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Critical Studies in Media Communication Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713597236 Yugo-Nostalgia: Cultural Memory and Media in the Former Yugoslavia

To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/07393180701214496 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07393180701214496

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The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. © Taylor and Francis 2007 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 07:08 11 March 2007 o.2,N.1 ac 07 p 21 pp. 2007, March 1, No. 24, Communication Vol. Media in Studies Critical O:10.1080/07393180701214496 (online) DOI: 1479-5809 (print)/ISSN 0739-3180 ISSN Dbla,20) fscaimrle ntepoieo tpaytt come, to yet Utopia a of loss promise of who the sense those on a Yugoslavia on of on relied lost fall feeds socialism the not capitalism and else, If perhaps movement anything independence 2004). was than the more cars for (Debeljak, which, foundations 1980s, sell the and to laid 1970s had the Tito (Jameson, of consumption might using prosperity attributes through the of remembered best recaptured irony whose suggest) societies The past advertisements Consumer idealized was society 1991). the past. lost, consumer so It socialist a (or Mercedes. its full-fledged for an toward be a a nostalgia and back marketed become status, sliding castle, long had of high-class have own anxiety Slovenia his the his that to from ‘‘everything’’ yacht, sign freed appropriate had own final car the he his the perhaps it, republics, also Yugoslav put but the ad island, all the of As leadership consumers. of as discerning time second the cars. 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Memory; material former-Yugoslav Yugoslavia; raw the Keywords: the divide provides to it continue memory as that even identities cultural history, national shared cultural of shared a forms a re-create to back communities to former-Yugoslav harkens in attempt mobilized an being are in practices cultural other and Media Volc Yugoslavia Zala Former the in Media and Memory Cultural Yugo-Nostalgia: aaVolc Zala h uhrtak nrwClbeea h colo oraimadMs omncto,Uiest of and University Bulgaria, Volc Sofia, Communication, Study Zala Mass Advanced for and to: Center Journalism the Correspondence of from Steiner. Kiossev School Alexander Linda the to also at Thanks Calabrese Boulder. 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Queensland, of University Communication, and Journalism of School the at Lecturer a is ˇ ic ˇ 38 ˇ ic # ˇ * colo oraimadCmuiain nvriyof University Communication, and Journalism of School , 07Ntoa omncto Association Communication National 2007 akt efle nwt osmrgoods consumer with in filled be to lack a . uonsagaparadoxically Yugo-nostalgia * o utthe just not Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 07:08 11 March 2007 22 ifrne,laigt h raino a-lvcwres tt Bnc 1984; (Banac, a that state notion workers’ the with pan-Slavic identity formed class was a of Yugoslavia sense state, of shared socialist a creation As the 1995). religious Woodward, and to Tito, ethnic transcend leading Broz could Josip unification differences, president political and and economic founder that Yugoslav assumed after named ‘‘Titoism,’’ of doctrine uolvamas‘teln fsuhSas’ sapltclett,i a arguably was it entity, political a As Slavs.’’ and south religious of of land Literally, sense state. ‘‘the Yugoslav combined the means of with a Yugoslavia identification sense overarching of strong an artifact with a specificity) (the combine ethnic to identity ‘‘national’’ able be specific hope would their 1990s The Macedonians identity. the and religious in Montenegrins, and undone Serbs, ethnic violently to came tied that identification one of forms local more ihnasse htpeetddmnto yaysnl ainlgroup. national republics single so-called any six by of domination federation prevented a that as system 1946 a in existence within into came Yugoslavia Communities Yugoslav-Mediated Mapping: Historical and to Theoretical seek the who challenge those the to destabilized and by help divided have discourse that might hatred popular region. some and that nationalism and of addressing ways forms memory the by in exacerbate social, cultural of culture conclude theory shifting of the media I refine manipulation the to and region. how in i.e., identity, the countries, Yugoslav memory, embedded former of the are in context questions recurring practices political nostalgic and address I economic, these Yugoslavia. and former how the exhibitions, of rituals, parts specifically public different the Yugo-nostalgic in organized of of representations examples experiences media selected