E2148 v5
Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality Mustafa Kemal Pasa Bulvari Public Disclosure Authorized No: 15, Kocasinan / KAYSERI
Public Disclosure Authorized
KAYSERI METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY SOLID WASTE LANDFILL PROJECT EIA REPORT (FINAL) Public Disclosure Authorized
DOKAY Engineering and Consultancy Ltd. Ata Mahallesi 1042. Cadde No: 140/A 06460 Dikmen - ANKARA Tel: +90 (312) 475 7131 • Fax: +90 (312) 475 7130 www.dokay.info.tr
Public Disclosure Authorized DECEMBER 2010 ANKARA
KAYSERI METROPOLITAN MUNICPALITY SOLID WASTE LANDFILL PROJECT EIA REPORT
Project No.: 130.01
DECEMBER 2010
REVIZYON LOGU REVISION LOG
Revizyon Numaras Revision Number 0 1 2
Tarih 12.08.2010 Date Rapor Ad Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality Solid Waste Report Title Landfill Project EIA Report
Hazirlayan(lar) Tufan HUYUK Prepared by
Kontrol Eden D. Emre KAYA Reviewed by
Kalite Kontrol Yesim ASTI Quality Control Onaylayan Gunal OZENIRLER Approved by
Form No: PJ-001/F02-R03 CONTENTS Page Table of Contents i List of Appendices iii List of Tables iv List of Figures iv Abbreviations v 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 1 2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 4 2.1 National Legislation ...... 4 2.2 International Criteria ...... 5 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 6 3.1 Aim of the Project ...... 6 3.2 Characteristics of the Project ...... 6 3.3 Utilization of Natural Resources (Land and Water Utilization, Type of Energy Utilized, etc.)...... 17 3.3.1 Land Use ...... 17 3.3.2 Water Utilization...... 17 3.3.3 Energy Utilization...... 18 4 PROJECT SITE ...... 19 4.1 Geological Characteristics ...... 21 4.1.1 General Geology...... 21 4.1.2 Geological Characteristics of the Project Site and its Vicinity ...... 22 4.1.3 Soil Survey ...... 23 4.1.4 Earthquake Potential and Tectonic Properties ...... 23 4.2 Climatic Characteristics ...... 25 4.3 Water Resources...... 26 4.4 Soil Characteristics...... 26 4.5 Socio-Economic Characteristics ...... 27 4.5.1 Population Size and Growth Rate ...... 27 4.5.2 Education...... 29 4.5.3 Industry and Commerce...... 29 4.6 Ecological Characteristics...... 30 4.6.1 Flora ...... 30 4.6.2 Fauna ...... 31 4.7 Protected Areas...... 35 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 36 5.1 Solid Wastes...... 36 5.1.1 Excavated Material ...... 37 5.1.2 Special Types of Waste ...... 37 5.2 Liquid Wastes...... 38 5.3 Hazardous Waste ...... 38 5.4 Waste Lubricant...... 39 5.5 Air Emissions...... 39
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 i/v 5.5.1 Gaseous Emissions ...... 39 5.5.2 Dust Emissions...... 40 5.5.3 Odor ...... 41 5.6 Noise ...... 41 5.7 Traffic Safety ...... 44 6 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 45 6.1 Alternative Sites...... 45 6.1.1 Current Dump Site (Alternative 1) ...... 45 6.1.2 Proposed Site in the Scope of Project (Alternative 2)...... 46 6.2 Technology Alternatives...... 47 6.2.1 Landfill ...... 47 6.2.2 Composting...... 48 6.2.3 Incineration ...... 48 6.3 Leachate Treatment Alternatives ...... 49 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 49 7.1 Purpose and Scope ...... 49 7.2 Responsible Parties...... 50 7.2.1 Waste Management Plan...... 50 7.2.2 Pollution Prevention Plan...... 51 7.3 Mitigation Measures...... 51 7.3.1 Construction Phase...... 51 7.3.2 Operational Phase ...... 51 7.4 Monitoring Plan...... 55 7.4.1 Construction Phase...... 55 7.4.2 Operational Phase ...... 55 7.5 Institutional Strengthening ...... 61 7.5.1 Equipment Purchase...... 61 7.5.2 Training...... 61 7.5.3 Consultancy Services ...... 62 7.5.4 Public Relations ...... 62 7.5.5 Special Studies...... 63 7.6 Institutional Arrangements ...... 63 7.6.1 Construction Phase...... 63 7.6.2 Operational Phase ...... 64 7.7 Consultation with NGO’s and Project Affected Groups ...... 64 7.7.1 Construction Phase...... 64 7.7.2 Operational Phase ...... 64
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 ii/v LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix-A Drawings - General Layout - Leachate Collection System - Sealing System Appendix -B Photos of the Project Site Appendix -C Meteorological Data for Kayseri City Center Appendix -D Information Related to PCM
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 iii/v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3-1 Characteristics of the Project (Lot-1) ...... 6 Table 3-2 Equipment for Landfill Operation ...... 7 Table 3-3 Leachate Flow and Characteristics...... 9 Table 3-4 Standards for Discharge of Effluent from Leachate Treatment Plant to KASKI WWTP ...... 9 Table 3-5 Assumptions for the Compost Plant ...... 12 Table 4-1 Population Data for District Municipalities for 2009...... 27 Table 4-2 Results of Population Projection for the Period Between 2000 and 2035 ...... 28 Table 4-3 Population Projection Data for Lot-1...... 28 Table 4-4 Number of Households within KaMM ...... 29 Table 4-5 Species Protected in Accordance with the Bern Convention ...... 32 Table 5-1 Emission Factors and Amounts of Pollutants Emitted from Diesel Vehicles and Related Limit Values ...... 39 Table 5-2 Construction Machines and Relevant Sound Power Levels...... 41 Table 5-3 Distribution of Noise with respect to Distance...... 42 Table 5-4 Noise Limit Values for Construction Sites (Table 5 in Annex-VIII to RAMEN).. 43 Table 5-5 List of Machines to be used in Operational Phase and Relevant Sound Power Levels ...... 43 Table 7-1 Possible Environmental Impacts of the Project and Relevant Mitigation Measures...... 53 Table 7-2 Limit Values for Dust ...... 56 Table 7-3 Meteorological Parameters to be Monitored During Operation and Post- operation Phases of Kayseri SWL...... 57 Table 7-4 Monitoring Plan ...... 58 Table 7-5 Task Distribution Related to the Construction Phase EMP Requirements ...... 63
LIST OF TABLES Page Figure 3-1 Process Flow Diagram of the Leachate Pre-treatment Plant ...... 12 Figure 3-2 Typical Cross Section of Windrow Composting...... 13 Figure 4-1 Location Map of the Project Site...... 20 Figure 4-2 Earthquake Map of Kayseri ...... 24 Figure 4-3 Active Fault Map of Turkey...... 25 Figure 4-4 Soil Map Showing the Project Site ...... 27 Figure 4-5 Hormetci Marshland and the Project Site ...... 36 Figure 5-1 Distribution of Noise with respect to Distance...... 43
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 iv/v ABBREVIATIONS
ADNKS Address-Based Population Registration System BOD5 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand BoP Bank of Provinces CH4 Methane CO2 Carbon dioxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand dBA A-weighted decibel DOKAY DOKAY Engineering and Consultancy Ltd. EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan H2 Hydrogen H2S Hydrogen sulfide HSE Health, Safety and Environment HWCR Hazardous Waste Control Regulation KASKI Kayseri Water and Sewerage Administration KaMM Kayseri Metropololitan Municipality MBR Membrane Biological Reactor METU-CEC Middle East Technical University – Continuing Education Center MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forestry MRF Material Recovery Facility NGO Non-governmental Organization NH3 Ammonia O2 Oxygen OG Official Gazette OID Organized Industrial District PCM Public Consultation Meeting PPP Pollution Prevention Plan RCIAP Regulation on Control of Industrial Air Pollution SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System SWM Solid Waste Management TN Total Nitrogen TURKAK Turkish Accreditation Agency TURKSTAT Turkish Statistical Institute UN United Nations WB World Bank WMP Waste Management Plan
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 v/v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality (KaMM) aims to realize the Kayseri Solid Waste Management (SWM) Project for the collection and disposal of municipal solid waste comprising (i) household solid waste, (ii) non-hazardous solid waste from commerce and institutions, (iii) street, park and garden waste and (iv) construction and demolition waste, generated within the borders of the KaMM, in Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill (SWL), in compliance with both national and international standards.
A feasibility study was carried out for the Project as a requirement of Pre-accession Financial Aid in the context of European Union-Turkey Financial Cooperation. Final Feasibility Report was prepared in February 2010.
The Project comprises two lots in which municipal solid waste will be landfilled. Lot-1 in the Project will be primarily constructed and operated. Necessary financial aid for Lot-1 is planned to be supplied in the scope of “Municipal Services Additional Financing Project” that is undertaken in the context of the credit agreement signed between the World Bank (WB) and the Bank of Provinces (BoP). KaMM plans to construct Lot-2 by using its own resources or loan from financial institutions before the operational period of Lot-1 ends. Lot-2 is planned to serve until 2032.
The credit that will be supplied from WB will be used for (i) construction of Lot-1 of the Kayseri SWL, (ii) purchase of the landfill operation equipment and (iii) establishment of a pilot-scale compost plant.
Lot-1 of the proposed landfill covers an area of 12.96 ha. It will be in operation for eight years between 2012 and 2020. The total amount of solid waste to be landfilled in Lot-1 is 2,653,121 ton.
Since the surface area of Lot-1 is larger than 10 ha and daily waste amount coming to the landfill exceeds 100 ton (504,703 ton/year / 365 ton/year = 1,383 ton), the Kayseri SWL (Lot-1) Project (Project) is considered to be in “Category A” in the context of the Operational Policies (OP) 4.01 of WB. Therefore, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report according to the format given in OP 4.01 needs to be prepared for the financial aid to be received from WB.
An EIA process was implemented for the Project at the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) in compliance with the EIA Regulation in Turkish Environmental Legislation. MoEF approved the EIA Report on 29.11.2006.
As a requirement of WB’s financial support, this EIA Report was prepared in accordance with the above mentioned OP as well as the requirements in Turkish environmental legislation. In this regard, commitments made in the Turkish EIA report were taken into consideration in the preparation of this report. This EIA defines the area where the Project Site is located and environmental and socio- economic baseline data is provided for this area. It provides assessment of likely environmental impacts that may be the result of Project activities as well as mitigation measures to be taken so as to minimize these impacts. These mitigation measures and the monitoring program, prepared for the assessment of the environmental performance of the
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 1/69 Project, are presented in the Environmental Management Plan. A summary of the mitigation measures and monitoring plan is given in the following paragraphs.
Vegetal part of the excavated material stripped from the site will be separately stored in order to be used in landscaping works at the final stage of the construction whereas non- vegetable part will be used as daily cover.
According to site observations and literature survey carried out for the Project Site and its vicinity, there are no flora species protected under international conventions. As for the protection of fauna species, a biologist will relocate the bird nests outside the Project Site with the support of local university. The biologist will also supervise site preparation and mobilization works in order to prevent fauna species inhabiting the site from being harmed. Also, wire fences will prevent entry of fauna species into the site. Moreover, protection of species determined as “Vulnerable (VU)” and “Near Threatened (NT)” by IUCN, and those given in Bern Convention will be ensured by raising consciousness of the construction staff through training campaigns.
