V OL A P U K

AN EA SY M ET HO D o r Acqm nnm n u:

U N IV E RSA L LA N G U AG E

CONSTRUCT ID BY

J OHAN N M ARTIN SCHLEY ER

PREPARED FOR THE ENGLISH- SPEAKING PUBLIC

ON TH. BASIS OF

ALF RED KIR CHHOF F S HILPSB 0011

With the addition of a Key to the Ex ercises a nd a Vola piik- l u lll h

an d English - Volapiik Vocabulary

KLAS AUGUST QNDERFELT Lu an n“: or T a u Mum/A ux “ Puua e Li nu x!

N IL WA US E]

x u n 1 . . o . a u 9 . n . n . Co ri hte 1887 c. N . C SP R . . Z AHN py g d . by A A H H . 422394

H. H. IN "! A 00 mann a AND OTERBOTYPQRC

s aw/mm . N E N CO T T S .

PAG E IN TRODUCT ION A PH BE Pron unciation an d Accent L A T, CHAPTER I Articles and Cases Exercise I H P E II Personal Pronouns an d erbal endin s C A T R V g , G en de In fi nitives Ne at1on s rs, , g Exercise II P R III eminine Noun s Ad ectives Pron omi CHA TE F , j , nal Inflections efle ive Possessive emon , R x , , D strative and elative Pron ouns om arison R , C p , ' Cardinal Num ei als Exercise III H P E R IV uestions iminutives Au men t C A T Q , D , g ati es In erro ti e Pronouns and Ad verbs v , t ga v Exercise IV P E V erb enses Ad verbs of efi nite ime CHA T R V T , D T and of Place Exercise V P VI Passive Voice Binar Numbers Ne CHA TER , y , g ative D erivatives Exercise VI

P E V II - Im erative Mod e Oi din al Iterative CHA T R p , , and ractional Numerals Tim e b Hour F , y Exercise VII C P E VIII Sub unctive Con ditional an d Dur HA T R j , i Mod e Multi licative an d Distributi e a t ve , p v N um erals Exercise V III P E IX Partici les eflex ive an d eci rocal CHA T R p , R R p Verb Forms Ex ercise IX

P E X Word orm ation oots om oun ds CHA T R F R , C p , Derivati ves Ex ercise X P E XI W ord ormation Derivatives con timf wd CHA T R F , Exercise XI P E XII rder of Words Treatm en t of Words CHA T R O , from Existing Lan guages Exercise XII CHAPTE R XIII Hints an d Cautions for Translating from the English Exercise XIII CHAPTER XIV An alysis of E nglish Aux iliary Verbs Exercise XIV CHAPTER XV Recapitula tion in Systematic Arrange ment List of D erivative Prefi x es List of D erivative Suffi xes Example of Word Formation KEY to the Exercises — VOLAPUK English Vocabulary — ENG LISH Volapuk Vocabulary P re fa ce to th e S e c on d E d ition .

That the fi rst ed ition Of this manual was ex hausted within ten days of its u lication is suflicient evi ence that the nee of an international p b , d d la nguage is felt as much o n this side of the Atlantic as it is in the Old Worl and that the eo le Of the Unite States are fallin into line with d , p p d g “ " th t o V e rest for the rapid propaga i n of olapiik . No chan has een ma e in the oo for the new edition exce t ge b d b k , p corr h al errors ecting a few typograp ic . As there appears to be some misunderstanding as to the man ner of usin the E xercises I ta e the O ortunit to Offer the follo in su g , k pp y w g g gestions

Each exercise consists of two arts one in V ola u for translation p , p k into En lish and one in En lish for translation into Vola u . The correct g , g p k translations of oth these arts ill be foun in the Ke to the Exercises b p w d y , e innin on a e 82 but shoul onl be ma e use of al l” the stu ent b g g p g , d y d , d has written out his own translation of oth' arts as a means of testin its b p , g ss f be in s tis e that the written translation is correct correctne . A er a t g fi d , retranslate this into the ori inal lan ua e in ritin ithout refe rrin g g g w g , w g s I h s ill m st i r ns to the book before the ta k is done . f t ere a re t i akes n t a lation he same rocess shoul be re eate until the a lication of each , t p d p d pp ch r is thorou hl mas r apte g y te ed .

m a nu aux s a ar 1888. , J y LIN D R E E F LT .

IN T R O D U CT IO N .

HE need of a means Of communication between persons of d ifferent ’ natio ties unsc uainted ith each other s lan ua e has ee n un i nali , q w g g , b s ll l nd ex nemed for nearl 200 ears and over ft ifferent at ver a y fe t a p y y , fi y d tem ts at solvin the ro lem constructin an arti cial la n ua e for p g p b , by g fi g g this ur ose have een ma e e innin with one the cele rate G er p p , b d , b g g by b d

man hiloso her ei niz a out the ear 1700. F ew if an ofthese ro p p L b b y , y , p “ ect ho e er had a n ractical value ein either asi ra hic j s, w v , y p , b g p g p s stems meant to be rea onl or lan ua es accessi le onl tothe hi hest y , d y , g g b y g intelleete or sim l some existin lan ua e more or lea in eniousl ma , p y g g g g y ” e The ad tion of one Of the ex istin Euro ean i ioms for in e . tilst d . op g p d t r national intercourse as atin was use once amon the learne and , L d g d , F rench amon i lomats and courtiers is also im on i le for two o g d p , p b p wer ful reasons national riva lr and the innumera le difi culties that the stu , y b dy Of all mo ern lan ua es resen s e en in on irre ularities im er ec d g g p t , d p d g g , p f ns and ncun ruities of all in s tio i g k d . F i nall in 1879 after t ent ears of reliminar stu ies of a l r e y, , w y y p y d a g num er of lan ua es ohann M artin Schle e r a oman atholic ries b g g , J y , R C p t of onstance in a e n u lishe an outline of a lo ical ell arran e C B d , p b d g , w g d and e tremel sim le s ste m of internationa l lan ua e hich e name x y p y g g , w h d Vola ik and hich i s fa ir to ecome hat the na me in icates pi , w b d b w d , a ” n he or Not h t ever entere the n la guage Of t w ld . t at i d mi d Of the wildest enthusiast that Vola piik would ever displace a single one Of the i ioms now existin the o nl o ect Of its inve ntor ein to furnis a d g , y bj b g h lan e easil learne nd ca a le of ex ressin all in s of i eas t guag , y d a p b p g k d d wi h ss s n o the social commercia l and n l clearne and preci io . f r , i tel ectual inter course o in f mank d . It is useless to even refer to the immense advantages that would accrue to the me rchant the traveler the scientist and to all see ers afte r , , k info ma ion if such a l n ua e ere foun satisfactor enou h to i su r t , a g g w d y g n re

ts u e s a o tion hat “1 . Schl er has succeeded immeas ra l i niv r al d p . T ey u b y bet than an of his re ecessors an one who examines the structure ter y p d , y o la iik must a mit and that it is sufi cien t for the uses to hich it l VO p d , w may be put has bee n abundantly proved by the phe nome nal rapidity with hich it has s rea to e ver corner of the lo e since it rst e an to w p d y g b , fi b g s a tention i 1884 I s n erf t O a attract univer a l t n . t i ot p ec , f course , nd obj ec

tiona ma be ustl ur e a ainst some Of its rules and metho s but in its y j y g d g d , essential features it is a n ingenious and practical solution of a very dim cul t problem . committee of the mer ican Philoso hical Societ a ointe for A A p y , pp d t he ur ose of investi atin the claims of V ola fi k has recentl su mitte p p g g p , y b d . ' its re ort st tin hat in the committee s o inion an international p , a g w , p ,

lan ua e shoul be and how far Vola u meets these re uirements . The g g d , p k q committee arrived in the main at the followin g conclusions

1 T . . he orthography should be absolutely phonetic

2 Ever letter in it shoul al a s have the sa me soun . . y d w y d 3 his soun sho l be one common to all the lea in . T d u d d g A ryan lan

4 Di h o s i ra hs n d ou le consonants shoul all be . th n a mi p g , d g p d b d o tted as m in islead g . 5 The mea nin shoul never e en on the tone accent uantit of . g d d p d , , q y f the vo els nor risin and falli inflections o voice . w , g ng

0. The vo els should be limite to the five ure vo e ls a e i O w d p w , , , , u onounce s in talian and all im ure or mo i e vo e l s un pr d a I , p d fi d w o ds sh ul be o d discarded .

7 . In the consonantal scheme all utturals as irates lis s and , g , p , p

nasals and li e ise all ou le consonants]Soun s shoul find no M e . , k w d b d , d p 8 he shoul be mar s even the cromin ofthe t an . T re d no diacritical k , g d th in Of he i shoul be lish e dott g t d abo ed .

9. The committee estimates that at least 1000 or s are common ith w d , w sli ht variations of s ellin and soun to En lish re nch talian and g p g d , g , F , I S anish and shoul form the roun or of the orl -lan ua oca p , d g dw k w d g ge v

The committee fi nds that Volapiik measures up to the requirement in

Nos. 1 2 4 5 7 and 9 s sho t N 3 and 8 reaso e but fall r in os . 6 n Of th , , , , , , , by “ a o tion of the mo i e vo els i 6 ii and here lies erha s the d p d fi d w , , , p p " u o Vo It oweve at reatest fa lt f la iilt . will be foun h r th the hole g p d , , w structure of the la “ med th entor rests on the r ngnags, Pre by e inv , eguls r _ 7 _

“ on of the vowels and that for this ur ose five vo els woul be , p p , w d entirel insufi cient The difi culties of ronu ciation arisin from the y . p n , g use of the so-calle erman Umlauts are more i ma inar than real and d G g y , . al ho h it oul be ette r if their use coul have een is ense ith t ug w d b d b d p d w , it remains to be seen whether some other principle of construction can be the international con ress hich the committee ro oses to devised by g , w p p ' call for the ur ose ofierin more a vanta es ith fe er difi culties. p p , g d g w w The committee furthe r fi nds that the Volapiik grammar meets gener its re uirements for sim licit ein without irre ularities or ex ally q p y , b g g ’ s n hich n be maste re in a few hours stu here is ception a d one w ca d dy . T trou le over en ers eclensions com arisons or co ations all no b g d , d , p niug are sim le uniform and re ular . But and here the committee stri es p , g k what at first sight appears as the greatest mista ke of the inventor in “ ” irect conflict ith hat the universal lan ua e must and shoul be d w w g g d , the inflections are s nthetic instea of as is the tren of moder r y , d , d n wo d uil in anal tic his o ection has ee n ma e over b d g , y . T bj b d and over aga in ' “ lin uists a nd hilolo ists but as Prof. Kerckhofis sa s an atten i by g p g , y , t ve study of the grammar convinced me that a form less synthetic would

‘ have conaiderabl au mente the difiiculties and this o ection is at bot y g d , bj lausi le a we - f un e The ana l tica l tom more p b th n ll o d d . y form of our mo ern lan ua es is the ro uct not of a certain en en o h d g g p d , t d cy f t e mind to ar s this or that exterior form of thou ht but a sim l e is lacemen t w d g , p d p of the tonic accent or to s ea more clearl of the loss of the intensit , , p k y , y ” of the secon ar in favor of the rinci al accent d y p p . It is to be regretted that the inventor has permitted himsel f to ma ke such sli s as the formation of the ca r ina l numerals ex rea in multi les p d , p g p of ten a in the lura l si n to the units instead ol a s ec al sufi x , by dd g p g , by p i which is oth illo ical in theor a nd a ar in ractice and that b g y wkw d p , he has reproduced in the vocabulary many of the incongruities and

o er man wordo formation and i iomatic ex e anomalies f G d pressions . Th Vola ilr ca em ho ever institute the international Vola iik pi A d y , w . d by p ess at M un ich in u ust 887 at hich re rmeu tives l Congr A g 1 , w p ta from al arts ofthe orl ere resent has the o er to reme al l shortcomin s p w d w p , p w dy g of this in and some mo i cations have in ee een ma e alrea k d , d fi , d d , b d dy by s f ess The mai hin e f the deci ion o this Congr . n t g for th success o the movement is that the decisions rendered by this supreme tribunal shall he W ed universally as the fi nal settlement of disputed (im am It is ostimated th at over one million people are now studying this la n ua e in G erman ustria rance ain Ital Rumia e e n g g y , A , F , Sp , y , , Sw d , De nm ar ollan el ium G rea t rita in ria Arabia ina out k , H d , B g , B , Sy , , Ch , S h an d e ntral merica and ithin the last six mont s the U nite States. C A , , w h , d at un er suc circumsta nces al l fla s ill be easil detecwd and sim Th d h w w y , p ’ lifications su este and eflected is but natural as ell as desirabb . gg d , , w

o rof. Kemlrhotfs of aris in a a tin the lan ua e for use in rance in P P , d p g g g F , troduced uite a number ofc an es ten in to ar reater sim licit and q h g , d g w d g p y ease of a lication ic ave aine eneral a roval even outsi e of pp , wh h h g d g pp d

France. The present book has been pre pared on the basis of the second edition ' - of the Vola iilt ilfsbuc b rof. Kirchhofl of the Universit of Halls p H h y P y , but with w mtant re ference to all the principal publish ed works of ot er aut ors a nd the methods of rof. Kerckhoflis and th F rench h h , P e J sc ool ave been substitute for the ori inal enever the seeme h h d g , wh y d to be rea l improvements or be more strictly in accordance with the s n te nal on u It is a leasure to find tha requirement of a in rnatio t g e . p t ' r hh fl imself in his fourt e ition ic came to an f. Ki c o Pro h , h d , wh h h d e the reater art of t is boo was rinwd has c a n e his wh n g p h k p , h g d T s own book in e ntire conformity with the French p ractice . he need of English learners h ave constantly been lcept in view and re ferences to ot r lan es avoi e no ot er accom lis ment t an a fair no led e he guag d d , h p h h k w g of the rudiments of English grammar being necessary for thorough ly h 1 14 5 un erst n in the rules ere lai o n . a ter 2 18 and 1 are d a d g d d w Ch p , , e l new ntire y . The vocabulary contains upward s of 1200of the most freque ntly oc currin wor s inclu in all of t ose use in the e ercises. It is recom g d , d g h d x men e in stu in t at a itional e ercises be ma e u from the wor s d d , dy g, h dd x d p d in the vocabular and translate into En lis and after a r s retrans y d g h , w d V b o late into ola iilt it out reference if ossi le to the v ca bular . If d p , w h , p , y the eman s oul arrant it a secon boo containin rea in e ercises d d h d w , d k g d g x ial corres ondence ill be ublis e as ell as a com lete and commerc p w p h d , w p

ic o ar for w the materia l is alrea re are . d ti n y , hich dy p p d

LINDERF ELT. ‘ The only sounds used in V olapuk that are somewhat

il o he E n lis lan ua e are the owels o and u. un fam iar .t t g h g g v F or the guid an ce of th ose who have never h eard them pro noun ced the followin ints are iven , g h g To m ake the sound of o onounce the En lis word , pr g h earl t en com m ence ron ouncin the sa me word but sto , h p g , p after the vowel without soun ding the ri. To m ake the sound of u onoun ce a lon d awn out as , pr g r , t en otrude the li s a little fa t e as if e a in to h pr p r h r , pr p r g

w istle and tr to onoun ce the same soun d . h , y pr

v Q ” , W r w v v

a. in are G e man a f ( r ) . fur (G erman French u in plums (G erman some times heard in the American pros no ciation ofpopul a r when sounded near l if w i ten o ilar y as r t p pp . O onsonan ts are onounced as in En lis it the x C pr g h , w h e cep tion of c h an d z w ic e ui e s ecial attention as follo , , j , h h r q r p , ws

ame in Vola k . n n N pii Pro unciatio . be (volapiik 0) English b P3 P de ti

ts t

vs 1:

as s j e (shay ) sh cs (j ay) j in j ust me (ksay) a: in box 2 ze tsa ts G e m ( y ) ( r an z) . In the unive sal al abet const ucted b the in en r ph , r y v tor, the e are ten ot e si ns used to d esi nate soun d e li r h r g , g s p cu ar to one or the other of the existing languages : (2English a in all it En lis ih rr S anis rr in Sie ra do it en c na ; g h ; p h r , Fr h sal m n En lis n f G e man s a as en in , 7! g h g r h rp _1 Fr ch j e G e man h a En i h j ; q r c ; gl sh c . — ' Nor a M r . Schl er originally adopted it for ex pressing the soun d of the G er an h n d su liS its l h G reek 8 i i a s s r C t m c a ace t e r t a e . At he eneral pp p b p , g ' — Vola trk con ress el in M unic Au . 6 9 1 7 the im racticabilit of t is p g , h d g , , y h n otation was reco nize h was restore to its old wer an su stituted for the g d . d q b

G erman ch. The vernacular form of M unich there ore en use in Vola k is , wh d pii , ‘ ' Man es not Mes hes as e ore and eat is ritten hit not tl as at fi rst . g , , b f ; h w , , _ 1 1 _

n silent l ette s an di s There are o r d no phthong . Each let ter must be pronounced clearly and sharply with its own

rO er soun d . Neil n i t is t e e fo e onounced as dis p p , gh , h r r pr a

- - syllable: vie it (nay eat) . Eve s llable is lon and the accent is l in ry y g, p aced variably h ll abl of F on t e last s e the wo d . at fat e is t e efo e y r , h r, h r r onoun ced as at akt not like the En lis wo d at a pr f (f , g h r f ) ; j m, ’ fat e s as atd awh dos t at as dds dubs not like the h r , f (f ) ; , h , ( , n G erms due) . The oman al habet is the onl one used in intin and R p y pr g, the En lis in itin The lette s a 0 ii we e and r som w . a e e g h r g r , , r , tim es et in ted an d itten a 0 alt ou it would y , pr wr , , 11 , h gh seem as if the form adopted for these new signs is not Th l the best one that migh t have been devised . e capital et te s of t ese are eit e A 0 or the same as the ot e r h h r , , ii, h r l i e o m en a ed in s z . f r , rg

CHAPTER I.

Volapiik uses neither the defin ite nor the indefinite arti cle The indefinite onoun sembal some one ma be used . pr , , y if pa rticular stress is to be laid on the indefi niteness : ogaob

evali nbal Is all e t a o se som e o se or anot er . j w , h g h r , h r h T e are fou cases distin uis ed b case endin s w ic h re r , g h y g , h h

me for all classes of wo ds en declin ed . T ese are the sa r , wh h cases are the

Sub e tive fo med b the oot itself j c , r y r , Pum ice fo med b addin a , r y g , Duti s indi ect ob ective fo med b addin 0 e , ( r j ) , r y g ,

Altern ative di ect o ective fo med b addin i. , ( r bj ) , r y g i n a T The plural is formed n all words by addi g . he de clension of a substantive is therefore as follows

smc uu a PLURA L

t he f s Subj . fat the father fa s t ather ’ ’ t he fa e s a s he fat e s Poss . fs c t th r j m t h r o e f a for e t Da t. fate to (f r) th ather f tes to ( ) th fa hers i th f t e ati he fat e us . rtt e a s t s A cc f h r f h r .

or a —Since t ere are in En l ish virtual l onl two cases e ec t in a few N h g y y . x s t omes necessa r to ca reful l istin uis et e a we in an m noun i ec r , b y y d g h wh h sen te nce is the sub ac t the irect ob t or the in irec t o ect in or er to a it d . d bj . d res s n in Vola lt e ossessiv i the ro er ex fi e case a l a s ein an h s. p p p p . p w y b g ’ " " ote the d iflere nee for insta nce et een the o er of the ma n in the N o sen N . . b w p w te nces : st ud the man awe a n d send the ma n his book the re osition to or or ein . p p j b g o t The f r n n ften omitted from the in iree object. o mer sente ce i Volapiilt would be

M uta nt, tha la tter ssdoidd m ne bttu omtk.

The ocative is fo med as in En li b in the sub v r , g sh , y us g ective case ene all wit the inter ection O ecedin it j , g r y h j pr g , and an ex clamation mark following : Mans obik ! or 0 m s chik M men ! , y Prepositions are followed invariably by the subjective

ora — h is is in accor ance it the usa e smo the F rench Volu tikists N T d w h g p . Schleyer made a n exception in favor of some 18 p as as the accusa tive case enever t e ex was a motion in a it til ion t us in . wh h y : h mak t nc et een in s in the sch l and ta uti in th h :s is i tio oo to e sc ool . g d b w i . j T undoubted y will appea r as a necessity to a person accustomed to the G erman i i ms but is unna tural to a F renchman or an En lis man and racticall d o , g h . p y uselenss.

Words in the possessive case are generally placed after the o e nin noun g v r g .

V B OCA ULARY .

binom (he) is and card gods! gardner dog (dobs) dos fat fathe r mam (mah n) man oil child j ut school iabom ( he ) has j ulei scholar bull: book can ( soh n ) son

' netf knife dome at hom e lob praise a ( before vowels lobom (he) praises 11 ( before vowels

’ loh om (he) belongs it (before vowels al to (motion towards) R I I EXE C SE . 8 bi m . . 2. F no u i F mot. inom a i at . at e binoms 1 . B h d k g d k i 5 N i l m d 6 Do m b 4 Oil la om bu . . a f éno a ele . . ana inom leti . h k g g g lt .

7 ule]labom bu is e neifia. 8. o oma aonis mans tnarkthe diflfs . J k L h , ( re nce

s Lob ms sons mani . 9. oise l noms m if it : o é ote cilas. 10 read ) B . F at l l a h ms in binom domo ed i mot. l . J u el ino ad ud in ul. 12. g j 0 fat, s neifa lénoms sone gadels .

l The raise of the fat er is rea t. 2. The boo s of the sc olars . p h g k h are '

He raises the r ner s so 4. The ife belo 3. a ns. n n s to th good . p g d k g e ia

r nd mot er it also belon s to the sons. 5 . 0 mot er the me the a h ; g h , n are '

6 e ave n ives and hooks also. 7 . The ar ner s a bad ! . Th y h k g d f ther has . ’ 8 The ’ s o . sc the mother d g. holars are in the garden and have the man s ’ ' s 9. The ar ner s sons are at ome or in the fat er s ar en . 10 dog . g d h h g d . l n to he en 1 r ' h r ise the The books be o g t m . 1 . Fathe and mot e pra gard ’ 2. The sc a ve b s in sc ool . nsr a children . 1 holar ha the ook h

CHAPTER II.