own some inflections the their different examine have six had I Yugo-nostalgia in the of Yugoslavia expressions as former various memory Just era, the Yugo-nostalgia. post-Yugoslavia of so-called comprised of that detail. role forms republics in contemporary powerful here explore I consider and nostalgia, I lost that complex former was identities the the national by what autonomy of is national formation misconstruing for contemporary It struggle understandings perhaps the contemporary republics. haunt while complicate to Yugoslav and and loss, shape identity national to of been of enough had real sense hope is such The when false nevertheless period is a point. can nostalgia for industry such nostalgia the marketing that of longer the sense say no Utopia, To a harness socialist can possible. least, multiethnic public was very a disillusioned So, the for savvy, Tito free- at Mercedes. hope more a of one naive If gleaming become a desire. image his has sustain consumer past of decontextualized of Yugoslav collective image the signifier the moorings, floating The the historical by society into its wreckage. invoked from consumption consumer the stripped future mass that from better for salvaged ingredient socialist condensed a the be single of for could the appropriation desire ambition, perhaps the utopian in image, retained lacked, advertising was as else nothing past If 2002). (Ugresic, fe itrcldsuso fYgsa dniyadatertcldsuso of discussion theoretical a and identity Yugoslav of discussion historical a After .Volc Z. ˇ ic ˇ * h ordsi fteproletariat the of comradeship the * * hti oatczstepast the romanticizes it that a htSoee,Cot,Bosnians, Croats, Slovenes, that was * ol transcend would * misses 2 The * * . 3 1 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 07:08 11 March 2007 omnYgsa pc.PnYgsa ei ult uha h al newspaper a daily to the attachment as their such shape outlets arguably media could Pan-Yugoslav and space. Yugoslavia’s Yugoslavs Yugoslav of as common citizens nations the of addressed sense member Akrobata and a six mobilizing positioned Sarlo in media crucial These and were identity. particular Yugoslav Idols), in shows (The television and films Idoli (Electric Yugoslav Button), orgazam Elektricni (White Sarlo) (Acrobatic including Dugme bands sports. Bijelo and by Pan-Yugoslav products, Orgasm), represented rock’n’roll, consumer unique music, Yugoslavian Some its distinctly rock life. film, were Yugoslav daily and of identity outlets culture Yugoslav socialist media of the news markers on main based was the that of space civic a space, cultural oit ihrgr obt omncto ihteotiewrdadthe and world the identity. outside of political Yugoslavia’s one Non-Aligned the became of the positioning open mantras ‘‘neither-East-nor-West’’ of It with main the more emergence 1950s, economy. the communication a the With in created free-market internally. both Movement and opinions Western different to levels the of regional regard expression and on with power system of society Soviet aspects the some citizens, combined decentralized both its that economy for of workers’ travel self-managed international of elements legalized model Union, socialist Soviet the introduced the and with broke it common 1948, In imagined Yugoslav an encouraged to coverage, space media geographical across history. state unity. themselves cultural country’s ongoing connect the received to symbolizing baton, citizens which white subjects. Yugoslav a ritual, of Yugoslav with relay a of country This birthday), Tito’s the creation (on through 25 the ran May Every youth frame example: such to one order is the Day of Youth in part in all machinery, death manufactured, ideological were his rituals until state’s Yugoslav charisma different personal period, that and interests During ideology nationalistic 1980. socialist various of control combination to a managed through Tito that as argues state 1992) Yugoslav Thompson, the forms, with various identification its and (in ‘‘nationalism’’ on) refer identity. I as Yugoslav so identification, republic and of ‘‘nationalistic’’ particular sense dual including a second this with the negotiate and to identification order example), to In for state. Macedonia, Yugoslav Yugoslav of the the republic with in (the described be ‘‘republics’’ were might what as with what this federation first of the types on identification: two national embraced as built described state republic a Yugoslav federation foster The each to state. Yugoslav them Yugoslav with allowing overarching republics, The identification the of republic of 1991. each their in sense in before identity national long of entity state. nation sense nation ingrained a independent independent as an an themselves few