to us, that "Will- of his voice, or that Brewster and Alden erty interests easily identified, the great peo- iam Bradford, of Austerfield, England, would need no urging to chime in with ple of their section, William Bradford, Jr., married November 13, 1613, Dorothy May, their sweet tenors. Surely baritone for and Alice Hanson, married naturally from of Witezbuts, England." Another account Bradford, and for leader Priscella, with a propinquity of residence and interest. gives more complete history of the marriage her pure, clear soprano, emotional, but the March 29, 1590, the young parents wel- in Leyden. "November 15, 1613, William true spirit of song which leads to prayer. comed to their home a third William Brad- Bradford, fustian maker, young man, (i. e., Brewster's hand had long been taken ford, destined to become one of the great before unmarried), from Osterfeldt in En- _from Bradford's head as he knelt within of the land—the future Governor of Ply- gland, affianced to Dorothy May, from his reach. The coming man was demand- mouth Republic. Witezbuts, England." "The banns were ing more outward respect, but the elder Bred to agriculture, a serious youth who again published November 20 and 30, but prayed better, the words rang out truer, held communion with nature's visible forms; the marriage took place elsewhere." when he could feel that Bradford was be- nn orphan thus apart from many home ties, At Amsterdam is found the following side him, and their hearts were pouring he took to his heart the living truths, and record: "December. 1613, William Brad- out in unison the same thanks for bless- early in life identified himself with Scrooby ford, from Osterwelde. fustian maker, 23 ings received, and desire for their continu- and the teachings of William Brewster. years of age, being at Leyden. where he is ance. Dorothy May Bradford was but a expedition, she What their friendship was to them can only betrothed, married Dorothy May, aged 16 name in the history of the married, child from which she had be revealed to us at "that great day, when years, from Witezbuts." To this is ap- had one then, to complete her personal the secrets of all hearts are open." pended their signatures, the "maiden fair to part, and They could look before themselves to the to see" spelling her name "Dority." record, was drowned in Cape Cod Harbor, December 1620, while her husband was life they hoped to and did spend together, They had one son, John, horn in Loydcn, 7, WILLIAM BRADFORD, SECOND SIGNER.

away on an exploration expedition, not even gives one feeling the that he had a special ing the literary landing to locate for herself a home, and touch with improvement and the de- little personalities, and, like all portment of the by accident being deprived of a resting people who rising generation, according appreciate that their pen is to the accounts place in Mother Earth. Poor young wife powerful he bad received from her for description, the work of re- contemporaries." and mother! The privations she was spared cording was second nature. compensation were no for the love she lost! In a not pushing way Bradford liked, as ALICE CARPENTER BRADFORD. To doubt Bradford's sorrow would be to was his right, to be in evidence. The mys- How easy to picture Dame Bradford deny him the character he had shown, but tery connected with the disappearance of happy in her popularity, interspersing her days of toil brought nights of sleep, and this valuable manuscript is easily. solved by lectures on "current topics" with Dorothy's name, of necessity, grew fainter the conjecture that little some British officer, asides and fainter on his lips. The remedy for when the "court courtesy' 'demanded recognizing its value, carried it as a trophy " her attention, while the his loneliness was soon on its way to him, of war to England, where, intentionally Governor, instinct or with love and admiration, and shortly after the arrival of the Ann he, otherwise, it remained unknown stole a position until found where he the Governor, was married to Alice, daugh- in Palace, London. could witness her grace and ren- der the applause he felt to be her due. ter of Alexander Carpenter, of Wrenton Not having the gift of eternal life, what He was not left to see the contrast, the (Wrington), England (August 14, 1623), benefit accrued to this officer is untold, un- sad lea- son which has been and widow of "Edward Southworth, son of less he shared his secret with some one so long as time give* knowledge. As the Thomas and Jane Mynne Southworth," a who could give him military preferment as Old Colony records state: "She was a man of long and honorable lineage. a reward. "It has been said by the Bishop godly matron, and much loved while she lived, of London that in his opinion a special act and lamented, though LINEAGE. aged, when she died." of Parliament would be required to secure Alice Carpenter The fact that Bradford beronged to the the return of the original manuscript." Bradford had outlived her usefulness, and required two best families in his section explodes Bradford had very few repinings, though explanation of her rising superior to the span of the theory, or romance, of the supposition he says of himself that "he was unused to life allotted to mankind, so that the Carpenters, from their superior trade and trafhque of any kind." that at her great age she was lamented. "He was Mrs. position, had looked with disfavor on Brad- a good writer compared with others of those Bradford, feeble from age and ill- ford's suit. The results were eventually times, though his style may seem uncouth ness, died March 26, 1670, aged 80, and to his liking, for she became very williDgly to modern ears. He understood several lan- her wish to lie beside her husband was his second wife, coming out to America guages, Greek and Hebrew; French and gratified. with her sister, who married George Mor- Dutch he spake, and was conversant with Of their children, William, born June 17, ton, on the Ann in 1623, at Bradford's re- theology." Popular acceptance assures us 1624; Mercy, born 1627, and Joseph, who, quest, perhaps, worded in such a manner he had property, but that, being put in the Winsor says, was a twin with Mercy. that resistance was impossible, and when common fund, what he left was the result Mercy married Ben Vermayes, who at- his death took from her the emoluments and of the various allotments he received and tained no prominence; Joseph married Jael, precedence of his position, clung to his his own special thrift. Given the oppor- daughter of Rev. Peter Hobart. of Hing- memory with the same love she bestowed on tunity, he did not fail them; always Gov- ham, a famous minister, May 15, 1604. his living self. ernor or assistant his mark was upon every- THE DEPUTY GOVERNOR. Drawn more and more together by the thing. Carver, from the situation, could William Bradford, privations of the situation, their responsive merely plan from day to day, so upon Brad- the oldest son, mar- hearts felt it all lessened by the fact that ford devolved the organization and carrying ried Alice Richards, daughter of Thom- they were together, that their affinity of de- out of laws for the benefit of all. as Richards, of Weymouth. Mass.; sec- sire had united them, though the way to The early condition of the colonists was ond the Widow Wiswall. of Dux- the result was over the broad ocean, from pathetic indeed. Winter was appr>achiug- bury, and for his third wife took Mary, luxury to poverty. They had tilled the land, which was the only widow of John Holmes, pastor of Duxburv. From the time Bradford put foot ashore thing they had in quantity, so far as there and daughter of John Atwood. Bacon says: at his strength aud power was seed to plant. But the greed of hunger "The only difference between polygamy grew rapidly. His youth was merged in was too much for them and the little store in New England and Utah is that in Utah experience; circumstances were developing appropriated for that purpose went, often- they have their wives at once, in New him to fill the places that came to him. He times, to sustain life. Game was abundant, England in succession." had shown his worth, his goodness of heart, at the start, but there was no leisure for From his position, which certainly his integrity of purpose in the first sick- hunting, and the ammunition must be kept brought with it some privileges. William ness, in the explorations, in his conduct to for times of peril from the ever-present In- Bradford, second, may have been exempt the Indians. And though he was weary dians. Starvation stared them in the face. from the trials and discomfitures attend- and worn, sick almost untodeath.he was ap- Appointing a day of fasting and prayer ing many marriages. Judge Sewall surely pointed w'hen only 33 years old to succeed was irony indeed. Hope was at its lowest depicted them as not a very satisfactory ('arver as Governor and Isaac Allerton ebb. Their envoy, Mr. Prince, who had part of life. At the start, when women placed as his assistant. gone to Ireland to procure stores, had not were in the minority, to be three times suc- There is a fine touch of human nature all been heard from, and fear grew almost to a cessful was quite a tribute to a man's through Bradford's life. The Southworth certainty that the vessel had met with some wealth and worth—even if he depleted the boys, who came with their mother, were disaster, aud, sharing the fate of many ves- family treasury by the inevitable courting. welcomed and treated as his own children, sels of the times, had fallen into the hands Oliver Wendell Holmes was in full sympa- there being only the difference of name to of pirates. thy with the position when he wrote: place them apart. In future years, when "Of my billings and my cooings I do not Mary Carpenter, the "Godly old maid who DAY. now complain. But my dollars and shillings, never married." was left alone in England Fasting and prayer came without ap- my they will uever come again." after her mother's death, Bradford invited pointment. But shortly their sorrow was had her to come to them, "though they turned to rejoicing, the vessel was sighted No wonder that Bradford had so many de- old," and would pay her passage scendants, with William's nine sons grown and its stores soon theirs. Lamentations and it. natural six daughters, Elisha, (about £5), if she needed The turned to praise; the dear ones in the far- and son of Joseph, is fifteen children. conclusion from this offer of Bradford's distant lands were heard from, and Gov- who had Major William Bradford, also that the Carpenters were people in moder- Bradford, needing no inciting, appointed Deputy Governor, early high ate circumstances. Gov. Bradford, no with prophetic choice of day February 22, obtained distinction all in his power, in the colonies, having been elected assist- doubt, was willing to do 1631, as the first Thanksgiving in the colony. his kin by ant and chief military commander early in even seeking opportunity among to have New England left out of the Not [ir«'s<.- he required all de- his career. Oth'.r honors rapidly 1 birth or marriage, but is interesting to know that "Gov. count, it upon him, and in ttK>2. when the tail attended to, no overdrawing the bank Colony, about 1630 Colonial Bradford, of Plymouth Government terminated, he was elected account. by the was offered manorial privileges Dep>:ry Governor, and soon Councilor, of president THE JOURNAL. '.' whose - All through the Indian the patent ran The debt of gratitude owed Bradford for was the Earl of Warwick; wars he was a strong power. To donbt his his heirs forever, his journal is not appreciable; its value is to William Bradford and valor and judgment would be to question to hold the present limitless. The "History of Plymouth who were given the right the general statements of history, growing Barnstable and Plymouth i Plantations" is all we have to place us in counties of stronger and stronger with each repetition. as accord with the Pilgrims' early lives, so manor, and the other colonists their Hubbard and Church will give the searcher Bradford quaintly told that the records are word tenants and subordinates. Gov. all that is wanted of the Indian wars, too well fitted to have become pictures, bringing events before us in a would have been comprehensive to grasp in a short story. had he so chosen, for. very tangible way. He, of all others, was Lord of the Manor, No criticism, even in the light of renewed poor, he came of an ancient and search, detracts from the nation held by best fitted to write it. not only from his although Gov. William Bradford: his digni- special literary capacity, but because he. good family." D%puty Alice Carpenter and Gov. Brad- ties aud responsihilites he bore_ meekly, being at all times in public office, knew Between that lived, true OBCe, true knowing he held all positkms on his merits. better than any one else the occurrences of ford was the love claims for her that "she He but followed in his father's foofsteps- the times, and. like all busy men, so regu- always. Morton brought considerable of whom it was said, "This year it pleased lated matters that he could avail of every was well educated and the country." This, and her God to ywt a period to the life of His prec- opportunity to commit to paper these valu- propertv into cross! Elder Faunce ious servant. Mr. William Bradford, who able records. will signed with a "eulogizes her for her exertions in promot- was the second Governor of the jurisdiction There is something about Bradford which 6