The conj ugation of a verb is effected by affixing the per n h nd of he L bo sonal pronou s at t e e t verb stem. o m, he prai “ ” “ " s ins is lite all aise he om si nif in h se , for tance, r y pr , g y g e . “ ” om the em of he e b ave w ic in Vola iik be Fr st t v r h , h h p “l ‘ comes lab b eason of the a e sion to the sound at e l , y r v r exis in in the c of m an nations are t us de ived t g spee h y , h r the following forms :

labob Ihave (ob I) labobs we have ( 068 we) label thou hast (oi thou) labels y e have (ole y e ) labom he om he labours t e ave ems t e has ( ) h y h ( h y ,

masc . )

o he tobo a t e ave : t e fem . ( f s ) j h y h (of h y , ) lobes it has ( 08 it) ia bons you ha ve ( ans y ou) Iabon one has (on one)

Nor a - The English 011 having usurpe the f un ction s of oth th ou a nd “ " d b e o serve t a t in V0£ ill: one re resen ts a olite ou w et er a resse to y . b h p p p y . h h dd d ' one or more ersons l the " ou of famil iar intercourse to on e erson a nd on to p . o y p f u tful va l ue a n d mi t a l he t o or more m ons. The om is o ever o o s el w p p . h w . d b gh w liah usage havi amply demonstrated tha t one form of a dd ress l b d t ut ivin offense to a n one t ou kee in oy to every o . ho g g y h gh g a a rp di l uetico betrw en t e singn lar at a n d the pl ura l ois is in dis pensa b e to was t t clearneas. At the Vola tik con ress in Munic it eci e o iscoura e he p g h , d d d d g use of the form in one.

In Vola iik as in En lis t e e are no en de s e ce t p , g h , h r g r , x p h n in am where there is a n atural distinction of sex . T e e d g i ed w en h sub ect is of the masculin e the common s us , h t e j , , m udilc net binom udik h n e as at bino . or t e neuter ge d r, f g , ] g The endin s o an d o s ave efe en ce e clusivel to females g f f h r r x y , l mots o o Th endin as is sed onl en mot a b t a. e u w as qf, bj g y h h ub ect is im e sonal or neut al as binos udik it is well t e s j p r r g , ’ ‘ “ ni os it is snowin mbin binos Iconiim to be will in is to be f g, g ” w owe Th endin on denotes an indefi nit able , ill is p r . e g e

son or e sons as the sub ect as sa on t e sa it is said . per p r j , g h y y ,

The infi n itive en din is on as labbn to ave. g , h The negation ( no not) is generally placed before the verb; “ ” “ ” has not is t e efo e no labmn . Do not etc . he h r r , , d b the sim le ne ation wit the o e fo m of is expresse y p g , h pr p r r l : no he does not o no lo oba we the principa verb golom g , g ’ don t see.

CHAPTER III.

The wo d w ic e esses the fundamen tal o r , h h xpr idea f a large rou of wo ds belon in to et e as de ivatives is as r l g p r g g g h r r , a u e monos llabic as tid or a consi tin a l y , y g, s gof vowe en closed be o Th m tween two c nsonants. e sa e root is used as the stem of the co es ondin ve b the infiniti e of w i i f rr p g r , v h ch s ormed by adding on ; while the n oun indicating the person who e fo ms the action desi nated b the ve b is fo m d b p r r g y r , r e y adding the suffi x cl

tid teaching yag the hunt kulc kitchen tidbnf teach yagon to hunt When to cook tidal teach er yagel hunter Icukel the cook

ora — The en in at is the En lis er the l etter r ein as usual in Vol a iik N d g g h , b g, p ,

an e for l e . bit eer in or er to facilitate its ron un ciati n for t os ex ch g d ( . 3 b ), d p o h e eo le who like the C inese eit er can not articulate an r at all or d o so wit p p , h , h , h diffi cul ty .

Noun s denoting fem ales are formed from the m asculine by prefix ing j l'

' stdg stag gisttig hind gok cock jigolc hen fit male fish jifit female fi sh can son jison daughter pal boy iipul girl tidal teacher jitidel iemale teach er vobel laborer jivobel laboring woman

or a —Before the Munic con ress there was a secon feminin e form use N h g , d d , he refi x o a en ein use wit eit er refix J i was distinguished by t p f h ph b g d h h p . e to esi nate hat a fema 0 ein is nature or has ecome marria e employ d d g w b g by b by g ,

the callin omce or occu tion of a woman . or t t she is unmarrie of to show g, ha d ’ - - ir teac er wif - tdel female t ul oun ri e a ul l s e o t eac er. asj i p y g b d . rp g h , f h “o ever the F renc Vola ukists wh This istinction was never acce t h , y h , o d p w b ° - - h far f rme all feminines reflxin o z o ul instea of ut. ave so o d by p g f fp , d 7 p 17

Soms feminine nouns of frequen t occurrence have a fo m d e ived f om a oot inde endent of the co es ondi r , r r r p rr p ng masculine

vom woman mot moth er (jim n ) (fife ! ) All adj ectives are formed by adding ii: to the correspond ‘ in noun or sometimes lik mk or sik w en a d ifieren tia g , ( , , , h tion of meaning requires more than one adjective from the

sa me root) . gird goodness 0m m health you youth gudik good sawnik sound ywnik young yunlik youthful Adj ectives can be changed into nouns by adding the ’ ersonal endin as udikal the ood one samakat a e l p g d , g g , h a thy e son or the neutra l as as udibos the ood eve p r , , g g ( rything e f d . If indis nsable or clea ness t e ma en goo ) p r , h y y th receive

’ the feminine prefix j imaltidikel a sick woman . The adj ectives ( a nd n umerals) are regularly placed er t eir n oun followin the in ci le t at the cfi h , g pr p h essen tial the incidental and in t is osition precedes , h p are not de

lin d in En lis . If oweve s ecial em a i i o c e , as g h , h r, p ph s s s t be on the ad ective it is laced be ore the noun laid j , p f it mod i fies and eceives t en the same endin s as its noun 0 r h g , . g. o elo udilc ood unte s udiks a els soon unte s y g g g h r , g y g h r , u ’ yagcla gudik or g dilca yagda a good hunter s . An adjective its noun m a also be declin in o de after y ed , r r to preven t em uit if i is se a ated from the noun b a n umbe big y , t p r y r of in i terven ng words.

Ponouns are declined in the same manne as non r r “, a ectiv es nd n umerals : dj a , as for instance 18

In addition to the e sonal onouns enumera p r pr , ted on a e 14 t e e is also a e e ive ronoun for the t i d r p g , h r r fl x p h r pe son oh oks e essed in En lis b addi n s ell to h , , , xpr g h y g t e e ula e sonal onoun : (isa om eke he said to imself r g r p r pr g h , meb d he said to him so o else . It m ust be (iisagmumne , y ) “ ” “ ” “ l w eneve him her or t em efe e em p oyed , h r , h r rs to th am s n who is the sub ect of the sentence and onl 8 per o j , v

th en . The possemive pronouns are formed from the personal n he ad i e ndin e are sub ect e by aflix i g t ject v e g ik. Th y j to th as ad ec i es an d are as follows sa me rules j t v ,

obsik our olsik your omikhis or its muslin their (if not female own ers exclusively are indicated ) ofik hers qfsik their (denoting females) ’ ’ onik one s (some one s) onsik your ( in polite address) obi): his or her own (reflexive) oksik their own (reflexive)

In order to avoid too frequent repetition ofwords ending is allowable oweve to use the ossessive case of in ih, it , h r, p sonal on ouns instead of the co es ondin osses the per pr , rr p g p instead of tidd olik udik ou sive pron oun . Thus, g y r good teac e it is bette to say tidal ola gudik; instead of 15m h r , r c u f e ei wn oo " e bet e M ob i/ g d k they lov th r (o ) g d teach r, t r The demonstrative and relative pronouns can receive e feminine en din o and the n eutral as w en n e th g f, , h cessary o ess the mean in un mistakabl but ot e i e h t expr g y , h rw s t e simple form is used for all genders

at at at this th Incl who, which clef this woman clef kclof ates this thing ates e tel the on it self ot the sam ; e (only as noun) . “ F or the ambiguity of the English sentence the mother " is entleman w om ou ave seen for instance we of th g , h y h , .

in Vola iik met able at keli clo ol or krlo do el. have p , g fi g The ending a of the possessive case serves also to m ound wo ds w e e the En lis lan ua e e ne all uses co p r , h r g h g g g r y o d ectivel as knkanet kitc en knife inlabuk sc ool a n un a j y , f h , h ’ k Vela iilc wo ld wo ld s lan ua e. bec , p r ( r ) g g The comparative degree is formed by affi xing the ending

um the su e lative im and ad ve bs b addin 0 . ese , p r , r y g Th din s ma be attac ed to substantives and a tici les as en g y h p r p , well as to adjectives :

apolbl sparing goddamn better grrdik mm b tts M ummore span ng (in 1 gauge “ gudikuno best spaIBliin most sparing (in the best manner)

The n i of the nume als all end in l an can be de u ts r , d ned in he usual wa if necessa but can neve ive cli t y , ry , r rece the plural en ding a: bat one tel two til three fol four tut fi ve mid six eel seven fol eight sill nine m m were The multiples with te n are the plurals of these l t l n ilo i t tc bo a te n a c twe t k t e . , y , h r y , AB L VOC U ARY . tim time masel master jenik beautiful is here lif life as there lilc w ole doof out of f o le h , , r m bled brother sis since (preposition ) bil beer sisosince ( conjunction ) till et com oom neg s , y r plwm ore ibo for ( conjunction) a n stoic sto of o k tha ry ( a. h use) vin wine lope ahove 116k uncle lopilc upper il n e illin is want sibin on to be i v ii b w g, w h , , ex st mekon make disc below u d spat walk (for p l eas re) isik lower r s at nucleon take iv n i e spawn o p , g e g v a walk doab dollar del day male mark (G erman money) adde today fidiin eat Ice Ice befo e anot e 0 wit vilike willin l i ( r h r ) h g y , w th pleasure

‘ d belief fait ail ea kle , h p p kledfin believe apod apple liken think biln pear a i a b bad a i be t k h ppy , lessed n ev l bal ed age badlilcbad b ledik ol d deb deb a t, guilt kat cat si y es bum building (the act) malddik sick bamol building ( erected) smolik small bil/men build mod/ill: much, many — 21

E ER I I X C SE II.

’ ’ I m nilt u lila l li 2 e b il o k. ilt om i Y ou binom ti fi . l ol l t l ne l . j B d ti l g p u lta a K k i n ko s c . ha n . u e c l ku m viua u i udikum ilru it vi i 8. fi h k p g ka j hel ial l l 6 h s s u a . 4 . d ob it ilof me o s e letik k o s o J i lo i v kfi de p ti g e c M) mot lsilt .

Xi tosi eli lo on l d me om an c h ilr 6 le hu ou a e m i eat . i ad , k g , k . B d l l s lt um o mota at e i o ol i binom letl its ti n . 7 . Sis els tel l o us in , k g , g k d og h ad iltati ledik adela olsilr ko ha kil ilk 8 “ hd ts m . Dom eli human g j g . . k

ael bumom ohe s lahotn ce mis mbdikutn ha oli ibo in sto disik o v um , k , k lul k s binoms in st l i ce ms o nlik n J iso leti i ed o o f l sm utu ab ii ilts . 9 n g k p k , j ti ein olsik ke lofe dom et lonom iv f deahis kil obe e doahi ba t l blmle d , , g o J

kik 10. F idohs ilik m o is ab l b uis l l li y u o . u o a i iltiino fi . . te emu v p d , v d d s 2 n y n ni um labour badlikio ehi . 1 . ans at blooms e u lik ab no et k M g . c.

T 1 . he reatest of evils is the uilt. 2. lesse are t e who believe g g B d h y . 8 We take a walk to a it our la teac er ose brot er ou thou . d y w h dy h , wh h y ( )

see over t ere . 4. I ive her the bea utiful books t at ic be lon to h g , h (wh h ) g 6 is 5 . Ihear t at our oun er sister is sic . . Y es it five a vs her . since , h y y g k ; d

l o e a oin to o to sc ool 7 . aun h the inva id st pp d (m y ) g g ( g ) h . My t as th ree small male dogs and one female ; two of these dogs she wants to give

t 8. T itc en is in the to u er ost s or to our h un er. he k h p ( pp m ) t y of th at ouse not in the lo er fat e r has his room above odr old unc le be lo h , w ; h , w .

9 e s es to ea toda t is entail ar e n room 10. His mot r i t in . r . h w h y h g d Ou tre n d buildiu maste r oes not ant to buil a sc ool a architect ( . g ) d w d h ga in

in his ole life . l l . Pea sou our female coo coo s t he heat but she wh p ( ) k k ,

m e t Ira n rl she o a it ill n ike to a i . oes t m e i l 1 2. does not l k ( d n k w g y) . I

t a e a wal toda for I a ve not the time . do no t k k y , h

CHAPTER IV .

A question is indicated by addin g to the verb the in ter o i e s la le li a com an ied b a en and alwa s r gat v yl b , c p y hyph y placed in front.

or a l a t e first a nd thir e rson at that ‘ is so t a t r t N . h d p U me hnes pl ced af e he but itho t receivi t c nt as n on-M is he ? m : w u ng he ac e . o In sentences commencing with interrogative pronouns or ad verbs (who ? what? why how the syllable bi is o m i d ec a tte as unn ess ry .

If the s ub ect of the sentence is a noun it eced es the j , pr ve b cont a to the En lis usa e as at li-bsfmm udik? r , r ry g h g , f g is the fat e ood It he ues io s ould in no ve b h r g t q t n h conta r , the (i is oined to the inci al wo d as li- Kdrl f a les ? j pr p r , Ch r li- si a lim o? Y es or No

The same syllable without hy phen is employed for the fo mation of man inte o ative ad ectives and dve bs ia r y rr g j a r , stead of bio how w ic ma also be used inde enden l , , h h y p t y wit ad tives or ad ve bs as h jec r ,

miido much (ad verb) limodo how much ntédilc m uch ad man limbdikhow muc how man ( j ) , y h , y fag distance (in place) lifagik how far distant ? fi iden future hfiidenik how n ear (in tim e) 800 0 henn a how soon liglmfk how large

“ ” W en how stands alone as an inte ro ative wit out h r g , h bein followed b an ad ective or ad ve b M 0 is d instead g y j r , use of bio as l e binbs ? how is it ? , ik

Diminutivw often used as te ms of endea men t are , r r , fo med b afiixin it as an inte al a t of the oot mot l r y g gr p r r , as i little mot e mot e dea blukil b ooklet Ka rla h r ( h r r) , r , Charley .

A d iminutive wit the associated id ea of infe io i , h r r ty or

' opposite efieet of exalting the person or thing ex the o i inal o as r g w rd ,

24

AB VOC ULARY .

isik situated here be (as health) vol world . beloved hasten to cost until: new

so so

amokfin to smoke

r - man M on in abit dwell in y h , an on 1621) hap piness be pleasing ldbik happy vedbit become

be obabl I su ose in pr y, pp ( do b i u t ng questions etc. )

R V EXE CISE I .

dilt - n bed ? i o stad ol bs u l c li no i as! o lofik? s. g , g L k ,

- o - ls coc e c l ? 3 Li v ilol a atou a elo 7. 4. tem i b h ; li . p d S l inom

- Ki buts obilt binoms ? 6 . Li lo ols evs li et eli evalel op g j , k j ' M o i- o t i a els ? 8 n ls l ms o e n in . ibl 7 . ite plid p y g J ods olilt ' mo h s luh t s udi n al gliig. 9. Kibp le n ati e a i g kti in zit isik ? fid 1 Me l dik u oms ? 1 . ns imo pfilroms vola lobom modiltfino?

tt on o ? es o? Whodoes li le book bol g to y u Y or n 2. not c ? 3 Does not the teac er raise e i hurch . h p th ndustry of

How much cmts your new hat? 5. It costs six or seven - a n n n ve y cavalry men h ve ? 7 . A a i a ry beaut iful girl and so wom an l ; her s s er a ie also Isu os 8 a ie ? no She is l n i t e ? . 0 ! u a d M gg , pp M gg g y

o w s 0 he Ira n -fl b old oman i h. T ea e in m s d . t r is tt beco e and o o w h ge g ( . ) ; y u hear the t un er ? 10 We eee i rch— on he s o o (ye ) h d . s x bi nests t tree f y ur ' th uncle s ar e n and one on e on the bush 11 Does our f ( y ) g d y d r . . y a o rs r ci are ttes ? 1 h in li Is be ther sm ke ciga o g 2. W at appinm i ha ppie r who live. in a alace or he who lives in a co a e ? p , tt g

HAPTER V C .

h of a ve b e ce t the esent oi the ac ive All t e tenses r , x p pr t ice are fo med b vowel efi es namel m , r y pr x , y Present Bfob Ilove filofob Iloved Present perfect elbfob Ihave lov ed

‘ Past perfiect iléj ab Ihad loved F uture owfob Ishall love Future perfect uliifob Ishall have loved

The same vowel prefixes are used to express the various sta es of the s nd the futu e in ad ve bs d enotin time g pa t a r r g , a serving to indicate the present 3161 year godd morning elo b the ea odalom the mornin mo nin s y y y r g g, r g oydo this year agfidelo this morning iigiidelo y esterday m orn ing eyelo y ear before last 696c day before y esterday morn ing iyelo three years ago igbdd o three morn ings ago 031610 next year ogiidelo tomorrow morn ing eyelo year after next ugiiddo day after tomorrow morning nn re used : and mont ri eek dd In the same ma er a h , g w , da w ide! noon biizendd fo enoon orendd aiternoon vandal y , , r , p ,

even in ueit ni t etc . g, gh , ’ The endings for the diflerent persons are the personal

onouns as l e d s ted on a e 14. pr , a r a y ta p g

Ad e bs of lace w en t e e ess motion eceive v r p , h h y xpr , r the ossessiv ase en din a to deno e motion rom an d the p e c g t f , accusative- case endin i to denote motion toward g , as

is here isa hence isi hither a t ence usi s there use. h thither biop where biopa whence Hopi whith er

The same phrases may be expressed by the prepositions do and oi: da is f om e e al is to t is lace i r h r , h p , wh ch is the onl fo m e mitted b the enc Vola ki y r p r y Fr h pti sts.

The interrogative adverbs beginning with hi change this s llable to feel w en t e are used as elati es in a bordi y , h h y r v su nate clause as kio lode! w e e do ou live but zi kclo , p h r y f p lodol the city where y ou live ; fat oma kitip iikomom? when

' did his father come but do! kcliip fat amik iikomom they day his fat e came h r .

Non . is relative form l s also re ecte Vola uld sts of the F rench sc hool Th j d by p . w s he in attve in al ositions or su lant th it co un ns ho u e t terro l em ctio . g p , pp w h nj

i l lette s a o u sed onl in o e now n o ad Cap ta r r y pr p r , t

e ti es and in the be in nin of a sentence . j c v , g g

VO B CA ULARY .

’ ’ term ed great master Icomon come poed poem soout of (denoting source) pab butterfly lupab caterpillar Dent G erman y stew soon deutik G erman some as soon as dcutel a G erman plo (pie before an 0 ) for F lewFrance bold waiter

eatik enc blin n b in take fl Fr h o r g, to flood Frenchman j oviko at once

team s! a Russian

’ milagim ad mire can when (conjunctive

diincl domestic servant lufat stepfather pir pyramid smacem chamber

J osis Switzerland oomal oun lad Miss veizd a Swiss y g y , j mound humanity (all cob work mankind)

E E E V X RCIS .

- l ethe hinom ed obinom lemasel oeda deutik. 2 le oli i e . G o p . B d k l mil a bumis l fi nik in l c s gom gliiga ej F ent, Deut e Lu a , veo ati vom us ? 8.

- kia le s l Dfi nan li igivom hu bumamase ? 4. No, o ; ab ogivom omi

mis 5 - s m it o . . Li e ris A n 8 ome m u u eto lo ols i ii a a ? . Si vo . g g p g p , miil elo obs omis esa on das hinoms bamota baledikiin moun s , g ; g , d .

- 7. k li om ii vols l li Ki n or Do n e t Vulapii oved p k b k ? 8. op ( ma o

tools ? Kio i or Al kio olola ? 9. Se lu ab eli filo ol a e lo in od p ( p) g p , k g d g ' o e some u ohsik h m su 10. J ib e l o not f viho lu fi ol hel a ovedo no. bt bli , p , k om l l D ne] o a etom n vi o ma is ot u iii lo oh ukukom i. . u J h n og g k j x p v - oltilt 19. uc s letik no li olufidoms fitis ohnilr 7 . S k g o 1 . E t sa s e ro otus was the lan oft e E tians gyp , y H d , d h gyp . 8. The ou td serva n t has bought fish today for e igh t dollars ; the mother has told me so he - l tra w l l l i 8 r e . as Th f se f h o t to me . e R ss ( t d ) . u ians will prefer m ten the renc codes the G er am beer . 4. ere has th , F h , Wh e great post live om ll man in a min s ? 5 Th Rumi w a . e zm d , h k d d had given me ex ’ fa ll n a . ste t er s ce e t cig rettes 6 . My p h house in two stories had nine

rooms ei t c ambers and a itc en . 7 . As soon as ou a e , gh h k h y h v come (ye s all ave come Is all ive outhe t ree books of m uncle 8 h h ) , h g y h y . . The i e bro t m brot er ine for ic e t an w a t r ugh y h w , wh h h h ked him and went

9. The renc ave also had reat oets. 10. The E (away) . F h h g p gyptian Che o e has built the reatm rami . 11 . He has not come et becau p g py d y , se he 12 e m lura l m ne m . Th i o e a has not had ti e. Sw (p ) wh w w d y before yel

M APTER VI.