As a result of quantitative assessment of dust and noise to be generated during construction and operational phases, it has been determined that there will be no adverse impacts of dust and noise on the people living in the nearest settlement, i.e. Bogazkopru Village. Nevertheless, measures will be taken in order to reduce dust emissions. These measures include careful handling of excavation material and watering of roads in dry and windy weather conditions. Also there will be a limitation on truck speed (i.e. 30 km/h of maximum speed) for unpaved roads. During construction phase there will be monthly dust and noise measurements in Bogazkopru Village in order to monitor the actual impacts of the project activities. Monitoring of noise will continue in the operational phase according to complaints from the public in the nearest settlement. In addition to this, dust and odor will be monitored by qualitative assessment which will be conducted through interviewing local people.
As per the general waste management procedures to be followed during construction and operational phases of the project, domestic solid wastes will be disposed of in the current dump site until the landfill will be operational. In operational phase, solid wastes will be disposed of in the landfill. Domestic wastewater will be collected in septic tanks to be constructed at the site, and transferred to the KASKI WWTP, located close to the landfill site whereas in operational phase, it will be sent to the leachate pretreatment plant together with the leachate resulting from the landfill body. Effluent of leachate pretreatment plant will be conveyed to the inlet of the KASKI WWTP for the final treatment. Hazardous waste to be generated in both phases such as waste oil, empty paint boxes and used fluorescent lamps will be temporarily kept in storage areas constructed with certain protection measures before they are given to licensed collectors.
In the operational phase and post-operation phase, specific parameters for a landfill project will be monitored. These include leachate, leachate collection system, and groundwater level and quality. These monitoring works mainly aims at detecting any failure in leachate system and its subsequent impacts in groundwater. In addition to these, meteorological parameters and topography and landfill body will also be monitored, and monitoring results will be reported to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry as a requirement of relevant legislation.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 2/69 There will be barriers and warning signs around the construction site in order to prevent entry of local people into the site. There will also be warning signs on the highway side in order to warn drivers about trucks entering or leaving the site. Also, necessary measures, i.e. installing fire hydrants and water tank will also be taken against fire in the Project Site.
As for the protection of cultural and natural assets, the relevant museum directorate will be notified in case any cultural and natural heritage is encountered during construction, and construction works will be stopped subsequently.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 3/69 LEGAL FRAMEWORK The environmental standards that the Project will be subject to is determined considering both national and international legislation, and given under respective titles.
National Legislation Laws and regulations stipulating legal requirements for mitigation of environmental impacts and health and safety implementations are listed below.
• Environmental Law numbered 2872, • Law on Soil Protection and Land Use, numbered 5403, • Law on Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets, numbered 2863 (amended by law numbered 5226), • Labor Law numbered 4857 and related regulations, • Regulation on General Principles of Waste Management (Official Gazette [OG] dated 05.07.2008 and numbered 26927), • Regulation on Environmental Inspection (OG dated 21.11.2008 and numbered 27061) • Regulation on Water for Domestic Consumption (OG dated 17.02.2005 and numbered 25730), • Water Pollution Control Regulation (OG dated 31.12.2004 and numbered 25687), • Water Pollution Control Regulation – Bylaw on Sampling and Analysis Methods (OG dated 10.10.2009 and numbered 27372) • Hazardous Waste Control Regulation (OG dated 14.03.2005 and numbered 25755), • Waste Oil Control Regulation (OG dated 30.07.2008 and numbered 26952), • Regulation on Control of Waste Vegetal Oil (OG dated 19.04.2005 and numbered 25791), • Solid Waste Control Regulation (OG dated 14.03.1991 and numbered 20814), • Landfill Regulation (OG dated 26.03.2010 and numbered 27533) • Regulation on Control of Excavation Earth, Construction and Demolition Wastes (OG dated 18.03.2004 and numbered 25406), • Packaging Waste Control Regulation (OG dated 24.06.2007 and numbered 26562), • Regulation on Control of Waste Batteries and Accumulators (OG dated 31.08.2004 and numbered 25569), • Medical Waste Control Regulation (OG dated 22.07.2005 and numbered 25883), • Regulation on Control of Worn-out Tyres (OG dated 25.11.2006 and numbered 26357), • Regulation on Control of Industrial Air Pollution (OG dated 03.07.2009 and numbered 27277), • Regulation on Assessment and Management of Air Quality (OG dated 06.06.2008 and numbered 26898), • Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (OG dated 07.03.2008 and numbered 26809), • Regulation on Protection and Utilization of Agricultural Areas (OG dated 22.07.2005
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 4/69 and numbered 25883), • Soil Pollution Control Regulation (OG dated 31.05.2005 and numbered 25831), • Bylaw on Occupational Health and Safety (OG dated 11.01.1974 and numbered 14765).
International Criteria Since the Project is financed with the credit supplied by the WB to the BoP, WB’s environmental criteria will be considered.1 However, since it is obligatory to conduct a project complying with Turkish Environmental Legislation, an EIA process in compliance with the Turkish EIA Regulation was implemented, and MoEF approved the EIA Report on 29.11.2006. In addition to this, European Union (EU) Directives are taken into account in determining mitigation measures and waste management practices. Relevant EU directives are listed below.
• Waste Framework Directive (91/271/EEC); • Landfill Directive (99/31/EC); • Hazardous Waste Directive (91/689/EEC); • Directive of Disposal of Waste Oils (75/439/EEC); • Directive for Transfer of Waste (259/93/EEC); • Directive for Incineration of Waste (2000/76/EC); • Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC); • Directive about disposal of waste oils (75/439/EEC); • Directive about batteries and accumulators that contains certain dangerous substance (91/157EEC); • Directive for waste electrical and electronical equipment (2002/96/EC).
1 “Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook”, published by the WB in 1998, was considered in this respect. Items in the Handbook supports protecting human health, reducing pollutant emissions, using cost-effective technologies, following national and international legislation updates and the best engineering and environmental management implementations.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 5/69 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Aim of the Project The aim of the Project is to construct and operate a landfill for disposing of solid waste generated in five district municipalities (i.e. Melikgazi, Kocasinan, Talas, Hacilar and Incesu) within the borders of KaMM. Municipal solid waste comprising (i) household solid waste, (ii) non-hazardous solid waste from commerce and institutions, (iii) street, park and garden waste and (iv) construction and demolition waste will be landfilled.
A sanitary landfill is necessary for Kayseri city since it is expected to eliminate the following adverse environmental impacts of the present dump site:
• Soil pollution due to leachate infiltration, • Surface water and groundwater pollution, • Insect vector problems, • Fertility loss in agricultural lands in the vicinity due to waste spreading with the wind and dump site gas, • Risk of fire and explosion of dump site gas, • Air pollution due to uncontrolled fires in the dump site, • Odor problems, • Visual impacts, • Economic loss due to disposal of recyclable materials, • Slope stability problems.
A tender process for the rehabilitation of the current dump site has been implemented. A private company will carry out the rehabilitation of the dump site.
Characteristics of the Project Lot-1 of the Kayseri SWL covers an area of 12.96 ha, and it will be in operation for eight years from 2012 to 2020. Amount of municipal solid waste to be landfilled is expected as 504,703 ton for 2012, namely the beginning year of the Project.
Detailed information about the Project is given under respective titles below (see Table 3-1). General Layout of the Kayseri SWL is presented in Appendix-A. Table 0-1 Characteristics of the Project (Lot-1)
Parameters Unit Value
Operation Period year 2012-2020 Surface Area of Lot-1 m2 129,593 Lot Volume m3 3,242,704 Waste generation as of the year 2012 ton/year 504,703 Waste generation as of the year 2020 ton/year 586,794 Initial population to be served (2012) person 980,100 Final Population to be served (2020) person 1,102,202 Compost Plant Capacity tons/year 5,000
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 6/69 Parameters Unit Value
Daily input ton (m3)/day 14 (47) Composting period day 42 Volume reduction through composting % 50 Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010.
The following units will be constructed within the boundaries of the landfill area:
• Sanitary landfill comprising Lot-1, • Pilot composting plant, • Reception area, • Weighbridge, • Administration and Staff Building, • Parking Area, • Auxiliary Units Area,
ƒ Wheel Cleaning Unit, ƒ Material Sorting Facility – to be used for sorting dry recyclabes,
• Workshop and Warehouse, • Leachate Pre-treatment Plant,
In addition to these, there will be a hazardous waste temporary storage area to be used only for hazardous generated during project activities (see Section 5.3).
Landfill Equipment
The following equipment given in Table 3-2 will be used in the operation phase of the landfill.
Table 0-2 Equipment for Landfill Operation
Equipment Capacity / Specification Refuse Compactor 40-60 tons Bulldozer > 20 tons Wheel Loader 3,5 m3-bucket Pick-up 4 wheel-drive Truck with hoist system 20 m3 Water Truck 8 tons Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010.
Landfill Gas Management
Landfill gas, mainly composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), will be formed in the landfill. Compression of gas in the landfill may result in serious explosions of waste. In order to prevent such explosions, vertical gas collection system will be used in the proposed Project. The system shall comprise gas collection wells located in a manner that
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 7/69 the effective radius of each well shall be 30 m. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) gas pipes with diameter of 100-200 mm shall be used for this purpose. The pipes shall have perforation or slot area of 15% [1].
The gas collected by the risers (vertical collection wells) shall be conveyed, via a network of HDPE headers placed in the final capping layers, to the flares. Besides flare stack to be installed in the landfill in order to eliminate the risk of explosion of landfill gas, an internal combustion gas engine will be installed as well. The installed capacity of the gas engine will be 300 KW, and it can generate 62,200 MWh/year of electricity at peak. At the beginning, it will be operated for 8-9 hours a day [1].
According to financial analyzes carried out in order to decide whether just flaring the biogas or producing electricity using biogas, electricity generation option has been preferred. However it has been decided to invest in the energy production part of the gas utilization unit (a gas engine and a generator) only later when enough landfill gas is produced to make it profitable. In the first years of the landfill, the working hours of the generator would begin with approximately 8-9 hours, and then according to the gas coming it would increase up to 24 hours. [1]. Daily Cover
In order to reduce the risk of fire, wind littering, odor, vector breeding and dust hazards in the landfill, working surface of waste will be covered with a soil layer called “daily cover” at the end of each working day. Amount of soil to be used in daily cover will be about 10% of the waste volume. Suitable quality of excavated material can be used as daily cover material [1].
Excess excavation material will be disposed in the current wild dump site. Moreover, in case suitable excavation material to be obtained from any construction works in Kayseri will also be used as daily cover.
Sterilization of Medical Waste
Collection, transportation and sterilization of medical waste generated in Kayseri city center is carried out in compliance with the Medical Waste Control Regulation. Two collection trucks, specifically licensed by Turkish Standards Institution, are being operated by four personnel, specifically trained on collection of medical waste. Waste collected is sent to a licensed sterilization facility operated by a private company [1]. The sterilization plant includes an autoclave (NYIR CLAVE -1000 / Hungary). It has 5000 kg/day capacity, Installation and operational training was completed on January 1,2008, Operational licenses were obtained on July 7, 2008. Since that date the sterilization plant has been working with average daily load of 3500-4000 kg. The operational team is composed of six personnel that can work in three shifts for 24 hours [1]. Medical waste sterilized at this plant will be disposed of in the landfill.
In order to test efficiency of sterilization process in compliance with the Medical Waste Control Regulation, samples are taken from the plant and analyzed in the laboratory of Erciyes University in Kayseri before disposal of sterilized waste every week. In addition to this, the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry in Kayseri send samples of sterilized waste to Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency in six-month intervals. Biological indicator analysis is carried out in testing efficiency of sterilization process
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 8/69
Leachate Pre-Treatment Plant
Membrane Biological Reactor (MBR) process will be used in the leachate treatment plant. Average inflow to the treatment plant is calculated as 85 m3/day. Total leachate flows in the year 2012 and 2019 are anticipated as 29,448 m3/year and 19,628 m3/year, respectively [1]. In the leachate treatment plant, domestic wastewater to be generated in the operational phase as well as the wastewater resulting from tyre washing, which will have very low flowrates as compared to leachate, will also be treated.
