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Study of a Chemotaxonomic Marker Able to Identify the Genus Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae)

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Study of a Chemotaxonomic Marker Able to Identify the Genus Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X Volume 341 – 3e trimestre – juillet 2019 – p. 29-38 CHIMIOTAXONOMIE DU GENRE AQUILARIA / LE POINT SUR… 29 Study of a chemotaxonomic marker able to identify the genus Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) Claude Andary1, 2 Damien Longepierre2 Kiet Le Cong3 Sovanmoly Hul4 Alba Zaremski5,6 Georges Michaloud7 1 Retired from Montpellier University Faculty of Pharmacy Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier France 2 CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France 3 Ho Chi Minh University of Natural Sciences 227 Nguyen Van Cu Q5, Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 4 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 57 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris France 5 CIRAD UMR AGAP 34398 Montpellier France 6 AGAP Univ Montpellier CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro Montpellier France 7 Retired from CNRS AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD Montpellier France Auteur correspondant / Photo 1. Corresponding author: Aquilaria rugosa: flowers. Claude Andary – [email protected] Doi : 10.19182/bft2019.341.a31744 – Droit d’auteur © 2019, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – © Cirad – Date de soumission : 5 juillet 2018 ; date d’acceptation : 19 décembre 2018 ; date de publication : 1er juillet 2019. Citer l’article / To cite the article Andary C., Longepierre D., Le Cong K., Hul S., Zaremski A., Michaloud Licence Creative Commons : G., 2019. Study of a chemotaxonomic marker able to identify the genus Attribution - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae). Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 341: 29-38. Doi: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2019.341.a31744 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN: L-0006-579X Volume 341 – 3rd quarter - July 2019 - p. 29-38 30 FOCUS / CHEMOTAXONOMY OF THE GENUS AQUILARIA C. Andary, D. Longepierre, K. Le Cong, S. Hul, A. Zaremski, G. Michaloud RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN Étude d’un marqueur chimiotaxonomique Study of a chemotaxonomic marker Estudio de un marcador capable d’identifier le genre Aquilaria able to identify the genus Aquilaria quimiotaxonómico capaz de identificar (Thymelaeaceae) (Thymelaeaceae) al género Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) Le genre Aquilaria Lam. (Thymelaeaceae) The genus Aquilaria Lam. (Thymelaea- El género Aquilaria Lam. (Thymelaeaceae) comprend 21 espèces d’arbres (The Plant ceae) comprises 21 tree species (The comprende 21 especies de árboles (The List, 2013) et se trouve principalement en Plant List, 2013) and is mostly found in Plant List, 2013) y se encuentra principal- Asie du Sud-Est. Lorsque l’arbre est infecté Southeast Asia. When the tree is infected mente en el Sudeste Asiático. Cuando el (champignons, bactéries), son bois devient (fungi, bacteria), its wood turns brownish árbol está infectado (hongos, bacterias), su brunâtre ou noirâtre (appelé bois d’agar) or blackish (then called agarwood) due madera se convierte en oscura o negruzca en raison de la sécrétion d’une oléorésine to the secretion of an oleoresin as a (llamada madera de agar) a causa de la en réaction à l’infection. La résine est très reaction to the infection. The resin is secreción de una oleorresina como reac- parfumée et a été recherchée et utilisée very fragrant and has been sought after ción a la infección. La resina es muy per- pendant des siècles par les bouddhistes, and used for centuries by Buddhists, fumada y ha sido muy buscada y utilizada les hindous et les musulmans pour faire de Hindus and Muslims to make incense durante siglos por budistas, hindúes y l’encens pour les cérémonies religieuses. for religious ceremonies. This oleoresin musulmanes para producir incienso para Cette oléorésine se trouve principalement is mainly found in species of the genus las ceremonias religiosas. Esta oleorresina dans les espèces du genre Aquilaria, mais Aquilaria, but also in a few species of the se encuentra principalmente en las espe- aussi dans quelques espèces des genres genera Gyrinops Gaertner and Gonystylus cies del género Aquilaria, pero también Gyrinops Gaertner et Gonystylus Teijsmann Teijsmann & Binnendijk. It is difficult to en algunas especies de los géneros Gyri- & Binnendijk. Il est difficile de faire la dis- distinguish between these species, and nops Gaertner y Gonystylus Teijsmann & tinction entre ces espèces, et ce manque this lack of taxonomic knowledge has Binnendijk. Es difícil distinguir estas espe- de connaissances taxonomiques a conduit led to over-use of the trees and endan- cies, por lo que la falta de conocimientos à une surutilisation des arbres, mettant en gering these