The pauive voice is derived from the eom ponding ac i a in th tive form by prefi x ng a p, or p e and in fin itive

to be loved

Iam loved

Iwas loved Ih ave been loved Ihad been loved Ishall be loved Ish all have been loved

9 b h en es of the ve b bison to be and the assive y t e proper t s r , p tici l o he in i al ve b as par p e f t pr c p r , to be honm d being honored Iam honored

Iwas honored

I have been honored obinob Ishall be honored

‘ ” The e osition b i accom anies the assive pr p y , wh ch p p voice is t ansl ated b a en i se ves to d enote the act , r y f , wh t r in e son and b dub u w en it can be exchan g p r , y ( thro gh) , h “ ” ged for by m eans of : paw/mmfa nqflcn obik he was woun ded b his en em ii dub os he was info med b y y , p numom p ed r y l etter .

In the bina n umbe s the l eced es the smaller ry r , arger pr , wit an an be een h e, d, tw

balsebal eleven telscj ol twentyflour balsetel twelve vdscmdl seventysix balsdcil thirteen ziilssziil ninetynine

’ mm hundred mil thousand bahon million tettum twohundred lulsmil fifty thousand whe n billion

The prefix as always signifies the Opposite of the origi nal o d as gi w r ,

flan friend ncjlcn enemy be! mountain nebd valley modiks many labbn ave nelabon do wit out lack h h .

' kibo fortunately nebibo un fortunate ly

If the o i inal wo d commences wit an e the c in m is r g r h . omi tted , as dosome on e nek no one

evdo ever vwvelo n ever egelo always negate at n o time

“ ” When the to used i h n infi ni i , w t a t ve, can be exchan “ ” “ ed for in order to for to in dialectic usa e it is r g , g , en “ ” d ered b al : homeb at sa bu ole Icome to for to tell ou y g ( ) y . “ The sam e idea is often expressed in English by for the pur ” “ ose of followed b a artici le : for the ur ose of tellin p , y p p p p g o ” y u .

B A VOCA UL RY .

nk shoe d eatin m eal i fi g, fro of dc m , zib food skit leather te only dlin a drink mat m arriage diin ou to d rink motel husban d milig milk j cmatel wife utter n n i h miley b a w t out (prep. ) “ mit meat nendas without that with bod bread out (followed by a pre pom fruit sent participle) dilp hour yuf help kanbn be able 1 se bn insure mak ( f , e sure penon write vihod v ictory ened letter vikodon con uer i p q , w n a ton tone victory toned sound f'wno'n kill tu too pug battle

' lovik low gedla'nim drive back (go- back) tbbo hardly tal earth

_ 32 _

ever thin he has har l re a to eat for hich reason hel y g ; d y b d , w p must be

rou h im 10. nl a few houses coul be uilt this b g t h . O y d b year in our great ci hich is now inha ite 82354 eo le tr a n rl m t . en . 1 B the y , w b d by p p ( ) 1, y R m a s ill al a s be referre tor su er traw l umia . evenin meal w w y p d pp ( g ) , ' 8 e rench. 1 o th o s but hardly by the F . T d ay w rld h nguage is al ready spoken by more than some people .

CHAPTER m .

The imperative mode is formed by adding the ending ad or to ex rm a stron com mand mode and , , p g ) a mild m ua t ( optative mod e ) 63 :

’ givolod give ( sing ) giuomod he shall give i lur imb d le us i e gwolsbd g ve (p . ) g ab t g v

' gimfiiz do give gioolos please give From every numeml a noun can be formed by cl and a verb b addin rm as , y g ,

' tale! combination of tdon to d ouble a , wm air man to treble t , p

' luld s thin s com osed airia to uad ru le , g p j q p of fi ves

The cardinal n umbers are changed into ordinals din g id, as

baleekflid thirwenth

From thwe ordinal n umbers the corresponding ad verbs ormed in the usual wa b addin 0 are f y , y g

balido firstl in the first kilido thirdl y , y — 33

Iterative n umerals are formed from both card inal an d o i l n umbers b addin the en din no or no as rd na , y g g ,

balm once tdsidm the twen tieth time

balana ten time s ”laidno for the twentieth time

rom these a ain corres ondin ad ectives are formed F g p g j , n lik as by addi g , balsmtlik taking place ten times dm ua m tmwidnalik repetition for the hundredth time

in the word dd art as a sufi x fractional d By us g , p , , eno re formed from the card inal numbers minators a , as foldil quarter M ile three twentieths

or m—When tn Volu ll k wor formations a com ination of consona N . p d , b nts s w ic is iffic ult to ronounce th e constituen t arts a s a rate as ulu h h d p . p re ep d occ ion ' i r la tion ul lm e for the sa ke of e i n all y by the nte po . n bony . as, for nsta ce. m an ’ ins tea i c d l o n in the a ove exa m le o t la l: h s el t tin es insta l l of ot-nu etc. b p , d j g , j , im e b hour is e ressed b usin the words lob T , y , xp y g g clo k or dii hour and minute minutes as c , p , , “ ” miil m or ten literall on lok or du mdltd or du e ( , y ) g , p , p ’ ’ ‘ six o clock dii Mir! 6 la k or dit s tel e la k or dii tel mtil ; p fi , p fi , pa

l half ast t o. a minute ki o, p w

VOOABUBARY .

li it mome tint m nt (dimin . of ) timilo for a littl e while bl i main tbin re , stay

country ing of asserting) qfen often loomi el fi hter cham ion Melo America p g , p p bomiphn to fight 34

sat sufiiciency visit a visit sate en ough visitiin to visit satiin suffi ce be en ou h la the half , g f

’ hinn d which in order ? yelatum cen tury (yd y ear I{laden read an d tum hundred )

' ma dtk ri e m ature la instead of p , p

E ER I E VII X C S .

- 1. Binosod l M en alik sa omoz velati. 2. Sa olsiid obe valikosi li g g , ke r ms l l k elilo s. 3 Solats vali ko n i o iid an ima i o lo fatan 4. Vil l l . k p p . o fis bli i ilo k iblod obsikl 5 Edelo no laboh timi in os b n t m o . a dii eli ii j , b y p v d e 6 e oli en nedi f . F s f b das e o a e t ln 7 oldils kil . o a zii a. i l o , p b y p . F6g vo os,

li 8 Deli kimid iilabobs a elo? or Del kimid bi if tupob o ! . d ii nos adelo ? b or J in s ilseb li 10 I i o k a d . n ti t 9 Ana el» kilse alidi b . xn o solats i u . b j toms 1 m . 12 Lilad n balsnalik no no siito . No fidol iilse elidno. 1 od j v o g pomi, ibo balido no nog binom madik e telido no binol saunik.

Norm—Use l etters instea of fi ures for all ola uk n um ers in the exercises , d g . V p b .

must n o c ri 2 h r e sol ie rs t la foo an . e a d n . M a 1 . T b v d k d d k ny cities the secon ime 3 h l i il r. I e fo t . ave a re told have be n bu t d . ady h m a hun

red times that he ill et no thanks from an one traw l . he ill d , w g y ( w be h I m h lia n r is. 4 t ust be ou t a ntl than ked by no o e ) fo t . f g v y for the na

n r 5 . In the secon half of this centur the erman tive cou t y . d y G s have con uere thrice in the ear 1864 in the ear 1866 and in the q d y , . y years l 1870 and 71 . 6 . Ishal not bu the house in the cit ecause in the r y y , b fi st l e i costs 24000 ollars and in the sec n Ishall not remain here p ac t d , o d in a e hich da in order is it to- da ? 8 W What d t (w y ) y . hat ’ ‘ ' i e h l is i 4 tra hs lfi hich hour i e it ? . at o c oc t n or er s tim is . W k ( W d i lr P it ? 9 It is a uarter ast e leven a ea . 10. lease sta et a hil ) . q p dy y y w e and assure us that ou will come to ine to the noon a -meal , y d ( d y )

- to m rro ou do not visit us often enou h. 1 . Par on me I cannot o w ; y g 1 d , to a for we have a reat hare hunt but Ishall call on ou ee after d y , g , y w k 12 i e this irl two ves instea of a te n ! e t . G v n x . g fi d CHAPTER VIII.

The subjun ctive or potential m ode is expressed by at tachin at the end of the indicative forms the s llable J a g y , e ed b a h hen and unaccentuated like the interro pr ced y yp , ' - I is l i gative syllable lt . t used on y n subordinate clauses e x in d oubt uncertain ] indecision or a su osition c on press g , y , pp trary to fact logom he sees logovwla (that) he may see ii om—la that he mi t should i og ( ) gh , see

conditional mod e endin in ov is used in rin A , g , the p clause e ressin the conclusion of a ro sition whi h cipal , xp g p po c “ " o fact and indicated in En lish or is contrary t , g by would “ ” ' ’ should : lemobtiv atasi if labob-la mom I should buy this mon While th r m if Ihad the ey . e g a matical form of such ssions m uires the ast tense the refer either he expre q p , y to t

ent or future time . In Vola iik therefore an o pres p , , y ne of t tenses is e uall ustified but the sa me te nse mus hese q y j , t be em lo ed in both the rinci al and the subordinate clause p y p p , he latter enerall bein introd uced if or oin in t g y g by y, , j , Thus the example used above may be either

lcmobiie b d r , {fla ob a moml o

Simil rl in a sentence of this nature referrin a y , g to leted ast time either the erfect or the st e p p , p pa p rfect tense ma be em lo ed thou h onl the l tter is used in En y p y , g y a g lish :

' b at b~ or elemo ov ost, if slabo la moat,

[ should have ht this had I had the mone . boug , y 36

here is also in Vola fik a d urative mod e si nif T p , g ying continued action and sometimes call ed the aoris I t. t is ex

’ pressed by addin g an t to the usual tense prefi x in both the active and the assive voice usin at for p , g the present tense of the active voice and ma be used al , y so with other parts of speech :

gonob Irun oiiifob Ishall love

' ai ouch Irun continuall otlé ob y y , f Ishall love forever Iam in the habit of paléfoma they are loved running pallafoms they are alwavs Iwent loved Iused to go aibonedcl regular customer

The durative mode shoul d therefore alwa s be em , , y lo ed in a sen nce statin a eneral truth : en aibim m p y te , g g p h d A m indikum ko glcf the pen is mightier than t e swor . e re l its use as a matter of course: no n gation p c udes , n alwa s o to school never no e e does ot , golom cycl a! jut h y g , (

i e The present durative prefi x at:is added to relat v pro i h the same m eanin as the En lish nouns and adverbs, w t g g s hatsoever atkelii v - oever : d ike! whoever a ikelo w , ever, s , p

tc . whenever, e

w s of the same kind batik simple a ' loof wo kinds telik twofold wéu t it hundred fold turmoil: of a hundred kinds

tributlve numerals are formed by using an indepeu. o e res ective words as sch) bef re th p , tw each two b wo a. teiid each second ever a td o , y t , y

a ulna. twice each second

tum a hundr each b the hund red a ed , y

VOCABULARY . earn the honor dat so that

' stimiin to honor gfilod pleas ure not n ation teat theater p08 after (of time) duniin do o o after ards thereu on bala d un ion p s w , p

' ni ed harmon ious vobon to work bala dik u t ,

otiit hun er 3am ex am le instance p g p , mlum thirst G od G od sot sentence {is as sw mon comprehen d w ald o everv day suo‘milc in telligible 6 6 both and miko of r kav cellar d rinkin sho m cou se , g p toned length Ica vamasel host lonedbn lengthen ini in to lmwdik long man m on ey lonedotimo long ago glut glass Nelij England bowl cup ( bov platter) ndij el Englishman wwdal on. forbid

E E E V I X RCIS I I .

1 K mi ls lan n li is ms a n ets v li 2 Pos ib o ir ii k a ti o f a . . h i . pe p m k vo a non

i mi 8. is i d s so 4 De tels b ledi t k e n l . u ii k i lino s pfitfi e fi k K i a fi ol po . ii d m

ini m ik 5 s l s m - l mi. v . . t in t ha i dat i ue l a o N I od Se at om ii o o 6 . o i b k , ik mom l nedoti om - l unmikosi l un n o ii 6 6 v o mo if no ilab a t a o ? 7 . G lob v , d anam o ea - ms i i al t t if la oh la timi. 8 . Sta s uto ov a tum a elo f k , b g pu y , a e ls idletoms- l 9 A lulid solatas t no bo eltum y g a gudikumo. . pe u m. i t _ 3g _

f no T l m fi u me de mil . 10. on et i o a cl bs a l ( ue. i p s o vslilr. 11 . Nets et e ibinorns liibi n els ibinoms ba kfi fi lsd ik. 12. Aikelii i lo o a ailo ohs . k p g b , g m in u is gud a G a .

1 . shoul ma e m letter lon er but the lon est letters are not al I d k y g , g a s the est 2 H e is the est coo as thirst is the est h . un r ost . 3. w y b g b k , b She oul o eve r da to the theater ith he r female frien she w d g y y w ( ) d , if

h d mone as e ll ime th mone a nd time . 4 th s a y W as t (bo y ) . By ou ands the e ne mies oul com e into our c oun tr if we shoul not con uer. 5 Of w d y , d q . i t tri le course shoul o to the cit t had no or to do. 6. M I d g y , I p w k y frie n tol me that e ve r thir a le of the lar est a letree in his d d , y d pp g pp o i h the e re e . t s (fruit gard n we n t y et rip 7 . W greate t pleasure I should v is it our uncle e re he if he ere at home . 8 . The En lish al a s y , w ( w ) g w y h tl uch 9 I oul be an honor to the love t e truth grea y (m ) . . t w d brave to T ussians re in r 10. he a the h i die (be killed ) for the count y . R ab t of

rin in tea in out of re lam the mericans in cu s . 11 . The o s d k g ( , ) g , A p b y live in inha it the rooms of the reat house hich has ee n uilt near ( b ) g , w b b s 1 l hat hi o h r sch l e n e c h 2. G od for t n w ul ha t ei oo e in a . e , v ( ) T g d v een ver fine but it coul not he ! b y , d

TE I CHAP R X .

The endin for all artici les both active and a sive g p p , p s , is at attached immed iatel after the verb stem and b re , y ; y p he n i l n be form d m fi xing t proper te se s gns , particip es ca e fro all he tenses and also from all the ersons b insertin he t , p y g t re er ersonal endin in the usual lace as : p p p g p ,

' great giving cyenol going to happen cyclol having gone pagiobl being given e io iven havin bee p y ol g , g n wen t given

40

oatukmn oh: hewashes lofoma okis they (men ) love himself themselves

vat'ilkof old she washes lbfofs okis they (women ) love herself them selves ‘ watukof ofi she has washed aifogivon oki n qikulo one for ’ her (someon e else) gives one s self easily ” i l i When m self etc . s m em has zes the sub ect of y , , p y p j he clause it is tran slated b it self: o olob it Ishall o m t , y g g y

lf litds it avilo s 0373the ladies them selves wan ted it. se , f “ The reciprocal pronoun is balvotik on e the other each

’ er: looma bal votiki the love each other cisa oms bal 'votilce oth f y , g said to each other or the adverb balcoto m a be used they , y o h ositions in b t p .

N out M r. S hle er an d m n G n k s ex ess the refl x ive action . c y a y erma Volapii ist r e b a in 01: as a suflix to al l erson s or in te olatin t between the stem an d y dd g p , the erson al en in : loobok or lookob in stesrpof lo obi loomsok or l okoms p d g f f , ] ; f of . stead of looms cm his is a sim licit however that is har l a sim lifica f . T p y , , d y p pn io .

LA VOCABU RY .

town to turn ca non to woun d

zit around diblekiin to break as un der xa b axis baniin bathe sol sun flum river oin machine lak lake

' mafou move ml vicin ity

’ stem steam m lu close by a on to strike nilik near fl p , m m han d nilbn approach

’ savo'n save mlel neighbor n k he side of on sumo ta e fen by t , amnion smile j ol shore owl sea

nwmon to count out water min le di k d ifferent migon mix (reflex. g ) fi

’ dalebim to be in need stun astonishment

voniko form erly , before sugiv task ka iifon un ders nd be on be ra p ta g g, p y

E E SE X RCI IX .

1 T l nl m in u e te lse fol xii x ab okik ed in dels kiltu . a t o d p m mfilselul s

foldil h sol . 2. ine et amufoms dub ste m . 8 ( Zina al zii C p . vobel obsik l a nom 5 e fla an nam . 4. Sa m chi aike ! Esedo pom okl vo od . k . f penedi lt 6 Ksmfilom it en fis ob ome dss ok moms o . o no ke la il o. v vo p , ag , g adelo. m ho delidik numon e fun lis e ltum e e vun l 7 . At ebino vi d ; p o v p ois modi

u i 8. Blinol d flene obik li ti emhl a elo nen k m ka telm l . fi g pel d dible kon e 9 E che o is els ol in flum ad in In k kc om e o . . au sons l , b g b b b d j ni s la 10 Ia n mel ol at flumas mi om oki kc at mela l l obsik. . a v v j g . . Logolod l e 12 Kl ob th e s l e l a us mani dalebo malidik l . dd , o ad ts elogoms holvo ti i niko k vd .

1 i e as the ea h the sun also turns ou its is . rt ar n ax . 2. L k ( ) , d Cooked h 8 The meat is healthier t an uncooked . . conquered ene mies approached ou r 4 ine mixed ith ate r il l be h hie r count y . . W w w w ealt r for you; I i m self 5 r chin m rien e me his h ta e t . . oa f av n h k y A pp g , y d g a d wit out

s ea in . 6 . The nearest nei h ors do not un erstan each other he p k g g b d d re , s n s M e use the iffere t lan a e . 7 f n sa e i beca y pea k d gu g . y ri d v d h mselffrom

out of the ate r . 8 . Do not athe ours e lves to a in the sea ! 9 ( w b (y ) d y . ’

y eo le do o or ell . 10 on uerin one s se lf is the Need p p n t w k w . C q g g reat est ictor but also the most ifficult tas . 11 . The astonishmen t of h v y , d k t e

eo le was reat hen the saw those save near the shore . 12. N p p g , w y d ot all h river water mingles with t e w ater of the sea . CHAPTER X .

‘ Words in Vola tik consist of roots com oun ds and p , p d e rivatives .

The roots which enerall are nouns ronouns re~ , g y , p , p . ositions or con unctions are formed from words to be p j , m et with in various e istin lan ua es rinci all En lish x g g g , p p y g , rench and G erman but chan ed an d modified to suit he F , g t e d o m r n e s f a un iversal s eech. Thé nu erals howeve ha e p , , v n ind n a epe den t origin .

In com oun ds the word whi h in En li h i sed s an p , c g s s u a ad ective is in ola uk also l aced in fron t but in the e j V p p , p e si e case and alw o d he modifi e r The ses v a s in to t d . , y j e pa t modif in word can also be e chan ed for a true ad ecti e y g x g j v , by taking advan tage of the facility with which adj ectives can be formed from all nouns

‘ ‘ bled brother blodaloj or lb]blodfik brother love

’ flwm river flumavat or eatfimmk river water ml world volapiik universal language sola iika tidel tidal vola iika or tide! vola él ci teacher of h p , p p l k t e un v r i e sal language .

Nor a Com a n s of more than two com nen t arts shoul be e —It . m d p d avoid d r s has been p opo e to substitute t as a con nec g vo el . he n the mo ifier te rea l l d “ w w " d the ob ect not the ossessor for insta nce mother love woul he ma nte j . p . d l ’ mate a moth r s l v or " - t t l e o e, W W 16]a mo ove for a mother.