Leachate collection system and details of sealing system are presented in Appendix-A.
Leachate flow and characteristics are given in Table 3-3. Table 0-3 Leachate Flow and Characteristics
Parameter Unit Value Average Flowrate m3/day 85 Maximum Flowrate m3/day 100
5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) mg/l <20,000 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l <30,000 Ammonia mg/l <1,500 Total Phosphorus mg/l <30,000 Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010.
Leachate Equalisation Pond Due to its complex chemical composition, and seasonal and shorter-term fluctuations of its flow and quality, an equalisation pond should be used before any treatment option is applied. The equalization tanks balance the flow rate fluctuation, pH and temperature [1]. The volume of the leachate pond is chosen as minimum 6,600 m3 excluding 0,3 m as freeboard. The sealing of the pond shall be ensured both with clay and HDPE membrane [1]. When necessary, leachate shall be sucked via septic trucks to spray or discharge through the landfill body (recycling) in order to balance the biological activity and moisture level in the waste body [1]. Leachate Treatment Plant MBR shall be used for pre-treatment of leachate water. After ensuring the relevant discharge standards given in Table 25 of the Water Pollution Control Regulation (see Table 3-4) effluent shall be discharged to KASKI WWTP [1]. Table 0-4 Standards for Discharge of Effluent from Leachate Treatment Plant to KASKI WWTP Discharge to the Sewerage System that Parameter Unit is ended with final treatment facilities COD mg/L 4000 Suspended Solids mg/L 500 Oil and Grease mg/L 250 pH - 6.5-10 Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010. This process introduces both biological and membrane processes together. The system comprises the following treatment units [1]:
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 9/69 - Drum screen - Denitrification / Nitrification Tank - MBR - Aerobic Reactor - Complete mix activated sludge reactor tank - Return and Excess Sludge Pumping Station - Sludge Dewatering Unit
Leachate Pumping Sump The leachate shall be lifted by pumps that allow gravity flow through the complete plant. The pumps shall be submersible type. Monitoring of the station shall be done via Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system; one spare pump shall be available [1]. Number of pumps : 1+1 Type : submersible Capacity of each pump : 5 m3/h Drum Screen It is assumed that collected leachate will not be composed of larger elements. Therefore only a rotary drum screen is considered in the design to protect the membrane system. The screening size of the screen shall be as follows [1]: Screen size : 1mm (AISI 304 SS)
Nitrification / Denitrification Tank Water firstly flows to anoxic zone for denitrification process. Then an aerated tank shall be used for nitrification. In the denitrification tank, a mixer shall be used to keep the suspended solids in suspension. For nitrification, the presence of free air is needed and the zones are equipped with an aeration system. As aeration system a blower shall supply air through the rubber diffusers. Chemical may be added to adjust the acid/base balance [1]. Number of denitrification tanks : min. 2 Volume : min. 340 m3 Number of nitrification tanks : min. 2 Volume : min. 560 m3 Aeration type : Blower + diffuser
Membrane Biological Process Tank Membrane Biological Process Tank shall consists of a membrane case and a diffuser case which incorporates multiple membrane cartridges and diffuser pipes inside. A blower shall supply air through these diffusers into the membranes. The blowers for aeration shall be located adjacent to the nitrification tank and MBR tank in insulated shelters to protect the equipment against weather and prevent overheating. The blowers shall operate alternating.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 10/69 The blowers shall operate fully automatically based on a preset oxygen value via the SCADA system. Required instrumentation like oxygen, pressure transmitters and flowmeters shall be used for the monitoring and the control of the process [1]. Sludge age : >35 days Number of MBR tanks : min. 2 Volume : min. 56 m3 Aeration type : Blower + diffuser Number of blowers : 2+1 units Capacity of each blower : 158 m3air/h
Return and Excess Sludge Pumping Station The pumps for return sludge shall be dry/wet mounted submersible pumps and placed in the sludge pump sump. The pumps shall be of the centrifugal type and be rated for raw wastewater [1]. The pump for excess sludge shall be dry/wet mounted submersible pumps and placed in the same sludge pump sump. The pumps shall be of the centrifugal type and be rated for raw wastewater [1]. Number of return sludge pumps : 1+1 units Capacity of each return sludge pump : 9 m3/h Number of excess sludge pumps : 1+1 units Capacity of each excess sludge pump : 4.5 m3/h
Sludge Decanters Sludge shall be thickened and dewatered in centrifugal decanters. Dewatered sludge shall be sent to Landfill for final disposal [1]. Number of sludge beds : 1 unit Capacity : 2 m3 / hr Operation time : 24 hours
SCADA System The plant shall be equipped with a control and SCADA system to control the main equipment and effective operation of the treatment plant. The main functions of the leachate treatment plant shall be controlled, regulated and monitored by means of a PLC/SCADA system. For this reason, relevant equipment, machinery and instrumentation shall be connected to main PLC, SCADA system shall include the required hardware and software for effective storing and reporting of the data [1]. Process flow diagram of the leachate pre-treatment plant is given in Figure 3-1.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 11/69 Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010. Figure 0-1 Process Flow Diagram of the Leachate Pre-treatment Plant Pilot Composting Plant
The pilot composting plant shall be designed to treat 5,000 tonnes of organic waste per year. The daily input is calculated as 14 tonnes/day or 47 m3/day [1]. The design assumptions used in the proposed composting plant are described in Table 3-5. Table 0-5 Assumptions for the Compost Plant
Criteria Assumed Values Density of waste 300 kg/m3 Density of coarse materials 150kg/m3 Density of compost 600 kg/m3 Composting period 42 day Maturing period 1 month Reduction in volume 50% Reject 10% Foot 6 m, top 1 m Windrow size: and height 2,5 m Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010. The composting plant shall include different areas for different activities as described in the following sections. Reception Area The reception area should provide sufficient space for at least 4 days of accumulated unshredded waste to accommodate maintenance service of the shredder. The quantity of waste waiting for shredding will be maximum 190 m3, which requires an area of at least 150 m2[1].
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 12/69 Shredder Area An area will be needed for the shredder and the conveyor belts to allow manoeuvring of a front-loader. The shredder and conveyors require at least 50 m2. Adding the manoeuvring area for the front-loader, the total area for the shredder shall be at least 100 m2 [1]. Windrow Area Space will be needed for windrow composting for 3 months. The total quantity of composting organic waste will be 4,200 m3. The windrow contains 8,75 m3 materials per running meter, which implies a total length of windrows of approx 60 m. The windrows will be 6 m wide, thus the needed area for windrows is approx. 2,900 m2. For turning of windrows and manoeuvring 30 % should be added which means that the total area for the windrows should be at least 3,900 m2 [1]. A typical cross-section is illustrated in Figure 3- 2. Maturing Area An area will be needed for storage of composted waste for 2 months. When the compost is moved from the windrows to the maturing area, it looses approx. 50% in volume. A 2- month maturing period thus requires space for storage of 2,100 m3. The material may be stacked in higher piles (3-4 m), which implies that a storage area of approx. 500 m2 will be sufficient [1]. Screening Area An area will also be needed for the screen and the included conveyors to allow manoeuvring of a front-loader. The needed area will be approximately the same as for the shredder, i.e. 100 m2 [1].
Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010. Figure 0-2 Typical Cross Section of Windrow Composting Storage Area The storage area should provide sufficient space for at least 1 month of produced compost. In the screen 10% (of the input) will be reject, which has to be transported to the landfill. The storage capacity shall be at least 1,150 m3, which corresponds to an area of approx. 300 m2. The reject may be collected in a maxi container for transport to the landfill [1]. General Technical Specifications The reception area shall be paved, and along two sides a 1,5 m high concrete wall shall be constructed. The design of the pavement shall allow for heavy traffic and for selection of materials. A drainage system should be designed for collection of leachate from the stored waste and rain water. A system of taps for water supply to the windrow watering system should be included in the design of the area [1].
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 13/69 The areas for maturing and storage of compost do not need a hard standing pavement. However it will be much easier for the operating staff to perform maintenance and cleaning on the areas if a hard standing pavement is used [1]. The size of the individual areas as calculated above is a minimum requirement. There will be a lot of traffic on the areas, and there will be a need for a garage and storage of equipment. Therefore at least 25 - 30% should be added on top of the total area, which makes the total need up to 5.500 m2. It is assumed that office, sanitary facilities etc. will be shared with those at the landfill. Space planning allowance should be made for future expansion – green and food waste streams [1].
Full Scale Composting Plant
Full scale composting will start in 2015. Depending on the supply of electromechanical equipment, its construction will be completed within six months to one year. Design capacity of the full scale composting plant is 150,000 tonnes/year. Depending on the condition of the composting equipment, the composting plant may be used after 2032, which is the year in which operation of Lot-2 ends.
Material Recovery Facility (MRF) The MRF will be constructed to sort-out recyclables from the source separated dry waste stream, collected from households via dual collection system, in year 2015. It is presumed that, the facility will operate 300 days per year with two shifts in a day. Polyethylene bags will be used to collect and transport the dry mixed household waste to the MRF [1]. The plant will perform sorting on the main target fractions: • Paper • Cardboard • Plastic • Glass • Metal These main fractions can be refined by additional manual sorting. Since each of these fractions inhere different quality materials, manual sorting can yield to special value items [1]. For instance, plastic bottles can be categorized with different colours (white, green etc.) or materials and be sorted accordingly. Likewise, glass can be sorted into two fractions depending on the form; whole bottles/jars and broken glass as well as on the colour; white and coloured. Each of these fractions has a special value in the market [1]. The design does not include the supplementary sorting because it is normally performed by the receiving recycling industry [1]. There will be a number of technologies implemented during the mechanical and manual sorting of wastes. The technologies used on a production line are described below [1]: • Drum screen equipped with knifes inside and 75 - 100 mm wholes • Magnetic separation - for ferrous metals • Hand picking conveyor belt
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 14/69 • Air classification Advantages Disadvantages • The degree of recycling will • A MRF represents an increase as the quality of waste investment which may not be materials entering the paid fully back in reduced treatment facilities will be operating costs related to the higher. handling system. • Implementation of MRF will • Sorting of waste in centrally normally result in better located facilities may cause operating conditions in the increased impact risks to the following treatment process as staff regarding working the quality of the pre-treated environment compared to materials/ fractions are higher source segregation. This is compare to the collected especially the case for Impacts standard. that include e.g. exposition to • The sales prices of pre-treated aerosols, dust etc. Precautions waste materials are normally must be taken to minimise these higher compared to non- risks resulting in additional treated materials. investments. • The transportation costs may • Increased number of staff due to be reduced as waste materials the working conditions. are separated into the required Protection clothes and air fractions at the beginning of supply required. the handling resulting in smaller quantities of residuals to be transported after processing. Technology Technological Effect on Waste Emissions to Maturity Stream Environment Dry MRF Mature technology Will result in a Dust, applied in different diversion of wastewater, forms for centuries. recyclables and noise A very large improvement of number of plants the recyclables are in operation quality. worldwide.
