Arte Visionária E Surrealismo: Estabelecendo Relações Comparativas

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Arte Visionária E Surrealismo: Estabelecendo Relações Comparativas DOI: 10.5433/1679-0383.2018v39n1p21 Arte visionária e surrealismo: estabelecendo relações comparativas Visionary art and surrealism: establishing comparative relations Rômulo Nery Silvério Machado1, Marta Dantas da Silva2 Resumo O presente artigo visa uma breve explanação sobre a Arte Visionária, seu surgimento, algumas de suas características, alguns de seus representantes e suas possíveis relações com a arte surrealista. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, apresentamos um breve estudo comparando os aspectos formais, temática e fonte de inspiração de representações tidas como surrealistas e outras como visionárias. Compreendemos que o interesse pelo desconhecido é um ponto em comum, e que as divergências entre a Arte Visionária e o Surrealismo estão, sobretudo, relacionadas a valorização do espiritual, por parte da arte visionária. Palavras-chave: Arte visionária. Espiritual. Surrealismo. Abstract The present article aims a brief explanation about the Visionary Art, its emergence, some of its characteristics, some of its representatives and its possible relations with the surrealist art. By the bibliographic research method, we present a brief study comparing the formal aspects, thematic and source of inspiration of representations taken as surrealist and others taken as visionary. We comprehend that the interest by the unknown is a common point, and that the divergences between the Visionary Art and the Surrealism are, mostly, related to the valorization of the spiritual, that aims the Visionary Art. Keywords: Visionary art. Spiritual. Surrealism. Introdução sobre o mesmo, buscou-se compreender melhor o que é a Arte Visionária, por meio de aproximações e Desde os primórdios da humanidade existiu distanciamentos com o movimento surrealista. Para algo bastante potente que aproximava arte e isso, lançamos mão da pesquisa bibliográfica, e espiritualidade, manifestado através de imagens tomamos como base autores mais influentes sobre os em cavernas, templos, objetos, entre outros. E assuntos, como o próprio entusiasta do movimento será que essa aproximação que houve entre arte e surrealista André Breton, e o professor, pesquisador espiritualidade ainda pode ser encontrada hoje? e artista José E. Mikosz, entre outros. É a partir da resposta afirmativa a esta pergunta que podemos pensar no que hoje se chama Arte Contextualizando o movimento surrealista e a Visionária. Partindo de grande interesse pessoal Arte Visionária, e buscando relações comparativas, pelo assunto, e a fim de aprofundar o conhecimento buscou-se, mesmo que brevemente, refletir sobre 1 Bacharel em Administração pela UEM e graduando em Artes Visuais pela UEL. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Doutora em Sociologia pela UNESP e pós doutora em Literatura Brasileira pela USP. Professora Associada do Departamento de Arte Visual e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da UEL, atua na subárea de História e Teorias da Arte e, sobretudo, com questões relacionadas ao Surrealismo. E-mail: [email protected] 21 Semina: Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Londrina, v. 39, n. 1, p. 21-34, jan./jun. 2018 Machado, R. N. S.; Silva, M. D. da, uma área pouco estudada na história da arte, o da Os surrealistas viam as ideias de ambos como Arte Visionária, que envolve questões complexas e meios de criticar a ordem social existente e a controversas, pois adentram o âmbito dos Estados cultura dominante, vista por eles como repressiva. Esse estado de repressão, acreditavam, possuía Não Ordinários de Consciência (ENOC) e do tanto uma dimensão psíquica quanto social. espiritual. Atualmente, com frequência, o marxismo e a Não visamos nesse trabalho investigar quaisquer psicanálise são vistos como polos opostos, um definições do que seja espiritual ou do que relacionado aos determinantes econômicos e sociais da vida em sociedade, e a outra associada chamamos de inconsciente, mas refletir sobre o que a um domínio associal, psíquico do inconsciente. se compreende por Arte Visionária. A aproximação Contudo, em alguns momentos no passado, com o Surrealismo nos auxiliará nesta reflexão na ambos foram considerados formas radicais de medida em que compartilham grande interesse pelo questionamento e relacionados entre si, ainda que desconhecido e pela sua representação. de forma complexa. O Surrealismo é um desses momentos históricos. (FER, 1998, p. 180) O Surrealismo André Breton foi o teórico desse movimento A primeira metade do século XX é marcada por que se iniciou, oficialmente, com a publicação do duas grandes guerras e, como consequência, por Manifesto do Surrealismo de 1924, em que exaltava uma crise de valores e de concepção de mundo. No essa busca por liberdade: “A palavra liberdade período