D erivatives are formed from radicals either by means of suffi es or re fi es some of which are used for the forma x p x , tion of whole classes of words such as verbs ad ectives , , j ,

etc. and ha e alread bee e lained in the reced in . , v y n xp p g 43,

Many prefi xes are derived from indepe nd ent radical ords b contraction as w y , gist greatness flea friend glqflen bosom friend zela del holiday glewla dcl grea t holiday smal smallness bet mountain snmbel hill

m wa love crossin ss y y g g, pa The names of the seasons are compounds with rim time 110! flower flotatim spring

' hitanm summer

' flak fruit flubattm autumn mf snow ngfatim winter

The names of the months are derived from the numer als b addin at from mid month related to mm moon . y g ( , ) balnl J an uary velul J uly (slut February jotai August Hut March zillul September fO‘td April balm! October haul May bedsrbahd November 17t J un e balsad td Decembe r The names of the day s of the week are also derived he numerals b addin dd da an d insertin an u t , y g y g buliidel Sunday laliidel Thursday

' tclildel Monday molfi dd Friday Wilde! Tuesday WW Saturday foliidel Wednesday — Nor a The na mes of bod! mouths and days of the week we re nall y ° rive from mo ifie forms or the or inar na mes: auul fe h nl sul a nl d d d d y y . . . p . n ul un ul ulul utul setnl otn l . novol . d ekul : m lac l mundcl roe e l ay . . . m . . . . d . - vendc]. M e l . ldc l . £ 11c

rom the names of the da s of the week ad verbs are F y , derived in the sual b addin 0 ectives b addi u way y g , adj y ng _44 _

baludelo on Sun da Sunda s y , y

‘ ( ibal iidelo last Sun day obaliidelo n ext Sunday

’ baliidehk belonging to Sunday

rom he n um erals are also deri ed some musical term F t v s, by affi x ing iim an d iif baliim solo ba llif fi rst ( 0) teliim duet teliif secon d (d )

’ folum quartet foliif fourth (f)

' j blum octet j éliif octave ( c)

The n ames of the sciences en d in as :

god G od godav theology git la w (in a bstracto) gitav j urispruden ce media m edicin e medin as m edical science tik thought tikav l ogik ta l earth talus geology let reatness size lotov m athematics g g , g n ot n ature n a tav n atural science min min eral minus min eralogy plan plan t planav botan y n im an im al n imov zoology p ills language pfiikav philology

A few sciences h owever retain their reco nized n ames , , g ,

‘ with sli ht alteration s as loso hiloso h lsiod h si s g , fi p p p y , fi p y c , n atural hiloso h kiem chemistr p p y , y . The en ding (il sign ifi es an abstract m ental quality or disposition

tik thou ht t-ikal min d s irit g , p leap head kapiil intelligence ufiix es ed and run like the En lish -ion si nif a The s , g , g y

certain action or condition : ml earth talcd geography la b having l obed possession

' tile thought tika m reflect-ion glet greatness glotum in crease

n indiliin divide nin dila m division

u l cro s lo cm look lukd o am view l k a s , g g

rnin side or di e rin The prefi x fa indicates a tu g a sapp a g. and fé is the English for olon o e olon ass awa erish g g f g p y , p dra on lead edzt on mislead seduce g f g ,

‘ gebbn use fegebon consum e

' giuria give fogivon forgive getbn get fiigeton forget The prefi x da completes the m eaning of the radical word and calls special atten tion to the result

' yetim get dagetiin obtain

’ tileba think datikon reason out

two a fi n d datumin ven tion

tuv discovery datzwon d iscover vestiges in vestigate duvestigon ex plore

ABULA Y VOC R .

nout o n kalon c lculate h n t any , o a

i br i a. diil in permit as 8a m. ( ab ev ated o l begin. beginning f r examp e holed calen der 116 un til sotik other do although segun according to tr itik christian 46

' nemim ll name m' owder to ca , p p fountain sin zelado in truth certainl g , y bepenon d escribe 7mm a n umber

out over, along like]condition bet moun tain m lemo in general belem moun tain range

' dabaltk separate n ifon to snow plofed professor gla d ice

’ aim un iversity gladaguk skates

' lutpul iib understanding

’ lu a el half a ear semeste r lokon to luck ick f y y , p p , p batilda f ll ab oun t Ea rl first o a g C , studbn to study lieg weal th sta b basis liegik rich

’ stabilc thorough Nugun Hungary

’ diilon allow ermit o overt , p p f p y fl ed need pofilc poor slip sleep tiftheft

' lebohk only (adj ) silicon seek

' gim gun geilik high

sx s scrss x

l Vi nonilr fe olom ne n voh: e teludelo e l ulfidelo l a a o . g g bob v bfi n in

' ad kiliidelo folfide lo miiludelo e veliide lo vo c he de mo to ba l de lo e g ; , , b , fi ’

leaeladelo iilos o es t ked u 2. Y el a uindilom in el atims f l g paid b a ti . p y o e yela

tim ali in mule kil . 3. Nifatim be inom kc e in ba lsete lula oletim k k g b g , fi o Ni la m al kilul hitatim komfilul flukatim ko ziilul . 4. ndi k edik inom votik , . b , le aika lob h timi sis mil l l telseb ulid fi z lu n s . ita u u l e ibo segun ha d s a . j t l e ili do hit ofe n vedom letik a in miilulavi s a li e atom vedom linka k d , g y g b d 5 Pulum st de l s ni e rik kanitom n u in i ik n in l l . u a v s f tim y a i beg ati o a.

obslk ba i kclus hi b lumnka nite l u i . 6 . ale be enom ta li e , nmn a g d k T d p vestigom likofi nuilr e tala valemo e lanes dabalik; tala v binom stab tale d . M n obik ivom ome di a 0 daveatigom kodis likiifa omilt 7 . ot fle a eg l

— 48

llied to liin lan d is the en din an em lo ed in he A , , g , p y t designations of the larger parts of the countries which have received Volapiik names differing from those ordinarly used Oim n China Bagiin Bavaria Tiil( an ) Italy Saxiin Saxony

Spam, Spain Jlesun Silesia

’ Belgicin Belgium Tiim n Thuringia

The n ames for the directions of the compass en d in a d noliid north lefi ld east suliid south vesiid west

The endin for the names of animals is fre uen tl g q y , thou h n ot alwa s o : oxa fox but le m onke g y , f f f , p y . rom dil hour is obtained the endin u which F p, , g p, designates time hf life lzfup lifetim e not a change votiip change of time The ending om d enotes implem en ts dam house domom household goods gad garden gudom garden tool fed fi eld feilom agricultural im plemen t h endin b ns ers to the - ness of En lish words T e g f a w g , an d denotes abstract ideas fact a savage foetof wildness

' flen frien d flen éf friendliness The en dings ug and of are in general the English - ship flen friend flm iig friendship a b Earl abe earlshi count g g f p, y The ending udel signifies on e who occupies a certain grade a l r cla bal dai a scho a in the first ss,

u h d cl s c. td del sc olar in the secon as , et — 49

The prefix 96 is English back or re

ve an to ourn e eve on to ourne back return g j y g g j y , ' o l sagon say gesagon. t rep y

The refi di is En lish asun der dis or d e p x g ,

blelc a break dibleko'n to break to pieces stuk construction d'istulctin destroy

B VOCA ULARY .

m: ni neither fut foot cal ilea on the whole futel walker lupin rapin e futelon go afoot nim animal salmon extend sak sack ouch Icolwn colon , p y “ a nik som e an la bel volcan o fi re- m , y fi ( oun " polab error tain ) seistan lie be situated bu k recedin , fi p g kam a plain met m eter abu on the con trary sot'inw sometimes pakbn to spread foginel foreign er veitilc wide kin n realm em r a , pi e tudwnon exaggerate vobmt acquire da during lovemel'ilc situated across the sea

' Id iron dwmlc active lclod railway fiman mainland meditbn m edi te refle t ninliid in b ta , c el ha itant mated wedding dan ii than ks to

’ pag v illage vciyelo every y ear ( va derived taim clay from out totality teldib man y a 50

EXERCISE XI

e s u f afs sibinoms valiko la i 1 . In alo ui l i ox nanims nonik n T p p , p , ab i talad ils votik no sibiuoms sakanims lfi an iks ne modik in M e p lop. 2. erlin lezif De nts seistom in la m noliideutik De uta noliidlk 8 B , g , ( ) . . d e rlin Le i i a s Ste ttin se istc m noliile fiido c z bu uliivesiido. 4 f B , p g . Li iip me nus li-e ved om lonedikum in elatum obsik 5 F eiléms nol e y . fim lopik ms e n dikn m ka uts ulo elas 6 inos oluh e bino mod g y p . B p p pakfil veiti s - o m N ko das Keli e istom la n liidiku o ka oliideut. 7 . F oetiif fikO , j pel as

of n . s talopelas petudunom e 8 . Otfivobs in hitatim yela at 111 gabef

G lats bele malau onik lesiina . 9. Kiludels e eve oms dub lclo abu , j J g g d , teludels ii efnteloms. 10. ato disa om : artha e mutom adistulr n g C g C g p o . m el a lelods v li 12 1 ot m lto a o f a . el e S t 1 . V e ms iip pe d k. B par a binoms

mode ge ililtnm ka uts Sar i na .

The reat merican mountain ra n es exten in north-so h l . g A g d ( ) ut erly

- irection the siatic east wester l . 2. The hi hest mountains of (d ) , A y g the m ri re l n s 8 The ca ita Cordllleras of South A e ca a vo ca oe . . p l of Bavaria o e hat o S a 600 4 I 500 mete rs a v the son t f in . . n is situated b , p October of

e ear 1492 olum us iscovere morim . 5 . han s to he th y , C b d d A T k t friend s o our th uncle foun a lace to hi e in the near lines f y ( y ) , I d p d est ca fe

e d eather of ester a . 6 The scholars sometimes during th ba w y d y . answer

wba l a re? thout reflectin . 7 On the evenin the teacher ( ) wi g . g before in in man a G erman cit and villa e househol wars o the wedd g , y y g , d f clay

l ro t e ore he ho oo 8 . and glass is sti l b ken ( opieces ) b f t use d r. The Thurin s is isited e er ear cro s of forei ners tra w l gian fore t v v y y by wd g ( . very 9 e s h ners . The incr a e of t e colonial oa sio many fore ig ) . p es ns of the

s since the rece in centur is astonishin . 10 Th Engli h p d g y g . e German em ire has ac uire its lar est ossession across the sea in East fr p q d g p A ica. ’ 11 tal s V esuvius is the onl active volcano of the Euro ean ma . I y y p inland . fr ina has more inha itants than the hole of om ]. entire Bum 12. Ch b w ) ps . PTE CHA R XII.

The order of words in Volapiik may be varied consider ably without inpairing the intelligibility of a se nten ce . Still there is a certain se uence ord inaril observed a devi , q y , ation from which should onl be mad e for s ecial ur oses y p p p ,

such eu hon em hasizin a certain word etc. The as p y , p g , fun dam ental rule is that those words which e ress the , xp general or essential ideas in a sen tence precede t hose which

s i l incidental or subordinate . This im lies as a li are pec a , p pp cations :

d ectives o sessive d e onstrative n in 1 . A s m a d definite j , p . pron ouns an d all n umerals take their places after the nouns lif If two ad ec ive should come o e h r u . t s t t e they q a y j g . one ma be laced before an d the other after the noun 01 y p , 88 0906

’ i s s mod ki mfi j bmk Ihave seen many beautiful cities .

The sub ect is alwa s laced before the verb in all 2. j y p

kinds of sentences even the interro ative . , g

b r ic a 3. O jects and p ed ates follow the verb; negative nd in erro ative word s recede it t g p .

The differen ob ects follo i th ord er of eir im 4. t j w n e th portance : the direct obj ect precedes the indirect ( unless the latter consists of a single pronoun and the former is very lon an d ad verbs e ressin tim e follow immediatel afte r g) , xp g y

' the verb as e r ome Ihave ive n it to him d m o e n. , gi ob ost g , se o f m ?hods o i e n s e om o b k h often se d mon y to his cousin .

6 . ubo ina lauses no introd uced b th unc S rd te c , t y e conj “ ” ' tion that ma be la ed indifierentl after or before the , y p c y , , ‘ rinci al clau : t o t Pa olabob mom or can ola bob p p se odv b a ris ven , ‘ mom otdvob at Paris I o aris when have mone . , shall g to P I y 52

The same m ain rule operates also in the order of words indicatin d ates which is : ear m on th d a h ur m in g , y , , y , o , ute secon d as balmil bltum ijlsevel balsul teLsebalid du él e , , j j p j min uts kils vendela half past eight in the evening of October 21 Person l n m e re om imes ri s 188 . a a s a et w tten t, 7 s and si ned in the sam e wa the ba tism al n am es bein la g y , p g p ced after he surname Schle er J oha nn Ill artin t y .

' Word s of e i tin lan ua es whose form difi ers x s g g g , essen tially from the usages of V olapiik or preven ts the use of the ordinar in fi ection al endin s m ust be rovided for he y g , p , w n em lo ed in V ola iik in such m ann er as to recl p y p , p ude am bi uit as : g y ,

1 . Names of ersons an d laces for hich her is p p , w t e n o s ecial rovision mad e m ust be used in h ir r p p , t e ve nacular

form . heir ron oun ciation should it differ considerabl T p , y from their s ellin ma be in dicated b res ellin h p g, y v p g t em in Volapiik an d adding this as an explanation in parenthesis the fi rst time each n am e occurs in a paragraph : Humphry D é ' l avy ( D vi Omfri) . If the V o apiik alphabet is insuffi cien t for this ur ose the un iversal al habet is brou ht in o : p p , p g t use Se tia Ba h Ba bas n c ( g) .

2 The osses i e an d dati e case f . p s v v s o such proper n oun s ’ is form ed b the re osition s de an d al z de Anna An n s (11 y p p a , Maria o Mar t y .

The F r n is s NOTE . e ch V ol apn k t prefer to use these prepositions for all words in s ad of e case n n s te th e di g .

3 Should i n . t be ecessary to form a plural of n ouns alread en din in a sibilan t c s x or 2 it is done b y g , , j , , , y addin the usual lural si n recede b an a ostro he : g p g , p d y p p ’ ’ artn e s F bx s. B , The w s l lural able is used on all occasions where ord o, p ,

Sir Ma Es . M essrs etc In such con n s . the E glish ha , , q , , “ o es man add the o sessive ronoun necti ns as Y , y p s p “ ” v in er ec ion : ci 0 sol bik! he oh v and the vocati e t j t , o T ha ing disappeared from the every day con versation in almost all

o n n ua es however it seems a i o re insta e m d er la g g , , p ty t t it as the only form to be used ; an d it is better to say simply si 86! or si sol obik! In su erscri tions the dative case , , p p should be em lo ed : 618 G ra nt J ohn Stiles G ran t 0 En b p y 3 , , ( ut l J ohn o ohn G ran t without an A G rant t J , y As in d G m n it m a also be used in co o French an er a , y nn ecti n with “ ommon noun b wa of courtes siil bled olik our Mr a c y y y y .

her. The same remarks a l also to kid Mr brot pp y s , and ' vonuuMiss .

Ex pletive words and sentences are not reproduced in Vola iik as for instan ce p ,

“ ” Th e f of 1 . e us o in such expressions as the city of B ston which is translated sim l z Boston R a o , p y if . eg kioum

’ ' G leta bntiin or G lctabritanik the kin dom of G reat Britain ta t g , ' “ ” W win the s e f Wisco sin c A l wom tat o n et . ass o . g f wine

' ma be e ressed in the same m a nner tcit sin but is u ~ y xp , g ; su ’ “ ” liit vina or lrit de e mas in lish Win all En . e l y g g , g g ass is om ounded in the usual wa vimi wt or transl c p y , g , ated gliit l fo 01 via a g ass r wine. “ “ 2. here used in such e ressions as there T xp is, “ " are e . : sibi oms miidi zi s n: i there , tc n ks f gle ]in N dan there are ea e i ndi many gr t citi s n I a. “ ti on o 3. Repe ti f a verb by means of a form of do which is ver common in En lish s e h bu y g p ec , t not used in Volapiik : penal gudikwmo ka om ~y ou write better than he does Kim n otom kela san el lodo m? 0b who kn ows where a ; p ,

phy sician lives Id o. T he E n lish in terro ative re etition b an other erson g g p , y p , “ ” of the ux iliar erb or the sa m e ten se of do in ord er to a y v , ,

ex ress aston ishm e nt or in terest is ex ressed in V ola iik p , p p “ “ ‘ “ ” b li- t o? in deed lo ob omi in s ut Li- v0 Isaw him y A g . ” “ “ ” “ m Li- v0 in the street DID ou No m etavobomi do o. . y y “ ” ’ Ihave not e t foun d him at hom e Haven t v ou y . Interro ative re etition b the same erson usin n e a g p , y p , g g

i form for a ffi rm ati e an d v ice ersa in ord er to in vite t ve v , v , “ con fi rm ation is su lied b the ad erbial articles ba er , pp y v p p ” “ ” “ ha s or e before vowels ed certainl I resum e or p y ( y ) y , p “ ” by addin g after the sen tence li- n ovo? is it n ot really so ?

F a t olilc binom e domo or a t olik bin om domo li- n ovo our y f , y “ ' father is at h m e is he not 3 No lbdol ed is ? or n o lodol 7 s o , y , ’ li- n ovo ou don t live here do ou y , y n the other han d n o words are omitted or i n ored in O , g

V ola iik to be su lied from the con tex t. F or in stan ce p , pp , the in direct obj ect m ust alway s be put in the d ative case :

’ vipob ole deli gudzk I wish y ou (to y ou) a good day ; con jun ction s can n ever be omitted : lilob alas blod ofik okbmom odelo

Ihear her brother is comin to- m orrow si ibis ob- la us had g ,

Ibeen there .

The ad ectives mOdik m an a m uch an d n emodik a little j y , , , few are com ared in the usual wa but the ad verbs m?) , p y ; d( f£k) o a n d nemod( fik) o have d ouble comparatives an d super latives

modicamo or umo more m dikun o or un o m ost the sec l , o , ( on d forms are d erived from the en dings of d egree ) n emiidikwmo or la n mo less (lu in dimin utives) ; n emodfi

’ il n lwimo in the least at least k o or , .

56

E E SE X RCI XII .

1 F de nn memom das alo om l i k ot . at A a g ad pe l ol ko nulik satinaklot blfi ik e stolahat elibik ve n iiliinom in New or balmil oltum el g y , Y k j v ’ ' l 2 endish s Ka e nd eibino s s k l olid . av m iki in n N l ve u f . v e e i 8 C ( ii) j j a . . B n m l dik al is t u l m ti l i o n a ii i a i o i a 4. i ob t v o d o k v g . Logo]ye spiiris eu 5 Si s l chi e kl dob das binoms lu n bim et ? . ii ii u o balaclul . 6 . E enol , k ; p

- soles raun e Ko li novo ? 7 . N o SO] ab O enob a elo. 8 No o o B , , p d . g o - 9 s sols obsik 10 l be al ul odel li novo? . e i . . Sedoliid obe en i o j , L , k b sefol z oli das mili aken uklinom biifo oni f l m mili a é n i o ili i. g, , g p , g g 1 Penn sv lv nia binom mii o letikum ka re kin n 1 a Saxfin . 1 Tat a ii 2. . d g g Mens filaboms vono nedis nemiidik; ab neds e vips nulikas menas vedoms d dikum do iikanonov inon kotenik ko luum eliko mii , b .

’ 1 6 oh a . At o cloc in the mornin of the 2 t d of une 1888 m sister k g y J , , y , h i hr w o was orn in the cit of on on s t ee ears old . 2. It is fortu b y L d , y ’ nate there have not een man arren Hastin s s in n i 3 Dr Sam b y W g I d a . . . uel ohnson the cele rated author of the rst E n lish ictionar ie J , b fi g d y , d d ar 4 4 H e u h u in fr n l 5 in the e 178 . . a o o it our y v y (t ) v ed y ie d a ready ? . ’ Y es ma m have . 6 . Does he come to a 7 . Y es he will certain l , , I d y , y come to- ni ht and as soon as he has arrive shall ta e him alon to g , d I k g f ine fr m th lar s . 8 rin a ottle o o e cel a d se fou ine ee you . B g b w n t r w

h e n 9. a m so h rst h n glasses on t e table in the gard . I t i y t at I believe I ca rink a hole allon even of such ater as the cit of New rleans ives d w g w , y O g 1 h as s th l w 0. Sout the st te of ex i e re u ic M c o h h one . of a of exi o t ic T p b , 1 W is n cessar i it elon e once . 1 ater e n ever house for rin in b g d . y y d k g , washing and cooking ; the time will never come when we can do without 12 E r m n nee s his fellow-man ecause no ne can re it. . ve a o are y d , b p p l everything a one .

CHAPTER XIII.

n En lis nto V ola iik it should be In tra slating from g h i p , borne in mind that the latter is intended to be a universal

l n ua e and in conse uence En lish idioms and eculiar a g g , q , g p

i ies should not be re roduced if it can be avoided . Th t p , e want of a thorough an d detaile d Volapuk dictionary is to be e retted and until that s hall a ear i is im oss le o r g , pp , t p ib t shar l defi ne what is an d what is not ermissible nl a p y , p . O y few hin ts in addition to those alread stated n be , y , ca given for the uidance of the student with the ad vice in e f g , , cas o dou te c rdin to sense n o so n bt, to transla a co g , t u d

1 . When the En ish e ressions mi ht could e tc. are gl xp g , , , used in a sen ten ce n ot e ressin cond ition or uncertaint , xp g y ,

’ translatb them with the indicative m ode : mpob fl own Ishould

' kn o no conob sa im 018 I could no tell ou no li like to w, I g t y ,

’ okamol loomiin oddn f could you not come tomorrow? 2 Intransitive verbs m ust never be con u ated wi . j g th s be as auxiliar : ekinnob Iam come i olom h bi on, to , y , g e was

ne enaldimril bein arrived . go , g nl transitive verbs can receive the refle i e 3. O y x v oh t he has ed him jects: coa iihom obi wash self. Combinations

- n lish when used with intransitive verbs with self in E g , , are ified sub ects even if the a arentl have the ob ec intens j , y pp y j and are translated in all cases b it sel f: sinneh it tive form , y lf shiimam it he has om him m se c e self. Iwonder y , M n verbs used intransiti el in En lis . a v h are 4 y , y g , really refiexives and should be so translated : brm oha obis va ' b he ever da CIurrlca no m ova fiikom h rles dd c we at y y , y C a has e m b no hed t if hi self o i . t was y ( , ) ” The to before in fin itives must n ever be n 6. tra slated , “ ” “ ” unl i im lies or is e ressed as in ord er to for ess t p , xp , ( to in certain dialects when it is rendered b al : q i aob aw ) , y fi g p n

have for o ten to a kiimob at sa cm ole Icome o sa I g t p y , g t y to u yo . ions ve ose de . All re o it e n th rived from 6 p p s , nouns and en din in ii overn the ub e tive case as alread s g , g s j c , y tated : so w en amik in the com an of his frien d dann adh olik g fi p y , q f

thanks to y our kin dn ess .

Pre osi ion s an d all other arts of s eech which . t 7 p , p p , m a be used with various si nifi cations should be tran slated y g , so as to give the m ean in g as sim ply an d unmistakably as

ossible : dom en a ob'ik the house of m frien d ukob do p fi y , p flen obih I speak of ( con cern in g) m y frien d ; his bin os kod ‘ atoea how does that com e ? kiodobfino Ihave fi n ally com e to believe ; kisi desiinol ? what are y ou aimin g at ? ; plan a t

' glofom yadiko this plan t walks right alon g; ciflapoms balvot'iki they cam e to blows; disopen ol ( n ot pedisonepiil) the un der “ si ned which si n ifi es n ot the on e t has been si n ed g , g g ” “ ” “ below but he one who si n s below the und ersi n in , t g , g g

Th o i i n n un c ion s hich re uir 8. e re s t o s an d o e p p c j t , w q s ecial m ention are p ,

a is the En lish a er doab bal a a t 1 a foot. g , p f $ a b but in troducin an ex lanation while admittin , g p , g the truth of the statem en t con tained in the fi rst

clause : n o bin om anik ab saunik he is n ot oun y y g, i od but n go health.

sod bu introducin a correction of a hrase in the t, g p

’ fi r lause hich is itself d en ied n o binom brile st c , w

maludo k he is n o old bu in oor he l h dik sod t t a t . fi , p

as as in the ca acit of ukom as re he s eaks as kin , p y p g p g,

in his capacity of kin g.

as as like : ithom as re he s eaks like a kin as , p g p g, if he were a kin g.

bz ubefore in lace ahead of in front of. f ( p ) , ,

bu ii before in d e ree ahead of in ad van ce of. f ( g ) , , bii a before in time revious to f ( ) , p , da throu h a lace : da ot throu h the forest g p f g ,

dub throu h b m ean s of: dub net/1b hr h g , y t oug mis

fortun e .

a b d en otin the a e n t with assive verb j y , g g p s. m wi h b : tiivob me rab Itra el b w e t v a on . , y y g

de from of d en otin d irection or m aterial from , , g which.

(1 from des tint a t from this tim e o 83 n .

do of on re ardin : ukeh d?) ol Is eak of ou la ltu , , g g p p y , g ? it n r icl on oli i d ) bol a a t e p t cs.