Footprint design of MRF for Dry Mixed Waste Approximately 180 tonnes of mixed dry waste will be delivered daily to the facility in 2015 and this amount will increase to 350 tonnes in 2032. The recovery facility, designed for the processing of mixed dry waste, will be composed of six main sections [1]: • Reception area • Pre-treatment area • Hand sorting area • Mechanical sorting area
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 15/69 • Baling area • Storage area
Reception Area Initial control of the received mixed waste will be completed in the reception area. This area will serve as a place where unloading of the incoming materials are carried out. In this area accepted materials will be coarse sorted on the floor. As a result of this operation, all unwanted large items will be eliminated. It is assumed that 5% of the incoming materials will be sorted out as unwanted items [1]. The remaining mixed materials will be fed to the conveyor, transferring the materials to the rip and sorting drums. Reception area should have an area of approx. 2,000m2, in order to fulfil the storage requirements for at least three days of delivery [1]. Rip and sorting drum So as to rip up the incoming plastic bags, two parallel drums equipped with knives inside, will be used. These drums will function also as a screen which sort out stones, organic matter, broken glass etc. with a mesh size of 75–100 mm. In this part of the facility, it is assumed that 10% of the incoming materials will be sorted out as unwanted items, Including hoppers and conveyors [1]. Magnetic separator Magnetic separators will be installed on top of the conveyors which will transport the materials coming out from the drums to the hand sorting conveyor. It is anticipated that 40% of total metal content will successfully caught by the help of these apparatus [1]. Hand Sorting Area A hand sorting area is designed to segregate clean cardboard, glass metal and hard plastic. Approximately 350 tonnes of materials will be hand sorted per shift. The area required for hand sorting activities including conveyors etc. [1] Considering that each staff member at the hand sorting conveyor will be able to sort out 1.5–2.0 tonnes of recyclables per shift, it is evident that sorting area must have a space for sorting staff up to 12 persons. The area will be constructed in two levels. The conveyor will be placed 2.0–2.5 m above the floor level. The segregated and out sorted recyclable materials will be collected in containers, specific to the type of recyclable. These containers will be handled by the help of a fork-lift truck, which will then be used to transport the containers to the storage area [1]. Mechanical (Air Classifier) Sorting Area After hand sorting activity remained materials will be sent to an air classifier unit, where paper and plastic folio is sorted out. Together with the rejects of reception area, rejects of this part of the facility will be transported to the landfill site in maxi containers having a volume of 30 m3 [1]. Storage Area Bulky A storage area is designed to store each sorted recyclables separately at dedicated parts according to the type of material [1]. Baling Area
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 16/69 There will be a front end loader, which transports the recyclables from bulky storage area to the baling equipment. The baling equipment will operate to bale all out sorted materials separately. This machinery will have a capacity of 45–50 tonnes per hour. Depending on the material baled [1]. Storage Area Bales Fork-lift trucks will be used for handling purposes and the baled materials will be stored in an area.
Rehabilitation After Lot-1 is closed to operation, final cover will be implemented in compliance with the relevant Turkish legislation and EU directive (99/31/EC). Vegetal top soil will be laid over the final cover, and landscaping works including vegetation will be carried out.
Considering similar landfill projects undertaken in the world, it is observed that surface of landfills can be used for recreational purposes. Similarly, Kayseri SWL can also be used as football pitch, garden etc.
Utilization of Natural Resources (Land and Water Utilization, Type of Energy Utilized, etc.) Information about land use within the scope of the Project is presented under respective subtitles below. Land Use As mentioned in the previous sections, the Lot-1 in the landfill will cover 129,593 m2 of area. The landfill area belongs to the Treasury. A part of 410,366.43 m2 of the total 415.346,42-m2 area belonging to the Treasury has been decided to be used as landfill area. Lot-2 will also be constructed in this area. Allocation of this area to the KaMM was approved by the Ministry of Finance with its official letter dated July 1, 2006 and numbered 676.
As can be seen from satellite images and photographs of the site (see Appendix-B), the area is not regularly used by any purpose such as agriculture, settlement, forest etc. Water Utilization In construction phase, there will be water consumption by workers and for construction works (i.e. concrete preparation).
There will be approximately 30 workers in the construction phase. Assuming water consumption is 150 L/capita-day, water consumption of workers will be 30 workers x 150 L/capita-day = 4,500 L/day = 4.5 m3/day. Water consumption for construction works is estimated as 10 m3/day. Hence, total water consumption in the construction phase will be 14.5 m3/day.
In the operational phase there will be water consumption due to workers potable water demand, cleaning purposes, tyre cleaning and water for composting.
Water demand of 20 workers to be employed for the landfill operation will be 20 workers x 150 L/capita-day 3000 L/day = 3 m3/day.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 17/69
There is a utility water line reaching to KASKI WWTP. A water line will be constructed from KASKI WWTP to landfill site. Hence, water demand in the construction and operational phases of the Project will be supplied from the utility water. Energy Utilization Energy to be needed for heating and illumination purposes in both phases of the project will be supplied from the present electricity network. An electricity line will be established between the network and the project site. Besides, the electricity to be generated from biogas in later stages will also be used in the facility.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 18/69 PROJECT SITE The proposed Kayseri SWL is located near Navruzluk within the borders of Bogazkopru Village in Kocasinan District. The landfill is 15 km to the northwest from the Kayseri city center, within the borders of KaMM. Location map of the Project Site is given in Figure 4-1.
As can be seen from the location map, Kayseri SWL is located approximately 1 km to the northeast from Kayseri Water and Sewerage Administration (KASKI) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), and it is at the north of the neighboring Northern Circumferential Highway. Kayseri-Ankara Highway, which is connected to the circumferential road, runs 1,3 km to the southeast of the proposed SWL. Karasu Creek, where the treated effluent from KASKI WWTP is discharged, flows in the southwest. The nearest settlement to the Project Site is Bogazkopru Village, which is about 2 km to the south.
As it was mentioned before, the landfill area is the property of the Treasury. Allocation of this site to the KaMM to be used as landfill was approved by the Ministry of Finance, with the Ministry’s official letter dated July 1, 2006 and numbered 676.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 19/69 Figure 0-1 Location Map of the Project Site
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 20/69 Geological Characteristics General Geology Neogene-aged formations exist in the Project Site and its vicinity. Sedimentation and volcanism have taken place at the same era. A number of small chimneys due to volcanic activity of Erciyes Mountain of the Kayseri Basin can be seen around.
Erciyes Mountain, which is inactive now, was active approximately 5-6 million years ago (Pliocene Age), and the intrusion took place 1900 years ago. Meanwhile, volcanic debris of 300 m high (i.e. tuff, lava, pyroclasts etc.) accumulated and they have spread out on an area of approximately 15,000 km2 in the Middle Anatolia.
Volcanic activity at Erciyes Mountain has started with eruption of the pyroclasts consisting of random layered tuffite ignimbrite (riolithic tuff with glassy flow) incorporated with 400 m thick sediments. This was first followed by a basaltic lava flow, then a long lasting and main andesitic lava eruption forming a central cone and surrounding secondary cones, and at last a basaltic flow with high aluminum content.
Eruption of the riolithic vitfor (glassy acid lava) slag and young pyroclasts are the last stage of the volcanic activities.
Geological formations in the region were defined in the technical report entitled “Geology and Natural Resources of the Kayseri Region” prepared by General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration. Detailed information on these formations is as follows [2]:
Yemliha Formation (Tmy)
The formation was composed of Meso Myocene old pyroclastic lava and their derivatives, namely sedimentary rocks. It is mainly consisted of agglomerates.
Prevailing rock of the tuff, pumice tuff and volcanic breccia containing pyroclastic agglomerate formation is agglomerates. They are mostly andesitic and dasitic and basaltic at some locations. They are not layered, and have a block appearence. They are dark green and dark brown embedded in beige tuff parent material. Tuff is beige colored, weakly attached and pumice fragmented at some locations. They are generally andesitic. They are not layered and, have a block appearence. Rare volcanic breccias have a block appearance, and are grey.
Basalt, andesite and dasite form the lava of the formation. Basalts are dark, and have gray or black color with characteristics of olivine basalt. Andesites and dasites are gray to pinky gray. They can be usually found at the central parts of the formation.
Sedimentary rocks developed from intrusive formations are pebblestones and sandstones. They contain agglomera, tuff and lava units. Pebblestone – sandstones are red, reddish brown, parallel and diagonal layered, weakly graded, well attached, and mostly cornered.
Yemliha Formation overlies Hobek Formation. Egerci Formation randomly overlaps it. The age of the formation is Early Miocene [2].
Pekmezlik Basalt (Tpip)
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 21/69
This formation is composed Early Miocene basalts. It is black with hard flowing structure, columnar joints, and is often with gas pores. Vertical sets are its main morphological features. It is of olivine basalt from the point of petrography.
The ophiolites of Pekmezlik Basalt discordantly overlie Egerci Formation. Pumice tuffs overlap them. The age is Early Pliocene [2].
Incesu Ignimbrite (Plei)
The formation is gray, dark gray, black and pink, massive, strongly welded ignimbrite. It is concordant on Gubu Tuff at the study area underlying Çatakdere Tuff. Its thickness is varies between 30 cm and 10 m. Its age is Late Pliocene [2].
Basakpinar Tuff ( Qpeçb)
It is a yellow, white, gray, pink, brown formation often containing volcanic pumice material at some locations and to a level of pumice containing tuff at the other regions. It is well fitted on Veliaba Ignimbrite at the study area overlied by the well fitted Alakusak Ignimbrits. Its age is Early Pleistocene [2].
Topakkaya Lava Flow (Qpet)
Gray to black, usually blocky, weathered lava flow form this formation. Petrographically, they are called basaltic andesit. Topakkaya Lava overlies Koçdag Volcanites, Alakusak Ignimbrites and Basakpinar Tuff [2].
Fluvial Sediments (Qal)
Fluvial sediments cover sand, gravel and mud sediments developed by the stream activities at water courses and plains. They are loose and unconsolidated. It is clearly deduced from the defined units that study area and its vicinity are wholly formed from the volcanic bodies.
Some of regional volcanics and Neogene sediments have gained a curly and fractured structure under the influence of the Alpine Orogenesis [2].
Geological Characteristics of the Project Site and its Vicinity The Project Site and adjacent formations are all derived from the intrusive bodies. Yemliha Formation (Tmy), which has been defined above at “General Geology” section, is often outcropped at the surface in the study area.
Yemliha Formation has been developed related to Erciyes Volcanism. It is completely composed of agglomerates. Tuff and ignimbrite cement this formation, which is generally composed of gravels and blocks of basalt and andesite. Basalt blocks outcrop in patches. When examined macroscopically, basalt and andesite blocks are omnidirectionally fissured [2].
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 22/69 Soil Survey Soil survey in the Project Site was carried out by Atol Muhendislik in 2006, and the results are summarized as follows:
• The Project Site is within the boundaries of Yemliha Formation. This formation is agglomerate derived from volcanic activities. The upper layers are coarse blocky containing various volcanic fragments ranging from silt to sand and gravel in size. Underlying basalt and andesite blocks (agglomera) cemented with tuff are continuous with random outcropping at the surface. • Four constitutive and three research wells were drilled within the context of geotechnical survey. Experimental results are given as follows:
Safe carrying capacity of the ground 2,5 kg/cm2 Ground group B Local ground classification Z-2 Spectrum coefficients Ta=0,15 Effective ground acceleration 0.2 Strcture importance coefficient 1
• Unit continuities and geological structure of the study area were obtained with four 125-m geophysical measurements. • Permeability of the ground material was found to vary between 8.02x10-5 – 9.92x10-5. It was observed that 0.5 – 2.0-m thick, poorly graded sandy, silty, gravel layer covered the surface and fissured rock massives underlying them. Permeability of the surface layer is not suitable to construct a landfill on it without taking any actions. Underlying rock (agglomerate) layer was not found suitable from the point of permeability due to its cracks as well. • No active massive movement has been detected in the study area during the field surveys. The declination of the area varies between 10-20%. • Any ground water has not been found during the field studies in the area until a depth of 125 m. Nevertheless, geophysical studies revealed the continuity of the agglomerate body. It is considered that groundwater can be drawn from this unit which may present aquifer characteristics [2]. As can be seen from the results of geotechnical surveys carried out at the project site, soil is not suitable for landfill due to its permeability, which is higher than desired as well as groundwater may be present at depths more than 125 m. Therefore, additional clay layer either in the form of natural or geosynthetic clay is necessary in order to provide sufficient permeability.