of Plymouth." "This worthy gentleman Plymouth, need never be closed against the vissors of the desposing of my estate accord- was interred with the greatest solrnenities reader. ing to the prruises, confiding much in theire that the jurisdiction to which he belonged GOV. WM. BRADFORD (PLYMOUTH). fairhfullness. was in a capacity to perform, many deep "I commend to youer wisdome some small will testament nuuekupa- sighs as well as loud volleys of shot declar- "The last and bookes written by my owne hand to be im- ing that the people were no less sensible tive of Mr. William Bradford, Sr., deceaced plored as you shall see meet. In speciall I of their own loss, who were surviving, than May the 9th, 1057, and exhibited to the commend to you a little booke with a blacke mindful of the worth and honor of him that court held at Plymouth, June 3, 1057. cover,, wherein there is a word to Plymouth, W3. S dcCGtlSGd "Mr. William Bradford, Sr., being weake a word to Boston, and a word to New Eng- Gov. Bradford died May 0, 1657, aged G8, land, with sundry useful verses. In body, but in nerfect memory, having de- a serious loss for the colonies, but a kind "These ptculars were expressed by the Providence let the mantle of his worth fall ferred the forming of his will in hopes of said William Bradford, Gov'r, the 9th of on greater "length his son, and gave him the having the healp of Mr. Thomas Prince May, 1057, in the presence of us: of days," he dying February 20, 1703. at therein, feeling himself very weake and Thomas Cushman, the age of 79. His "epitaph from Burying drawing on to the conclusion of his mortall Thomas Southworth, Hill" gives to the world on his tombstone: life, spake as follcwcth: T could have de- ." lived long, but still was doing good, He sired abler than myself in the disposing of The inventory of his estate was taken by And in his country's service lost much blood; After a life well spent, he's now at rest, that I have, how my estate none knows Thomas Cushman and John Dunham. His very name and memory is blessed. better than yourselfe,' said he to Licftenaut There is an account contained in it of arti- cles "in ye old parlor, in the great room, in Had his will been made with a prophetic- Southworth. I have deposed to John and the kitchen, in the new chamber, in the outlook for the needs of the present day, William alreddy theire proportions of land have better touched the wants studdie." he could not which they are possessed of. of a time when every relic would be valu- Exact copy of Bradford's will, from ab- will is that what I stand engaged to able beyond expression. "My stract of earliest wills in probate office of prforine to my children and others, may bee Plymouth, N. E., Gen. and Biog. Register, HIS WILL. made good out of my estate, that my name Vol. V., p. 385. is sou Mistress Alice Bradford (Plymouth). In leaving his property to his sons, he suffer not. Further, my will that my — Joseph bee made in some sort equall to his Will. "Wishes to be interred as near to enjoins upon them "to sell it to none who brethren out of my estate. her deceased husband, Mr. William Brad- not bear the name of Bradford, and be do "My further will is that my dear and ford, as conveniently may be." To sister not descended from him." To David "he loving wife Alice Bradford shell be the sole Mary Carpenter: to sons Constant South- bequeaths a silver bowl, not to be alienated exequtrix of my estate, and for her future worth, Joseph Bradford; to grandchild, from the family of the Bradfords." "My maintenance my will is that my stocke in Elizabeth Howland, da of my dee'd son, Tho. Southworth: to servant maid, father's manuscript" which he left to his the Kenuebecke trad bee reserved for her Capt. comfortable subsistence as farr as it will Mary Smith. son John, is the one so long supposed to be extend, and soe further in any such way Her mark. with other papers in the belfry destroyed as may be judged best for her. Inventory, March 31, 1670, on oath of of the Old South Church, Boston. "1 further request and appoint my much Mistress Carpenter, £162 17s. Each family has its claims, traditions help beloved Christian ffriends Mr. Thomas By Geo. Watson, Eph. Morton, Wm. to the apreciation, but the record that tells Prince, Capt. Thomas Willet and Lieften- Harlow. of William Bradford, second Governor of ant Thomas Southworth, to be the supper- All proper names in the will in italics.

EDWARD WINSLOW, Third Signer.

* , the third Governor of had placed their impress on character and enough to satisfy his desires, was in Wins- Plymouth Colony, was born at Droitwitch, manner, commanding for him, what he was low's mind. His instincts as a traveler were always credited with being, "of higher so- roused, and the preparations were develop- in Worcestershire, the ancestral home of cial position than the rest." ing his hitherto dormant powers for the dip- the Winslows, sou of Edward and Mag- To confine him in a narrow sphere would lomatic life so truly in the future a part of Wiuslow, and grandson of the dalen Ollyver be to lose the best of the men. Small methods the man's very being. For him there was first Kenelm. His birth is thus rendered in were not matters of his knowledge. He re- no struggle, his whole make-up was in old St. Peter's Church at Droitwitch: "1595, quired contact with people and affairs for favor of the start. Elizabeth, his wife, Edward, son of Edward Winslow, born the his development, and a wise Providence strong in her love, shared his anticipations, The liome her husband described as to be previous Friday, which was the 19th." guided his steps toward Leyden, where he was received, not as a refugee from relig- their's the other side of the great ocean she This old church is fast losing its identity, ious persecution, but as a strong man, of looked forward to with eagerness, seeing ravages of time and the changes inci- the moral character, whose subtle conception of everything with his eyes. only enough dent to progression have left the high integrity of word and deed re- The dreaded ship life, with its close quar- senti- to admit of the continuance of the quired to keep the little community at Ley- ters and many discomforts, was safely over. ment attached to it. den together, made him from his arrival to Bleak New England was not responsive to her The registers, however, have been valued his death such an important factor for the her expectations; but she was strong in love, and determination to bear her part in and carefully preserved. The texts of the good of the whole. the arranging which needed a woman's hand illuminate the walls, bidding The debt, however, was not all on the church to to the husband of her choice even rilgrim's side. Edward Winslow, in other secure "peace on earth and good will to man," and the which was part of situations, might only have been the good a semblance to home edifice, where the Pil- on the arch in this comrade and welcome guest. The serious her life. the baptismal grim Winslows were held at part of his nature found its maturity under THE FIRST SICKNESS. font, and were wont to worship, are the him. and Ed- the influences surrounding But all this was of no avail. Tne unac- commandments and Lord's prayer. ward Wiuslow, the man of the world, with creed, customed privations on their long voyage, History's connections are passing strange. the simple faith of a child, accepted the re- the desolation of the situation, with so little To reach Droitwitch from London, one must ligion of his fathers as the motive power of his future life. prospect of its betterment, and the keen pass through Worcester, the place where, Many attribute his conversion to Tastor winds of the Cape Cod coast, made sad rav- "battle array," Charles I. marched his in Robinson, but one glance at Weir's picture ages among them. Poor Elizabeth Barker forces against the very Cromwell who in of the "Embarkation," where as the bride Winslow, weary with the struggle, was after years was the warm and appreciative Elizabeth Winslow is portrayed, gives the "gathered to her fathers" March 21, 1621. friend of Edward Winslow, Governor of thought that perhaps her weak woman's Even the comfort of a grave bearing her Plymouth Colony. The booming cannons hand may have led him with loving care to name, which should tell her young husband which told those at Droitwitch of war and "choose that better part that cannot be and others that she had once been with carnage were, to be sure, a thing of the taken away." them, was denied to her. The Indians were past in that section; only a change of place Edward Winslow's first wife was Eliza- keeping watch; the little colony was sur- and participants, however, when Winslow beth Barker, of Leyden, born in Ohetsuni. rounded by fears worse than death. So the was to the front. England, to whom he was married accord- graves were leveled and planted, that the Edward Winslow, the diplomat of the ing to Leyden's records, by Pastor Robin- Indians might not know of their depleted Plymouth Colony, went to Leyden simply as son, May 16, 1018, Isaac Allerton for Wins- numbers and attack them unawares and se- a traveler seeing the world; a man of leisure, low, his wife for the bride acting as wit- cure victory from the situation. education and wealth—one who had behind nesses. The first thought of colonization in Let us hope that the English daisy Win- hiro the ancestry of many generations, which far-off America, where the field was large throp is said to have brought out with him . 1

EDWARD WINSLOW, THIRD SIGNER.