entre essas guerras surge, no campo das é a única que ainda me exalta. Considero-a apta artes, alguns movimentos artísticos engajados numa a sustentar, indefinidamente, o velho fanatismo revolução estética: e conhecidos como as vanguardas humano. Ela responde, sem dúvida alguma, a históricas, a saber: o Cubismo, o Futurismo, o minha única aspiração legítima” (BRETON, 2004, Dadaísmo, entre outros. Entre esses movimentos p. 17). A busca por liberdade estava tanto no um se destaca pela sua abrangência, por ultrapassar âmbito social quanto individual, o que culminou o campo artístico e literário, e adentrar o político e, em um movimento bastante diversificado em suas sobretudo, a própria vida: o Surrealismo: experimentações. “A vontade do surrealismo de irromper na história, inclusive na atividade política, para criar Desde o início, o Surrealismo era um movimento as condições da liberdade material e espiritual do heterogêneo. Incluía escritores, pintores, poetas homem, é uma vontade moderna, a única vontade e fotógrafos; mais tarde, no final dos anos 20, diversificou-se na produção de objetos e filmes. capaz de trazer a cultura para lá da crise, de volta, a Além disso, os surrealistas produziram uma um terreno criativo diferente, onde a fratura [entre grande quantidade de revistas, utilizando-as arte e vida] seja reparada, não com a repetição de como plataforma para debate. Mesmo se nos uma visão ultrapassada, mas com a força de uma restringirmos à pintura surrealista, concluiremos visão renovada”. (DE MICHELI, 2004, p. 153). que nunca houve uma unidade de estilo. Por exemplo, os surrealistas jamais recomendaram Seu lema era “transformar o mundo”, como que se atribuísse maior valor à arte abstrata, ou à pretendia Karl Marx, e, ao mesmo tempo, “mudar a figurativa. Pinturas que pareciam muito diferentes vida”, como dizia o poeta Arthur Rimbaud. Na base em termos formais – tais como Pintura, de Joan de suas proposições encontramos dois teóricos: Miró, de 1927; e As acomodações de desejos, de Marx, porque pensou na revolução social, e Freud, Salvador Dali, de 1929 – podiam ser vistas como parte de um mesmo projeto. (FER, 1998, p. 171). porque apresentou os caminhos para a revolução individual. 22 Semina: Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Londrina, v. 39, n. 1, p. 21-34, jan./jun. 2018 Arte visionária e surrealismo: estabelecendo relações comparativas Figura 1 – Joan Miró, Painting Fonte: Tate (2018). Fonte: Tate (2018). A liberdadeA liberdade era, primeiro, era, primeiro libertar-se, libertar das -travasse das da travas o Surrealismoda razão, por se issopropunha os sonhos, a “levantar-se a loucura contra e o que a poderiarazão, serpor issochamado os sonhos, de m aístico loucura interessava e o que poderia aos surrealistas, ‘dissolução’ tudo do que espírito de alguma [e] devolver forma àsofria consciência alguma repressãoser chamado psicológica de místico e consequentement interessava aos surrealistas,e social, deveria individual emergir uma da obscuridadfunção participativa,e dos pensamentos tal é o papel e ser tudo que de alguma forma sofria alguma repressão a que se dedica o surrealismo em suas últimas expressado. Os surrealistas apostavam “na crença, na realidade superior de certas formas de associação até psicológica e consequentemente social, deveria décadas” (CHÉNIEUX-GENDRON, 1992, p. 35). aquiemergir negligenciadas, da obscuridade na onipotência dos pensamentos do sonho, noe serjogo desinteressado do pensamento” (BRETON, 2004, p. O interesse pelo desconhecido, esse inconsciente 40)expressado.. No Manifesto Os surrealistasdo Surrealismo apostavam de 1924, “na B retoncrença, (2004, p. 40) assim define o movimento: reprimido, detentor de grande potência de vida, tem na realidade superior de certas formas de associação “Surrealismo, s.m. Automatismo psíquico emgrande estado relevânciapuro mediante dentro o doqual Surrealismo, se propõe eexprimir, é essa até aqui negligenciadas, na onipotência do sonho, verbalmente, por escrito ou por qualquer outro meio,força o defunci investigaçãoonamento da do mente pensamento. que contribuiria Ditado para do no jogo desinteressado do pensamento” (BRETON, a conquista da liberdade, como disse Breton (2004, pensamento,2004, p. 40). suspenso No Manifesto qualquer do Surrealismo controle exercido de 1924, pela razão, alheio a qualquer preocupação estética ou p. 24): moralBreton”. (2004, p. 40) assim define o movimento: “Se as profundezas de nossa mente albergam “Surrealismo,“A escrita s.m.e a Automatismoarte surrealistas psíquico não seem definem nem por um estilo, nem por uma feitura” estranhas forças, capazes de aumentar as forças da estado puro mediante o qual se propõe exprimir, (CHÉNIEUX-GENDRON, 1992, p. 188). Repleto de contradiçõessuperfície ou e demistério lutar vitoriosamentes, impulsionando contra a liberdade elas, é verbalmente, por escrito ou por qualquer outro externa
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