being of became although of ‘‘nation,’’ thought experience specific example, a historical for to the religious Slovenes, belonging had and of republics sense ethnic the a whose of with groups up combining tied were federation identities pan-Slavic a as conceived sDnc 19)pit u,tefre uolvaws rcal,aotaspecific a about crucially, was, Yugoslavia former the out, points (1994) Denich As uolvai nmgnbeotieispstoigvis-a positioning its outside unimaginable is Yugoslavia 1997; Sekulic, 1984; (Banac, perspective scholarly accepted commonly The , a enlnigteyuhclue ftedfeetrpbis Pan- republics. different the of cultures youth the linking seen was within 4 h otx fblnigt an to belonging of context the ` vsteEs n h West. the and East the -vis Yugo-Nostalgia 23 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 07:08 11 March 2007 24 iiiain,rlgos rclue:Wsenoe n atr Bla)ones contested. and (Balkan) questioned Eastern first was and community’’ ones development. further Western 1996). incompatible Ugresic, republics’ 1992; of cultures: the Hayden, mixture & to or incomprehensible (Bakic-Hayden and an barrier religions, Slovenia as a perceived in civilizations, as be elites The framed to political republics. began be Yugoslavia Yugoslav among to former especially began the Yugoslavia, Croatia, Yugoslav all of of and in diversity belonging of changed internal sense supranational slowly a identification of feeling collective the 1980s, the of end the eto h eulc,wihwr eintda ersnaie fa uncivilized, an of representatives as designated were which the republics, from themselves the into distance Slovenes and of ethnic differentiate family. to the rest national them unite pure encouraging to nation, ethnically helped Slovene (RTVS) an former a be television of the state part to all national become Slovenia, in had to In stations Yugoslav viewers television their anything national invited particular, which republics In in destroyed. or emerged assimilated belonging. nation-states and homogeneous identity supranational and Yugoslav that 32) common (p. of losses’’ ‘‘invisible sense the a acts, erase telling the but to and small and helped the monuments were exclusive in of names an removal street role of of says particular changing (1996) sense the a resurgent Ugresic the played and belonging. promoting forms ethnic playwrights, the republic, homogeneous cultural national each these by in representations, of processes theater Each nationalization of media notes. staging bank of the in redesign cuisine, opposed the local symbols (as republics’ of of the ‘‘national’’ cultural popularity of nationalisms national use Yugoslavia’s) of frequent local more formation the the more to streets, include of the cites renaming a she the of to examples journals, promotion the the identity of from Yugoslav shift Some overall republics. of the to suggests sense contributed (2004) media supranational Mihelj of Reljic, range 2000). 2000; whole Kristofic, a (Devic, was Hodzic, that discourses belonging Gredelj, intellectual symbolic Brunner, national and Skopljanac of political 1998; sense public new in a which asserted within regularly spaces main the of one Borba osdrdbad h rgamn hwdthe was showed it although programming and, the government the bland, of considered critical never was ‘‘Programming Yugoslavs. station eperte hnfcsn nthe on focusing than rather people hsa ato utrlwoewih lhuhitral ies,srvdt hr a share to and strived Yugoslavia diverse, internally to not although integral which, was whole an but cultural as parts a common of seen Montenegro) part was a Macedonia, as republic thus Each Serbia, irreconcilable. (Bosnia, as regarded southern and Croatia) n t urntoa es fiett Gdn,19;Gzn,2003). Guzina, 1998; community (Godina, imagined identity Yugoslav of of sense sense supranational shared a its destabilize and to threatened 1980s the 1992). Ramet, hs twspeieyi h il fclueta h uolv‘‘imagined Yugoslav the that culture of field the in precisely was it Thus, ntelt 90 n al 90,anwfaeoko nenlyuiid integrated, unified, internally of framework new a 1990s, early and 1980s late the In eoete18s h yblcdvso fYgsai noisnrhr (Slovenia, northern its into Yugoslavia of division symbolic the 1980s, the Before ohtedaho ioi 90adteclas fteYgsa cnm during economy Yugoslav the of collapse the and 1980 in Tito of death the Both .Volc Z. ( Struggle Yutel ˇ ic ˇ tepe ohi n oiintemmeso ifrn ain as nations different of members the position and hail to attempted special ,tenw agency news the ), uolviett Big,19;Chn 93 adn 1996; Hayden, 1993; Cohen, 1995; (Bringa, identity Yugoslav Tanjug differences’’ , ai Yugoslavia, Radio Tyo et 00 .357). p. 2000, Kent, & (Taylor commonalties 6 ruby h ei provided media the Arguably, n h hr-ie TV short-lived the and