Moreover, groundwater is not present at a depth of 125 m, which is the depth of survey wells. However, since the site is close to bed of Karasu Creek (see Figure 4-1). Therefore, groundwater is likely to be present at downhill locations close to the creek bed. Earthquake Potential and Tectonic Properties Project Site lies within 3rd degree earthquake zone according to the Earthquake Map of Turkey. The Earthquake Map of Kayseri Province and the Active Fault Map of Turkey showing the Project Site is given in Figure 4-2 and 4-3, respectively. As it is seen from the Earthquake Map of Kayseri, the landfill area is located in an earthquake band with moderate risk. Therefore, there is a very low risk destructive earthquake to take place in
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 23/69 the region. As for the previous earthquake records for the region, the most severe earthquake took place in 1940 near Ecemis-Develi depression with a magnitude of 6.2 according to the Richter Scale [3]. This earthquake area lies from the southern part of Kayseri Province to Nigde, neighbor of Kayseri in the southwest.
Kayseri SWL
Figure 0-2 Earthquake Map of Kayseri
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 24/69 Kayseri SWL
Scale: 1/2.000.000 – Source: www.mta.gov.tr
Figure 0-3 Active Fault Map of Turkey
Final design of the structures to be constructed in the Project Site shall be compliant with the provisions of the Regulation on Structures to be Constructed in Earthquake Areas.
Climatic Characteristics Winters are cold and snowy in Kayseri Province whereas summers are hot and dry, and terrestrial climate prevails in the province. However, climate conditions in the province differ from location to location. In this regard, the climate is milder in areas with low elevation, and the weather is getting harsher in higher locations2.
In this Section, data recorded in Kayseri Meteorological Station between 1975 and 2005 were evaluated. Kayseri Meteorological Station is the nearest station to the Project Site, and best reflects the region climate characteristics.
According to this meteorological data, annual maximum, minimum and the average temperatures are respectively, 40.7°C, -28.4°C and 10.4°C. The hottest month of the year is July (approximately 22.4ºC), and the coldest month is January (approximately -1.8ºC).
The average precipitation is 394.7 mm in the region. Most precipitation is observed in spring. Annual average number of days with snow is 34.4.
According to Long-term Meteorogical Data, the average annual wind speed is 1.8 m/s. According to measurements for several years, dominant wind direction is south.
The detailed meteorological information about the Project Site and its vicinity is given in Appendix C.
2 This information was retrieved from the official website of Kayseri Province Governorship (www.kayseri.gov.tr).
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 25/69 Water Resources There is no surface water (lake, pond etc.) in the proposed Kayseri SWL area. There is Karasu Creek flowing 1 km to the south of the site, at a downhill location (see Figure 4-1).
Karasu Creek which joins Ambar Creek (Sarimsakli Creek), flowing from east to west, and Vanvanli Creek, flowing from south to north, is flowing from southeast to northwest in Bogazkopru area. Ambar Creek where various domestic wastewater is disposed of joins Kizilirmak after it is been treated in KASKI WWTP, located 1 km to the south east of the Project Site. Pre-treated Leachate formed in the Kayseri SWL and domestic wastewater generated by the workers, who will work during operation, will be treated in KASKI WWTP, and discharged into Karasu Creek.
Soil Characteristics Kayseri SWL area has land use capability of Class VII. In this regard, it has the property of pastureland, and possesses high risk of erosion. Therefore, the site is not suitable for agriculture. The soil properties of Project Site are shown in Figure 4-12.
Brown soil is present in the Project Site. This type of soil is generally observed in transition areas between areas where Taurus and Middle Anatolia climates prevail. brown soil comprises alluvial brown soil layers, and formed over Neogen-aged, unconsolidated sedimentary lime. Low and medium slopes are observed in hilly areas with brown soil. These slopes are short, and crossed by plain areas. Grassland is the dominant vegetation type observed in areas with brown soil [2]. However, except for step slopes and hills between plain regions and mountainous areas, this vegetation has been harmed, and opened to dry agriculture. There is no forest cover in the proposed Project Site.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 26/69 Kayseri SWL
Reference: Kayseri Province Soil Assets (original Turkish title: Kayseri Ili Arazi Varligi), General Directorate of Rural Affairs (“Koy Hizmetleri Genel Mudurlugu”). Figure 0-4 Soil Map Showing the Project Site
Socio-Economic Characteristics Population Size and Growth Rate The population of Turkey has increased five times since 1927 whereas that of Kayseri has increased four times, and it reached 1,060,432 in the year 2000. Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) has been implementing the Address-Based Population Registration System (ADNKS) since 2007, and population of Kayseri in 2009 according to ADNKS is 1,205,872.
Population data for the closest villages, Bogazkopru and Molu villages, as well as district municipalities for the year 2009 is given in Table 4-1.
Table 0-1 Population Data for District Municipalities for 2009
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 27/69 Settlement Urban Population Rural Population Total Bogazkopru Village - 115 115 Molu Village - 300 300 Kocasinan District 352,096 14,580 366,676 Melikgazi District 449,001 3,989 452,990 Hacilar District 11,652 946 12,598 Incesu District 17,669 4,680 22,349 Talas District 81,566 6,259 87,825 Total 911,984 30,454 942,438
Population size and growth rate are the two important parameters used in the design of Kayseri SWL. Therefore, a population projection was carried out in the context of the feasibility study conducted for the Project. In this regard, population projections carried according several methods were compared, and Population Projection by United Nations (UN) Method was adopted in determining the capacity of the landfill. Population growth rates determined for the period between the years 2000 and 2035 according to UN method are presented in Table 4-2.
Table 0-2 Results of Population Projection for the Period Between 2000 and 2035 Annual Growth Rate of Urban Annual Growth Rate of Rural Year Population Population 2000-2005 2.13 -0.13 2005-2010 1.95 -0.24 2010-2015 1.73 -0.42 2015-2020 1.51 -0.6 2020-2025 1.31 -0.76 2025-2030 1.11 -0.93 2030-2035 0.95 -1.09 Reference: Kayseri Solid Waste Management Project Feasibility Report, 2010.
The population projection results for the determination of the population that will be served by Lot-1 according to UN method are presented in Table 4-3. Table 0-3 Population Projection Data for Lot-1
Year Urban Population Rural Population Total 2012 949,538 30,562 980,100 2013 965,965 30,434 996,399 2014 982,676 30,306 1,012,982 2015 997,514 30,124 1,027,639 2016 1,012,577 29,943 1,042,520 2017 1,027,867 29,764 1,057,630 2018 1,043,387 29,585 1,072,973 2019 1,059,143 29,408 1,088,550 2020 1,073,017 29,184 1,102,202 Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010.
Average Household Size
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 28/69 According to population data of the year 2000, average household size is 4.43, 4.28 and 5,29 for district municipalities, the metropolitan municipality and for rural areas, respectively.
Total number of households is 260,000 in the entire province. Of this total, a number of 125,000 households are located within the borders of the metropolitan municipality. General housing type in Kayseri is multi-storey buildings. Number of households within the KaMM is given in Table 4-4.
Table 0-4 Number of Households within KaMM
KaMM Number of Households in KaMM Kocasinan 65,185 Melikgazi 60,312 Hacilar 3929 Talas 8662 Incesu 2120 19 first-degree municipalities 11,000 Total 151,208 Reference: Population Census Results for the Year 2000, TURKSTAT Education Schooling rates for pre-school, primary school and secondary school are 30,63%, 98.44%, and 66.52%, respectively, in Kayseri Province. Literacy rate in Kayseri is 94.57%3.
There are also vocational schools for various branches as well as primary and secondary schools. The number of vocational schools in the city center and other districts is 7 and 8, respectively, thus the total number of vocational schools in the province is 15. In this vocational schools there are education programs in 177 different branches including welding and diesinking3. It is considered that industrial development in Kayseri is important in such a development in vocational education in Kayseri. There is also the Erciyes University in Kayseri. Industry and Commerce It is known that the income from industry in Kayseri Province is much higher than the income from agricultural activities unlike the other provinces in Middle Anatolia Region. Industry practices started in 1920 with the public investments in industry sector. This development is supported by erection of an energy power plant in the province and by the construction of railways and highways3.
These investments led other investments in private and public sector in 1950s in the province. Public sector investments increased in these years, and new facilities such as food, machinery and textile plants were erected3.
Establishment of Kayseri Organized Industrial District (OID) and the supply of government encouragement in industry accelerated the development of industry in the province.
3 This information was retrieved from the official website of Kayseri Province Governorship (www.kayseri.gov.tr).
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 29/69 Nowadays, there are 728 facilities which manufacture furniture, textiles, food and machinery products in Kayseri OID, which is located within the borders of KaMM.
There are 15,300 members registered to Kayseri Chamber of Commerce, and these member are active in 30 different sectors such as construction materials, grain and food sectors.
Ecological Characteristics A study in vegetation period was conducted by DOKAY to assess current flora and fauna structure in the Project Site and in its vicinity for the proposed Project. Flora The Project Site lies in Iran-Turan (Irano-Turanien) fitogeographic region. Most of the region where the Project Site is located is an industrial development and settlement area. As a result of this, biotopes and habitats have been harmed, and suitable areas where natural flora and fauna species can survive have decreased. However, natural structure in the Project Site and areas to the north has not been harmed since there are not serious anthropogenic factors in these areas (see Figure 4-1).
Besides, during these studies species that are likely to be observed at the site due to their biotope characteristics were also examined in addition to present species in the site. Endemic species and habitats protected in compliance with Turkish Environmental Legislation and international agreements such as Bern, Ramsar, Biological Diversity and CITES, to which Turkey is a party, are also considered in this survey.
The forest in the region comprises black pine, ground cedar as well as white willow and populus.
The vegetation types observed in the Project Site and in its vicinity during studies are wayside vegetation and steppe.
Wayside Vegetation
The flora species observed on the wayside are widespread, and are not endangered. These types of species are given below:
Dandelion (Cichorium intybus), Rest Horrow (Ononis spinoza), Milk Thistle (Eryngium campestre), Artedia squamata, Torilis arvensis, Pisipis grass (Bromus cappadocicus), B. tectorum, Galium Fissurense (Galium verum), G. caranatum, Poa (Poa pratense), P. bulbosa, Trefoil (Medicago radiata), Acrid Lettuce (Lactuca serriola), Festuca seed (Festuca valesiaca), Couch grass (Dactylis glomerata), Cirsium vulgare, Agropyron intermedium, White clover (Trifolium pratense), T. campestre, Aruncus (Tragopogon latifolius ssp. angustifolius), Arnica (Anthemis tinctoria), Dock (Rumex crispus), Plantago lanceolata, Cinquefoil (Potentilla reptans), Gum-plant (Euphorbia macroclada), Greek clover (Melilotus officinale), Grasspea (Lathyrus aphaca var. biflorus), Leontodon hispidus var. hispidus, Lepidium perfoliatum, Sisymbrium altissimum.