' se from out of: komom se Pams he com es from , Paris .

if d en otin con dition or su osition if , g pp a if when the sam e as whether sa olod obe e , g ea oko

m . ll m e if he is c m in om te o g. la b n ear in the n ei hborhood of: Harlem la N y , , g ew Y rk H rlem b N ew Y ork o a y .

len at on d en otes rox imit : len ta b at the table , , p y ,

len n at the en d Kin ston- len -Hn dson Kin ston fi , g g

- - ou the Hudson .

u eside n ex t to : dom omik binom nebu oki h neb b , k is x m in house is n e t to e.

’ mil. at in the house of domn sol F lint a M r i do t . l n , F t s.

o s situa ion d ii me over, acr s ( t ) om ove s t the house across

the street.

a across d en otes m otion from on e oin ov , p t to another

do onom or }? ea t the do runs across the stree g g g t.

s f n ta b n it on on to o : e o the table . , , p

sue over m otion a bove : biid itom sus dom , fi a bird is i r he house fly ng ove t .

'

lo e over above situation lodO lo u. otek I li p , ( ) p p p ve bo e d ru re a v a g sto . a after behin d in lace p , ( p ).

os after behin d in time . p , ( ) ” The hrase o En l 9. p t speak g ish should be ren dered “ ” b iikon neli iko as En lish here is reall an ad erbi y p j , g y v al sion Instead of the endin fiko a sim le m expres . g p 0 ay also

’ e used neli o ento oola uko. Piik entik llk deutik b j , fl , p fl , p can also be e ressed with en ta iik the ren ch lan ua e denta xp fl p F g g , iik the G erman lan ua e an d from these words are f rm p g g , o ed enta ukbn deuta iikon to s eak ren ch G erman vola fikon fl p , p p F , , p to s eak the universal lan ua e etc p g g , .

Ker kh fi 10 Prof. c o s has ro osed for ado ion . p p pt the following con ven tional terms

* lidi sol ! ood - da ood - evenin etc sir l g , g y (g g, ) , 9 h o liko st adol . ow do y u d o? likofat olik stadom how is y our father ? stadolod beno farewell l

vola iikon the un iversal lan ua e is s oken here p g g p , bom dams kanoms pamekiin volapiiko orders received in the un iversal lan ua e g g , spodon volapiiko correspon den ce is carried on in the uni rsal lan ua e ve g g .

' dam thanks Ithan k ou ; y , danob milna thousan d than ks , sa olos obe lease tell m e tell me if ou lease g p ; , y p , ' L sol lb k S. . dear sir fi , ( ) , k 0 sneas w. 0 > m1

b ective case because the h rase shoul reall be itcom lete : receive m O j , p d y , p y

n u r tin . greeti g , Igive yo g ee g EXE RCISE XIII

S h lm 887 folul 80d tock o 1 .

s M il a kee Stile alter one u . W J , w m o 000 de s ls Le ro r me in z if olsik Egetobs boneda i d abas 2 o v e e o . J ' Bi leno sevobs siilis at e o s oli vcsti fi n va uitoms klodati modik , b g b g j ’ omo Pometobs iseo ole das o cbobs kautiko ni mis oli e lesa obs d . b g k , g ole das obinos filod letik lo obs an n duniin ni ole in z it s mik g g p k o dii ii .

Binobs diiuans oli divodikiin k ,

ind e H e L ag by .

M il au ee M a 26 1887 w k , y , . H Stoc holm M essrs Lind dz a eb . . g y , k I cannot give you any reliable information about the firm named in h oth l M essrs ero erome have a lar e St your letter of t e 3 u t. . L y J g ore on the principal street in the city ; but I k now nothing regarding s M r elm r in h their ecuniar re ources. a vise ou to rite . a ica o p y I d y w B C g , r l who has held commercial relations with them for seve a years. ho to be able m re f u on some other occasion I pe to be o use ul to y o .

ours most trul Y , y , alter J on W es.

CHAPTER XIV.

There are in English a large n umber of verbs which may be used as au iliaries and e correct transla ion o hi x , th t f w ch re uires som e attention b reason of the confusion e i i q , y x st ng in their a li i Su h are pp cat on . c

I. H E as an au iliar verb is re resen d AV , x y p te by the tense refi es as an inde endent verb ossess i p x ; p p ) , t is B n ux iliar verb u d i h h i i 2. E as a a se w t t e act ve vo ce , y . sign ifi es resen ce komob Iam comin n ow p g ,

' futurit = o okomob I am comin 1 11 the future y g ,

° intention = descinon z ddesanob kiimiin Iwas comin I g, intended to come when used to e ress assive form it is re resen ted b the xp p , p y refi ob v p x p paliif Iam lo ed . In eith r case ho e er binon m a be used with the e , w v , y

' ro er artici le as in En lish bin ob en ol I am writin p p p p , g p g i i buk binom papeniil the book s being wr tten . “ ” As inde en dent verb in the m ean in of e ist it is p , g x , translated by sibinon mens sibinoms there are men ; when re ferrin to situation b seistbn : Berlin seistom in Den t Berlin g , y is in G erm an y .

3. BE G OIN G TO denotes futurit = o a enob Iam oin to write y p g g ,

' in tention destinon adesan obpen on Iwas goin g to

Write.

4 Do DID is used to form the resen t or ast tense in . , p p the active oice of n other verb in which case it is re resem v a , p ted b the ro er ense of this verb: enom he does write y p p t p , d en om he did write it em hasizes an im erative when it p ; p p , is expressed by the jussive m ode : gololoz do go; or it is pleo hastic a l in on a e 3 s e a ed 5 . , xp p g

o. CAN denotes , COULD

abilit ower = kan on : kan ob vobon Ican am able y , p , to ork w , ermission = dalon z d alol olon ou can o are at p g y g , libert o o y t g , knovfl d olon : n olom liladon he can read e ge n , knows how to read .

n 10. SHALL de otes fu uri = o or it o olob Ish ll o u l b l t ty g a g , goo Isha l have one g , obli ation muton : ma tom olon he S o g g HALL g ,

' comm and 6d oz : n o ti oléz thou shal n o l , f t t stea l 11 S U deno . HO LD tes

4 con dition alit e ressed m: adwnobon osi 81. I y xp , h l if s ou do . d it,

ondition alit im lied - os: itikoliiv n e elo da i c s. f y p g , ( Ihad n ot seen it) Ishould never have thought

supposition subjunctive mode : at tidunob- la osz If Ishould do it = dut sbt6n sbtol dun on. atosi ou should do this y ; y , o hi you ought t do t s.

12 L denotes . WI L furit o or u o oloms the will o y g y g ,

’ ' = - Ice desire ml bn : li mlol spawn. ob will you take a walk with m e

determin ation esludiin : esludob etbn cat I W LL y , I

et it Iha e m ade u m mind o e i . g , v p y t g t t

13 W U is used in the 2d and 3d ersons with he . O LD p t . s m e m e n in hould in h l a a gs as s t e et.

1 om o h r b o i n 4. S e t e ver s ccas o ally used as auxiliaries

’ M KE mekon kodon mutbn : ekodob omi ka cilbn I A , , p h m de h m n d rs an d miitolbd omi k n ave a i u e t , iimb m ake him come ,

N E nedtin zesudbn nonedol oliin. ou need not o E D , : g y g ,

USE : durative mode : di olob Iused to o g g , = PLE A9E optative mod e : givolOs obe please give me . EXERCISE XIV .

LUKOMED M ELOPIK . Neit semih nifatima latik aota legletik pikleboms eu mons de New or on els a inos ebfi kfil ko tonabs ianik Y k , k b p g D en s atels iniloms akanoms liladiin y 6dis votik in toua a OL. Ab , v p , b m smalilmm so as lenun lefuln ik abiuom as sukos Odo , d BISIEDAL ibinomfiv PE MOLODOL

fa ulo e vatiif k d , if no apolom - l a sis yels tel

itis lainik de ames i ht 31 New Street. J J W g ,

A CHEAP WATCH.

entleman ith havin a istin uishe exterior came at one time A g w ( g) d g d , into the store of a dealer in watches of V ienna and asked to be shown s He gold watches at (of) various price . bought one for onehundred m n u r m ar s and went a a . fter a fe w i tes he retu ne came ac k w y A d ( b k ) , sa h re r h He sele on ying t at he p fe red a nicer w atc . cted e at twohundred “ and fifty marks and said to the watch deale r I have given you one hun red mar s alrea here is the atch at hun re mar s hich d k dy ; w d d k , w I return ive ac to ou conse uentl still owe fi ft mar He (g b k ) y , q y I y ai his ft mar s and the atch ealer recei te the ill than in h p d fi y k w d p d b , k g t e new cust m r a thousan imes o e d t . CHAPTER XV .

' ‘ E A I’ ITU LA IION G M M A U ES R C OF RA ATIC L R L ,

SE RV ING ALSO AS A N N D EX T O T HE PRECEDI I N G .

T he figures in pa re n thesis refer to the page where a full er ex pla na tion will be

foun d .

G ENERAL RULE .

1 Th owel r m o d s i . e v s a e e pl y e a s gns of in clin ation following m an n er :

SUF F IX E S (posilabs)

a e i — in n oun s

in ad ectiv es an d re osi ions j p p t , o as endin in ad erbs ( g) v ,

o — in ron ouns nd er o a bs . , p v

PREF IX ES ( bis'ila bs)

in n prese t tense. — a e i in past tenses i f n uture tenses.

' ARTICLE (lalley)

i n o rti l 2. There s a c e used If absolutely n eces

ar cl m a be used as a defi nite and sembal as n in s y , y a d efi n

ite article .

E LENSI N dehlin D C O ( ) .

3 here is on l one declension for all kinds of w ords . T y hich has two N UM BE S na me the SES als Of which w R ( ) , CA (f ) h heir endin s are as follo wit t g , ws Subj ective (kimj al) Possessive (kimafal) Dative (himefa l)

i kim' a Accusat ve ( if l) 7.

V ocative (kimofi tl) is the sam e as the subjective.

h s n din om s h 4. e e e s s etimes serve other ur ose t an T g p p , as signs Of in clin ation

5. Instead of the en din gs of the possessive an d d ative cases the re ositions de a n d d l m a also be used , p p y

m COMPARISON (luen a ) .

All o 6 . word s can receive d egrees f comparison ASCE N DIN G (geiliil)

com arative luluen en din in - um p (p ) g ,

- superlative (pliiliie n) en d ing in un . DESCEN DIN G ( bapol) :

com arative refi x in lun mo less p , p g , su erlative luun o least p , , i EQ UALITY s e x pressed by so as . A d f b 7 . egree o comparison can also be expressed y d erivative sy llables :

AUG M ENT AT IV Es : le le - on - ul g , , ,

DIM IN U I ES : ln lu sma a il T V , N EG \ TIV ES : n e d en otes the o osite pp , I'rE nATIV Es : ai denotin g con tin uous existe nce or action

Two of these syllables m ay be used together : lulezzf mi rable bi i se c t lazi l oor little town . g y , fi p NOUNS M eats ( ) .

Nouns are fr uentl roo 8. eq y ts They can he form ed from an other word b derivative refi es or suffi y y p x xes .

E E en 9. G N D R (g ) is common unl ess it is necessary to indicate a distinction of sex es in whi , ch case Mascm w s (wmwik) is formed by prefixing om F am mn a (j ilik) 13 Some n ouns are only used as feminines

d ADJ ECTIV ES (Ia yeks) .

1 ives are formed from an other o 0. Ad ect w rd n d j y , a alwa s end in vile which becomes J ik or a mlk wh n i y , e t is desired o e res imil arit with the idea of the root t xp s s y .

d as a eneral r l 1 1 . he are lace u e T y p , g , after their n ouns and n ot declined be ore heir nouns in which case the d f t , y are e clined or

b ore a nd a ter when two ad ectives m odif one ef f , j y noun

hen used as nouns the m ust he declined 12. W , y

umav NUMERALS ( n oda) .

The numerals are either roots or d erivatives an d are 13. , treated as adj ectives

(l mbers have the followin endin s 14. aw man nu g g units 4

decimals - ls

hundreds t um

thousands «mil A decimal and a unit are joined by insertin g a 5 erivatives from these are 1 . D

N S endin in e1d ORDI AL , g M L PL ES en din in a7o U TI ICATIV , g E I ES en din in m a m alik IT RAT V , g ,

L S endin in - o NUM ERA ADVERB , g R I NS en din in ~ dil F ACT O , g DISTRIBUTIVES introduced by a Noun s and verbs

R desi nations are variousl e ressed 16 . HOU g y xp “ Th En lish ex ressions the former the latter 1 . e 7 g p , , “ ” he fi rst the last are ex ressed b the ositive de ree : t , , p y p g

' l d r bii k et at ba i o k lciti . fi , , )

R N P ONOU S (pon ops) .

18 P RS N osodik ron ouns are 14 . E O AL (p ) p ( ) ob I at thou om he of she 03 it on one obs we ole y e ems they ofs they one y ou They are nouns an d d eclined as such

REF LEX I E e ekik ronouns are the s m e h 19. V (gfl ) p a as t e

ersonal e ce t the third erson which is ok oks ~ self p , x p p , , ,

- sel ves

' 20 RECIPROCA L rezi t lc ron oun is balvotilc each other . ( p ) p , or the ad verbial ba luotu

’ P s s 21 . o sassw (la bedzlc) pronouns are either

Adjectives formed from the personal pronouns or Possessive case of the personal pronoun

’ M NS E 22. DE O TRATIV (j omk) pronoun s are (19)

it self a t that one

at same The are ad ecti es e ce t at and are enerall he y j v , x p , g y t sa m e for ll enders but can receive if nece sar 19 a a g , , s y , ( )

eminine endin o o F g f,

u ral endin - 0 Ne t g 8.

2 RR ATI E sakol ronouns re 3 a 3. INTE oe V ( ) p a (2 ) di al n oun im k who his hat Ra c : h , if w adical ad ective : kiom kio kios which what R j , f, , ,

' erivative ad ectives : Icimzk what kin d of a D j , which in order kimidnik how man kinds of , y .

ELA ete amik ronouns are 24. R TIVE (g f ) p ho hich h t led w , w , t a aikel whoever

They are declined as nouns an d are generally the sam e for all en ders but can re ei e the femin in eendin - o d g , c v g f, an “ ” the neutral - 03 if necessar hat which what is , y T , “ ” tran l d te lo or i l ha e r i lo s ate b a s st s m l ke os w t ve b a ke s. y p y , y

N n lm r noun r in 25 . I DEF INITE ( qfi ik) p o s a e the follow g

Nouns

' alim. everybody 80m such ek somebodv boa something nelc nobody n os n othing ans some ( plural) cetim another one Adj ectives alilc ever teldik man y , each y a antic an om votik other y , s e nonik no none w hile all , ,

‘‘ m madik mu h m n s a e . or c a e b l som . , y i l e bofik both mmbdik a l tt e, f w somilc such m6dumik several

m ile a certain

_ 72 _

33 B addin suffi es to the verb stem are formed the . y g x Infinitive (aubsatabid) sufiix «m Participle (la dyekabitl) suffi x dil

e be formed from a ll tenses an d ma lso re Th se ca n , y a c e ive the personal endin gs like other modes : piikoben my

S ea kin iikobel Ithe s eaker. p g, p p 34 in fi ni i e onl is u an . s a n oun he t v sed as ad ec A t y , j tive the participle r ed b oi di d d n es 35 . The in fi nitive p eced y ( sd nabi ) e ot des ign or intention 3 kin s 6 . Vows (fem) is of two d duna bm and Active ( j ) ,

Passive (suj afmn) . The passive voice is formed either by prefix ing a p to the active or by bitten with a passive participle but with a slight ' diflerence in meaning.

' 37 . O nly a TRANSITIVE (ioocgoltk) verb has both active a nd assi e oi an N R N S nelove olik on the ac p v v ce, I T A ITIVE ( g ) ly tive e ibs ADVERBS (lad el ) .

38 r ' d ri . Ad ve bs are either roots or e vatives .

n n -o 39. Derivative adverbs always e d i be d erived from all o er a s of s eech as th p rt p , nouns dole b da y y , ad ectives ble j fibo shortly , numerals b ale at once, obe in itself, eddle in la in m p y g. re ositions di p p ce below, con uncti : j ons d o in connection . The re e r ar of ad verbs that are form in 40. g at p t , ed En i h from ad ectives ma in Vola iik be d erived from gl s j , y p the corres ondin n oun for the sake of brevit ble e mode p g , y f , ,

o d b o e rew i difi en form o 41 . S me a ver s f plac ve a er t t indimte direction ( 19) an d in terrogative adverbs beginn ing with Ici have a relative form beginning with c

1 ( 4, PREPOSITIONS ( puipods

i ions are ei her roots 43. The prepos t t « The latter end in it.

he are al follo ed th 44. T y ways w by e

6 The correct use of some re ositions 4 . p p tion

e in En lish. 46 . Conjunctions are us d as g lowed b in i ode unlm the re o y the d cative m , natu f the sen t CONSTRUCTION (s ub) .

9 h ul im le 4 . The S N N set s o d be s s le as ossib E TE CE ( ) a p p , and no in volved constructions made use of.

Th u u l ord r of h rin word in 50. e s a e t e p cipal s a sentence is in terrogative pronoun or adverb (peneou hideelib sa kbl sub ect mb et n e ation maid en redicate swa ) , j ( y ) . g ( ), p ( g), ’ ad verb of time la dvelib timik direct ob ect le et dimk ( ) , j ( by ) . i e ndirect object (Iebyet p sodik) . l 51 . Q ua ifying words follow the noun which they qualify 12 ( , 52 h e r . T e predicat ag ees with its subject in number and en g der.

e / 53. Word s in apposition (t mpome) agree in number and ca e : il doheia Smith nilela obi]: e hil n o s o s th c dr f Dr. Smith , e , m h o y neig b r. 5 om m n of im 4. le e ts t e ht and m in C p , weig easure are the subjective case

ABB E IA I R V T ONS ( blefizms) .

5 The follo in abbreviations are fr 5 . w g equen tly employed in Volapiik literature

a . b. ates binos hat is to sa t y , s a . . as 8a m for instance ,

l. e. e la ndnikes an d so fo rth,

. dii or divedi we D O. nan kiin o ours trul y y , L = k (16 8 ! Bll‘ S. . 80! wfi , o vola iik p p ,

W MA I N eoda omam ORD FOR T O ( f ) .

56 . ord s are either roots orn ounds or a W , c p deriv tives. 5 Room adm obda are rn onos llablee and en 7 . ( ) y g m lly nouns

' vbda eboaiaddl ha e e fi rst 58. COMPOUNDS ( p ) v th part in the

Damva as vbda edcdu bl are formed ei 59. m ( p g ) ther by prefixes or suffixes.

The rinci al refi es are 60. p p p x

ii. denotes past tense ai denotes durative mode

ba from bat En . uni or mon o ba m unifbrmi ( ) , g fi ty , ll b basilab monosy a le.

bit» lower in names : d out Lower G erman , ( ) y .

‘’ be increases the meanin of the stem : belobfm a ro g pp ve, or in i e erb transitive : makes an trans tiv v W on animate .

ll ood : bcnosmd erfume. beam, we , g p d » En between : bwotli bn ste between . be , g. p

’ - m i inter z be inet k ternation . bank , Eng. in al

bi from br i En . fore re of lace : bi ilk reface ( fi ) , g , p ( p ) p p . bu» (from M ) denotes precedence in quality : bugolbn

excel .

bib from bii rl En . fore re of time : 6434 : ( f ) , g , p ( ) x1961

predict.

do. oompletes the idea of the stem

db En . awa 03 de de cbiin deflect turn w . , g y , , fl , a ay

» n . in : d alo bn ee ain E a a m s a . da m , g g g g

d En . asunder de b, g , - t b - z a c /ms dis » En . under su vice (h k undercloth , g , es ,

dwakonsal vice cons ul . ’ duf En . throu h er of s ace : I u mum run thro h , g g , p ( p ) g ug . 0 denotes present perfect tense j o denotes turn ing aside ' o En for f g. e En back re g g. ,

i h : imchbn make ri ht. gi Eng. r g t g g l t n i l r rinci l hi from a E . ca ta o a c ef: laz ca i gle ( g ) , g p p p , g if p

it lenom rinci al rule. tal c y , g p p i denotes past perfect tense fl denotes feminine gen der 'in lon alon kebl on brin a . ke Eng. g g g ki interrogative

r i ri k la al ri n le. Wa En . t t a , g g g ther c bli n n . o e on ko non b o e h r. Ico E g t g , ri g t g t e ic : kumet u ic m w En . cub c b eter. k , g “ ” “ ” W literall b n ear denotes ro imit : la ivo'n add , y y , , p x y g . lf la anisul enin ul w En . ha : s a . laf , g f p la denotes in crease

i n ifi es a roach or un ction Icnmcmon a len s g pp j ccept. li interrogative

' lb a» En . u er in names Lo atcil U er Ital p , g pp ( ) p pp y . o r head l atidel he h r n e b ad eac e . E g. v , p t m f n n love ( euphonic for o E g. tra s across : lovepoliin

translate.

imin utive lw , d

» nifie m o ion to rd lukomo'n rri Ml sig s t wa a ve.

' mi si nifi es wron action mi ebo'n abuse mi lidim d f g g g , p ia

please. n a a Off mo olon o awa mo . w . E g y , g g y

l - mbmat ol am n o z . mo E g. p y p yg y m denotes n egation

nebw En . side nebace msideroom nebabled su lement , g , pp . nin (before a word commen cing with two conson ants ni 1s m Ith a refi ed n because no verb can be in wi h W p x , g t ' ' a vowel m nl cin inlan d . 0 denotes future tense p d enotes passive voice

‘ u E dou le : alzokal di hthon . b n . b p , g p p g

le En re le aliin re are . p g. p p p p p

lo En ro lo e ro ect. p g. p p y g p j a k im m od r plu d enotes exaggeration plum fi e ate .