may have sought that unknown grave and work of only one day, being honest! v in- credit and esteem he was in marked it with its beauty and piety. tended with many of on botli sides, was kept with 'fidel- the members of Parliament, Edward Winslow, called in history "the ity and principal as long as lived," hut was persons then in power, head of the emigration as Myles Standish prevented any preju- afterward broken in 1675 by Philip, his dice to the colony was the right hand," was only twenty-six from either of these ap- successor. plications." when he arrived at Plymouth, young, am- Considering the courtesy and justice of All of his work in London was held in bitious, with strong ideals for his future life, both men, it is highly probable that the ac- high esteem, and records of it kept in one of the gentry in the land of his birth, count a of this interview and treaty was book entitled "Calendar of State Papers." and who, from the start, shared with Brad- written by Edward Winslow. The preoo- While he was in England as agent ford the main burdens of the government, dence to the always (riven Stephen Hcpkins estab- colonies in 1623 he published a work which, owning a position to which the world yields lishes it, as they were the only persons en- fortunately for his aspirations, was con- ready homage, second in wealth in the col- gaged in the mission. sidered quite an advancement upon the onies, a fact never registered against a man, , the ever faithful, was their literary standard of the day. It was en- found himself, notwithstanding these ma- guide and interpreter. titled "Good News from New England: or. alone in the world. terial benefits, Why The arrival of the Ann in 1623, followed a Relation of Things Remarkable in Tha: should he thus remain, when a remedy was closely by the Little James, the last of the Plantation." close at hand. "forefathers' ships," brought them personal With characteristic modesty he signed it Elizabeth, so recently his companion was and physical comfort. Still, the growing simply "E. Winslow." "sleping the sleep that knows no waking." needs of the colonies and their inadequate Edward Winslow was several times Gov- A fellow-sufferer needed comfort, who so supplies forced the conviction on them that ernor, and he was the first person to hold fitting to give it as himself? the strongest and best fitted of their num- that office by election, which was recorded His mind being fully made up, he sought ber, to cone with English experience and in 1633. advice of Bradford, and the surprise he so place affairs before the Adventurers and MARSHFIELD. evinced in no way affected his action. Merchants, as to secure for the colonies Some prophetic feeling seems to have Wise Winslow made an appearance of con- both supplies and credit, must be sent back ac- sultation at least, prepared with arguments in her. tuated Gov. Winslow in preparing during only on one side, however. All wavering That Winslow should be chosen for deli- one of his stays in this country, his bcanti- was a thing of the past, so May 12, 1621, cate diplomatic service was without doubt, ful home at Marshfield, called "Careswell," this place, so "was ye first marriage in which ne sailed with the shin, nothing loth for where his wife kept watch and guard for according to ye laudable custom of ye low the journey, to be sure, that should so soon the husband who never came—a place countries, in which they had lived, was return him to the scenes with which he was further, and worthily, celebrated thought most requisite to be performed by in such strong personal touch. in history the magistrate, as being a civill thing upon ANOTHER TRIP TO ENGLAND. as the residence of Daniel Webster, and which many questions aboute inheritances where in the burying ground sacred to those Again, in 1635, doe depende," and Edward Winslow wel- he made a voyage to Eng- of Winslow blood his dust mingles with land seek comed to his home, perhaps heart, Susannah to protection against the incur- many generations owning that claim. Tilley White, whose first marriage is thus sions of their too intrusive neighbors. The name of Marshfield first appears in recorded: T The French in the East, the Dutch in the the records on the 1st of March. 1641-2. "William hite, married on ye third day W West, were too much for them. Disaf- It was represented in the colonial govern- of March, 1620. to Susannah Tilley. fected people were ment in 1644. and its earliest list of free- ", born on ye Mayflower venting their spleen on the already men, taken in 1644. with only a representa- in Cape Cod Harbor, December 19, 1620." overwhelmed people, broken by privations, tion of eleven people, had on it Mr. Edward She hardly time to realize the tie sorely wounded, without any had Winslow, Josiah Winslow, "Kanelme" which bound her to William White before power of redress, with full knowledge that their Winslow. it was a thing of the past. "Only a dream at enemies at home were placing Only two of Winslow's children lived the best." matters to their injury before the powers to grow up—Josias. born in 1627, afterward No one could doubt the benefits accruing that be and endangering their chance of re- Governor, and Elizabeth, their daughter, to her from this second marriage. Su- lief from abroad. Particularly this who married first Robert Brooks, of Scotu- sanna Tilley Winslow held the first place in was spirit maintained by ate, and second Capt George Curwen, a everything, the first mother, the first bride, , of Merry Mount, a man prominent merchant of Salem. The two and then her son, Josiah Winslow. was the who by his own action was debarred from citizenship sons Edward and John did not reach ma- first native born governor of and forced to return to his native Plymouth turity. Colony. A husband, who had precedence land, where ho had a larger sphere, and they Gilbert Winslow, third brother of the always, what mattered the claims of his were rid of his little nleasantries in the way Governor, who was also on the Mayflower, birthright, when the rank which was of the of supplying the Indians first with the rum which went to Piscataqua after the settlement soul was his, and for which in honesty of made them wild for deeds of murder and destruction, was commenced there, and the tradition is purpose, he knew he must give much in re- then putting in their hands that he sailed to England and turn, having received much. the weanons with which to follow out the never re- course of turned. He made his professions, and lived up to their WiW nassions. them. For all of this Winslow must make ex- John Winslow came in the Fortune, one WHAT HE WANTED. cuses, as well as answer the charges against of those left behind by the Speedwell, nnj him "of officiating' in church and the cele- married , of historic fame, His reasons for coming to America bration of marriages without being in holy known as the Pilgrim Orphan, and for showed him to be a loyal Englishman at orders." whom is claimed the honor, if such it is, of heart. "He wanted the protection and To suffer imprisonment for a continuance being the first to place foot on Plvmouth • language of his own country, the benefits of these offices as established in Holland, Rock. of an equal education for his children, and where a civil contract constituted marriage, Kenelm and Josias, the ether brothers, was hard indeed. Anvthing would serve came before 1632 and settled at Marshfield- to secure them in another country the right for a cause: it was truth crushed to earth, Our Winslow had many gifts and did no: to live without being surrounded by the but !t would rise again, and the vindication suffer the privations of the Pilgrims, being profanation of the Sabbath they saw on all of Edward Winslow's intentions only a always their envoy to other shores, where sides in Holland." matter of time, nlaced him on a securer he picked up from time to time the broken The records tell us that Winslow was as- platform than before. thread of his former life, and won for him- sociated with Brewster in Leyden as a Tf ever he had the austere manners at- self honor and renown. printer, and another statement is to the tributed to the Pilgrims, which is surelr " He was a man to take comfort in inr effect that Winslow, Bradford and with 44 doubtful, association the world and evidences of cultivation, and says: We re- Winthrop, blessed be their names, and their the best society of England must have freshed ourselves with singing psalms, mak- descendants, were journalists-" temnered both conversation and conduct. ing joyful melody in our hearts, as well as At all events, Edward Winslow started The «entiment connected with the'r life with the voice, there being many in our •• • on his diplomatic career early in his Pil- verv to no length 8t T evden was dear him: grogation very expert in music, and indeed grim life. When it was necessary to visit of absence or the silence of lossonin!,• moni- it was the sweetest music and confer with Massasoit, the Indian that mine orv could obliterate the feeling which it ever heard." chief, to sound his intentions, and, so far recalled. nersu.ide mvself never people "I Winslow had an artistic appreciation of as possible, make some plan of action in on earth lived more lovingly together mi l all the elegancies and showed string senti- regard to their intercourse, this delicate parted more sweetly than the church we ment always to the events that bad made mission, carrying the olive branch, with at Leyden." impression upon him and touched his heart. due care to convey sense of power, was in- Dear as he was to his own socmen Win- His high-bred consideration for others and trusted June. 1621, to Edward Winslow dow's fame was not "onfinod to Plvmonth. their wants marked the and Stephen Hopkins. The Massachusetts B*v colonv had deep him as Christian gentleman, .and it was not unnatural that With that tact which never deserted him, and abiding faith in hhn in the'r dissen- on this platform he and Bradford ah on 1. Winslow secured a friend in the Indian sions: thev recognized him as "n fH mrni to linve affiliated. chief, accomplished his mission, "and with he emnloved in our troubles in England, Winslow rv-oogniied the office as well as the tribe they hold friendly intercourse and both in rognrd to bis abilities «vf prosonet " the man. and yielded ready, prompt obe- 'ea t oysters.' speech, courage and understanding, as b'°0 dience. Adaptative himself, lie had the great "He was a man of groat activity and bo'^g well known to t'>e commissioners." resolution, hence qualified to conduct enter- Thev lnd not counted without their host, gift of drawing from those he was stir- prises." This treaty with Massasoit, "the for "by his prudent management and the rounded by the best of themselves, wisely 8 SIGNERS OF THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT.