fteYugoslavian the of 5 seilyat Especially Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 07:08 11 March 2007 ycneprr aiaim ‘ese odme ose h itrclpast historical the seek to fostered condemned consciousness historical seem of ‘‘We lack a capitalism: larger and a alienation contemporary of of part a by sense a than a as rather of nostalgia knowledge that sees historical problem, Jameson to understanding. obstacle historical an of consequently, resuscitation and, 536), becomes p. nostalgia (1989, spectacle; mere ‘‘embarrassing and entertainment an into history ‘‘real’’ for transforms can options viable that real past hatred, excluding fear, unattainable and anger, an xenophobia, discounting change. of for by social vehicle version imagination a cultural idealized as the an serve as stunt offers also insofar Nostalgia can an anxiety. it expresses past nostalgia past, and establish the as the much visions for and As love memory. Nostalgic individual a replaces than recollection. an rather complements of between nostalgia relationship products is charged the re-creates it emotionally from past Stewart imagined xiv). the different Yet, (p. disease. condition’’ very social a modern for as incurable (2001), nostalgia Boym characterizes ‘‘the (1993) metaphors. as medical nostalgia of invocation describes the example, by defined often is Nostalgia Nostalgia 1990s on by Notes suppressed early Some least the at community. eliminated, Yugoslav in imagined not an independence if of were, image national conflicts the longing and before of sense tensions time a nationalistic commodified and a mobilized of Yugo-nostalgia for attempt tide how I music. rising here Yugoslav explore and rebrand- a Yugo-films to and including by products reinvention cultural characterized the nostalgic as of was ing well the republics nascent as the shows, after former 1990s, television the the and former-Yugoslavia-themed of the in end during the culture in in witness of Starting commercial reappropriation culture we products. nostalgic and the What rituals, is commercial republics symbols, displace) Yugoslav consumption. Yugoslav of helped former emerging had sense promoting the in it this the of wars (that nationalistic is past means lost by It of a 1980s. sense upon as early the mobilized and seized which 1970s era, was postsocialist the of that prosperity nostalgia and peace relative nostalgia the of sense a foster helped quarters ‘‘glorious and nationalism nations’ resurgent this and patriotism. their of republics and other to pride the national to refer of respect sense with to a superiority forge started mainstream their to assert in reports to reports order news in that histories’’ a Serbian claims to Eastern and (2000) journalists belonged developed Milivojevic less Croatian that RTVS and 2005). civilized something (Volcic, less 1992). as its counterpart to audiences Hayden, than rather their Europe & Western for ‘‘civilized’’ identity (Bakic-Hayden Slovene Other’’ reimagined ‘‘Balkan barbaric mhszn h nuhniiyo otli,Jmsn(91 rusta nostalgia that argues (1991) Jameson nostalgia, of inauthenticity the Emphasizing side destructive and sinister the revealed however, 1990s, the of wars Yugoslav The * o utfrtedemo a-lvchroyfsee yTtim u for but Titoism, by fostered harmony pan-Slavic of dream the for just not ... utrlfnay’(.10,a‘csuepryself-deception’’ ‘‘costume-party a 170), (p. fantasy’’ cultural Yugo-Nostalgia * * tlati some in least at iewhen time a 25 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 07:08 11 March 2007 26 h atrcmeoae eidpirt ainlruiiain ihisattendant its with Slavs. reunification, ‘‘southern’’ national of lost to entity a prior united period commemorates a a of former commemorates fragmentation latter The the The GDR. before period the a of wholeness, romanticization commodified the ifr rmcmuitnsagai h eto atr uoe pcfcly Yugo- from Specifically, phenomenon Europe. distinct geographically Eastern and of historically rest a the is in Yugo-nostalgia nostalgia However, nostalgia 2002). communist (Bach, from Germany East differs communist in life for film nostalgia The element memory. crucial lives. a national always their invented is of nostalgia of that creation suggests time the it when in the and moment commodity, the literally, a at to was, nostalgia reduced communist was it of nature short and ambiguous personal the In the their explores of failures. to part consigned and a it, episode triumphs East through lived political the who that a those life was for just cultural film was, than It the history. more of of was dustbin message The past film erased. communist The being German German gradually East transition. was the historical culture portrays for film their nostalgia the the a