' ad ostcri t pOs Eng. after post pospen p p .

aw En dis sa cnum disfi ure. , g. j g

se En x out : sesedbn e ort sevokon call out. g. e e xp ,

si distin guishes the constellations Siber The Bear. sma dimin utive prefix

sa sus En on im m citiin im rove . ( g. , p

susi En w i ro u . g. up s e glofdn g w p

- tau En . contra re z ta illciin contradict. , g p te E i t u i ual la ng. b elap kik bil ng . tu d o s moat i nd ation en tes exce s nu . ul denote nti uit : ii ot rimeval forest s a q y lf p . i s foo va En s u re m t uare t. g. q a fl q

’ lo r d l E n r vcide a . b af from va ik . eve eve ( ) , g y y y

n d i m z l am circums tion . zi E . aroun c rcu io ec g , g p

The rin i l uffi s re 61 . p c pa s xe a

- o e si in h in l l l a. p ss s ve case t e s gu ar ( ) . b d note n r o n litab can dle a e s co c ete n u s .

- ab ersonal n ouns with an id ea of assivit : lb ab darlin p p y f g.

- ad con crete n ouns lbmibad umbrella .

- af nam es of animals

’ m f flo r : am m li { if na es o we s k af ca e a .

-al ersonal names same as - d with the idea of su erior p , , p t r hin ker ity ikal g eat t . abstract nouns denoting m en tal quality or disposition _ 73 _

«um abstract nouns d enoting action an rsonal n ames biiledan Old m an pe .

-a n names of countries

- ap concrete nouns ( without special significance ) . a s possessive case in the plural

«a t concrete nouns bord erin on an abstract idea , g

- «i En it : m tiit nation alit . t, g. y y a s names of sciences

«Isl En -da , g. y d il En - art , g. p

. c indirect obj ective case in the singular c d of varying significance -cf a coll ection of persons legatqf embassy

- n r no n i hou i l i n ifi eg co c ete u s (w t t spec a s g cance) .

-cl ersonal names denotin a rformer p , g pe

- cm a collection ofthings : bledam foliage. - em gen erally na mes of trades and industries : bitten i li hme ng estab s nt. o cs in direct objective case in the plural

- ns i ho i i n ct abstract n ou ( w t ut spec al s g ifican ce) .

’ 4 direct objective case in the singular with i 425 concrete nouns ( out special s gn ifi cance) . a id ordinal n umerals 43k adjectives 42diminutives

- 4m En . ism militamim militarism . , g d in chemical substances yodin iodine.

En -ion in numerals 42m, g. 7 i d he i 4 3) names of d seases : la ip art d sease. ' a odirect objective case in the plural

~oz j ussive mode ~s plural n umber tim seasons ii prepositions ub wi hout s ecial si nifi cance t p g . ilb without s ecial si nifi can p g ce. « ad points of the compass add m ember of a class

- iidel days of the week ilj m usical terms m traits of character : savu uncommunicati en g g v esl .

« - it En . shi ness etc. y, g p, , ul names of the months um comparatives um musical terms superlatives -up designations of time ’ - - En . ward wa s a mved sidewa s med, g , y fl y .

E am le of word formation 62. x p

P K l n ROOT : fi a guage.

1 . SUF F X E I S. puklanguage pekik belonging to language pa ktia speak piilcbnabid or - mod manner of speaking — pilkatidel teacher oflan guages piikapblcfault oflanguage motapiilc mother tongue volapiik universal language

f — piikat speech pilkatil little speech piikat5n make a speech telapiikat dialogue pukav philology piika'vik philological — 81

pilla d sentence pukedtk sen tentious

' ' pilkeda vod proverb pukeda vodrlc proverbial viila iiked device motto p , piled orator pil kelik oratorical wwpulccl polyglot

' p ahbf eloquen ce piikbfik eloquen t piikiifav rhetoric - p ii7cbfavik rhetorical pakot talk piikotik talkative piikotbf talkativeness okapukot monologue

2. PREF IX ES .

bipak preface bipukik prefatory bipukmt to preface depiik a contest depiikiin to con test gepiik an answer gepiikon to an swer lcpiik affi rmation lepukon affi rm lepuked maxim lcnp'iik a harangue lenpiikon to harangue livapilk acquittal livapiikbn acquit

' lapith chattering lupiikim. to chatter lupukel chatterer lupukem gossiping lup iikot twaddlin g — lupiikl zm stamm ering lu.piilclbn stamm er lup n klel stamm erer mipuk slip of the tongue mipukon m ake mistake in speaking

— ' - nepiik silence nep akik silent n epiilcbn be silent — ’ cepillopron un ciation sepiikzk pronounceable sepiikbn pronounce tapiilccontradiction tapukik contradictory tapukon contra

dict. 82

TH E E I KEY TO E X RC SES.

E E SE X RCI I .

T n 1 H s . 2 father 8. ath e i bad . he od . er a nd . is F mother are 4 er oo 5 The f e 3 . Th n o e chil has the a b . i e lo g od . d ( ) k b ng to the ’ 6 The m s do is lar e . Th schu lar hus s ard ne r . . an . 7 e book ml n g g g a k ives . ’ '

he s t e man s sons . l he so ns raise the ma 9 8 . ra i e h n The s T y p ( p ) . . book ’ s The fa he r is a t ho be long to the child ren mother 10. t me a nd a lso the 1 1 hol s re he ar e n or in school 1 mother. he sc r a tn . T a t . 2. father g d O , t e n i e he sons of he a r ne r h k ves b long to t t g d .

om let k 2 Buks ulel s inom . Lob f in i . a s u i 3 l ata . ho b g . j b g d k . Lo m s mm fa e e mote nom i se s i nd l . eif 16 1 t lb nse 5 on e a . 4 . m g N ; . O ot.

boms eifis e d u is . F h . La i 7 m n blo s 6 n . a a o a s om ad ik . b k t gud el lab m o in hinoms in ad e laboms do is man 9 s i mota. 8 . ulc S d g J g g s . . on ga e ela inoms d mo ml in ad fats . 10. Buks lfi noms manes . 1 t d b g 1 . Fa e

bo l a 12. J ulels laboms u is in ul. mot lo ms ci i gadsla. b k j

EXERCISE II.

1 . We do not love the chase . 2. The hunter shoots eer and hares d .

3. The mother a in coo s sou for the chil . 4. The hunters ha e s k p d v dog . 5 a 6 h s d i . One sees alrea ou es and . oot but o not h t . men . 7 I b , dy . h o l Y ou hea r the thun er. 8. T e sons to schoo the are in ustrious d g ; y d .

9. hear that ou are not in oo health 10. Y ou raise th I y g d . p e good l o e es he c 1 hea th f men . 1 . The teach r teach t hil ren . 2 1 d . One praises the i tr sc s ndus y of holar .

1 . M a 9 ot ino e sa un k i M f nu i inot a . ns ms at i. . k k a o a u 8. y g g b d , b

Motn lbfofa cilia. 4. J utol ab no dlefol lievi 5 . inos u i das , B d k , no m n lilobs tOti. 6 . Lilols ti i. 7. Son ino e u saunik a no l d b d , o om a] 9 M e lOfoms 1 ul 8 Su u si inom badik. . ns do is s j . . p k k n b g . Binof

n 1 O els o o d tik ! 12. o ons o f dilr. 1 . ul n in a u mi ats . g j , b l L g d

EXERCISE III .

s e if o if 9 u . outh is the mo t aut ul time f the whol e l e . o r 1 Y b . Y ' s re han ine 3 Our uncle s male coo coo s brother loves beer till mo t w . . k k u 4 M s te rs ish to e ne o em . is ta e a bett r wi soup r f ale cook . y w k - long walk (lira a lly Ina a grsat walk) to-day with you and with your 5 . Wh s t s m n mother. at one ees that one elieves and fai h ma e e , b , k

lesse . 6. The a e of this uil in hich ou see here is re ate r than b d g b d g , w y . g n o a s s one thin ks. 7. Si ce tw d y s I see I have seen for two day and ee ' still ) there in the garden ycur gard ner s old (fe male ) cat with three small s o s hich s r ms cat 8 . The h u e the architect uil s for us ha more oo . , w b d , than ours for in the lo er stor there are fi ve lar e rooms and in the y , w y g ' or o s e u uti ms 9 o uche r n dnu h u er st f ur mall r b t ea ful roo . . ur te pp y . b , Y g te r to hom the teacher or the au hter that house elon s ives , w ( d g b g . g e o s s r 1 We rather eat e three ollars a d h r h se ? i te r on o l 0. m d n (w ) e d l a . d es bu os la l e rs l l His oun r rother has ba e ts . a l t m t a . . e p , g d y p y g b d b

1p hese men are et outhful but not those . T y y ,

i a e m . 1 Deb inom l t kiin a as . 2. Beatik inoms els klbdo . b g b d b , k 8 l “ h s . bs o o de O as lo s 4 b of uki 3 ta a el k iti el a i lo ol u . . G ivo e d j b , k b g s o f d k h d b u kn b no m l i . noms e 5 . ilo a i od li ni m i a ii fi ni els lO of . l j k L , j k y

6 Si binos d e ls lul siso imnlddikel a iitof IOn al ul . 7 . J iniik u i . , j j j b k lahof do in kil smulik e j idog i bal ; teli de ogs et vilof gir f m y agele Oh ' ail: 8. nk sibinom in 8 15 k l ikiin oma et no in disik fat labour iip d , ; o l i M om k ilof fid n el cemi O i lb o niik as bil edik d sc . 9. ot i v O a o in k k p . b d d s m ik 10 l l uma m se l obsi n o ilom de nu bum n uli ga ace m at al . . a k v ii j in " u s a t d lif a lbli . 11 . J ikukel ob ik kukof e ila n i u ikiino ab no me k ) k p g , kof omi iliko. 12. No s atob a elo ibo no la o ( un i. v p d . b

E E SE IV X RCI . ” 1. oo mornin ! ish ou is un ers hich s he s G d g I w y d tood . w i t rea on o u case What still in bed Ho o f the acc sative . ) , w are y u. my clear air ? o 3 o 8 than m ver well a nd u? . Do ou ant t ta e a all: . I k . y ; y y w k w

4 eath r fi ne 5 . her oo s o to the e ? e are m t ? 6 . D o d ay ? . E w W y b y u s he v lr - m s (ye t see that hor e which t ca a y an ride ? 7 . Do the horseme n ' un e Do o i ism her bette r than the h t rs ? 8 . n t y ur s sters go to church? he in this cit oes ca n one bo the es hats and ca s ? 10 W re d ( ) y b t p . o W hat do y our man arses ea t ? 11 . H w many men spea k the world language? 12. W ich sehol nr does the teacher praise the most ?

- - - ? 1 . Bultil at li lbnom ole ? Li si u li no 2. Kim no lorn viliko al i a o li- lohom uti ulna Hiit Ola n uh im gliig ? 8 . T d l n d l bdo kos - 5 Koatom oa s mil l u ve s li oli lad a i ? 6 . Li l k or tom . et ? d b k . b k g i ( lio letilr lehiits binorns e lia evnlels at lohoma. 7 . nna binol i ul g ) . k j A i p h od a til li- bn ? - lejOnik a so vomik; j i l cfik M arg re i 8. Li Marn retrl ? - 0 no inof betlik e luvomik . 9. tom vedom bndik li l ilols tOti ? 0 b S 1 . Lo obs bOdasrn abed is mfil su ima ad a n blta oli e a li us an sm b g b g k b a im. - “ 1 1 F at oli li smol mm zi adis u smasi adis. 12. Kia inom . k g g b ) lab ! Li binom lfibikum kel ibdow ledomi u kel 16dom indomi?

t his wn the same erson who is the su e t of t e . s. o . p bj c h sentence; om . his. ' woul si nif some o el se s than the sub ect. d g y b dy . j

The lo ical su ect . hich is the overnin one 1n Vola uk in t s t g bj w g g p . his en ence is li b. Hence binom nor blues as the rammatical su ect kt: oul re uire . , g bj w d q . — s4

E E V X RCISE .

1 d il the . G oethe is an l be reat master cl G erman oe tr . 2 w g p y . Has our rother see n the an rb church uil in s in rance G erman b b d g F . y {t ss i he he vel he re 8 Had the se i u a n tra t . . rva nt ven , w g the books to N ai but h the architect? 4. o r e ill ive the m to him , ; w g as soon as he ill h as the m himsel H ave h ot f 5 . ave o see (w ) g . y u n the p ramids of t es m ou l d E ? 6 . Y y n a we have see n them one as sai it gy p , y“ g d) has bee n sa i that it is the c l eat uil in s of man iqn 7 i d . ) b d g k . W ll V ola il ecome a lan ua e of he hol l e n k b g g t w e wor d ? 8 . W h ce did y e come ? p‘’ hither do e o? 9. Out of the ca ter illar that ou saw ester a y g p , y y d y in he i 10 our a r e n t re ll soon be a utterfl . The a itress i g d , w b y w w ll bring y o offe e at once as soo as he coo h ma l o u c n t as e it. l . Th se , k d e rvin g m an ohn ill et e i ht or n ine mar s for his wor ee alte r n t 1 J w g g k k w k ex . 2. Will not the large snakes eat our fish?

' 1 n e o o h . i H r otus sa m in lii i i fi {t om n ii ii fin l . e s 2. g p , d g , g p a J idit ' “ e le m of a e lo ntis lo doabs iil mot it caa ol osi b 8. n l e d p j ; g ) o e . Lusanels

oms ie i nt s ka fi d te ls l 4 . o d obizu t fle e l eu i i. Ki oe al e lfidom eli g d , , b p p , k

mila om ? 5 . Lusan l i ivom obe a i s bi me na e au ik. 6 d g g g d g . Dom lufata c hi alabom in sto e tel cemis sill smacemis f) ! e knki bal . k k , i 7.

Scan s ukomols o ivob oles u is kil n iilt a obilc. 8 ote l fiblin , g b k . B om vini hlode obik lo ke l fidanom omi e fi olom . 8 . F lentels id elaboms oo , p g p d s

Iis 10. Chea o é fi iine l e bumom iri letikiin . 11 . No e mom . p g p p g ko n bi no elahom ttmi. 12. J veizel s e lis alo obs e elo ii filtoms fikis afi . k g d , p p ,

e fientiki, oh no lusiiniki.

EXERCISE VI

h has een ma e is ma e of most exce nt his s oe lle leather. 2. 1 . T ( b d ) d In mornin coffee ith mil is run at noon mea t is eate n in the the g w k d k , , fi ler s /{ - e a and utter utter rea ith fruit 8. In a vening bre d b ( y b b d ) w . sin le ho r ten lette rs can be ritten no one . 4. hat tone is too low g u w b T , l be hea a oor o the t r 5 . A i h where fore it can ha d y rd t t a d f room . t n g the sound ' fortunately is always heard much fa rt her than in the day 6 rin s ith diflicult one ithout men oo more easil e . D t m . i f i k w y d w by , d ’ 7 Unfortunatel the hunter s ife has ee n shot ithout that hel coul . y w b , ( w p d i t a n ossi ilit of rin in e hel M u ht h thou h r . 8 be bro er ) w y p b y b g g p . y ’ frie nd s ones at the gate had been insured nineteen years ago for 1 h o is s il i e a . e i t r o s llars 9. ome wa not u t n on d 0. T v c ur but do . R b y y ,

n a e n one tle . 11 The e emies live hund red of o h v been killed t bat . n d t ac to he itv 12 t . we re conquered an of hem were d riven b k c .

e a s t cal s ct is bun Binoms . b c u e he l ogi ubje tots . ’ Ost not omi eca use it has referetwe to the hole rece in sen tence . . b w p d g , c s c re s wbi i onside d a a neuter .

Decline eca use it stan s a lone in the la ce of a noun . d . b d p

W oman hoo ecause it is use as a noun . t) d. b d _ g5 _

hirteen s a e had een shot da v efore este r a in our forest and to T t g b b y d y , morrow more than twenty will be k illed .

I 2 l l do fa lu s meko s de . Ta s o m ka balmil ut e ults a m s it. . B j p k p p e s vikodoms e ma ns veltunt olt m al ion me ns . 8. In dfl s te l neil n i f u b p p , - noms o 4 . ono no li olilom ve m velaelnd omas ifu in pug biffi f t. T d p o 5 M ba s l k ado s mfil l oma neito in fagiko in nebel . ans l e ul o y ag g pe og 6 l s o a inos 7 Pene bi lie n oli Ke m kos i dl . . dom s . a pomagad ne i k . op p p d li e is fivikodotus fa ro om odelo o iko sosus u nom 8. k podessd f v . p e . G p M a n st el hom ls ffi ls t rm l de te ls . . a n mels , ab rome ya bii ye e i fa u 9 p a mu om a hlin n n i a l n elkod ui t i o e s . valikosi; labom tfibo bod fidii . k y p t 0 te ik iikanoms abum n a elo in zif obss isti kel a 1 . Dome nemod ii y k , p l l 11 ie d o in : m o liidom nu fa mens j olsetelmil ki tum lu sefo . . T p egel fa l s nels lo vendelafid ab tobo fa flentels . 12. elo vola a ii u fi p . Ad p k p p l k l ls l kom ya fa me ns p u a u mi .

E E ISE VII X RC .

Be it ac Ever ma t ea e r h e 1 i n mus s h t ut 2. ll me e . y p k t . T ve thin that e have hear . 8 . Let all sol ie rs ht valiantl for t e g , y d d fig y c untr ! 4. il l ou lease sta i our sister a moment l 5 o a o y W y p y w th . T d t me i is l ea a u w h 6 ss re have no ti t a r arter ei t. . a u ou that I , dy q g I y h s m l P r lea s have ritten t i letter nine ti es a rea . 7 . a on e if dis w dy d , p , I h h m ) or t r n . ich da of e on e ha ? u b u 8. W ( t th did w ve y esterda W hat

of the month was yt est a h 815i 10. n day ) y erd y ? It was t e . I the ’ time th iers had sh e 1 Ten times read in same e sold ot for th 87th time . 1 . g i

is not et enou h. 12 Do not eat the fruit for in the rst lace it is y g . , fi p

ri e et and in the secon lace ou are not n oo heal h. p y . d p y i g d t

1 . Solats l imalik o nelabomso h i 2 modik an n s i i e iin . Z ifs s d . pe ms l d 3 Esa oh o om f ns m a u a das n nek at . bnmo te i ao . . t od a a g e mn , p lo ’ P kom iia laninuilko 0 gat n ute ls il n 4. a ii . 5 . De na i

l af telid muma at: in el £1lmil iiltn m miilse fol in el - e lmil Gltn y j b m lm ls ls l 6 ro o l o mfilsem ed in yela ba tl j oltum ve e ve eba . . D em b mi in ost m o s te lse folm l e lido n o l b b s o aif ibo hali e o a i e t o b i o i in M el . , d k d b p De kim nos a elo ? kimid inos ? 9 i os i 7 . l id bi d 8 Dii b B n y a diip ba . ' or o l b r0 o o wbalid balaeba l e f ldi al . . Blibolos n tiniilo c fosefolos is ( ) g b , s eio al delafid no visite l o is s o fe n 1 i s o u n . F 0 da kfimol od ; b iit o 1 . 6g v 16

No n b a elo bi la o a lieva a i letik ab o is tob s nvi o. 2 ka o v i oli 1 . d , b b g g , g G ivclod lulelis te l pla balsel bayj ipule at

s t Note that Vola pitk u es the infini ive form of the verb as a noun . not the

i is as is one in En lish . p . d g — 86

EXERCISE VIII .

1 . rave cham ions are honore all nat ions . 2. fter or in B p d by A w k g ,

3. h o one is ge neral ly hungry and thirsty . W at do y u usually eat after war s nc ie nt G ermans use to rin a reat eal o in 5 The a f e . . d ? 4. d d k g d w his se nte nce is sutlicie ntl sim le so that ou shoul have und erstoo T y p , y d d 6 e not ave come lon o i he h no h hun . h it . oul h a f ad t ad a re W d g , d d ‘ ’

difle re nt thin s to do ? 7 . Of course i shoul to the theater il Ihad g d , ime 8 Deere oul have bee n shot the un re this if the t . w d by d d hun rs tt 9 Ever fth one of the sol iers has n ille te had bit e er . . b y fi d k d ,

e use u e er ll out ousa n 10. hat tone was b ca two h ndr d w e ki ed of a th d . T

hea rd f u i es e ch ne of us all 11 . hose nati ns ha e e r o r t m by a o . T o v ve

the ha iest tha t ere continuall unite . 12. In hichever direc pp , w y d w ’ tion we loo we see instances of o s oo ness . k , G d g d 1 Alonedobiiv pe nedi chik ab ne ds lonedikiin no binoms egelo " n hu s 2. Hit aibi om e dikiin it neliim aibinom a a ; k , k r ’ s l c elo a k ifle kik - mn e l gndikiin . 8 . go oldv vfi l teat o j n o , if filabof la e

moni e mi . mils n odena okomomsov in i fatiin chei if no oviko ti . A A k , - o e mik a l sif if no labob-la o li l ohs la . 5 ol biiv su o fi y i i a du d Ag , b k k n 6 c hi iisa om obe th e s u a ili a ab m letilt in in on . . F len od i a i k , p d k d p g g ’ i X0 i l pomagad omik no ne g abiuom m ad k . 7 . g od gletilnin visitobiiv - (Ski olik if bin om la domo . 8. Nelij els ailiifoms velati modikc 9. ir l es s smosav ) stim lanimfi ikel un on lo fstfin . 10. Lusi ne l mau ' c e s se odcms ! mis dcm n ms tie i so late deut l bov 11 . uls l a W ce a d ,

k w nebii n]c m . 12 G od nedalos I oni leti kel e o om . l binosov g , p i j k , ab no skance bison l

EX ERCISE IX .

1 The rth turns aroun its ax is in 24 h rs d a t e s . ea ou an out d , b h un in

6 s. 2. hose machines are mo e steam 8 Our m hin 3 534d ay T v d by . . ac e

to has struc himself on the han . 4 Le t ho oever ca s opera r k d . w ms n ave 5 s H mself ! . She has sent a letter to her elf in V ola u 8. e smiled hi p k . he tol him that the ill come et to s his h s n 7 . a ee n himself. w I d y w y d T b a ea r victor there are 700 ea and more than oun e count d y ; d d w d d ed . B o my frien the lass ou ht ester a i hout rea in i 8 . ri t t d b g y d y w b k g , I We have ath ourselves ei ht a s n he rive or e ra y . b eg( ) g d y i t r in th

e th the sons our nei h or. 10 On the seashore the ater of the Fak wi of g b . w

. t rivers mingles with the w ater of the sea 11 . See here a needy and sick 1 elieve that e n an and la have see e c man ! 2. I b g tlem dy n a h other before .