recognizing that he need put forth no claim and acquaintance with members of Parlia- welcoming to her beautiful home in Marsh- of precedence. If talent existed, it would ment required longer stay." I was very field the great and good of all nations wno speak for itself, and the strength of results glad to find this record; there seemed so lit- visited the home of her adoption. prove his capacity to wield the power tle account of Winslow's personal relations The courtesy of her dispensing, the cor- vested in him. to his family that the question might natur- diality and dignity of her hospitality, form INTERCOURSE WITH BRADFORD. ally arise as to whether he had merged all the record of the times. Her personal his life into his foreign relations. beauty fortunately is perpetuated, and if Bradford yielded Winslow all honor. He Both countries needed him, but there was reproduction in descendants is an evidence could do so cheerfully, free from the ag- always a "good and sufficient reason for his of strength, that existing, Mrs. Winslow gressiveness that sometimes tinctured his remaining in England." must be credited with force of character. speech of those whom he could only indorse Cromwell's pleadings were too strong for There were four children by this mar- in part, and yet struggled with his fine na- the ties that were pulling him to home, wife riage, two sous and two daughters, but only and children. His confidence in him was un- one son lived to manhood, Isaac, who mar- ture to render justice to. bounded, many commissions at various ried Sarah, daughter of John and Eliza- He calls "Edward Winslow the most ac- times had been assigned to him, and when beth Paddy Wensley, of Boston, July 11, complished of the 'old-comers,' distinguished the Protector planned an expedition to the 1700, and through her their descendants for the important services he rendered the West Indies, with the object of attacking were related to both Elder Brewster and colony both at home and abroad, and for the St. Domingo, 1055, secure in his trust, he Gov. Prince. eminent abilities which he displayed as the placed Edward Winslow at the head, with Sad to relate, Gov. Edward Winslow has representative of the sister colony to the Richard Holdrop and Edward Bragge as no one bearing the name who can claim English Government." assistants. lineal descent from him. Fortunately a fine portrait of Gov. Wins- The whole was under Admiral Peun and Josiah Winslow stood on a pinnacle from low, painted while on a mission to London Gen. Venables. any point of view, diplomatic, social or in 1651, is in the possession of the Massa- Only this one man of those in authority military, and the fact that his physical chusetts Historical Society- It represents in whom Cromwell could place absolute condition was far from robust, shows him when about 57 years of age, in the dependence, knowing that most were really strongly the metal of the man, who, under pride of his certain maturity, strong of pur- against him, and attached to the House of such odds, could do so much. pose, rich in experience. Stuart. Disagreements arose. They were He filled many offices, was magistrate, Strange to say, at this late date an au- men of different minds and tempers, their Governor, and in 1675, commander-in-chief thentic miniature ofthe third Governor has hearts not in the work. The troops ill ap- of all the colonies of New England in the been found, taken when he was a child of pointed and badly provided for. Then, to war against the Indians, known as "Philip's four years, and yet bearing such striking add to their troubles, they were landed a War." Being the bright and shining mark likeness to the future man as to insure its long way from the city, and lost their way he suffered severely through no fault of acceptance without the proof which accom- in the woods. his own from the animosity of the red they upon panies it. The army, composed of raw material, man. The encroachments made With no assertion, he takes his place in without the training which rendered them him rendered him virtually homeless, his the foremost rank always, and while his rec- subordinate to a leader, devoid of proper wife and children forced to seek a place of ognized position is that of a diplomat, he nourishment, the first instincts of a soldier saftey. in sense what made it harder shows in other places, which, in the light of unknown to them, it w;ts hardly a great And one this persecution a the world's opinion, seem of minor consider- military achievement to defeat these troops. to bear was that was foundation, the Indians ation; still, the bearing upon the colony, Overcome, not by army tactics, but the retaliation without themselves alleging no cause of discontent was even greater than his successful mis- stern depression of "hunger, thirst, heat and except execution of three murderers sions. fatigue," they were routed, six hundred the (Saccamons), who, it is asserted, acknowl- Winslow "searching for food" appeals killed, and the rest, without cowardice, took edged the fairness of their trial, and one warmly to our affection, installs the man refuge in the vessels, started to Jamaica, confessed his crime. where neither literary nor diplomatic and the army, which really never existed, strength has placed him, and all feel a com- except on the roll call, surrendered. THE QUAKERS. mon sorrow that on his return from this WINSLOW'S DEATH. voyage he should have "found the colony By contrast of thought and life the Quak- much weaker than when he left it. The All this wore sadly upon high-spirited ers were always a source of contention, want of bread had abated the strength and Winslow, the chagrin of defeat—for he did and Gov. Josias (as he always wrote his llesh of some, and swelled others, and had they not been where are diverse sorts of not live to enjoy the after victory—told name) strong in his sense of justice re- shell fish, they must have perished." on his constitution, worn by heat, fatigue sented the treatment they received. OLIVER CROMWELL. and anxiety, threw him into a fever, and Gov. Prince spent much of his time in the sacrificed life of Edward Winslow, third reducing their rights and privileges to a Edward Winslow was a great favorite of Governor of Plymouth Colony, always its minimum, and even suspended from the Oliver Cromwell and his officers, and yield- diplomatic head, ended the 8th day of May, claims of citizenship those who showed ed to the pressure brought to bear upou him 1055, in his 60th year, on the ship in which sympathy with that sect. to accept employment under the Protector. he wr as going from Hispaniola to Jamaica. These Winslow reinstated immediately No greater proof could be given of his What mattered it that he was buried with on his accession, and during his adminis- touch with the world, intelligent feeling cf funeral honors; that the booming guns told tration managed to infuse an outward semb- the public pulse, than the appointment he to all the position of the man consigned to lance at least of regard for their creed, received in 1054, as first commissioner on the great deep? where there was no overt action against the part of the Commonwealth to arbitrate The country of his love and adoption will the government. and determine the value of English ships never cease to regret this valued life Hardly a martyr, but certainly a sufferer seized and detained by the King of Den- thrown away to satisfy a man's ambition. from the cause he espoused, which, in his mark. case meant every line that had a touch of The original commission from the Pro- GOV. WINSLOW'S SON. prevention, of humanity and Christian tector is now in Plymouth. Gov. Josias Winslow, the first native- charity. Josiah Winslow died December 18. 1680. Such a preferment to a man who for born Governor of the colonies, married in thirty-four years had been a resident in the He w-as "buried at the expense of the 1057 Penelope Pelham, daughter of Herbert American colony with the Pilgrims and colony in testimony of its endeared love Puritans, governed by their small, narrow Pelham, Esq., of England. and affection for him," his tombstone bear- habits, is convincing as to the value of the Her fate met her in an unusual way, as ing the inscription: "The Hon'ble Josiah desires of the colonists, even if the carrying- there were few temptations for a beautiful Winslow, Gov'r of New Plymouth. Dyed December ye 18th, 1680, Aetatis, 52." out was restricted by their necessities, woman to make a pleasure trip to America. though in Winslow's case his life in Ply- Being in England with his father on one The father, always interested in the colo- mouth was interspersed by various trips of his missions, Gov. Josias Winslow's por- to see and assist, if pos- to the old world. nies, with a desire trait was painted there. From the start of his official intercourse sible, their struggles for advancement, Mrs. Winslow survived her husband with Europe, the spiritual welfare of the made them his personal care, and, with his twenty-three years, dying December 7, Indians was dear to the heart of the Chris- young daughter for a companion, sought 1703, in the 74th year of her age. Her tian Edward Winslow. He was a zealous New England. portrait, too, exists, and is a very repre- advocate of their civilization and conver- The result was the old, old story, and sentative type of the high-bred Puritan sion, and it was from his unwearied efforts Penelope Pelham, for love of Josias Wins- face history has handed down to us. and strong influence came the "Society for low, said to be the handsomest and most The Winslow descent has made fine his- Propagating the Gospel in New England," courtly man in New England, gave up the tory by sea and land —the "living present" which was formed in England in 1(547, the refinements of her English home and re- gives us many bearing the name—but the act of incorporation bearing date July 27, mained in the country. Were the story all sorrow must always exist that not one 1049. told, there were less than forty years of im- comes in a direct line from Edward Wins- In 1050 President Steele, of this society, provement and comfort as a compensation. low, third signer of the compact on the wrote to the Colonial Commissioners that But it was not always thus. Every- Mayflower off Cape Cod, 1620. and third "Winslow was unwilling longer to be kept thing being valued by contrast, she had the Governor of New Plymouth, the first by from his family, but his great influence with. future pleasure, as first lady of the land, of elective voice of the people. t

WILLIAM BREWSTER, Fourth Signer.

The history of the separatists and their market on Saturdays, and chiefly noted Scotland, had been trie*] and exodus to Leyden is written the length and tor its condemned trade in millstones." 1 after the manner of Queen Elizabeth breadth of the Northern post road of En- William Brewster, sou ! of the William reign, under a law devised to suit the gland, starting from London, JKrewster who was occa- and going appointed by Arch- sion, and the Parliament of England had bishop Sandys in north to Berwick, the last stopping place in January, 1575-0, receiver petitioned for her execution. of Scrooby, and all England, though its real end is Edinburgh. its liberties in Notting- The Queen privately ordered Davison hamshire, and also to Passing through the counties of Middle- bailiff of the Manor draw up a death -warrant, which she signed House, to hold both offices sex, Hertford, Cambridge, Huntingdon, for life, had Even if the ever-present precedent had from his advent into the world the abun- warned him Rutland, Lincoln, of the fickle mistress he wm Nottingham, York, the dance consequent upon his father's serving, posi-* it would have beeu of no Bishopric of Durham and Northumberland, tion. avail Her uneasy head, which wore a crown the student of this early history easily The family were there "even earlier, aeld nothing higher than her own caprief*. for on the administration makes connection with the places and peo- of the estate of His consulting her appointed counselors William Brewster, wa* ple that have put their stamp on the early of Scrooby, being a deed written on the sand. She charged to William colonies of Tinted Brewster, his son, in him, Mary having suffered the death New England. lteM), pen- it is noted that the widow Prudence alty, with too much haste. In view of the fact that leaving their held the office of post when he died, and The consummation she devoutly wished country for cause, they chose to lose their that the father of the deacesed man held for at the moment, in the face of the inev- identity of residence and personal record, it it before him." itable, perhaps, aroused some womanly feel- is rather pathetic think .Thjg places two generations previous ing to that they are in to for the head she had laid low. Still. the William Brewster all evidence from the very naming of the vil- have a legendary Davison's doom was sealed. affection Elizabeth al- for. and renders it almost certain ways required a lages of their new residence, after the al- that our victim. Davison's ap- Elder William was born at pointment was because ways dear homes of their birth and early Scroobv. he was easily im- posed upon, so, "the better to appease life. BREWSTER ARMS. James, whose concern for his mother was Much more thanl two centuries have The original grant for the Brewster arms sincere and cordial, she committed Davison passed, and yet these very local names are (given with the crest to Humphrey Brews- to prison, and ordered him to be tried in the guides searchers take as a foundation the star chamber for ter, of Rushmore, 1561) is in the possession misdemeanor." Davison suffered keenly of fact. They make their records very rap- of the familv of Cardinal from the railing Brewster, of of the very men who, idly, as you start from London, through Greenstead Hall. Halstead, Essex. in the eagerness for the final act, had induced him to Newington, now a parish of London, fa- Burke says: "But that other branch with carry out Elizabeth's plans with indecent mous for the ancient archery butts placed which we are now concerned was estab- haste, promising him their countenance lished in the United States of America bv and sup- at the ends of the fields for targets. port if harm should reach William Brewster, the ruling elder and him- Even with Guilford, Enfield and Waltham on the all this spiritual guide of the Pilgrim Fathers, who, to his credit, the sentence of im- road, Chelmsford and Thomas Hooker near prisonment during the 1G20. went out to America and were found- Queen's pleasure, at hand, St. Albans, where William Wilcox- ers of New England. and to pay a fine of a thousand pounds, wos not abated son, of Stratford, Conn., came from, with Brewster's birth, according to the records, one iota. It makes another colonial his rector's certificate; Hatfield, too, in was about 1560, and, happily for him. his connection to educational advantages were recall that when "Elizabeth appointed a close proximity. the best of commission his time. He was a scholar at the Univer- of forty noblemen and privy There on the direct route .Herford, the councilors, and empowered sity of Cambridge, where, though his at- them to pass shire town, "Governed by Mayor, 9 Bur- sentence on Mary," they tainments were not great enough to make should have sent to her at Fotheringay gesses, etc. Electing Parliament men," any special mark, his subsequent career Castle (in the coun- ty of Northumberland) and for a crowning glory having a market showed that he availed himself of every- Sir Walter Mildmay as one of those to inform her of the on Saturday. In its prosperity the place thing that came within his grasp. com- mission and her approaching trial. could boast of five churches, but the divert- "He was a fluent Latin scholar, with an insight into Greek." Davison's fall was a change of career for ing of this great road from it reduced it to Brewster. had a Life at Scrooby was not vegetation for He made successful start three. Still the familiar names pursue us, in a mode of life he seemed eminently fitted William Brewster. The place was full of for, and subsequently telling that the little colony who left Hart- historic interest. The Manor House had followed one as a re- sult of this deposition from office his ford, Conn., located in Stamford, so called domiciled royalty in the height of its power, of chief on conviction, the very contrast from England's Stamford, on this road, a and misfortune when Cardinal Wolsev be- of his past. True to the man's instincts of life, large, flourishing town (within easy access came an inmate after his fall. Realizing, he stood by his patron till as he said, that be had served his King the last, and of Coventry. Derby, Oxford, etc.), in Lin- Davison in the better than his God. the few weeks he same spirit remained Brew- conshire, only eighty-nine miles north from ster's benefactor always. passed at Scrooby. if meant as expiation, London. Every surrounding circumstance of left the record of that time as well spent in Brew- ster's official "It was originally named Steanforde, de- service for the good of others. life seemed to be weaving for rived from the Saxon stean, a stone, and him a strong leading to what made his forde from a passage across the river Wel- DAVISON. power for the future. land being paved with stones." Next it was Undoubtedly it was at Scrooby, when he Even among Davison's assistants there a Stanford: but ultimately reached its pres- was traveling to Scotland on affairs of was George Cranmer. who, from being a pupil of Hooker's and a helper ent spelling. The town is charmingly sit- state, that Brewster met William Davison, in his work of ecclesiastical piety, had uated on the side of a hill, rising in a beau- one of Queen Elizabeth's Ambassadors, grown fond of theological studies, and his tiful terrace from the northern bank of the and Secretary of Shite, who did more than knowledge on these subjects naturally gave river Welland, "across which a stone any other toward forming his character. him a strong influence on Brewster, always susceptible bridge of five arches connects it with A man of whom Bradford writes as "a to such convictions. Stamford Baron, or St. Martin's, in North- religious and godly gentleman." Becoming Cranmer did not retire from public life, amptonshire." Davison's secretary, au office he was singu- so. "less fortunate than Brewster, was All that locality seems to be of great an- larly fitted for, all the religious and diplo- slain in Ireland as early as 1600." tiquity, "Stamford being ascribed by tra- matic benefits followed him. The best of Then, too, he lived with Sir dition to a period long before the Christian Secretary Davison's life was his connec- Edwin Sandys, whom Kin? James afterward era." tion with Brewster, who then, young and dis- liked because he was one of the leaders of From here to Rutland, and then our rest- impressionable, absorbed and retained the the people's party in the House of Com- ing place Scrooby, a living interest, suffi- influences he was surrounded by. mons, and who, by birth and inclination, cient in the present day to take out a band He shared some of Davison's glory, for took a foremost rank among the ecclesiasti- of history vain when it was Elizabeth's pleasure to make seekers, in the hope, not a cal reformers of the day. one I trust, of bringing back to us much league with the States of Holland, through that their present increased knowledge will her Ambassador. Davison, he attended him ELDER WILLIAM KIJ LUSTER. enable them to appropriate and place in as secretary, and while there "the keys of Upon William Brewster's death. Davison his care, as the position. Flushing were committed to suggested that his sou. the future Elder, safest possible repository, pending the ne- SCROOBY. should be successor. Sir Johu Stanhope, gotiations. Small as was, village of only who was appointed to the office Scrooby a "As a recognition of his valuable services, of "Post- two furlongs, it was accessible on all sides the States presented Brewster with a gold master-General by letters patent, bearing to many of the important places, and from chain." date at Westminster June 30th. in the thir- it you were brought to a kill, where to- QUEEN ELIZABETH. ty-second year of Elizabeth" U590\ wrote. gether you enter Yorkshire and Bawtry, Elizabeth's favor was only a question of August —. 1590: "Regrets he cannot com- "a town of three furlongs extent with a time. Mary, the unfortunate Queen of ply with his request, on the death of old 10 SIGNERS OF THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT.