contemporary hand, of one into within On work coma shock state. at eight-month the tensions an the from from highlights emerged Germany, has reunified who mother, newly socialist ill his of shelter contradictions ‘‘ film the German from 2004 away shy not does of xviii). and ambivalences (p. the belonging modernity’’ on and ‘‘rests but nostalgia nostalgia, longing reflective as while human itself tradition,’’ of and think truth not as ‘‘does rather nostalgia the Restorative a xviii). on ‘‘attempts (p. desperately’’ distinction argues, her or Boym home,’’ grounds in nostalgia, lost ‘‘thrives Boym more Restorative the is of doubt. nostalgia. ‘‘reflective,’’ reconstruction into terms term transhistorical she truth the of which the of sense mode, a calls etymology other upon it The feeds since it cohesion. critical, because and ‘‘restorative,’’ dislocation. as unity of nostalgia of feelings of loss frame mode that one nostalgia defines of She narratives two atrocities between self- the distinguishes public, a the of to is knowledge available cliche made the nostalgia that being for was nostalgia that time wars the Yugoslav suggests same former the the nostalgia during committed At explain on focus phenomenon. to continuing The contradictory irony it. engendered present’’ destruction and ‘absent’ whose ‘‘an past contradictions invoking or very fashion, the 52), paradoxical for a 1995, p. in longing (Ivy, 2000, functions a style’’ also (Rachman, Yugo-nostalgia retro’’ of 35). p. of ‘‘nostalgia 2002, edge a (Ritivoi, nostalgia,’’ cutting ‘‘modernist ‘‘the 56); a p. to example remains for itself referring, which 25). past, p. that 1997, about (Jameson, reach’’ stereotypes of and out images forever pop own our through oeageta uonsagacrepnst htGrascall Germans what to corresponds Yugo-nostalgia that argue Some the cite scholars many Europe, Eastern of nostalgia postsocialist the discussing In (2001) Boym Union, Soviet the of collapse the after nostalgia about Writing now-cliche the expressing language employ scholars Most .Volc Z. ˇ ic algia ˇ * eidi hc hylvdotterpsin n er,terpersonal their fears, and passions their out lived they which in period a h ogn tef n eastehomecoming the delays and itself, longing the , ody Lenin’’ Goodbye ´ fYgsa utr a nterise. the on was culture Yugoslav of s nwihayugEs elnrrwie itr to history rewrites Berliner East young a which in Ostalgie sarsos oEs emnfasthat fears German East to response a as nostos, ´ aaoe fnostalgia, of paradoxes d hl elcienostalgia reflective while * itul,ironically, wistfully, Ostalgie Ostalgie Ostalgie * , Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 07:08 11 March 2007 eba vn-ad efrac ritMrn baoi rmtteqeto of question the and prompt Grzinic Abramovic Marina Marina artist video-producer era. performance Yugoslav Slovene the avant-garde by revisit Serbian initiated temporarily contemporary to projects event them artistic in in allows public memories Similarly, that their ongoing themselves exhibition share art an to manifest interactive invited organized an are often passers-by have which in activists too memory,’’ negotiate ‘‘Yugoslav Macedonia, called to all Yugoslavs Skopje, former that In productive. assisting conflicts. tensions in (politically) tool To is historical transition. vital nostalgia a turbulent the that be of suggests indeed time way creative can a Yugo-nostalgia this in escapist, and citizens in is nostalgia for nostalgia interesting resources this understand If useful of analyzed. provides of production and it layers acknowledged maybe the the many be in should that by These tool agree narratives. characterized I productive histories. vital, are the of of a Yugo-nostalgia preservation life as social and Yugo-nostalgia the reconstitution and in understands emotional desires embedded She were the state. lives for individual collapsed longing whose of citizens of kind then, experience a is than Yugo-nostalgia past become. possible. real might once a were it for that what fantasies longing but a was, was less it unity whose arguably, what project, supranational unfinished on an viable not inception, a its of predicated this from fiction remained, blurred constitutive It the already unity. on of Yugoslavia based sense former was the it the as of insofar I misses community distinction formations. it imagined cultural but the romanticized accurate, and that ‘‘inauthentic’’ be suggest such may of bankrupt significance social historically real or inauthentic is make as not it nostalgia does that just ‘‘it claims that Ilic original tomorrow.’’ sense claiming 8) by Yugo-nostalgia, any the disappear of p. past’ dismissive will (2001, have more coolness even Jud floating the not is but 406). (2005) ‘free today, ‘‘does Yugo-nostalgic (p. a a existing’’ nostalgia be really create to itself that ‘‘cool actually to detached argues the has signifiers of (1973) nostalgia givenness historical Hart Yugoslav and that 2004). material argue (Debeljak, any Some from authenticity. of totally lack its wake of the in cleansing ethnic socialism. and of destruction collapse generated the that of Europe in place one the itr ehp ul otli o iebfr h aso h 90.These 1990s. the of wars the before time a violent for and This Yugo-nostalgia nostalgia hatreds. between contentious. religious differences fuels and and ethnic perhaps of that bloody rekindling history by subsequent tainted was the thus and are Yugoslavia representations brutality commodified of of Finally, its series and capitalism. break-up Yugo-nostalgia nonviolent Western Postwar largely the a of becomes by revolutions, triumph characterized failure ‘‘velvet’’ declared was whose dissolution U.S.S.R.’s ‘‘third-way’’ the the a against whereas representing read the perhaps when War, in Yugo- former status poignant the Cold of nonaligned of the and control components independence of the key scrappy under thick its not the established was Yugoslavia it of Rather, socialist U.S.S.R. that one fact Moreover, the is problems. nostalgia social and economic gei 20)dfnsYg-otli sapoutv eiiigo h collective the of revisiting productive a as Yugo-nostalgia defines (2002) Ugresic because nostalgia of importance the downplay to tend approaches scholarly Some ... n esol l utinr n ogti’ p 4.Dsisn Yugo- Dismissing 14). (p. it’’ forget and ignore just all should we and Ostalgie r rca:tefre uolvais Yugoslavia former the crucial: are Yugo-Nostalgia 27 7 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 07:08 11 March 2007 28 oi rzTt eoilwbiettvlecmwsstu nSoei n19 ytwo them: by popular 1994 of The in one Slovenia Internet. to in the According up students. set onto University was way titoville.com Ljubljana its website memorial made Tito even Broz Josip has and representations, media 3. 2. region: the 1. in evident now are nostalgia Yugoslav of aspects overlapping) (often Three uhmmr rjcshv lomgae nie h est www.cyberotp website online an The published online. that organization’’ migrated ‘‘ghostwriting of version self-described also wars. a bloody have is and crisis projects isani.com Yugoslav the after memory memories Yugoslav with Such done be to is what fte19sadgoa aiaimssbeun rdcino htmgtbe might what of Yugo-Nostalgia production subsequent capitalism’s industry.’’ ‘‘nostalgia global a and as wars described the 1990s of light the in especially of Yugo-nostalgia, of aspects commercial and entertaining, one and alphabets, two religions, three languages, ‘‘country Yugoslavia.’’ four a love: nations, as Yugoslavia five describes to republics, guide’’ humorously six ‘‘tourist 2005) of popular (Novacic, a author became The book past. the the Yugoslavia, former over all bookstores uonsagahscm ocaatrz ies vns pcs dniis and identities, spaces, events, diverse characterize to come has Yugo-nostalgia oee,i htflos aeamr rtclpsto ntecelebratory, the on position critical more a take I follows, what in However, h otaitrcl teceshsoia artvs eyn nta upon instead relying narratives, historical eschews be identity. to Yugoslav tends It of nostalgia symbols of ahistorical. commodified type This most past. Yugoslav idyllic the an for its longing the and political exploits culture for exploited Yugoslav not revere but Escapist cherished, to gain. be purports commercial to sacred, or within It something past. as politicians past Yugoslav socialist by authentic an invoked of is It debates. 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Yugoslav memories of forms collective and of stereotypes production new as well as practices, uonsagamblzsasneo osta s rncly orwdadexploited and borrowed ironically, is, that loss of sense a mobilizes Yugo-nostalgia nostalgia- negotiated, or challenged, questioned, politically being of Instead these if Even Yugo-nostalgia. of ambivalence the understand to need the lies Herein for possibilities many up opens complexity, its all in out plays it as Yugo-nostalgia, .Volc Z. ˇ ic ˇ ... ’I sa fteYgsashdto had Yugoslavs the if as is It ’’ Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 07:08 11 March 2007 h hne o h mrec fra eortcrfr ae ntehistorical the on Notes based impairs reform economic This democratic it. and real commodify of political to authoritarianism. emergence against order but of the struggle eliminated in than for context been past rather chances not the the it the have warps consume within identity Capitalism to Yugoslav commodified globalization. order of in and politics contradictions The transformed its it. in with filling engaging and spots rough otli