endemic species listed in taxonómicos ha llevado a una sobreutili- danger ces espèces endémiques inscrites CITES Appendix II. We used chemotaxo- zación de los árboles, poniendo en peligro à l’Annexe II de la CITES. Nous avons uti- nomy as a discrimination tool to ana- estas variedades endémicas inscritas en lisé la chimiotaxonomie comme outil de lyse polyphenolic molecules, which are el anexo II de la CITES. Hemos utilizado la discrimination pour analyser les molécules secondary metabolites and known to act quimiotaxonomía como herramienta de polyphénoliques, métabolites secon- as taxonomic markers in other plants. discriminación para analizar las molécu- daires, qui sont connus pour agir comme Using a simple, effective and inexpen- las polifenólicas, metabolitos secundarios marqueurs taxonomiques dans d’autres sive analysis technique (two-dimensional conocidos por actuar como marcadores plantes. En utilisant une technique d’ana- thin-layer chromatography), we found the taxonómicos en otras plantas. Utilizando lyse simple, efficace et peu coûteuse (chro- same polyphenolic molecule in the six una técnica de análisis simple, eficaz y matographie bidimensionnelle en couche species of the genus Aquilaria we stu- barata (cromatografía bidimensional en mince), nous avons trouvé la même molé- died, which was identified as mangife- capa fina), hemos encontrado la misma cule polyphénolique dans les six espèces rin by chromatographic and colorimetric molécula polifenólica en las seis especies du genre Aquilaria étudiées, qui a été analysis in comparison with a mangiferin del género Aquilaria estudiadas, que ha identifiée comme mangiférine par ana- control molecule. During these analyses, sido identificada como mangiferina por lyse colorimétrique et chromatographique we found a relationship between the análisis colorimétrico y cromatográfico en en comparaison avec la mangiférine de genera Aquilaria and Gyrinops (botani- comparación con la mangiferina de control. contrôle. Au cours de ces analyses, nous cally demonstrated) in the occasional Durante estos análisis, hemos encontrado avons trouvé une relation entre les genres existence of mangiferin in three species una relación entre los géneros Aquilaria y Aquilaria et Gyrinops (botaniquement of the genus Gyrinops. We also found Gyrinops (botánicamente demostrada) por démontrée) par l’existence occasionnelle that a time laps of 140 years between two la existencia ocasional de mangiferina en de mangiférine chez trois espèces du herbarium samples of the same species tres especies del género Gyrinops. También genre Gyrinops. Nous avons également had virtually no effect on the mangiferin hemos constatado que un lapso de tiempo constaté qu’un laps de temps de cent-qua- concentration in the plant. This study de ciento cuarenta años entre dos mues- rante ans entre deux échantillons d’herbier showed the merits of chemotaxonomy in tras de herbario de la misma especie no de la même espèce n’avait pratiquement seeking taxonomic markers, and the ori- producía prácticamente ningún efecto en la aucun effet sur la concentration de mangi- ginality of colorimetric analysis of a thin- concentración de mangiferina en la planta. férine dans la plante. Ces travaux ont mon- layer chromatographed plant metabolite. Estos estudios han demostrado el valor de tré les mérites de la chimiotaxonomie dans la quimiotaxonomía en la búsqueda de la recherche de marqueurs taxonomiques Keywords: Aquilaria, Thymelaeaceae, marcadores taxonómicos y la originalidad et l’originalité de l’analyse colorimétrique chemotaxonomy, two-dimensional del análisis colorimétrico de un metabolito d’un métabolite de plante chromatogra- thin-layer chromatography, mangiferin, de planta cromatografiado en capa fina. phié en couche mince. Southeast Asia. Palabras clave: Aquilaria, Mots-clés : Aquilaria, Thymelaeaceae, Thymelaeaceae, quimiotaxonomía, chimiotaxonomie, chromatographie cromatografía bidimensional en capa bidimensionnelle sur couche mince, fina, mangiferina, Sudeste Asiático. mangiférine, Asie du Sud-Est. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X Volume 341 – 3e trimestre – juillet 2019 – p. 29-38 CHIMIOTAXONOMIE DU GENRE AQUILARIA / LE POINT SUR… 31 Introduction Earlier research showed the existence of several types of polyphenols in Aquilaria spp. leaves: benzophenones The genus Aquilaria Lam. (Thymelaeaceae) is wides- (e.g. iriflophenone; Fenget al., 2009), xanthone (e.g. mangi- pread from India to the island of New Guinea and more parti- ferin; Qi et al., 2009), flavonoids (e.g. genkwanin, derivatives cularly in Southeast Asia as far as southern China. When the of luteolin and apigenin; Hara et al., 2008; Qi et al., 2009). wood of certain species of Aquilaria is wounded and/or conta- We conducted this study by comparing a batch of 40 minated by a pathogen (e.g. a fungus), its defence strategy specimens belonging to the genus Aquilaria (botanically consists in secreting a very fragrant oleoresin, which plays analyzed) collected and
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