Bruster." One Samuel Bevereotes had their taking the decisive step and leaving Edward Brewster remained in Virginia, written to him for the place of Postmaster England. leaving there in the early part of 1619. at Scrooby, with which he complied. Robinson and Brewster were gathering His return to England, however, was States the reason for not conferring it on around them from the neighboring villages hardly voluntary. On the 15th of October, young Bruster, served place who had in that converts who were ready to take their lives 1618, he was "court-martialed by Gen for his father, old Bruster. in their hands for the church. Young Brad- Samuel Argalls on the charge of having This proved to be a personal grievance ford had joined them, and the persecutions complained of the unlawful use of Lord that Stanhope had against William Brew- on all sides were warning them that the Delaware's servants by Argalls, and con- ster, for neglect of courtesy toward himself, Manor House at Scrooby must be left and demned to death." Lord Delaware had yet he left a loophole for any explanation on a congregation gathered across the sea. died the previous spring on the passage the part of Brewster in case his applicant The people at Scrooby needed a central from England to Virginia. failed to present himself. figure upon which they could lean, a man to A pretty item of history is found in the "All this while, and to this hour. I never be their conscience, and the choice fell record of that day. from young Brewster; he like heard a word an unwritten election from the voice of the While those already in Virginia were never came to me being in town, nor sent waiting for the expedition by Sir people on William Brewster. . headed being absent, but as though 1 was to to me Whither he went "they would go, his God Thomas Gates and Sir George Soiners, the by his ac- be overruled others, made way should be their God;" so with the consent colonists elected Mr. West, brother of Lord cording to his liking. I know my interesr, of the multitude of counselors they decided Delaware, "temporary president." To-day he had the place or no. I such as whether to seek Amsterdam in Holland. They this family name (West) of the Delawares, displace him, and think him worthily can pinned their faith on him—a sure founda- who were also of the English Temple blood, displaced for contempt of me, in not seyk- tion. unites both continents in Dr. Charles E. ing me at all." The best argument for a belief in God was West, of Brooklyn, and "that grand old The change of mind came, and Brewster Brewster's own existence and manner of man—Gladstone." or de- was appointed. Whatever records life- "Separation, the full blossom of the Edward Brewster's punishment was sires of his personal life history is obliged bud of Puritanism," was the impelling afterward commuted to banishment, a*nd he to do without, his "ordinary wages" are power for their departure. There were no returned to England. fully explained, commencing with "'20d. half way measures for them. Of course such a trial was a farce, and per diem," and closing with 2s.. when he re- The arrangements for Holland were made- thus was recognized by the Virginia Com- signed the office on September 30, 1(507. wit h the greatest privacy, the company di- pany in London. They reviewed the pro- The posts were emphatically the royal vided into two parts, one to go to Boston, ceedings and findings, and declared they roads, and were always spoken of as ".Tour- were "unjust and unlawful, and not war- on the southeastern coast of Lincolushires neys of the Court." Still, the Northern Road, the other by the Humber, flowing between rantable either in matter of form by the which to us represents "Scrooby" as the Lincolnshire on the north and Yorkshire. laws of the realm, or by any power or great stopping place, was the most import- All their foresight could suggest was authority derived from his Majesty." ant in the United Kingdom. It is recorded done, but of no avail; the captain, for cause There is a world of supposition in this that "though none of the Vest Way for af\er unknown, in both eases betrayed their claimant to the Brewster's blood, rendering the first 20 or 30 miles 'tis so generally bad, plans. The hope that had pulsed their start other children possible, not yet accounted that there was a certain late imposition was flighted by the reality. The Boston for, and helps to explain the constant refer- upon Travellers during three years at Stil- company, seized by officials, with a total ence at the earliest times to Brewster's ton, and a place or two on this side, of about disregard of any rights on their part, were large family. a Penny for a Horse, etc.. toward the Re- sent divers ways, Brewster. Bradford and EDWARD BREWSTER CONFORMS. pair of that part of it, yet it is well accom- others being thrown into prison. Capt. Brewster, after his return, modated for Entertainment, and at mod- Brewster was the chief among the non- con- erate rates." conformists who were taken at Boston, one forms to the church, and settles down iu Great responsibilities were attached to of the seven kept the longest in prison, and London. His relations with the Virginia the office. Brewster was an innkeeper, who. as a penalty of their beliefs, suffered Company were always cordial. In 1623 he obliged to provide for distant deliveries, the greatest loss- is mentioned among the (members present there beiag no cross posts on the great high- His position atScrooby gone, other punish- at the meetings. way to the north. The nature of his occu- ments awaited Brewster; a fine of £20 was "He and Henry Seile, in 1635, were book- pation is easily understood, in the record of imposed upon him for his failure to appear sellers near the north door of St. Paul's, expenses of Sir Timothy Hatton, the Arch- before the Ecclesiastical Commission, and and at a later period he was treasurer of bishop's son, on a journey to and from this "contempt of court" secured for him the Stationers' Company," payment London in 1605. a further fine of £20, the HOLLAND. "He paid the 'post' as Scrooby, who must of which he wisely postponed by his flight have been Brewster, for a conveyance (post to Holland. Life in Holland was their period of proba- chaise) and guide to Taxford, 10 shillings, CAPT. EDWARD BREW 3TER. tion and assimilation; they had put ^caind and for a candle, supper and breakfast, 7 them all thought of their life in England, While affairs at Scrooby were assuming shillings and tenpence—so that he slept made common cause of their labor and their roof. his return he proportions the Virginia Company in Lon tinder Brewster's On necessities, east aside class feeling and be- paid 8 shillings to the post of Scrooby, for was gaining strength. The two really don came one in anticipation and appreciation. conveying him to Doncaster, then recorded claimed a community of interest from the Brewster wrote with Robinson from Hol- 7 miles, and 2 shillings for burnt sack, fact that Sandys was an important factor land to Sir Edwin Sandys: "We are knit bread, beer and sugar to wine, and three in each. together as a body in a most strict and sa- pence to the 'ostler." King James declared that the "Virginia cred bond and covenant of the Lord, of the Relays of horses were always kept at Company was a seminary for a seditious violation whereof we make great conscience stated distances, and over this great road Parliament." After a variety of namings and by virtue whereof we hold ourselves journeyed the kings and queens of the times. and the usual changes in the plans, on the strictly tied to all care of each other's goods The mail matter was largely in the handa 23d of May, 1609, a new charter was and of the whole." of envoys or private individuals, and the granted authorizing "the use of the cor- The aid of every individual member of reading of Winthrop's letters gives us as- porate name of the Treasurer and Com- the little settlement was required and cheer- surance that many a hamper of home made pany of Adventurers and Planters of the fully given; small feelings had no place in delicacies, "cappons found and cheese," City of London, for the first colony in Vir- their busy lives. The Leyden records ac- their way along the line. ginia." This charter was seized with avid- count for another child of the elder's, who Retrospection brings William Brewster ity. The outlook was exactly to their died in 1609. bless- before us speeding the parting guest, minds, the list of Adventurers was soon "Brewster was enabled to set up printing by ing "the word in season" those he came full, among them William Brewster and his by the help of some friends." and so had em- in contact with, and placing himself and his son, Edward. ployment enough. The life was congenial teachings on never-to-be-forgotten record. At the date of the charter Brewster was to him so far as the necessity which knows doubtless in Amsterdam. Staunton says no law required labor as a means of liveli- SEPARATISTS. of him about that date "that he was fright- hood. The possibilities of doing good he ened back into the Low Countries." saw before him as a result of the dissemina- persons separ- "The communities of who His sou, Capt. Edward Brewster, how- tion of the truths his books contained, were ated themselves .were called Separatists, ever, went to Virginia "as Lord De la sadly destroyed by the restrictions put upon Congregationalists or Independents, until Warre, Captain-General of Virginia, to their circulation. the time of the civil wars. whom he appears to have been attached in His opinions were not popular according "The Separatist was a Puritan, but the some official or military capacity, sailed to the desires of the official powers, and from England the spring of 1610. It is the field he had laid out for himself was Fnritan was not necessarily a Separatist." probable that young Brewster emigrated at curtailed, if not entirely destroyed, by force The latter felt with the Nonconformists, *hat time." of law. In 1619 the English Government but did not act with them. They sought re- Elder Brewster, however, was borne on complained that Brewster's books were lief from the ceremonies, made special pleas their books, for in the list of Adventurers, "vented underhand" in their country, and with the amount of their ventures, appear asked that given trial in their for their discontinuance, but while entering he be up for "William Brewster 20 li. and Capt. Edward country. Proud of their dectective system, Into their church unions, lacked the "cour- Brewster, his son, 20 li. they arrested the wrong man. and one age of their convictions" when they required All through the Pilgrim life iu Holland Brewer (who was also a member of the d