samreigsrtg osestefrso eerlascae eewith here stimulates associated deferral and of memory forms the commodifies bolsters market strategy Yugo-nostalgia the marketing the of a which wars Yugoslav as with the avoidance nostalgia in alacrity erupted an that The as tensions and the past serves 1990s. exacerbating socialist in Yugo-nostalgia the played with respect, it now reckoning role Yugoslavia, this crucial the old a In indefinitely the postpones destroyed. about that been mechanism best was has what it resuscitate that can they suggest nostalgia 6 oeshlr a h dao uolvcmuiya rvdn en fself- Bosnia Croatia, of in wars means The a providing [7] as community Yugoslav a the in of stage idea new essentially the an of saw beginning scholars the marked Some 1980 4, May [6] on Tito of death The [5] the between vacuum a as Yugoslavia understood alike views mainstream U.S.S.R. and U.S. [4] to meant was Titoism that claim the history, Yugoslav of element every virtually with As [3] Bosnia Croatia, Slovenia, were republics These generates [2] era, post-Yugoslav the in economically prospered has which example, for Slovenia, [1] 8 nteanvrayo iosdahi 03 oeta 0 epegtee rudhsbronze his around gathered people 200 than more 2003, in death Tito’s of anniversary the On [8] oepoetesrcue ffeig icuss n nepeain fiette fformer of 1992, Ramet, identities 1996; of Hayden, 1994; interpretations Denitch, and 1996). 1994; discourses, Bowman, 2003; feeling, Ballinger, of (e.g., start Yugoslavia scholars structures did Yugoslavia the of explore collapse the to until not However, 1998). (Godina, identification society. Yugoslav the 1995). of Woodward, life ideological 1962; political leading Neal, of formal & its lot (Hoffman on a movement relying nonaligned required policy, the foreign mantra in in neither/nor role autonomous remained This Yugoslavia were Union. but that Soviet work, nations European the Eastern U.S.S.R. other to and from Western subordinated separate the being to as and Yugoslavia central of was (1992) identification anti-Stalinism Banac Official blocks. of military-political two arguments the follows 1993). Mestrovic, interpretation in more my (see (1995). regard, republics Woodward force federated this homogenizing its a of in was sense each Titoism However, overarching of that an identity argue with the would republic suppressed Some particular that a contested. to is identity defined identity of Yugoslav state. sense of Citizens Yugoslav a the of coexistence Macedonia. to the and allow and republic own Montenegro, their to Vojvodina), both belonging and as Kosovo themselves of provinces form aggressive its of competition bare-knuckled capitalism. current ‘‘catch-up’’ the of counter that nostalgia of forms tteadcmeoae ioslife. and Tito’s deaths, commemorated and 200,000 statue alone over 2000). Herzegovina were Kent, and & Bosnia there Taylor in in that people more war-affected estimated (see and refugees is million It 3 approximately refugees. especially populace, . raigamreal eso fteps eurssotigoe its over smoothing requires past the of version marketable a Creating ezgvn,adKsv aetkntertl ntecivilian the on toll their taken have Kosovo and Herzegovina, ezgvn,Sri wt h autonomous the (with Serbia Herzegovina, Yugo-Nostalgia 35 Downloaded By: [University of Queensland] At: 07:08 11 March 2007 36 aa,I (1984). I. Banac, oia .V 19) h ubeko ainls nfre uolvtrioy histo- A territory: Yugoslav former (1999). on D. E. nationalism Gordy, of outbreak The (1998). V. V. Godina, (2000). A. Devic, (1994). B. Denitch, (2003). P. Ballinger, rae,K 20) ei osrcino dniytruhmrlpnc:Dsore fimmigration of Discourses panics: moral through identity of construction Media (2003). K. Erjavec, ‘‘Balkans’’: theme the on variations Orientalist (1992). M. R. Hayden, & M., Bakic-Hayden, oe,L (1993). L. 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Andrejevic, References 1]Ti saSrjv ad e yGrnBeoi,fauigBsinCot,Srs and Serbs, Croats, Bosnian featuring Bregovic, Goran by led band, Sarajevo a is This appearing. are [11] Tito about documentaries straight-on Even [10] 9 lvna oiia journal political Slovenian [9] .Volc Z. J rneo nvriyPress. University Princeton NJ: ia esetv ntepolmo urntoa identity. supranational of problem 409 the on perspective rical Press. Minnesota nSlovenia. in 1992. Diego. and San mid-1960s California, the of between University Yugoslavia thesis, in criticism intellectual and 1987. since politics cultural Yugoslav in geography Symbolic rneo,N:PictnUiest Press. University Princeton NJ: Princeton, enyvna h enyvnaSaeUiest Press. University State Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania: genocide. Review Historical Press. University etr Fund. 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