Steppe
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 30/69 This type of vegetation observed in the Project Site and its vicinity is widespread in Middle Anatolia Plateu in areas with elevation below 1200 m. This vegetation usually consists of herbaceous species and partially low hedge species. It was observed that anthropogenic factors affected this vegetation. The flora species observed in steppe vegetation are widespread, not endangered with an average height of 45 cm and 70% coverage. Mostly encountered species are given as follows:
Festuca Grass (Festuca valesiaca), Alyssum murale, Ferulago pauciradiata, milk vetch (Astragalus microcephalus), Arnica (Anthemis tinctoria), A. cretica, Stipa arabica, Gum- plant (Euphorbia macroclada), Leontodon hispidus var. hispidus, Milk Thistle (Eryngium campestre), Onosma bougaei, Cinque foil (Potentilla recta), white clover (Trifolium arvense), T. campestre, Tanacetum armenum, Caucalis platycarpos, Scabiosa argentea, Korunga (Onobrychis armena), Kadintuzlugu (Berberis crateagina), Common sage (Salvia crypthanta), Cornflower(Centaurea virgata), klammath weed (Hypericum hyssopifolium ssp. elongatum), Silene vulgaris), Poa (Poa bulbosa). Fauna The fauna elements in the Project Site were determined according to field surveys, literature data and the information obtained from local people. The major types of fauna are the taxons which are widespread in cultivated areas and near settlement areas. Amphibians
Marsh frog (Rana ridibunda) and Bufo viridis living in aquatic and semi-aquatic environments can reproduce in Karasu Creek, 1 km away from the Project Site. Therefore, these species can be encountered in the landfill area and in its vicinity.
Reptiles
Of the 10 reptile species that are present or likely to be found in the Project Site and its vicinity are turtle, lizard (four different species) and snake (five different species).
Birds
Project Site and its vicinity provide suitable habitats for singing birds (Passeriformes). The bird species observed in Project Site are widespread and not endangered.
Mammals
Diversity and population density of mammal species are low in the Project Site and its vicinity since these areas have been affected by anthropogenic factors.
Species that might be observed in the Project Site and its vicinity are Porcupine (Erinaceus concolor), Rock Rat (Apodemus mystacinus), Mus (Mus musculus), ground squirrel (Citellus xanthaphrymnus), Veasel (Mustela nivalis), Rabbit (Lepus europaeus), Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Wolf (Canis lupus).
Interaction with wild life is possible since there are preserved habitats in the Project Site and in areas to the north of the Project Site. Small mammals can be frequently observed in
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 31/69 the Project Site since there are agricultural fields in the vicinity. Also, carnivore mammals are observed to live in the landfill area and its vicinity.
Flora and Fauna Species protected in accordance with National Legislation and International Agreements
Middle Anatolia is one of the sensitive areas in Turkey in terms of endemic plants. However, no endemic species were observed during field surveys since there are few natural habitats, and anthropogenic vegetation is dominant in the Project Site and its vicinity. Besides, there are no plant species protected in accordance with CITES and Bern Convention.
All amphibians and reptiles living in Project Site and its vicinity are protected in accordance with the Bern Convention.
All species excluding Larus argentatus (lesser black-backed gull), Garrullus glandarius (Alakarga), Pica pica (Magpie), Corvus monedula (Jackdaw), Corvus frugilegus (Rook), Corvus corone (Carrion Crow), Corvus corax (Ravene) ve Passer domesticus (English Sparrow) are protected by Bern Convention. Table 4-5 presents the list of species of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals that are likely to be observed in Project Site and in its vicinity, and protected in accordance with the Bern Convention. Protection status of species according to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Table 0-5 Species Protected in Accordance with the Bern Convention
Species IUCN Related Annex of Bern Convention Amphibia Rana ridibunda LC Annex III Bufo viridis LC Annex II Reptilia Testuda graeca VU Annex III Laudakia ruderata NE Annex III Hemidactylus turcicus LC Annex III Ophisops elegans NE Annex III Mabuya aurata LC Annex III Thyplops vernicularis NE Annex III Coluber najadum LC Annex II Coluber ravergieri NE Annex III Eirenis modestus LC Annex III Elaphe quatuorlineata NT Annex II Aves Ciconia ciconia LC Annex II Buteo buteo LC Annex II Falco tinnunculus LC Annex II Falco subbuteo LC Annex II
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 32/69 Species IUCN Related Annex of Bern Convention Columba livia LC Annex II Columba palumbus LC Annex II Athena noctua LC Annex II Apus apus LC Annex II Upupo epops LC Annex II Galerida cristata LC Annex II Alauda arvensis LC Annex II Melanocorypha calandra LC Annex II Hirundo rustica LC Annex II Delichon urbica LC Annex II Anthus campsetris LC Annex II Motacilla alba LC Annex III Erithacus rubecula LC Annex II Phoenicurus phoenicurus LC Annex II Saxicola rubetra LC Annex II Oenanthe oenanthe LC Annex II Turdus merula LC Annex II Sylvia communis LC Annex II Sylvia atricapilla LC Annex III Muscicapa striata LC Annex II Lanius collurio LC Annex II Lanius minor LC Annex II Pica pica LC - Corvus monedula LC - Corvus frugilegus LC - Corvus corone cornix LC - Corvus corax LC Annex III Sturnus vulgaris LC - Passer domesticus LC - Fringilla coelebs LC Annex III Carduelis chloris LC - Carduelis carduelis LC Annex II Curduelis cannabina LC - Emberiza hortulana LC Annex II Emberiza melanocephala LC Annex II Emberiza calandra NE Annex III Mammalia Erinaceus concolor LC - Crocidura leucodon LC Lepus europeus LC - Citellus citellus NE - Arvicola terrestris NE Rattus rattus LC - Mus musculus LC - Apodemus mystanicus LC
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 33/69 Species IUCN Related Annex of Bern Convention Canis lupus LC - Vulpes vulpes LC - Mustela nivalis LC Annex III VULNERABLE (VU) LEAST CONCERN (LC) NEAR THREATENED (NT) NOT EVALUATED (NE) Reference: Kayseri SWL EIA Report, 2006.
Relevant articles of Bern Convention to be complied in the context of the Project are given below.
Article 5
Each Contracting Party shall take appropriate and necessary legislative and administrative measures to ensure the special protection of the wild flora species specified in Appendix I. Deliberate picking, collecting, cutting or uprooting of such plants shall be prohibited. Each Contracting Party shall, as appropriate, prohibit the possession or sale of these species.
Article 6
Each Contracting Party shall take appropriate and necessary legislative and administrative measures to ensure the special protection of the wild fauna species specified in Annex II. The following will in particular be prohibited for these species:
a. all forms of deliberate capture and keeping and deliberate killing; b. the deliberate damage to or destruction of breeding or resting sites; c. the deliberate disturbance of wild fauna, particularly during the period of breeding, rearing and hibernation, insofar as disturbance would be significant in relation to the objectives of this Convention; d. the deliberate destruction or taking of eggs from the wild or keeping these eggs even if empty; e. the possession of and internal trade in these animals, alive or dead, including stuffed animals and any readily recognisable part or derivative thereof, where this would contribute to the effectiveness of the provisions of this article.
Article 7
1. Each Contracting Party shall take appropriate and necessary legislative and administrative measures to ensure the protection of the wild fauna species specified in Appendix III. 2. Any exploitation of wild fauna specified in Appendix III shall be regulated in order to keep the populations out of danger, taking into account the requirements of Article 2. 3. Measures to be taken shall include: a. closed seasons and/or other procedures regulating the exploitation; b. the temporary or local prohibition of exploitation, as appropriate, in order to restore satisfactory population levels;
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 34/69 the regulation as appropriate of sale, keeping for sale, transport for sale or offering for sale of live and dead wild animals.
Considering the species that are likely to be found in the Project Site and its vicinity and that are listed in Annex-II of Bern Convention, feeding, reproduction and resting areas for the amphibian species are near the creek bed, i.e. Karasu Creek. Moreover, the reptilian species prefers area near water bodies. Therefore, they are also mostly present near Karasu Creek where they reach water easily rather than the Project Site. Bird species may prefer areas close to agricultural fields for building their nests, e.g. the Project Site. They feed on insects which they can mostly find in agricultural fields. Hence, they will easily find alternative areas for feeding in the vicinity other than the Project Site.
Among the species that may be observed in the landfill site, turtle (Testuda graeca) and yellow snake (Elaphe quatuorlineata) are categorized as vulnerable and near threatened, respectively, in the “IUCN 2002-List of Globally Threatened Species”.
Fauna species which are free to be hunted in compliance with certain rules are determined according to the Decisions of Central Hunting Commission. These decisions are made by public institutions authorized for protection of nature, and revised annually. According to these decisions published for the hunting season 2009-2010, there are no fauna species, which are forbidden to be hunted, in the vicinity of the Project Site.
As a measure of protection of fauna species, a biologist will relocate the bird nests outside the Project Site with the support of local university. The biologist will also supervise site preparation and mobilization works in order to prevent fauna species inhabiting the site from being harmed. Also, wire fences will prevent entry of fauna species into the site. Moreover, protection of species determined as “Vulnerable (VU)” and “Near Threatened (NT)” by IUCN, and those given in Bern Convention will be ensured by raising consciousness of the construction staff through training campaigns.
Protected Areas Hormetci Marshland (in Turkish: “Hormetci Sazligi”) is located approximately 5.5 km to the proposed site. It is the only protected area near the Project Site (see Figure 4-5). Hormetci Marshland was designated as a Wetland of International Importance in 2004 by MoEF.
According to the Regulation on Protection of Wetlands (OG dated 17.05.2005 and numbered 25818), MoEF prohibits construction of landfills in the “buffer zones” of wetlands. According to this regulation, buffer zone of this marshland ends at a distance of 2500 m from the boundaries of the marshland. Therefore, the project site, which is about 5.5 km away from the marshland, is outside the buffer zone of the marshland.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 35/69 Kayseri SWL
Reference: Geographical Information System of MoEF (gis.cevreorman.gov.tr). Figure 0-5 Hormetci Marshland and the Project Site
According to observations made at the Project Site there are no cultural assets on the surface. Also, there are no registered cultural and natural assets according to information obtained from Environmental Status Report prepared by Kayseri Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry in 2008 and from the official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS In this section of the EIA Report, possible environmental impacts that will result from activities to be carried out during construction and operational phase of the Project are assessed. Main sources of these impacts are solid and liquid wastes as well as noise and dust emissions. Magnitude of these impacts on such receiving elements of the environment such as air, water and soil are explained under respective subtitles, along with the mitigation measures that are required to be taken in order to minimize these impacts.
Assessing the possible environmental impacts of the Project, the EIA Report that was prepared for the Project by DOKAY, and approved by the MoEF in 2006 is extensively benefited.
Solid Wastes Solid waste that may be generated during construction and operational phases comprises the domestic solid waste from workers, packaging waste and excavation material from construction works.
Number of workers will be 30 and 20 in the construction and operational phases, respectively. According to feasibility study carried out for the Project, daily solid waste generation in 2009 is 1.17 kg/capita. Therefore, amount of solid waste to be generated in the construction and operational phases of the Project will be 35 kg/day and 24 kg/day, respectively.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 36/69 Solid waste to be generated in the construction phase will be disposed of in the current dump site. Solid waste to be generated in the operational phase will be disposed of in the landfill.
Waste packages of large piece of equipment as well as packaging waste (e.g. boxes and bags containing workers’ foods) that may be generated by the workers will be transported to packaging waste recovery facilities, licensed by the MoEF in compliance with the Packaging Waste Control Regulation (OG dated 24.06.2007 and numbered 26562).
MRF is planned to be in operation by the year 2015. After MRF is put in operation, packaging waste will be processed in it, and unrecovered packaging waste will be disposed of in the landfill. Excavated Material Vegetal top soil will be stripped prior to excavation works. Since there will be huge amount of vegetal soil to be stripped from the site, most suitable part of the vegetal soil will be stored in an appropriate part of the site with slope less than 5%, to be used in landscaping works. Maximum height of piles will be 1.5 m. Top of the piles will be grassed. Vegetal soil will be stored separately from other excavation earth. Remaining part of the soil will be immediately used on sides of the roads in the site and other suitable places.