" Notice that the secon cla use to n lish im lies a con ition : in t ere . d E g p d w t not true that the longest l et ers etc. or “ ) The conditional clause is implied in the phrase to he killed a n they il l were k ed. W At: is use in the l ural ecause It refers to oth nouns so! at e M ) d p . b b at.

X RCIS XI E E E .

1 In lia t ere are ne it e r mon e s nor fo s on . ustra xe the w A h h k y . hole no an imals of re but in the ot er a rts of the ea rt t ere are no p y . h p h h animals e ce t some fe w in merica . 2. erlin the c ief ci x p A B . h ty 0 G er

m l . man is situate in the ort G er an ain 8 . tettin lies no s y . d N h p S rthea t o i i he e z on t contrar sout est . Has fr m e rlin . 4 the time B , L p g y hw 0 ite of me n ro n lon er in our centur 5 The ort l g w g y . N h American cultural im le me nts a re muc better t an t ose of the Euro us p h h h . It is a wides prea d e rror th at En land lies furth er north than orthern G er i s m n 7 . T e s va e s o r n n r l a y . h a g ne s Af ca s a d A u t a ians has often been e a erate 8 . In the summer of t is ear we s all travel x gg d . h y h to the county of G la tz the bea utiful mounta in countr of ilesia . 9. The memb . S ers of the t ir ra e ave returne b rai roa t ose of the sec h d g d h d y d . h ond on the

a l bac on oot . 10 ato al a s contrary w ked k f . C w y ” s s o 11 . c n e of time s been made mu t be de tr ed . A h a g ha 12 The ounta in s of ain a ll the railroa . m range Sp are o th an those of Sa x ny .

’ ' G lebe lems me lo ik sete nom s nolitsulitdu silo ilts le ffi es 1 . p . p v iido. 2. ’ ' R eilikit n de or illeras Suliime lo a binoms fi labe s ole l . 3 g C d p . G leait ’ s tom mets lul um ove mel ut S itua mfil u sei t t m . 4 Bay iina . p . In balsnl ‘ il folt itlse tel ( olumbus fidatfi vom M lo 5 l bal m um z e i. ye a . Band 11m ' ' ’ p ‘ n a oli tituvob slu i) i in kalé n ilikitn du stout badik fi elo ok k p p d . 6 . J u ’ s o s t o ti el n n mediti 7 V nd l lels ge a g m so itn e e m . . e e o hiifii mated in tel dik zif e a deutik duwiim ta itn ik e gliitik nog paidiblekom bilii do q‘' l iina fot aivisitont vii elo fa fo inels lemiidik 9. tt r . mayan . . y g G letam n ik neli e as sis elatum biifilt binom stuni labedas kolu j k. 10. Kinfin l h d loveme l k olta letikfi n in Lefifilto 11 k dbom a e i t . deuti ev g p . Vesu sb lik filabe uni fi mfin a ul k 12. vius Tila binom l a l d k y opi . Cinfin labom fi k n in lfidelis modilmm ka Y ulop l li .

EX ERCISE XII. ’ 1 Anna s fat er remembers avin seen a la drem d in a . h h g dy new s l ress and a ellow stra hat e n he lan e in New o black i k d w . wh d d Y rk on ’ o J ul 187g 2 The aven is s a e al a s been the fourth f . C d h h v w y prominent 8 I m too sic to c l o r f l n . o in the histo y o n a d . a k al n y ur moth er th is '

ee . 4. Y ou see t e s arro s on t at tree on t ou ? 5 . Y es sir w k p w h . d y . . I

Ibelieve t ere are at least fiftee n . 6 . Y ou ave ritte o and n s s . d . h h w Me sr e n ? 7 No sir but Is un Cc . av ou ot . all to a . 8 o B ra . h y . , h d y Y u are not in to sc ool tomorro are ou 9. Y es e ntlemen in ee we g h w . y . g . d d ' 10 m a can of mil but do assure ourse tha e P . en e lt t th mil c are S d k . y k an

ne before ou or in the mil . 11 . The state of enns l is clea d . y k P y vania is Me n 12. much large r th an the i gdom of Saxony . n had once few needs ; but the needs and wishes o! the resent men are daily getting more numer

alt ou one coul he sat it less. ous. h gh d w h - gg

' ' u s l l l li a tb l . Balmil i) lt m j bl eio mfi ul te sid dii mi d l lod obik, ' ‘

n ( on on obinot bi ledik els il . ions l ih das no kel fimotol i L d y 2. ’ s s i in N n 8 Bo e ebinoms modiks W arre n ih stin s Hé t ngs U6 rn ) idfi . . k l nsn amuel bu eg bi bali a oilabulta neli ik fidei Joh nson Cb ) S k a k d v j . ‘ mi s l 4 Li-e iido denioli ? 5 Si 1 4 l tum fil v l a . 3! l l ve eto . . lom in ba i y k , - mom elo? 7 Si mom ael do avendelo e scans obik. Li okii a . oko a d . . '

o o linob omi o 8. Deblinolfid da i vina se kav unakom m keb a l visittin li. d s e s od b s l na lfiti fol u tab il 'd . 9 inom so nel fi mik da kl o plado od vi g . B ’ o -la ho n eni l lik dg do somik ksl i xit rleans das okan b d o k o go m . O '

o on 10. Sulfido de tat e as itbli e ico seistom e le filonom giv m e. T x p g M x . k 1 binom zes ik n d m l dl n n tiikon e knlt n v 1 . Vat iid i o s i al i b va o ono. k l kelii h l n m 1 M n l i ned m tim ok mom neve e c anon ne abo o i. e a o 6 , p k

emeni okik bi nek anom mokon val ikosi aoalik. k , k

X ERCIS III E E X .

toc olm ril 30 1887 . S kh , Ap ,

alter J ones Es M il au ee . W , q” w k W a e ei an r er of 9000 ollars fro M s Gt e h v rec ved o d d m e srs. Leroy erome in our cit ot no in thess entle men at to J y y . N k w g in s he e o a l e o g ome o ve tigate whether t ni y 'e it at h . n in a vance t at e et use careful our commun icatio d , h w y y that it would be a great pleasure for us to be able to serve you in a case . We are ours most sincerel y , y in a eb L d H g y .

il au ee 1887 lulul 26d M w k .

oles in e a eb toc olm. S L d H g y . S kh No kanob givon oles nun i fiimik as tedadom penomodiil in pened ols ls e m laboms le mace mi ik de 3od muls hiifik. 86 Leroy Jero e glatik ’ ' ' ' i l s n b o n g esitt aila ab nolob nosi tefit monamed omslk. Ko stilo les nfi n ble ielmar in ica o kel la om fetan is m m lte oms n. e mo I Ch g . h y aumtl‘ ' ' Spelob das okanob bini mpofitdikum oles votikn a . Divodikiin olsik waim ona J s

EX ERCISE X IV .

' Anxatcan Anvxa rtstuo.

ht last winter enormous posters had been pasted on the walls New Y or on ic was rinte in i antic letters : THE PR SI ol ’ wh h p d g g E unns ss n But en t ose al i alon came a DE . . n . n NT wh h w k g g m . coul rea ot er or s in muc smaller letters so t t the e i they d d h w d h , h a nt re announcement was as follows : THE PRESIDENT would h ave been MURDERE D b col and am ness y d d p , if he had not worn for two years ’ mes t s oole s irts 3 N Stre t a i n 1 ew e . J W gh w h ,

Pox ac Lox 111311191.m

Sol sembal lahol sene i feinik akomom vono in lemacem lokate , d , g dela de Wien ed adesidom d as piij onoms- la ome pokagloks goliidik vola

d as d fi A emom bal lo m a s tum ed amo olom . Pos m n s n i k. l i p k g i ut e * 111 dik Ei ek m m sa l d s i u om loki onikum . Ase 6 g ii o , go a ab z g g ) j valom bali ' “ de m aks teltum luls e as a om lokatedele : E ivob a ole m a is tum g g g y k , ” e ko lo de m a s tum eli e ivob ole sikodo eboh no m akis lul g k k , k g g , d g s i aelom a is lul okik e lokatedel iikitom noati an iil milna l k g , d bone . ge l1 n ulit

” “w No c that lok means time iece i. e. ot atc an d clock a n d g p , b h h it i is not necessary to state but once that the story is about a p okaglok pocket e t {gl p ece. ' - VOLAPUK ENG LISH VOCABULARY .

W The vowel s a 0 ii are a rran e as in e en en t letters follo in immed iatel , , g d d p d , w g y utt r a o an d 11 res i e ect vel . , p y

a each (before numeral ad apod apple ab but ve bs er as as in the ca acit [ r ), p , p y abu on the contra at t is the latte1 ry h , a biizendelo t is fo enoon aven delo t is even in h r h g, a dds tod ay amgo this week aibonedel regular customer ayelo this year ( cikel whoever (idelo yesterday ( Likelii w e eve p h r r Agitpdn Egypt (11kelu W ene e t p h v r anpdn d an Egv ptian “1 to ' “iiptimk Egyptian “l eve eac ry , h itowm d (a place) ohm eve one ry ( is as like ’ , amk an some y , “if as if one some (persons)

I OoBssibl Isu ose ob balam a reemen t y , pp , pr g (ZZ Ihadness evil abl balid first , [ y adik e il balido fi stl in the fi st l e b v r y , r p ac ba dlik bad bal'ilc sim ls ba kbn bake balion mi ion

bal on e balm . on ce

' bala d union balmk of one kin d bal a dik united a monious balo at once , h r bale ten bib bible balsebalul babul November bid mode kin d s eci ( ) , , p es alsel a ten - bill bi a a ead in f on t b (t ) f h , r balsetelat dozen bifil (before a vowel bi be alsctelul bated Decembe fo e in lace in r b ( ) r r ( p ), ent of ’ balsawlzk taking place ten bil beer baleul Octobel [tim es bim tree baludel scholar l n the first ben bn be balul J an ua rad e biseo in advan ce befo e n ry [g , r ha d baliidel Sun day bisiedal presid ent ( ofa repub ba ludo for the fi rst time bisiedel presiding offi cer [lic) baliim solo bizugik excellent balvotik each oth er biengen refer baleoto reciprocally bliigik b ack ' ban o'n bat e bled leaf ou nal h , j r Bag/fin Bavaria blefik brief biilebukat antiquarian book blekou to break bdled a e sto e blibba emain sta g [ r r , y ' bciledat antiquity blin bn bring bdledik old a ed blod b ot e , g r h r b atik a blessed blb oof e h ppy , f pr bed bed bla d blood b a e bla test sam le eg pr y r j , p begin begin n ing bleak brook be in bn be in blii trial attem t g g f , p be eu a be bea d wood mate ial pr y , g ( r ) b mountain bod bread belem mountain range bofik both ’ belem lcin mountain country bolit olitics ' Bel cin Bel ium bone o de a t in o d j g r r , h g r ered beno well ood adv . bonedam o de action u , g ( r r ( ) , s b benom w ll wis es con ratu sc i tion p e h , g r p be enbn desc ibe lation bonedel custom e sub i p r [ , r, scr ber been between amon bos somet in , g h g bevunet'ik in tern ational bov latter beviino meanwhile b cup bi because bbb pocketbook lmma ta bel build e a en e r, c rp t r lm mot building ( completed ) beentfm to build a vowel bigf) be but boot alit a ead of biid o de comman d qu y) . h r r, bii k fo me ecedin fi r r , pr g biifo before ( conjunction )

biifi i. (be fore a vowel biif ) be ba ee in fo e i e lsam bookk p g r ( n tim ), previous bukatedam booksto e billed inte to r pr r [ , ago baled author ( of a book) biibbn to print bum building ( action ) architect biizendel forenoon

cal oflice ( fun ction ) general manager oalel offi cer head of a department can merch andise oil child eift position (employment) sin machine ciin ch ange (money ) cam oom c amber r , h ven chan e stice ci c ief ead e di ecto ustice ud e f h , r, r r j , i g

do t ou a lace dat so at in o de t a hr gh ( p ) th , r r h t debut“sin le se a ate datikbn e co itate in en g , p r x g , v t education dottwbn invent 1 attain eac dalaoba dis , r h cover b in n be oo e eed , p r plore allow dtm thanks danbn to thank deb debt ” dam: thanks to deblinbn b in r g out, fetch das that deilbn die disu below del day divodik devoted delidik dea i h- iced dled fea r, h g pr r delids cost e enses dle én hi , xp f t deliko daily dlin a drink delo 1n the daytim e dlinbn to drink dens again do although denua m repetition doab dollar desdnbn intend dog d og ‘’ desedcm send off dokel doct01 desidbn desi e ask dol ain r , p desin purpose dam house del right (hand) demo at h om e detal detail etail dombm ouse old oods , r h h g Deut(dn ) G ermany dot doubt den tel a G e man db of about e a din r , , r g r g deutik G e man (lib w il e d u in r h , r g dibilc d ee dub t ou b m eans of p hr gh , y diblekbn b e k to ieces du bn di ect lead r a p g r , difih different dukbn to guide dil a t dwn act d eed p r , dilo partly dun an agen t din t in ob ect dunik active h g, j dis unde diln bfn act do r , diseinil for the purpose of dut ind ustry (application ) disik lower dutik industrious disc below dim service disopen iid signature dun an servant ’ ’ discpen on to sign dil/ltd dom estic servant distukén destroy deep hour

efo e o els ed an d e e dosomebod 3 (b r v w ) , y bot an d eko see e e e e is h h r , h r edelo day before yesterday et that ( pronoun) egelo always evelo ever

jivobel laborin g woman j uk shoe J Isaiia Silesia j ul school ol s o e ban k ' alet sc ola j h r , j h r oniin s ow oin t alba s oo j h , p j h t bl ei t il till until e j gh j , ( pr p. ' bls ei ht i i n j g y j i s un t l ( co j . ) j blul A ugust J veiz ( dn ) Switzerland bfnik beautiful andsom e veizel a Swiss j , h j ' oton close en d conclud e sto 'veizilc Swiss j , , p j j uitbn enjoy

keb i'non rin lea. than l b g along lea d card kel Icelo kelos who w ic ( f, ) , h h , ka dem acad emy feel/cod for which reason [ that ' loaf cofi ee kelep where ' kafop café keliip when alam cal ulation accoun kemen fellow- man k c , t aled calenda ken can allon k r , g kalod cold kid kiss

' ' kalon calculate kiem chemistry loam plain ( surface ) kit; femin in e form of Ieim kanilel singer kilokey kanitbn sing kikod why

kanbn be able, can hibba to look kap h ead kil th ree ' kapcil in telligen ce kilid third kapdliin understand kilik triple ' i kapcilil b un derstanding kilns, thr ce kat cat kits thirty ka ta d capital (mon ey) kilseba lid thirtyfirst katil kitten kiludel scholar of the third a uti c reful udent kitul Marc rade k k a , pr h [g kav cellar kiliidel Tuesday krwamasel host him who hdd cash bimid which (in order) ? see kimik whatk ind of a Ice, he kind a ealm em i e lcod cause eason r , p r , r kinen da e ave cou1 a e lcodii'n to cause r , h g lcio femin ine fo m of kiom lcol towa d a e son f, r r ( p r ) kiom which what ? lcolun colon y lies n eut al fo m of kiom kolunilc colon ial , r r kib w e e lcomi combat fi t p h r p , gh ki a w ence komi el combatan t c am ion ep h p , h p kibpi whither lcomipbn to fight leis n eutral fo m of him lcomil 1n th esence f befo , r e pr o , re m loil ecei t for one etc . lcon sto elation r p ( y , ) ry , r kilip where konsiilbn ad vise ' lcla d class lconsiilem congress kleban to paste kop body ' kli clifi ock kostba cos f , r t lcllg war kotenilc content klil clea ness lucidit lcol colo r , y r klim vice kbmon come kliaiin to clean Icon corn klo c o a vest loosel cousin p r p, h r klot dress koton cut (with edge- tools) l'loton to dress kritilc christian klod fait belief kud ca e h , r lclodat credit lculc kitchen lclodon believe lculcel a cook

' kioj cloth lea/con to cook klub club association societ kuli-v cultu e civilization , , y r , loo (before 0 Ice) with kiib cube

lab property lafik halt lobed ossession la inil: woolen tobbn ave lalc lake lad heart lam arm ladet address (direction ) la n soul half Zoned country (not alphabet la nedat agriculture a el emeste lanim s i it fo ce laf y s r p r , r 100

lanimal cou a e b ave lead o de a an emen t r g , r ry r r, rr g lep m onkey ’ lu in a ine e lesa bn asse t as su e p r p , pr y g r , r lapinanim pred atory an im al lesi y es indeed certain ly latilc late ta d lesin c ime , r y r ’ lci near by lesbl great lord liib fo tune luck a iness lestim esteem eat es ec r , , h pp , gr r p t ' lcibilc forturiate lia leton let allow , ppy , ' labo fortunately leiil oil ' d lad le an at la Mrs . e y , g/ g l n lib libe f ldn a d rty , reedom lanbn to land lie wealt ic n s g h , r h es ’ lcitilc latte last lie ilc wealt ic r, g hy , r h lebalilc sole onl uni ue liev a e abbit , , q h r , r leben o very wel liflife lebbb bank ban kin ouse li bn live , g h f ledilc red lifilp lifetime ledom al ce castle lilao how p a , l ulnilc com lete liko ualit condition ef p f q y , lefil d east lil ear Lefil diin Orient lila don read le letilc no mous imm en se lilbn hea g e r , r ' lehcit elmet lim lim b m embe h , r loig e uality limep em peror l b'ni beautiful andsome limodilc how m an ej , h y lelcamart lineg tongue lelcanel a tist lin il a ound about r r , lel iron lit light lelit li tnin liv delive absolution gh g ry , lelod railway lob praise lemacem store lobbn to praise lemasel grand master log ey e ’ lemon bu u c ase lo on see look y , p r h g , l a b the ide of on lol ose e s , r l ome leno. learning om h o n all b n o means lon l w len ot at , y a lenun advertisement loued length

mbie sixty mblul J une minut minute milliidel Friday mit meat me wit b m eans oi mod mode manner method h , y , , mebba remind mofo away media m edicine 71w drive medina o m edical s cience men mon ey meditbn ditat conside mmaitel homeman rider me e, r, , meid me ow e ect monitbn ride orseback be ad [r fl h , meil m l ou mot mot e mounted ea, fl r h r [ ’ ’ melacm make accom lis motb bi t , p h f r h

i efsea motbn. bea 1ve bi t to a j r, g r h Flelo m e ica mbb fu ni u e p A r . r t r

melO el. an m e rican mbd numerousness mul i ude p A , t t nelO ilc Ame ican mbdilc man num e ous p r y , r m m m em. e ory irid much memos. em embe ecollect mbdumilcs seve al r r, r r m mm an uman bein mb ossibilit , h g y p y mena d uman it m an kin d mb ilc o sible h y , g p s meniil umanit benevolen e mblcbn e a e make u h y , c pr p r ( p) me’n iililc h umane mblodbn to murder menik human mba wall met meter ( meas ure ) mud mouth migba mix muf movem ent mil thousan d mufam motion milagbn ad mire mufbn move miley butter mul month mile abod butte ed b ead mun moon g r r , milig milk [ bread an d butter musig music milit arm milita ma lba be obli ed to must y , ry g , milw a thousand t1mes mid mill min mine al mutbn com el fo ce r p , r

no befo e vowels na af e nakomon a ive , ( r g) t r rr M d needle when nam hand naf ship nam epen han dwriting 103

nammi tmds (work) novelo never — ' ni m neither ’ md brillian cy ’ nataoel n aturalist M dcin India 0 . Q . sew nidiind Hindu

’ valley mdian Indian ( American ) nebii (before a vowel neb) by he ide of beside ne t to winte t s , , x r nod need necessit n es it snows , y if o bid o ibit n in nedalbn f r , pr h k ' nmlidik cheap n vicinit nedet left hand) ailet neigh r nedbn n have need of noda l laziness idleness a tiba a oac , ppr h nil ii nea close b r, y neflen enemy aim animal .

jug a dj knife n indilbn divid e

nek no one a isul island nelabbn do wit out want n icer un ive sit h , , r y neliibo unfortunately [miss no n o ‘ Neli cin En land neat bill invoice fl ) , i el En lis man n odl ban kn ote ill nel j g , b neli ik En lis et still j g h ’y , neliim thirst iiiilkuowledge neliimik thirs ty violiin kn ow nem name mdiid n orth nembdilc n ot m uc a littl e Nol iideat No t G e m n h , , r h r a y nemba call na me few n ol iile id no t e t , [ fi r h as nen without Noliimel0p North America n m das without ( co j . ) aol iinwlopilt North A merican a den efuse new. rul seibu y , r e net nation mile no m l e l ne r a , r guar 104

no nilc no, n one a nd n ose ' nos n othing [tisement N ugan Hungary n ot a n nouncem en t adver n a ils esen t e istin , pr , x g n ova li- nooo i i no o? n ulilc , s t t s n ew m y egg mom n umber n blc uncle n ames to coun t

' a bmodbn. m ention n ame mm in fo mation , r nbt nut n unbn in form nu n ow a i m communication

ob I ols e ou y , y obilc my olsilc y our obs we om he obsilc our omilc his odelo tomorrow ems they (men ) ’ of she email: their (men s)

o en often f e uen tl on. one som e one f , r q y , ’ ofilc her on ilc one s ofs they (women ) ans y ou ofsilc their onsilc your olc imself e sel 08 it h , h r f clci hi o n her o n at h m lc s w , w t e sa e olcs themselves one above (in place) olcsilc their own ovi over oi t ou ou evil ove motion h , y r ( ) olilc th ou b ah ! w at ! y , y r h

pub butterfly peil pea po village pelba pay paibn to spread pen pen pam palm - tree pened letter a r icula it s ecialit enba i e p t pa t r y , p y p wr t pdlcbn to ask pir pyramid Peballats nited States pla instead of