WILLIAM BREWSTER, FOURTH SIGNER. 11

Leyden company) suffered imprisonment would follow—a thought to carry with them progressive man. for the crimes imputed to Brewster. to their humble Frequently deputy a labors. l*»wer in the When the churches with their pastors Circumstances settlement, and with true Pil- had aided the Pilgrims in grim spirit, he gave had removed to Holland, William Brewster carrying out his best endeavor* their simplicity of desire as to building up the was chosen Ruling Elder, an office be held regarded church. He Is stlyed gen- church connection in Plymouth tleman, a title of importance, i u worthily through all the mutations of Kobmson to the thou* dav, day of his death holding 1 he time and until change to the new colony of New change, the close of his life. the same pastoral relations Lon- to them, they don seemed a matter of benefit to place Peculiarly gifted with power of expres- continued to be his the people without thought of his settlement and himself. He « \.. sion, and the ability to convey to others all ot change, until a » when they were called up- sociate Judge, and established by that was truest of himself, this life with on to part with him, appoint- giving their pastor ment a trading post on lands pur. but one purpose made its impress on every hack to the (,;>—d of God who gave him, they desired Uncas, chief of the surrounding, gathering to Mohegana. and after- him the worthy to confer the office of pastor or ward called teaching el- Brewster's Neck. Fortunate) v. and unworthy that they might benefit by der on Brewster. He. for however, "while de- the world likes to |n-rpetuaie honor, he his precepts and example. clining the office, had performed the duties." three sons and one daughter Patii-nre His teachings were magnetic, and from J.rewster BREWSTER'S CHARACTER. married Gov. Prince in 101M an his abundance all must gain in knowledge, died Thatcher m WA. F,.ar became Isaac AlW-rion\ and the fame that went forth when he be- says "he was too diffident for second wife in 1626, and she died in 1633 came, as he was, a teacher in the position," and Baylies Leyden Uni- rather verities Brewster's library gave evidence of his verscity for years, brought students to this cultivation him statement by recording that the "sub- and continued interest iu learn- from all quarters: sons of great men at- ing. Out missive piety of Brewster, indeed, produced of the three hundred volume, tracted by his superior methods. Danes a sixty-four were classics. moral effect as important in its conse- and Germans who craved what he alone The spirit that guided Elder quences as the active Brewster seemed capable of giving. Latin served him virtues of others/' through the vicissitudes of But he was his life remained in good stead; the "confusion of tongues'' "as bold in defending the colony with him until his closing hours; the con- he was surrounded by required that tinie- against the Indians as he was meek and tent wheh had made him accept whateTer came to honored classic as an interpreter. humble in diffusing the truth." him was his rest iu the Almightv's Prosperity attended Brewster's efforts; will. Death stole upon him unaware-*; Ready of sympathy, his high-toned tem- the he ceased to be an object of sympathy, so sorrow was more to those who loved perament made the personal response such him that toward the close of his twelre years than himself, and after one day's sickness as only a broad, true nature could give, in Holland his "outward condition" was he closed his mortal account "nere four working during the heat and burden of the greatly improved. "He lived well and plen- skore years of age (if not all out) when day side by side with' any member of tifully." the he dyed." his spirit going to the God who little community, cheering them by the ex- gave it April 10. 1044. Brew-tcp "died Leyden, the place of many privations and ample of his unwearied a-, efforts in 'their be- simply and grandly as he had lived: the uncertainty, was wearing upon their cour- half. apostolic benediction on his Hps. the lasr age: the mouths to feed were increasing And when the time of physical exhaustion they knew of life, and the rest was silence out of all proportion to their ability to fill and death came to them without respect to until the end, and then the transfigurati..ii. them; the baneful influences surrounding person, "their Reverend Elder and Standish. which made him grander in death than their children were a cause of great anxiety ei their Captain." did with sorrowful, tender he ever was in the life he had lived for and thought for themselves. "Their desires hearts all that could comfort or benefit humanity in America and for his God." were sett on the ways of God, and to en- those thus thrown upon their huniaiu'tv; the joy his ordinances" they realized they strong men and brave, who took the first Elder Brewster left no will, but letters needed physical and moral strength to make rank as soldiers, watched over the sick with of administration were granted to his their praises avail. sons woman's ways and woman's care. Jonathan and Love. June 1044. time of at least partial prosperity must A "The good Elder fought as he prays, and Wearing apparell, household utensils. have come to the Pilgrims during their early although he would far rather convert an &c, appraised by Capt. Standish residence in Holland, for in 1011 they were and John Done, enemy than hurt one. he would not dream May 10. lCAi 28.0S.1O able to buy a large tract of laud, with a of Articles at his house in Duxbury, by allowing him the first fire." Standish spacious house on it, for which they paid and Pearce. Mar 18 107.00.08 Human nature went with the little band His Latin Books, by Mr. Bradford. $3,000. "The site of this hous'e is now in- to even desolate Cape Cod. taking class dis- Mr. Prence and Mr. Reyner, May dicated by a stone in the front wall of the tinctions to the colonies, for Morton speaks 18, sixty-three volumes" ". 13.13.04 building, which records that on this spot of Brewster's sympathies "for those who His English Books, by Mr. Bradford lived and died John Robinson." and Mr. Prence, Between three and had been of good estate and rank, and were The Leyden baud were not rigid separat- four hundred volumes 27.00.07 fallen into want and poverty, and none did Latin English ists. Brewster and Robinson accepted the and books, 42.19.11. more offend and displease him than such as members of their church from those who would haughtily and proudly cany and lift Total sum of goods 150.00.07 were willing to "renounce the pomps and up themselves, being risen from nothing." Some discussion has been caused by the vanities of this wicked world" and join This in the wilderness, snrninded by red fact that the Elder's testate was inTentori.-l with them in keeping pure and uncontami- men. food not only at the lowest separately, in Plymouth and Duxbury. Thi« nated from the wickedness which surround- point, but every outlook created doubt as to the possible plaiv of his ed them. for the continuance of their privations. death. However, that seems decided as So their thoughts turned to the far away ON THE Plymouth, though he was one of the pioneer new world, where these tenets could be well MAYFLOWER. residents of Duxbury, and his home was carried out. free from the supervision of Elder Brewster's family on the May- there. spoke church and state, where their God flower consisted of the Elder Dame Brew- "The part of his inventory which was ac- from every quarter and had written His ster, the gentle guide of the young people credited to Plymouth was as follows: for animate and inani- on plan of creation the 4 paire stockings, 2 paire shoes, the ship: Lucretia, wife of Jonathan, a son of mate, on the broad expanse of land, sea and 3 waistcoats and a2 shorts. sky. who came out in the Fortune in 1621, and paire of drawers, 26 handkerchiefs They wanted a church without a bishop, two sons. Weeding and Love. 1 old goune, 1 fine handkerchief. 2 gridles. 3 handkerchers. a country without a distant sovereign: so Patience and Fear, the daughters the 2 paire of thin stock- 1 wrought capp. long as Brewster was with them other de- mother's heart yearned over, were on the ings, 1 laced capp. sires could be passed over, and from the 1 knit capp. 1 quilted capp. Ann. reaching the colony in 1631. start at Scrooby, the life of Leyden, and 1 blew cloth suite, 2 old capps broader, stronger needs of Plymouth col- This union was not for long. The delicate, 1 old suite turned, 1 ruffe band. ony, he never failed them. wearied mother was slowly but surely turn- 1 black coate. 1 ruffe sift out. Old cloaths. t> hands. In the nature of things it would have ins- her feet toward the Eternal City. England 1 Mack cloth suite. 1 red cap. seemed that on reaching New Pastor Robinson writes to the Elder from 1 paire of groenel paire garters. Brewster should have been made Governor, Leyden. December 20. 102.">: "I hope Mis- drawers. 1 knife. but as he was "ruling elder," it was not tress Brewster's weak and decayed state of 1 list wascoate, 1 plstoll. 1 1 combe. "compatible with that office to vest a civil body will have some repairing by the com- trusse. 1 black coate. 2 brushes. and ecclesiastical office in one person." ing of her daughters, and the provisions in 1 black stuffe suite. 1 paire of black silk In Plymouth he ussually preached to them this and other ships sent." Poor Mary 1 black suite & cloake stockings. years. twice every Sunday for nine What Brewster! At least, she had the plain, un- 1 dublett. A dagger and knife. a sweet intercourse a prayer meeting under varnished truth set before her: no tempor- 1 paire of stockings, Tobacco* caa*. his 1 1 rapier. his guidance must have been, as in izinsr to spare her the shook. blaeke goune, need called the brethren to in 1 black hat, Tobacco* A some he npon lead All prophecies were fulfilled when she prayer and exhort. "The chief were Brail- 1 old hat. pipes. closed her mortal eyes on this life of risrid 2 paire of gloves, tobacco box an.1 ford. South- A Edward Winslow, Thomas exactions and unavoidable want in 1027. paire of shoes. tongs. worth Secretary Nathaniel Morton- 1 and Love married March 15, 1634, "Miss "His Duxbury iuventory, which ::ic!nded men of superior 'talents and parts and g 1 Sarah." daughter Of William Collier, a very his wardrobe, contained: learning." prominent citizen of Plymouth. He moved I sword, 1 violet color cloth Elder Brewster, true to his instincts of to Duxbury ami had four children, three 1 sword, coate. the best possible good, wanted short but sons and one daughter. White capp, 1 coslett. A trusse. frequent prayers, only sufficient to give a Jonathan became a member of the early text for the self-communion he hoped secession to Duxbury in 1032—an active, "His estate, divided between his two 12 SIGNERS OF THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT. sons consisted of his house and appoint- as one of the purchasers of the patent and wishes in the matter was called at the ments in Duxbury, with one hun- plantation of New Plymouth." Governor's house, where the differences dred and eleven acres of upland, The brothers not fully agreeing in the were fully discussed on all sides, and an am< besides marsh lands belonging to him, disposition of the effects, a meeting of the icable settlement mas made, as well his share in the undivided lands men most likely to judge of .the Elder's See note.