Excavated material will be generated during site preparation and excavation works in Lot-1. Excavated material will be piled in a suitable part of the site, and it will be primarily used as daily cover during landfill operation.
Special Types of Waste In this section, provisions about special types of solid waste, for which specific waste management principals are stipulated in respective regulations.
Waste Batteries and Accumulators
Waste batteries and accumulators will be generated after used batteries and accumulators of communication devices, electronic equipment and accumulators of vehicles and construction machines are changed. These waste batteries and accumulators will be collected and given to the institutions authorized for recycle and disposal of these wastes in compliance with the Regulation on Control of Waste Batteries and Accumulators (OG 31.08.2004 and dated 25569). In this regard, the Association of Producers and Importers of Mobile Batteries (TAP) is the only authorized institution to collect waste batteries. Sufficient number of special collection boxes for waste batteries will be obtained from TAP, and located in appropriate locations in the facility. When boxes are filled, batteries will be sent to TAP free of charge.
Medical Waste
According to Article 91 of the Occupational Health and Safety Bylaw relating to measures that shall be taken against accidents in workplaces, there shall be doctor and infirmary in workplaces with 50 or more workers.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 37/69 Since the number of workers to be employed during construction and operational phases are less than 50, it is not obligatory to establish infirmary and hiring a doctor. In case of accidents and injuries during Project activities, health institutions in Kayseri city center will be used. Hence, no medical waste will be generated in the Project Site.
Worn-out Tyres
In case worn-out tyres of vehicles and construction machines are changed in the Project Site, these tyres will be given to collectors licensed by the MoEF in compliance with the Regulation on Control of Worn-out Tyres (OG dated 25.11.2006 and numbered 26357).
Liquid Wastes
As it is mentioned in Section 3.3.2, water demand in the construction and operational phases of the Project will be 4.5 m3/day and 3 m3/day, respectively. Assuming that water used will be completely converted into wastewater, amount of wastewater will be equal to the amount used. Domestic wastewater that will be generated during construction and operational phases will be collected in leak-proof septic tanks in compliance with the Water Pollution Control Regulation (OG dated 31.12.2004 and numbered 25687). When the septic tank is filled up, it will be evacuated by a sewage truck. Sewage truck will discharge the wastewater to the inlet of KASKI WWTP.
In the operational phase, wastewater will be generated due to water used by operation staff, leachate formed in the landfill body and tyre washing. Leachate flow is predicted as 85 m3/day.
Wastewater to be generated during operational phase will be treated in the leachate pre- treatment, and then discharged to the inlet of the KASKI WWTP for final treatment. It will then be discharged into Karadere Creek together with the treated effluents of the KASKI WWTP.
Hazardous Waste Main types of hazardous waste to be generated in the construction and operational phases of the Project are oil and air filters, which are changed during maintenance, of construction and operation machinery (e.g. bulldozer, campactor etc.), waste fabrics used in maintenance and empty paint and lubricant boxes. Besides these, there may also be hazardous waste resulting from fluorescent lamps and wasted printer cartridges.
Hazardous waste to be generated within the Project Site during construction and operation activities will be collected in temporary hazardous waste storage area, which is surrounded by wire fences, bottom-sealed, and protected from precipitation, in compliance with the Hazardous Waste Control Regulation (HWCR) (OG dated 14.03.2005 and numbered 25755). In the context of Waste Management Plan (see Section 7.2.1), workers will put hazardous waste material in the storage area. Hazardous waste shall not be stored for more than 180 days. Stored hazardous waste shall be given to firms licensed by MoEF for collection of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste collected from the Project Site shall be transferred to licensed intermediate storage areas, and then to hazardous waste landfills or incineration plants for final disposal.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 38/69
Sludge produced in the leachate pre-treatment plant shall be analyzed according to Annex- 11/A to HWCR, in which criteria for waste to be landfilled in solid waste landfills are given. Treatment sludge shall then be sent to KASKI WWTP for further processing or given to licensed collectors of hazardous waste.
Waste Lubricant Construction machines, trucks and cars are the sources of waste lubricant in construction and operational phases. Repair and maintenance of all the vehicles will be carried out in authorized services outside the Project Site. Lubricant of construction machinery will be changed at the Project Site by the personnel of authorized service.
Waste lubricant resulting from maintenance works shall be given to firms licensed by the MoEF for collection of waste lubricant in compliance with the Waste Lubricant Control Regulation (OG dated 30.07.2008 and dated 26952). Waste lubricant collected by licensed firms shall be transferred to licensed waste lubricant recovery plants.
Air Emissions Gaseous Emissions It is anticipated that a boiler with thermal power less than 1 MW will be used for heating of administrative building. The boiler will be operated, and its emissions will be monitored through periodical measurements in compliance with the Regulation on Control of Air Pollution due to Heating (OG dated 13.01.2005 and numbered 25699).
Besides from heating, there will be air emissions due to exhaust gas of vehicles and construction and operation machinery. Hourly fuel consumption rate of vehicles and machinery is anticipated as 50 L, and mass flow rate of pollutants are calculated accordingly. In these calculations, density of diesel is assumed to be 0.8654 kg/L4.
Emission factors and emission amounts for pollutants emitted from diesel vehicles are given in Table 5-1 along with the related limit values.
Table 0-1 Emission Factors and Amounts of Pollutants Emitted from Diesel Vehicles and Related Limit Values Emission Factor* Emission Amount Limit Value** Pollutant (kg/ton) (kg/hour) (kg/hour) Carbon monoxide 9.7 0.420 50.000 Nitrogen oxides 36 1.558 4.000 Sulfur oxides 6.5 0.281 6.000 Dust 18 0.779 1.500 * Reference: Muezzinoglu, A.,”Principles of Air Pollution and Control” (original Turkish title: ‘Hava Kirliliginin ve Kontrolunun Esaslari’, Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Yayinlari, 1987. ** Reference: Table 2-1 in Annex-2 to the Regulation on Control of Industrial Air Pollution (RCIAP) (OG dated 03.07.2009 and numbered 27277)
As it is seen from Table 5-1, air emissions to result from construction machinery are below the limit values given in Table 2-1 of Annex-2 to RCIAP. Therefore, emissions from vehicles are not expected to cause an adverse impact on the ambient air quality.
4 TMMOB Kimya Muhendisleri Odasi Yayinlari, 1991
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 39/69 Exhaust emissions of construction machinery and vehicles will be controlled through regular maintenance. In this respect, provisions of the Circular on Exhaust Gases of Motor Vehicles (OG dated 30.12.2004 and numbered 2004/13) shall be complied with. Dust Emissions The construction activities that may generate dust are listed below.
• Transport on unpaved roads, • Excavation works in Lot-1, building foundations and roads, • Transport, utilization and storage of construction materials and • Transport of excavated material.
Dust emissions from construction activities are calculated assuming dust emission factor of 9.9 gr/m2/day for semi-dry areas. This factor has been calculated based on a formula given by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) considering various construction sites. The formula below has been used to calculate dust emission rates in construction sites:
g day Area(m 2 ) Dust Emission = 9.9 x x m 2 8hour 30day excavationduration x 1month
Considering the worst-case scenario, it is assumed that all the dust emissions will be generated at the same point. Dust emissions that may result during construction works are calculated and given below.
It is anticipated that excavation and construction works for Lot-1 will be carried out in a 13-ha area. Duration of construction is envisaged as 12 months, and dust emission calculations are carried out below.
g day 130000m 2 ) Dust Emission = 9.9 x x = 893.75 g/hour = 0,89 kg/hour m 2 8hour 30day 6month x 1month
Dust emission resulting from construction activities is calculated as 0.89 kg/hour. This is below the limit value of 1.0 kg/hour, beyond which air quality modeling study shall be necessary according to Annex-2 to RCIAP. Therefore, an air quality modeling study was not carried out to determine suspended and settleable dust concentrations. Hence, it is expected that Bogazkopru Village will not be adversely affected from dust emissions due to construction works.
Excavated material will be temporarily stored in a suitable part of the Project Site in order to be used as daily cover material in the operational phase. Since it will be transported only in a small distance in the Project Site rather than outside the site, dust emission due to transportation will be negligible.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 40/69 Dust emissions due to excavation works may result in following impacts to the surrounding biological and physical environment.
• Impacts on flora by inhibiting photosynthesis, • Disturbance on the terrestrial fauna, • Respiratory illnesses, • Increasing turbidity in surface water.
Impacts due to dust emission will be minimized through implementation of the following measures:
• In order to prevent or minimize dust formation at soil piles or similar spots, soil piles shall be watered in dry weather for dampening. • 30 km/hour speed limit shall be set on non-paved roads. • Roads shall be water-sprayed to prevent dust formation, • Covering of trucks with canvas. Odor There will be odor formation during disposal of solid waste in the landfill. Since dominant wind direction is south, the closest residential area, Bogazkopru Village, may be affected by odor. Daily cover will be applied on the compacted waste at the end of each working day, and hence, people living in this village are not expected to be adversely affected by the odor formed in the landfill.
Noise List of machines that will be used in construction and relevant sound power levels are given in Table 5-2.
Table 0-2 Construction Machines and Relevant Sound Power Levels
Machines Count Sound Power Level (Lw), dBA Truck 5 85 Wheel Loader 2 110 Compactor 1 110 Excavator 1 105 Bulldozer 1 120
Calculations are carried out assuming all the machines and equipment will be working at the same point. Therefore, actual noise level will be much lower than that is determined. It is not possible to provide information about exact places of the construction machines. Equivalent level of noise resulting from all sources is calculated using formula (1) given below (METU-CEC, 2007). In this formula, it is assumed that all the noise sources are at the same level.
n Li = × 10 Leq 10 log ∑10 ………………………………… (1) i=1
In this formula;
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 41/69 n = Number of noise sources, Li = Sound power level of each source (dBA),
Leq = Total equivalent noise level. 85 110 110 105 120 L = 10 × log5x10 10 + 2x10 10 +1x10 10 +1 10 10 +1xx 10 10 eq = 121.3 dBA
For construction phase, equivalent noise level at the source is calculated as 121.3 dBA.
Sound power level (Lp) at a specific distance can be calculated by using the formula (2) below.
Q L = L +10× log …………………………………....(2) P eq 4.π.r 2
Lp : Sound power (i.e. noise) level (dBA) Q : Constant selected considering the roughness of topography (Q=2) R : Distance (m)
Atmospheric absorption may decrease the sound power level further since all the activities will be at the outdoor. Nonetheless, atmospheric absorption is excluded from calculations in order to consider the worst case scenario. Noise level with respect to distance was calculated by using the formula given above, and calculation results are given in Table 5-3 and Figure 5-1. Table 0-3 Distribution of Noise with respect to Distance
r (m) LW (dB) 0 121.30 10 93.32 50 79.34 100 73.32 200 67.30 300 63.78 400 61.28 500 59.34 600 57.76 700 56.42 800 55.26 900 54.23 1000 53.32 1500 49.80 2000 47.30 2500 45.36 3000 43.78 3500 42.44 Note: Frequency interval of construction machines is between 500-4000 Hz. Therefore, sound power level at each point is very close to noise level.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 42/69 140
120
) 100 A B d ( l e
v 80 e L r e w
o 60 P d n u o
S 40
20
0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Distance (m)
Figure 0-1 Distribution of Noise with respect to Distance
Noise limit values for construction sites are stipulated in Article 23 of the Regulation on Control of Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (RAMEN) (OG dated 07.03.2008 and numbered 26809). These limit values are given in Table 5-4.