106

n ab sand siam. sense (understan ding) sa bu sa tell sibinon e ist be g y , x , sak sack ouc aid seed , p h sal salt sied seat

sam e am le as s. for in siedbn sit be seated x p , , sanel physician [stan ce sien sense (the fi ve senses) sap w1sdom sif citizen [guished) satfm silk sikik prominent (distin saun ealt sikod t e efo e conse uentl h h h r r , q y ' sa umk sound well in ood sil eaven sk , ( g h , y ed ebu save escue ealt sil silve , r h h) ef r Samdu Saxon y Silop Asia sdgo even sil opik Asiatic sdlc question sin sin sdto en ou suffi cien tl sis since gh , y sdtbn suffi ce be en ou siso sin ce t at time , gh h se out of f om skil kill , r s sedbn sen d fo wa d skit leat e , r r h r s bn insu e m ake safe sla slave ef r , f segun according to sleb stair seistbn lie be situated ste ade , p, gr sell position sleep ’ seitbn to lace ut sludbn esolve make u one s p , p r , p sek esult conse uence slu b idin lace min d to r , q p p h g p [ sel sale bed n est selbn sell sma bel hill sembal ot e smabim bus s ub h r h , hr semih on e a ce tain smabov late , r p sened an exterior smacem chamber sen bn feel smal sm alln ess set sentence smulik small seten bp extend smaziga d cigarette sevdlbn select emek taste (sense) sevbn kno be ac uain ted m m ell w, q s el s si y es [with emilbn laugh " w hen smoke stdg hind “ " l smile suck snake stadik straight thus awl star ui alone solita elem steam sa l k , ry sad but ( after negation ) M acin steam engine t a in o d e t at stenild st en t sodas so h t, r r h r g h sa s ciet steniidik stron mi t g o y g, gh y m the company of m iootstep ° man 31psti nese m such (noun) atimbn to honor eti ii in ono o samik such (adj . ) m h r f am son as: esta blishment m ay as soon as eta cloth natima sometimes straw sbl Sir Mr. slam weat e , h r ab! duty ‘ bt owe it be one s at s o s bn , apbn t p slbk star ( of a h ouse) stud stu y ure 0 1‘ ex studel student mulbn to study and: construction scum inst ument tool r , stun astonishment spaf sparrow stiil style spdbn to hope stdm esteem apid haste m on cpidbn hurry up ma m sum correspond mbasis foundati , b t ou membn as com re end sta ik hor gh gr p, p h e ondition m bn suffer e ndu e clad stat , c f r k esson m be (in a tas , m t unk dition follow succeed m ste , r [ ) , sta nd» to stand ml ild south 108

' Sulumela South Am erica susa up ’ swliwesii a sout weste l siid custom morals h r y , s ambn seize take silkbn seek sea c , , r h same soon sill heaven ( spiritual ) su sou silmik like similar an o p p , , alog us sus over sat street susi upward Sved(dn ) Sweden

ta against telia n billion t ab table telna twice taim clay tels twenty taked rest teludel scholar in the second takedbn to rest telal February [grade takbn be quiet telddel Mond ay tal earth tenal eternity tala dil division of the earth ten bn stretch tale/v eolo te tem est s o m g gy p p , t r taled geography ti almost ust alia tid inst uction d octrin e A r r , ta lopel Australian tidel teach er tat state tidbn teach Tats ebalbl see Pebaltats tied tea p , l ( dp ) Italy tif theft tdvbn to t avel ou ne t el t ief r , j r y if h ' te only tifan steal teat theater tik th ought ted ade comme ce tikdl mind s i it tr , r , p r tedadam omm e cial ouse tikam t inkin c r h , h g tedel merchan t [fi rm tikav logic tedik commercial tikbn think te d conce nin e a din tim tim e f r g, r g r g timil moment in stant t cover . te two timila a little while t d m an a time tle d ead f i t el ik y [ p r , r gh telidn a for the secon d [place tlad consolation i con dl in the secon d ta d o tel da se y , f r p

1 10

ven del evening vokbn to call ven delafid supper val world ven dela in the evening volapdk universal language vestigbn investigate vam woman vesiid west vamik womanly vet weight vamiil M iss vetik eav v t c an e alte ation h y a h g , r vidik broad valik other vien wind vatikna some other time vietik white votim another one vi week c an e of lace mi ra g h g p , g vikad victory change of time [tion vikadbn conquer vaban acquire vil will vbd word viliko Willin l vbdabuk dictionary v ilfi is vbda ised o bula ilbn be W ng, w h l v ca ry vin win e vbg voice vin dit vengeance vbgbn vote v wis vblad value rice ip h , vipan to wish vbnika former y vis d udence abna on e at one time e pr c , visit visit val root vob Work mm wound vabel laborer vandu to Wound vabbn to work v ildfin in vite

xab axis xenon ascend mam ekam 1n at1on pal ox

ya alread y yap door a c ace un t e befo e vowels ed cer y g h , h y ( r y ) a el un te eb ass tainl obabl y g h r y gr [ y , pr y yagbn to hunt object (article) ya m lament year 1 1 1 yelatim season Yalap Europe yelatwm century yulapel a European yelibik yellow yup y outh yudel j ew yunik young yuf h elp y anlik y outhful

zad delicacy zif city zeil aim zigad cigar zel festival zil zeal zela del holid ay zit occasion zeladela on holidays zitbn take place zen ashes zbt ticket (not entrance zen del n oon zu an d w ull oste g ra , p [ p r zendelafid din ner zun anger zandela a t noon zit around zen ad cen ter zud acid ' zesitd n eed necessit ziil nin e , y zesiidik n ecessary ziilna n ine times ’ zib food z ide n inety zid occurrence ziilul September - 1 12

- ENG LISH VOLAPUK VOCABULARY .

W The rea er is remin e t at corres on in or s elon in to ot er arts of d d d h p d g w d , b g g h p s eec t an t ose ere iven can be easil forme su stitutin p h h h h g , y d by b g he r er n in s t p op e d g .

abilit a aim zeil to a zeilbn y f g , . able d ik be a kanan ba air la t f g , . [ about e a din db nea l all valik (r g r g) , ( r y) above adv . lb o e . allow d dlbn ( ) p , ( pr p lb d ave almost ti [ p , acco dance in a . Wit ma alon e sanlik r , h according to segv/n alphabet lafab account (mercantile) kalam already ya acid z iid also i (before vowels id) act deed dun to a . dnn an alt ou do ( ) , h gh active dunik always egelo admire mila gan America Melap ad ance in a . biseo amon bevil v , g d isemen t not len un and e befo e owels ed a vert , ( r v ) ad vise kansdlbn an ger z11n Africa F ikap [ (tim e) animal n im

afte e . a lace as ann oun ce notbn r (pr p p ( p ) , p n na b fo ow an ot e noun vatim d f co . e e v a . a ter ( j ( r h r ( ) , ( j ) azend l i ime vatikn af noon e els na val k a . t a ter p [ ) g ,

af a ds aso answe to a . esa b n e ukan terw r p r, g g , g p again denn antiquity bdledat against ta an y anik age bdled apple apod agent dwn approach nilbn ago bb b (precedes the noun ) April falvl agricu ture la nedat architect bumamaoel agricultural implementfeilbm arm lam

b eak bleka n b. to ieces di build bum r , p cm brewery bilen [blekbn building buma t bridge pan bush (shrub) 311s brief blefik business j df b illian t p idik but ab afte ne ation n r , ( r g ) a d i lin bn i m b n b b . alon kebl nan butte ile r g , g , r y dik out deblin bn broad vi [b. butterfly pab brook bluk [bladel buy lembn b ot e blad in an o d e b a nea ld r h r , ( r r) y f , ( r)

’ cafeka i c an e cen mone ean al f h g , ( y) , ( calculatiikal an teration t f va c. o ) , place calen d atb f i t a kaled v c. o t me va i2 r p, p call vakbn nam e neman cha1 e debit bb a , ( ) g ( ) l d d can allon ken Ic. kanab c ea ne elidik (g ) , h p cap luhdt chemistry kiem ca ital kata d cit lez c ief e ad . e essed p , ( y) g if h lf, ( j ) xpr by u d c il ca d kad la in c. l ka d oil te or le r , p y g h [ g ca e lookin afte kud in a Oinan r ( g r) , Ch ca albn caution kaut c istian kritik a c. knit rry p [ ) hr , in a c l case al c. la u c i1 f , f h r h g g cash kdd cigar ziyad cat kat cigarette em caterpillar lupa b citizen sif c u d dan cit z a se ka to c . ka , y if cavalry - m an j evalel civilization kaliv celebrated mdkabik class kla d cellar kav clay taim cen ter zenad clean cen tu elatum clea lucid klilik loud ry g r ( ) , ( ) cl m lim ce tain z a ik a c. se ik kleilik id klii r el , , ( p ) lik ce tainl ex ectantl e clock r y ( p y ) y , l

answe lesi close ki kbn c. b nilu ( r) , y c ambe cemil smacem clot klb material sta h r , h f, ( ) f champion komipel clothes klotad - l l 5

consume fegeban content ( satisfied ) kate nik ut at on h b11 t e c . a r y , k coo kukel female 0 . ikukel , j , cold noun kalad ad . ka co es ond s adbn c k11kb ( ) , ( j ) rr p p [to . n lonial lanik cost o o ka t . o t c , c k s bn colony kolun cottage ludam colo kbl coun t numbn cal ul r , ( c ate) combat kamip Count (title) gab [kalo n come kbmbn coun t n ot cit laned n ry ( y) , a command bdd i e t v c. fatdn commerce ted cou a e lanimdl da in kin r g , ( r g) comme ial tedik course o rc , f c. s11emika communication nun cou t e sons cbde la e r (p r ) f, ( p c ) com an ka an me cantil e cbdb of a sov an kut p y p , ( r ) f, ( r )

ka anbm in the c. of sa il cousin l p , g kbse om l mdtbn be com elled cove c e te to c. te p , p r g, g complaint plan [to mutbn create j afbn complete lefulnik credit klbdat com e en d sueman c ime lesin c imin l pr h r , ( r a act) concerning tef d crop klap [klimadwn ondition likb stud cu e ki1b c f, b connection fetan cup bavil conquer vikadbn custom sud cons uentl sikad custome banedel e ula y r , r g r 0. consi er meditbn consolation tlad cut (with edgetools) katan construct stukbn

D .

dail delik adv . vddelo dea i iced delidik y , ( ) r (h gh r ) , dampness vatb debit bblad (beloved) lbfik da e dalbn ave coura e debt deb r , g ) daughter jisan [kinbn December balsetelul (batul)

- del ever d . vddela to d d cide m ake u the mind day , y ay e ( p ) ime in the d dela adela d ed dun dayt , . [ e

ealer t d d . in atc es d d ik d e el, w h eep ib lak d li2n sla g ate el degree e , p 1 16

deliver (free) livan divid e nindilbn d eny nesibn division nin dilam desc ibe b enon do dunbn do Wit out p ela r , h ban desi d i o desidon docto d e re es t d . r ak l d est o distukbn do do fem ale (1 1 da r y g g, . J y detail detid dollar daa b d evoted divadik domestic damik se an d , ( rv t) a devour lufidbn door yan [net diction ary vbdabuk doubt dot die deilbn draw (pull) zugan differen t difik dread tlep ffi l uli l di cu t k k d ess klat to d . k atbn fi r , dinn e zen dela d d ink d lin to d . dlin n r fi r , b di ect st ai t stedik im d ive ma an us dla n an r r gh ) , ( r f , (p h) , mi i e da k o d . k d me at n eme t (1. bac e lanbn ) , g

discove datdvbn du bn d o ta to d . fall al bn r [ g r p f, ( ) f dis o e til-v datuv du in du c v ry , r g distin uis ed sikik fi ne ei dut sbt g h , ( ) f y disturb tvpbn [nik dwell lbdan

eac alik befo e n ume als endu e su bn h , ( r r ) r f a e bal atik balvata en em n n e. ot v e , h r , y efl e r en in m t ma a lil e a e m e . s e i g , st a c n earth tal England Nelij (dn ) east lefd d English n elijik easy nefikulik English man neligel eat dbn of animals l dan en o uitb n fi , ( ) ufi j y j education daduk enorm ous legletik en ti d o ad . sa . a egg nbg ugh ( j ) k ( v . ) Egypt Agupan entire lblik [edta ei t bl e1 ht als e ualit lei gh j , g y g q y g eit e u k e . or u ud e o blub h r fi , f rr r p election adl espemally pat(ik)a emperor limep establishm ent stit v ik es eem stdm lesti2m em n ag t , i t al né it o e . nan etern t e fl , t fi y ep

118

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. 90 ca t osc 0 . r br h Obhl id al M . U nte ic ts ie e zur , rr h br f C ollin A V ola ukatid VVelt g , . p ; Erl ern ung der Wel tsprach e Vol a - s ach e U n te ich t in 2 Ku sen W t , k i h 1887 400 . pr rr r pii . . s h r W e h n eb t Sc lii se l und 6 rt rbu0 . — R Poeschl Sa mm un nd . u . l g L s n 8 7 u w i h a e 1 8 . d g f - deutsch weltsprachlicher W6 rter Schliissel z V olapukatid ; Ueber und G esprache als F ortbildungs set un d er Uebungsaufgaben des z g 1 m d s o a uk m 1ttel Stud um e V p . 2 K u s des W l r 0l1e i l . . ts 1 U te r e p . n r n 8 7 . sc 50 . W e 1 8 o h . 7 l1 s Lu i s 1 i br 1 ic t . a n 0 . e 887 . 45 dw gIa h f Pfl aum er W In ternat1on ale Han E in stein L Der k eine We t , . , l l delss rache Vollstandi er Le s a m irist N rnber p ; g h pr ch e Ko pto . ii g r an des Vola iik nebst Schliissel 1887 g g p , . h K ok r 0h n ac t. F i w e er u. W6 terbu o e e J . Z e n Unte ic ts Pr r g , h h rr ‘ ’ hofis Cou s com et de Vola iik. briefe fur das Se lbststud ium der r pl p ’ Ha e 1887 750 . W e B es . Schl ey e r sch en el tsprach . r ll 1 Schl e er J M M itt e e G am lau 87 . 2 00. . . 8 $ . y , l r r H ein e N V o a uk mit e nem matik der U nive sa - S ac e o a , . l p i r l pr h V l n 7 S mm k. 8 Aufi . Consta z 88 . W6 rte rbu0he eine a un von ii . 1 , r l g p

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eb 550 s rache . Constanz 1887 . osc . g . p br h ' H ofl n n K V 1 0 1 85 m a ct u 5 . Lwdbd . . F a . o sc e . , . r r h l $ $ — z ur l eich ten Erl er nung der Welt M ittl eres Worterbuch der Welt

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5 Lwdbd 550 . £riinstadt 1887 . 300 . 3 0. . A u maretti V Schn eid . e e n ac tes Vo . Vola fi k amma , g V r i f h A . ; gr Ia iik Praktiecber Leit a e n {fir t10 e leesicolo ia ptal n Tu n p ; f d g i a . ) ri l den Se lbst Unterri ch t . Brfi nn 837 Bakal rz M 1887 . 300 a , J . . Mluvnice svetom lu Vol ti Bo m n v s lt . e a S chn a er H Vo a k in z ei y ( h . ) . u i p p , l p w a ue 1 7. s V lls n i s L hr g 88 Le hr tufen . o tii d ge c Pr Ca r d e lli. G ammat ca com e n iat nnd Uebnngsbuch zum Erl ernen r i p d a di Vo n h e m s 8 l fi k. i 1 s p ( u a 87 . e W lt a 3 n . M n ) d r e pr cbe . . A ti il l P ri 350 0I1e n 1887 .

D a Sil v a T eix eira. Methodo a Uebe rsetznng der Ucbnngsbei m tico de Vola iik P u u s s e c 1888 5 p . ( o t g e e . M il nch n 0 . ) pi le n . 1 r s 65 a . 0 . - P ri Schr id d e , O. a tisc it sc e Pr k h kr i h r F ronts rn de il Vol n rna t a iik. 7 l p ola iilr T ic te . E l a n 188 . p r h r r i Swe is S d m 886 . 2 ( toc o 1 50. Y0 kh l 0 . G il G mat ca c . ra i ompend iad a de T oussain t Vola iik Die neue , A . p ; V l iik l o a a uso de 103 Es anoles . ' p p Welm rache Schle er e mit Ueb p S anis . Paris . 50c ( p h ) . 6 r n h 5 ungastiicke n 11n d l erb c . . H an n W se . Kort t e mb . fa t t La og i

Anti Be in 1887 . 40C . Vc l iik. anis Co enha e rl p (D h . ) p g n W l 1eép a ther E . Die internationals , — Ha nd el s 11nd Ver kehrespraclre V olapiilr-d ansk dun k- vola

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‘ I arra uirm F F . D n p g , . iccio ario K arekhofi A u . o . g ( ours c mplet Vola iik Ee anol S anish de Vola iik contenant des t emes p p . ( p ) p , h P s ari . 700 . et des versions avec corrigés et 1111 L i e ol Prof ch rd o . Meto ntm 25 mots 8. p , e voca a e de 00 . bul ir ed . d p

P 1 7 a nvel a limbs Vol ik. Human ari s 88 . i ( ' — - g i n . Buc ] Di0tior1ne ire V olapiik F rancais a ) harest gg - et F ran ais Vola iik . Par s . $ 00. Lie d beck F F u c p i , . lletfindig larokurs

G ammai e a é ée de V ola iik. r r br g p i Volnpiik . (Swedish ) Stockholm

Pa is. 3. ed . 400 . 7 88 650 . —r 1 . e mie s é éments de Vola iik. Pr r l p R en ter d . G ron beginselen van Vo 45 ed . s 1 87 00 . . Pari 8 . 1 la ith. utc 100 p (D h . ) . n h l d R ose t a . Abridged G rammar In oth e r La n guages . of ola u for the use of Russ s V p k i an .

A n n J O. F l n i l ire o . d d . u stfi b g (Russian . ) g ' i s e 1 ' Vola piik (Da ni h ) l uf 888 . Bun etr om J , . Lattlattlig larobok — Korttattet Verdem e m V l ilk S sh ock p O . ( wedi ) St ela ) P s ] 5 l m t . a hl e ik (Dan i ri 1 0 . o m — Z i i M Lfiseb i Vola fi k. D s ub r a J . . do o an h . G n matica Vo g p ( i ) ,

a bo 1887 . lu iika . S -n . M a r 1887 A l rg p ( p igh) d id . C 0 o abl ed v ola iik el as . Humor Exc lus ive ly In Vola puk. g p is i Buk isl v ol a iik d a M iin ch en tic ll ustrated poper and organ of p , the Vola iik- C u M G ui e to M un c e zii m6 oma p b , un ch H. ( d i h ) p . l i , ch te er E i o 12 u , t . N m ers . M iinchen 1887 . pp d r b ' F iew e r J l gi és e . ela ukats vo a g , p l T im abl ed v ol a ukik 11 R ikik i lenad n l era l k p , . o eck pi a o J e vo apii i. d , l ’ ed . nert Ri 4 o co. M onth y er B es a 1 7 . 5 , r l u 88 0 . l p He m an n yea r J . M a abs kil se o a r , g p p ' V ola k L e - p ii , ed . y Kerckhofls. k its koaz ano se1 ban1k Z agreb , b s M o a i . nt er ea l gg7 P r hly , p y r L V ol ap uk , E l ; gase be viinetik te easin G . E M ina de Ba n d g, . r ' e ik nolik lite ratik l e m sol al b l a nslated int , , e gii odik h l u at a . r o d l F T a r F . ra n i e M . rr ed . a i l k F p g . . iewe er . B s Vo apii by J . g re l au dr d 1 V ol ap uk - A lm a n ach tiit 1888 von 886 . S ie man n a M . S . . J an . Lei Schl e er J . . Bibikos sets ble p l l hrg g p y , ,

z i . ca t . 400 fik n si mik n Konstan g . ii ii ii ii biba . z r V ol a iik abl ed z en od ik e 1 p , d . by 1887 . 50.

- Sc le e . Konstan M W Ko h y ont y , Das Bnch der ahrheite n . n r z hl 300 pe r y ea stanz . r M ont er ea 1 10 — Sen te n y , p y $ . N ur G eist; 200 in haltsr . hl r V ol a iika ased ed Me i p g by n , z Konstan . 400 . , en . z dli g Wi M v 0 en ont e r ea 8 0. V ol ap uk abuk s fa dl . L e d erer hly , p r V ol a iik ak lub s F ie e J . we r Sie frie d I A n e sen M a a p , g , ed . g . . d r , g 4 h e B sl t a . e a Mon l Lei y u. t y , er buk n en mags ; lovepa la m . p r r h p y ea z ig 1887 250 . r Y el abuk ed i ed el as f p p a plof. l W ' 2 Critica orks. . 1 8 a is 88 . Kerckhofis . P r Bick E n ions of the ne s a , . Opi w p p s th m n an d annou n k n it es ts In 4 . F or co i n ed ers o Volapii a d r ul . ( g c o 1 Russian M osc w 887 . L aud a E A Vo a uk di works. . a e , . D rf l p B in 50 W a e n ? e . el tspr che werd rl 0 . Lin d er felt K A m lete , . Co p Vo L en z e K arl . Die We ts ac e , l pr h lapiik- E ngl ish a nd Engl sh - Vol a und ihre Bedeutung fiir den V 61 i piik Dictionary . . 400 ’ kerverkehr Leipz ig . . —Vola i1k Rea in E xe cises and Sch n a er H W s he- I een p d g r . elt rac pp , p d i s n e n e Comme c al Co e po d c . und dercn Verwirkl ich ung ; Vor r rr M Schl e er , J . . G osse G amma trag . M iinchen 1887 . y r r e f r L e Schuchar d t H Auf An ass des tik der We ts ac ii e . . l l pr h hr r 00 Das osse Worterbuch der ola il e Be lin . 4 . g V p k . r r s 4 Stem fl J Au e en an der We t ac e . . Aufla e . . sst un h g p , ll g l pr

1 50 W6 rte r ent alten . Volapiik. K6sel 887 2 . h d T hiessen J G . O 11nd . rigi ’ Periodical ublications. - 3. p nal Unterrichtsbme le zur Selbeter lernun der W ts ache Vola iik K al ed v ola iikel as o a u g el pr p p ( ‘ V l p k ’ nac der M et o e Toussaint Lan Calen a 1888 { a G ross h h d d r) , e nscheidt. V an ia g