ISAAC ALLERTON, Fifth Signer.

Mr. Isaac Allerton was born too soon. Newbury, England. This is verified by the rally count himself in when opportunity records in the Staathuis, Hall, itself. restraint, He is wanted to-day for the syndicates, the or City of presented Chafing under that place, and one disputes his right to unwilling guided Bradford's slow, trust companies, the mining interests, the no to be by put himself on record as from London. The conservative policy, wanting to strike while corporations, where power and capacity witnesses to this marriage were Edward the iron was hot, there is little wonder the man, from the have their place, and every Southworth, Richard Masterson and Ran- Governor should hardly understand a man highest to the lowest, is subordinate to by- dolph Tickens; for the bride Anna Fuller whose disposition must always be recorded laws and the changes consequent upon the and Dillon Carpenter. in extenuation of his action. Honest Brad- majority vote. He could place his house- No one in the whole Leyden colony was ford wanted integrity in the spirit of the hold goods at a moment's notice, and trans- more efficient and eminently useful in all word, requiring no special pleading to con- the preparations for their departure. He vince. fer them in the same space of time to the was hoping to find in America a sort of Bo- In the fall of 1626 Allerton went to Eng- antipodes. hemian life that would fit with his desires, land in the interests of the colonists. Their people had an arbitrary The New England being in a hurry to emancipate himself from terms with the adventurers who advanced Every way of arranging the fate of man. his surroundings. That he had great pow- the money for their start pressed heavily action, almost thought, was open to the ers of organization goes without saying; he upon them. It was all outgo and no in- public, the judgment of them being in the knew the way and showed the will. come. Those who had assumed the debt hands of those who had no shirking sense of IN THE COLONY. wanted to see "if a composition could be made by which the claims should be dis- their duty, as they waited upon the so- The cloud, "no bigger than a man's charged and their rights be conveyed to called delinquent to administer the needed hand," that grew and wrecked him in after the actual planters at Plymouth. This was rebuke. years, was then only the calmly blue at- accomplished, and the instrument of con- to be One place required freemen mem- mosphere that could shine upon his every veyance dated November 15, 1626, which bers of the church, according to the lights action. There is little account of their life is preserved in Gov. Bradford's letter book, prescribed by the ruling elders and deacons, on shipboard. One only judges of it by has forty-two names attached." who held other men's consciences in their a combination of circumstances, but when ENGLAND. they reached Plymouth, Allerton was in the VOYAGE TO hands. Another, like the Pilgrim Colony, height of his glory. By virtue of necessity The wish being father to the thought, Al- claiming only a certificate of good behavior he soon occupied a false position. Carver lerton, desiring to enlarge his borders at all and intention. had gone from them to the realms of light, times, undoubtedly "took a hand" in any In early days Allerton had imbibed the Bradford, the people's choice for Governor, scheme for his own advancement. Up to was ill unto death, and Allerton, the active, spirit of the London Company he came a certain restricted point, his offices were stirring citizen, the man of great resources, from. There a man, be he a duke's son or all for the benefit of his mission; after that was placed as the power behind the in- merely "one of the people," until 1635, was himself always. third voyage to Eng- capacitated throne. The opportunity was The obliged to purchase his freedom, his right land, which was principally for the pro- his; now was the chance to try how he very dis- to citizenship, by identifying himself accord- could work out his own advancement, and curement of the patents, became ing requirements law. obliged +o return to the of with one of when the time was fitting, step into the heartening, and he was the the "Livery Companies or Craft Guilds." shoes he felt were none too large for him. August, 1629, without accomplishing A younger son was himself, nothing more. He was hardly the victim of circumstances; object of his journey. If his ways were sure, that should To be the knowledge only primo- his own pleasure must count for something. not their ways, why the colonists geniture stood between him and the coronet Only the combination had much to do with have sent him out again on the same busi- flid not tend to lessen the resentment of the is mystery. his future life. Bradford was ill, the af- ness in the autumn of 1629 a fate too hard for him. To have the privi- fairs of State beyond his weak physical By assiduous application this trip was a lege of voting for the Lord Mayor of Lon- couditon, so Allerton. the reins of govern- success, and January 29, 1630, the patent don was something, and to know that for ment in his hands, did fine work for the was obtained. Shirley, his associate, in his 800 years the office was filled by a man who colonies, never being a gentleman forgetting letter written March 19 following, expresses had earned his right of office by virtue of himself. his high sense of the services performed being a freeman of one of the twelve great He was looked up to, sought advice from, by the agent. "Till our main business of livery companies of the city, was a slight and gained power day by day- To be sure, the patent was granted, I could not set my compensation. Nevertheless, one's birth- the office he temoorarily held was not his mind or pen to writing, and Mr. Allerton right is hardly sold willingness with for a own, and Bradford could hardly expect was so turmoiled about it, and found so "mess of pottage." that when, with returning strength he as- many difficulties and oppositions, as verily knew he He when started on his career sumed the duties which were his, Allerton I would not, nay, could not have undergone what the possibilities were. To be a freeman would efface himself, forgetting he ever had it. if I might have had a thousand pounds." from the "Merchant Tailor Company of an opinion on affairs of State. This jeal- Mr. Allerton's return to England to accom- London" did not h^get ignorance. If he ap- ousy of his power was perfectly natural, plish this object was strongly urged by peared inexperienced he belied himself. but "trifles light as air" assume great pro- Shirley, who was cordially appreciative of INDEPENDENT. portions when seen through the green his conduct, and always putting his pen to glasses. paper to give expression of these feelings. Isaac Allerton was a power; he carried HARD WORK. He says to Gov. Bradford: "Give me his citizenship with him to Leyden, and ac- Allerton's work had counted in the col- leave to put you in mind of one thing. Here quired the same rights there, February 7. ony; he had cast self aside, tilled the ground are many of your Leyden people now come 1614, in common with William Bradford when plowing the sea and waves was his over, and, though I have ever had good and his brother-in-law, thought of them, yet believe not every one Degery Priest. Con- desire. The barns and houses which grew shall Mr. Allerton. fining him to general rules and regulations by magic power he viewed only as tempor- what they report of He hath been a trusty, honest friend to was heyond the possibilities of any one. ary habitations: the churches, _ from his ab- He or here." This man horrence of their narrow faith, were al- you all, either there wanted everything of his own constructing; activity, so most repugnant to him, yet he onward "plod could not have slumbered in even his religious beliefs were in an evolu- Shirley as a boon companion he acted liis weary way," while Bradford was laid with day, and, tionary state; what the cause he never low, and when he recovered wanting: all on the market quotations of one telephone with which to thought to inquire. Why should he? These or nothing, he constituted himself a "com- being without the around remind himself, the next forgot, and used changes were part of his daily life, and he mittee of ways and means." looked for a change of local habitation, almost the same methods as the opposition. was willing to stand or fall by them. name, a matter agreeable to all concerned. MISFORTUNE. There is a difference of opinion in regard His organization was a not unusual one- Shirley's flattery, or what Allerton con- to his age. Those who said they knew placed fine possibilities, great capacity for work, did not fit his time of birth at 1585; still it was claimed yet always needing a guiding hand over sidered merited commendation, end of the that he wasi 81 when he reached Plymouth. him. He brought experience, and soon got him for depreciation at the other be At all events, he married first November 4, his bearings, whatever the situation, but a line. One or the other opinion must 1611 (O. S.), for him there was but ou« at Leyden, Mary Norris, of man who is smart for others would natu- wrong, and I

MYLES 9TANDISH, SIXTH SIGNER. IS choice. Misfortune soon followed misfor- could get ahead, and when his trading sta- they cracked their little jokes, was the jilt- tune; he was down and the kick was ready tions on the Kennebec and Penobscot were edged commodity of the period. The inter- for him, but there is no attempt to question broken up—the latter by the French in est in it being so great, it served for table his ability. Point Allerton, at the entrance 1634—-he simply "appealed," asking no per- talk as they regaled each other with the of Boston Harbor, took its name from Isaac mission to locate in another place. favorable opinions passed upon it, History while Allerton, as Morton says, "perpetuating the always accords to him the honor making their quick sales. Presumably they of being memory of a man of the greatest commer- the founder of Marblehead, aided dealt in everything that was marketable, by his son-in-law, cial enterprise in those early times." More Moses Maverick. The and one thing begat another as those wise impulse he gave to honors were his, for the history of Dux- trade was never lost, and heads revolved how to turn an honest the penny bury tells us: "An early mention is made "first building in Marblehead for busi- in the speediest possible manner. ness purposes is of Allerton Hall, which was probably called Allerton Block, the his- Some of Allerton's actions to-day would tory of which is almost after Isaac Allerton, one of the first pil- unknown-" All his not cause a passing thought—simply be honors did not deter re- grims, though there is no notice of his him from the expres- corded in the newspapers of one sion day fwith being a resident of Duxbury at any time." of his opinion in his own peculiar man- a portrait), and the next only remembered ner, antagonizing the authorities his too With Allerton and his wife in the May- by by reference to the file. So much for fam»-. liberal views to such a degree that, with flower came three children, Bartholomew, the He was a resident of New York for some law as a propelling power, he born in Holland about 1612, who, however, was forced to time, and in 1643 was one of the representa- "leave between two days." returned to England, marrying, making his tives of the citizens in the council called home and dying there- Remember, born in QUAKERS OPPOSED. the ' eight men," and held other offices und*-r the Dutch administration. Holland, has a very short record, not being All the desire to extenuate Allerton's He owned the \villiam and John, a "ketch" trading heard of after 1627, about which time she faults, allowing for the difference of the with Virginia. Going on most of the probably died. Mary, also of the Mary times, would only permit one opinion of big voyages himself, he acquired property Norris marriage, born before the start, mar- conduct in bringing back as his clerk and there, and as Ins family were constantly with ried, in 1636, Thomas Cushman. Isaac Al- familiar friend Thomas Morton, of Merry him it is highly probable that Isaac, lerton may look down proudly on this de- Mount, a man expelled from the country Jr.—his son by his second wife, — scent; there is no trouble in following their for constant wrongs to the colony, with noth- who was born in Plymouth, 1630, and records. Mary, his first wife, died Feb- ing to recommend and everything to con- graduated at Harvard College in 1650, formed his love for ruary 25, 1621; Sarah, the youngest child, demn. Allerton, seeing Morton when "he V lrginia by this intercourse. He took up hig remained, by virtue of her tender years, a monk would be," may, if such a thing residence in Northumberland County, with her aunt, the wife of Degery Priest, were possible, have been imposed upon, but Vir- ginia, in 1660, and resided there until 16S3. coming out in the noted forefather ship it was a very short-sighted policy, and only A daughter of his became the second wife Ann, and in 1637 married Moses Maverick, served to accentuate other acts. of Hancock Lee, seventh son of Col. It is, however, to be recorded in his favor Rich- of Marblehead, giving her father a son-in- ard Lee, a man of the distinguished family law whom he must have liked, else why that during the excitement against position. appeared their business connection. Quakers Allerton and some others THIRD in opposition to the measures pursued; in MARRIAGE. SECOND MARRIAGE. consequence, he and they became so unpopu- The balmy South records Isaac Aller- In 1626 the good angel of his life came to lar that they were left out of their offices ton, of the Mayflower, as the progenitor of Quaker to Gov. Prence Isaac Allerton in the shape of his 6eeond of magistrates. A the Lees, of Ditchley, Va.. and through was like a red cloth to a bull in the arena, them wife, Fear Brewster, daughter of the elder. his lineal blood flows in the veins of and if the question in regard to them had the Traverses, Cookes. Colstons. She often stood between him and harsh two sides, he could only see one. Corbins, Willoughbys, judgment, even overt act. The good elder Of course, he was generous, that goes etc., of Virginia. If they in- must be spared. Fear Allerton had a short without saying, even if he was not always herit his strength, unswerving hope, always life; let us hope that her husband appre- just. Old colony records (December 2. sanguine of success, they have a rich herit- ciated what she had been to him and 1673), speaking of "Godbert Godbertson's" age indeed. greater part His third dropped more than a passing tear over her debts, tells that "whereas the and last wife. Joanna, only a 1 of his debts are owing to Isaack Allerton, 8 the world is fi grave. No doubt he did; a man of his stamp - rst noticed y/!? . 4? about would make an unreliable, erratic, but af- of Plymouth, merchant, the said Isaack 1644. Irue, she made no historv. but she fectionate, husband, in his good times com- hath given free leave to all other creditoru managed to secure the love of her stepsou receive any- pensating for previous shortcomings. to be fully discharged before he and, fitting into her husband's declining particular debts to himself, de- years—for The religious life of the Pilgrims was not thing of his he was about 60 at the time of rather to lose all than that they their all peaceful. The adventurers brought in a siring marriage — accomplished mucn any." toward new element, and there was a division should lose giving Mr, Allerton's perturbed happiest time of Isaac Allerton's life spirit rest among the supporters of the Plymouth Col- The and peace. His last home, if he was when he was in partnership with (In- ever truly ony in England, part of whom considered had one. was at New Haven. vert Loockermans in , To it he the religious policy of the Pilgrims too nar- applied the knowledge he had where he settled soon after the death of his acquired in row and unfavorable to the operation of New Amsterdam, and a "grand second wife. They were kindred spirits, house on the creek with four porches" was trade. It was very easy for those who were business with and went into the trading the result. When the house was demol- the diplomats spending much time abroad his yacht to great zest. Allerton sold Hope ished the workmen reported that the wood- to keep in touch with the times, enlarging one of his own, Loockermans, and, having work was all of the finest oak. and the "best their views with occasion, but the ones at office commodores of their each held equal as of joiners" had placed it home, working and denying, fearful of the water in position. Ou private squadron. There was water, paper he left a fine estate, future, could not grasp the varying methods- though the re- everywhere and plenty of beer to drink, sult was nothing. The debts "As an agent Mr. Allerton appears to and the assets while his great tobacco warehouse, which hardly balanced. have been indefatigable in his attempts to shore of the East River near stood on the But the good son. Isaac, mindful of his promote the interests of his employers. He Maiden lane, furnished the fra- the present worthy stepmother's interests, purchased was a man of uncommon activity, address confidential hours. grant weed for their the house where the regicide Judges and enterprise." Still, he was not a suc- Whal- PARTNERSHIP. ley and Goff had been cess. In 1633 Bradford continues the nar- IN harbored; where rest- less, nervous Mr. Isaac rative of his losses by noticing the failure Being in partnership, with the same pur- Allerton, as he is always called, of a trading wigwam "at Machias, which suits and returns, there was no rivalry. closed his eyes on the won. to which Mr. Allerton, of .Plymouth, and some others Perhaps they knew each other in Holland. he had contributed so much, and presented it had set up." "In 1634 the wreck of his At all events, Govert Loockermans was not to his stepmother to "hare and to hold" during her life. pinnace from Port Royal is mentioned, and a stranger he could "take in." Together There can be no difference in 1635 the loss of his bark at Cape Ann is they raised the chickens for their "home of opinion as to the esteem in noted." Whatever the results, he was the market," and if any one of the brood had which this man is held by his descendants. Averaging his first merchant of New England, the true fighting instincts they would not bo above character." they have so founder of all the large enterprises. The watching the encounter, even making a much more to respect than to condemu coasting trade he delighted in, and the fish- pool with some of the Dutchman to hold that they apply this law. and strive bravely ing interest was the emanation of his leisure the stakes. to prove themselves worthy of him. hours. He believed in competition if he Their butter, over the making of which

MYLES STANDISH, Sixth Signer.

short of For the benefit of the Pilgrim Company ceived from Queen Elizabeth a commission Wtl stature, but ho made his wvr.1 at Leyden, there came among them, sword in the English Army in Holland, then aid- accordlnf to his inches, not foot, his in hand, one Myles Standish, of whom the ing the Dutch against Spain. gotio nature and military I first known is that while a youth he re- Myles, ap old Roman name for soldier, him for the endurance and indomitable seCf- 14 control demanded by the many duties thrust always by virtue of his service in the and not only of love, as Oliver Wendell upon him. His life in Leyden seems to their military leader, started Holmes, in his "Lending a Punch Bowl," have been wholly a military one, but he was out to view the laud and report. says: taking notes, maturing his judgment for the Justice compels the statement that he " 'Twas on a dreary winters eve; the night colony's benefit in that future of mark. was accompanied by William Bradford, was closing dim, Stalwart as he was, a kind Providence had Stephen Hopkins and . When brave Myles Standish took the bowl gifted him with a contrasting sweetness, The Indians they expected, they met, but and filled it to the brim. deep sense of justice that made him a ruler the foes they deemed unworthy of their The little captain stood and stirred the among men, all the more powerful that his steel, with the power of rendering their posset with his sword, lives miserable, reticent nature had a personal holy of holies, brought themselves to their And all his sturdy men-at-arms were ranged into which few were admitted. notice. Wolves were not attractive guests, about the board." A scion of a distinguished house, stung roaming at will; they were the unknown Equal to the occasion, the same sword evil. This expedition was not successful, by his wrongs, he never forgot this circum- would carve the Christmas turkey, if the and with kindly thought of the anxiety of stance, and all through his life recognized box arrived too late for conventional dis- those left behind they returned, only that he must so comport himself that the the pensing, and sharing with his knights of no better for their experience. truth of his claim would show without say- table enjoy it while following out the hasty ing. Hope came with the morning, the ship's order of march. shallop they had of waiting tor The lowly surroundings of the Pilgrims wearied So like Myles Standish, our hero. was put together, the start for the end were not to his taste; still through all times THE SWORD. he bore himself with that unmistakable made, and before long they safely anchored dignity which placed him where he be- in (Jape Cod harbor, with foot on Plymouth This sword, with its Arabic inscription, Rock; the real life of Myles Standish, the longed. of which he was so justly proud, was fit for first officer to hold a military commission in all occasions, and now that we have an in- ON THE MAYFLOWER. the United States, began, and only ended terpretation of the characters on the With him came on the Mayflower his gen- "when his eyelids closed in death." sword, acquired no doubt" by Standish tle wife Rose, unrecorded save that with MILITARY CLAIMS. "when he was fighting the battles of Chris- sweet confidence and anticipation she placed This Cincinnatus of the colony, strong tendom against the Turk, in what is her hand in the strong grasp of Myles and true, too brave and single of purpose now Austria," before the captain went to Flan- Standish and went forth to do battle with to have suited the ill-disposed, made for ders, studded with deeds, not gems, all are the world, which for her held but short time himself hosts of friends. They knew he sure could be put to no base uses. of trial—only the landing and accompanying meant what he said, and they judged him Safe at Plymouth, a token of the past doubts in the choice of residence, and Myles according to his own temperament and which honors the living, rests the sword. Standish was alone with his grief, "a hero character. Arabs traveling in the strife." Born, as it is asserted, in 1584, Myles Some in this country who Standish. it was found by the association A born soldier, the music of fife and drum saw it there say "it is one of the oldest arms his birthright, he was heart and soul with formed in 184G to endeavor to regain the in existence, and very valuable." estate belonging to him in England, held tne the colonists in all their vicissitudes, stern The translation tells us quaintly that commission of a lieutenant, given him by want, sickness and death. The hand which "With peace God ruled His slaves" (mean- Oueen Elizabeth. As he is first mentioned naturally sought the sword hilt, when the ing creatures), "and with the judgment of as captain, that is probably the rank ho loved ones were laid low, served them deftly His arm He troubled the mighty of the bore when he left Leyden; indeed, as such with the gentleness of a woman. His strong wicked" (meaning the most powerful and he continued till his death. arms were so restful in their security, his evil of the wicked). The lack of promotion may have been the abundant love rendering the ministrations The jealousy of , attributed in their result of insufficient military organization, welcome indeed to those who hour to Standish, he certainly held well in hand, of nee