Table 0-4 Noise Limit Values for Construction Sites (Table 5 in Annex-VIII to RAMEN)
Activity (Construction, Demolition and Repair) Ldaytime (dBA) Building 70 Road 75 Other Sources 70
According to Article 23 of RAMEN, level of noise due to construction activities shall be below the limit value of 70 dBA (Table 5 of RAMEN) at such sensitive receptors as school, hospital and houses. The closest sensitive receptor to the construction site is Bogazkopru Village, which is approximately 2,000 m away, and expected noise level at this settlement is 47.3 dBA (see Table 5-3). Therefore, this settlement is not expected to be adversely affected from the noise created by construction activities.
Moreover, as it is explained above, actual noise level to be felt at Bogazkopru will be much lower than 47.3 dBA, which is calculated assuming machines to be working at the same point and excluding the atmospheric absorption. In order to keep noise levels at the minimum, regular maintenance of construction machines shall be performed.
List of machines that will be used in landfill operation and relevant sound power levels are given in Table 5-5. Table 0-5 List of Machines to be used in Operational Phase and Relevant Sound Power Levels
Machines Count Sound Power Level (Lw), dBA
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 43/69 Refuse Compactor 1 115 Bulldozer 1 120 Wheel Loader 1 115 Pick-up 1 85 Truck with hoist system 1 85 Water Truck 1 85
Using the formula (1) above, equivalent sound power level of machines is calculated as 122.1 dBA. Using formula (2), the level of noise to be expected at Bogazkopru, the closest sensitive receptor, is calculated as 48.1 dBA.
The limit values that may be applicable for the level of noise to be generated in the operational phase is given in Table-4 of Annex-VIII to RAMEN. This table presents limit values of noise for daytime, evening and nighttime near houses, which are considered as sensitive receptors. The operational phase noise level calculated above is lower than the most stringent limit value, i.e. 50 dBA for nighttime noise level, given in RAMEN. Hence, no adverse impact is expected due to level of noise to be formed at Bogazkopru.
Regular maintenance of machines used for landfill operation shall be performed in order to control level of noise at sensitive receptors.
Moreover, additional mitigation measures in accordance with RAMEN will be taken for noise generating activities. These measures are given as follows:
- Construction activities will be conducted during daytime (07:00 – 19:00); - Duration of the construction will be announced to public; - Public will be notified about any specific activity that may generate high level of noise during construction will be conducted.
Traffic Safety The trucks that will be used in the construction phase for transportation of excavated material and construction materials will use the Northern Circumferential Highway to access to landfill area. Therefore, warning signs will be placed on the highway in order to minimize accident risk on the highway. Such warning signs will be employed in the operational phase as well in order to warn drivers on the highway about waste trucks entering or leaving the site.
Although daily cover will be laid over waste after each working day, birds may accumulate at the site for feeding in the operation phase of the Project. This may pose risk on traffic safety in the highway. In order to minimize this risk, long trees will be planted on the highway side.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 44/69 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
Alternative Sites Current Dump Site (Alternative 1)
Current dump site is 15 km to the northwest of the center of Kayseri. The site is in the region between Catalarkac Hill, 4 km away from Molu Village and Karakaya Hill. The motorway to the dump site is asphalted and in good condition.
A bulldozer compresses the wastes carried to the dump site after spilling and spreading. The debris and domestic wastes are thrown to the disposal site together. The wastes are not covered with soil and clay.
The current dump site has been used over ten years by KaMM. The first alternative evaluated was construction of a proper landfill in this site. The positive features of the site according to the investigations are given as follows:
• The place of the site is suitable for landfilling, • The motorway transition of the site is suitable, • There is no risk of groundwater contamination, • The distance between the site and settlements is compliant with the relevant legislation, • Dominant wind direction is suitable, • Sufficient space exists for capacity increase in the future.
The negative features of the site observed are given as follows :
• No leachate collection system, • No gas collection system, • Wastes are not covered with impermeable material, • Debris is dumped with domestic wastes, • Suitable firefighting precautions are not taken, • No weighbridge, • No security guards to prevent access of unauthorized people to the site, • No precautions for insects and vectors, • The existent wire fence around the site is not enough to prevent entrance to the site, • No protective equipment for the workers, • Electricity and water demands are not met.
KaMM considered the location and geological advantages stated above, and suggested the present dump site (the size of the site is 48 hectares and only 9 hectare of it is used as dump site) in the scope of the European Union Frame Project.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 45/69 However, the municipality cannot put forward any document related to the land ownership of the site. Cadastre operation in the region is in progress. The owner of the site could not be determined yet. Therefore, the site has been excluded from the project content. Proposed Site in the Scope of Project (Alternative 2) The municipality searched an alternative site because of the land ownership problem of the current dump site. Technical, logistic and environmental factors used to determine the proposed disposal site are listed below:
• Distance between settlements and the site, • Risk of ground and surface water contamination, • Value of the area, • Effects on the city traffic and probability of roadway pollution, • Protection of nature, social activity and archaeological places, • Constraints related to present infrastructure.
An alternative site is found according to the factors specified above and included in the scope of the project.
The site included in the project belongs to the Treasury, and it was allocated to KaMM. Properties of the site are stated below:
• Total area is 415,000 m2, • The site is located near the wastewater treatment plant, • The site is close to the newly constructed Northern Circumferential Road, • The site has low level of risk to pollute the groundwater resources, • The distance between the site and the settlement is suitable according to the relevant legislation, • Dominant wind direction is suitable, • Sufficient space exists for capacity increase in the future.
An important advantage of the proximity of the Project Site to KASKI WWTP is that pre- treated leachate will easily be transferred to KASKI WWTP.
Solid Waste Control Regulation stipulates that storage areas for the sanitary disposal of domestic and industrial non-hazardous solid wastes and sludge can not be located at protected areas where solid waste cannot be dumped. However, according to decision of local environmental council and with positive opinion of MoEF, landfills can be constructed in areas close to settlements less than 1000 m. Landfilling is forbidden for places having high flood risk, landslide, snowslip, erosion and in protected areas where groundwater is provided to meet drinking, potable and irrigation water.
Technical, logistical and environmental factors used to determine the proposed solid waste disposal site are listed below: • Geological condition, • Distance between settlements and the site, • Probability of groundwater and surface water contamination, • Value of the area,
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 46/69 • Effects on the city traffic and probability of roadway pollution, • Protection of nature, social activity and archaeological places, • Tourist area, • Constraints related to present infrastructure.
The envisaged area does not have any forestry value. Moreover, there are no cultural assets that should be protected in the landfill area. Since the project was planned to be realized by EU fund, the MUNICIPALITY had to use a land belonging to the Treasury rather than expropriation. Besides, the current dump site should be rehabilitated before a landfill is constructed in compliance with both the national and EU legislation. Therefore, Alternative 2 has been selected from the two alternative sites.
Moreover, it is considered that current dump site can be used to construct landfill after the proposed landfill completes its lifetime.
Technology Alternatives Landfill In this method, the site selected for disposal of collected waste is prepared and operated carefully. First of all, an impervious ground should be established at the site. Clay or specifically prepared geomembranes are used for this purpose. Drainage system for collecting leachate is constructed in order to provide impermeability. Afterwards, solid waste is laid on the site. Solid waste disposed of in the site is compacted, and covered with a soil layer called daily cover. As the landfill is getting filled, pipes are placed in order to collect gas produced within the landfill due to decomposition of waste. After the site is completely filled, a final soil cover is laid on top.
Waste in the landfill is converted into CO2, CH4, ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and water as a result of anaerobic decomposition. Among these, methane is a flammable gas with high calorific value. Therefore, it is suggested that methane should be collected, and used in energy generation. Some part of the non-organic materials may also decompose whereas such inert materials as plastic bags stay undecomposed. Due to decomposition, subsidence is observed in landfills. For this reason, constructing buildings on closed landfills should be avoided. However, closed landfill sites can be arranged as golf and football pitches or used as other recreational purposes. A good example for this is the Shoreline Landfill near San Francisco in the United States of America. After closed to waste disposal, this landfill site is used as golf pitch, a wild animal park and grazing land.
Provided that suitable land is available landfilling is the most economical and easy way of waste disposal. Advantages of landfilling are given as follows:
- The most economical way of waste disposal provided that suitable land is available; - Investment cost is the lowest as compared to other alternatives; - Final disposal method: applicable for all types of waste; - Flexibility: capacity can be increased according to amount of waste; - Closed landfill site can be used for recreational purposes.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 47/69 Disadvantages of landfilling are given as follows:
- Finding a suitable place within distances for which transportation is economical; - There may be public reaction to landfill projects close to residential areas; - Continuous maintenance is necessary for closed landfills where subsidence is observed; - Undesired events may take place if leachate and landfill gas is not controlled. Composting Composting is basically a process in which organic portion of solid waste decomposes. In more scientific terms, composting can be defined as an aerobic biochemical reaction. Organic matter in solid and liquid waste is converted into simple compounds, especially CO2 ve H2O. Steps of composting are given as follows:
- Seperation of organic matter; - Volume reduction; - Homogenization and addition of water if needed; - Stabilization under aerobic conditions; - Preparing for use.
Stabilization can be made by aeration. During aerobic stabilization, temperature goes up to 60 oC. This kills pathogenic microorganisms present in solid waste. Stabilization process continues for 30 to 45 days depending on climate and aeration method. At the end of this period, temperature of waste piles drops down.
The product obtained by composting process is called compost. Compost is not fertilizer but rather soil regulator with high organic content. Amount of compost is 30% of the waste processed. A portion of 15% of the original waste goes to atmosphere as vapor and gaseous emissions. Remaining waste should be disposed of by means of other methods such as landfilling. Incineration Incineration is a process in which waste is stabilized, and its volume is reduced by 70-80%. Besides taking specific measures against air pollution, there should also be measures for negative impacts of toxic matter in ash that goes to the atmosphere.
Incineration is recommended when calorific value of waste is enough for combusting itself. Otherwise, incineration becomes costly since auxiliary fuel will be needed.
Incineration is mostly applicable for the following situations:
- In metropolitan cities where finding a suitable landfill site is difficult since volume reduction is very in incineration; - In cases where final product should be stabilized (e.g. the case for the hospital wastes); - In cases where energy generation from solid wastes with high calorific value is considered.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 48/69 Leachate Treatment Alternatives Since the landfill is very close to KASKI WWTP, pre-treatment of leachate and then transfer to KASKI WWTP has been considered to be more feasible than advanced treatment of leachate before discharging into the receiving water body, i.e. Karasu Creek.
For the pre-treatment of leachate, four alternatives namely, (i) facultative and maturation ponds, (ii) MBR, (iii) combined anaerobic and aerobic treatment and (iv) combined chemical and aerobic treatment have been considered.
Through the investigations on the screening of the selection of the leachate treatment plant proposal, two options are taken into consideration, taking the quality of the wastewater, the discharge criteria, the available technologies, and the economics into account, Considering the process reliability, operation and maintenance advantages, best technically and financially effective option shall be chosen. Alternative II and Alternative III are the screened alternatives, and they have been evaluated technically and financially.
As a result of evaluation of these two screened alternatives, Alternative II has more technical advantages than Alternative III. These advantages include rapid start-up, simplicity of operation, low land requirement and resistance to toxicity.
Since Alternative II is also advantageous in terms of investment and operational costs, it has been selected as the most feasible alternative for leachate pre-treatment. Considering these three different technology alternative for disposal of solid waste generated within KaMM, landfilling option with composting was selected as the most feasible method. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Purpose and Scope In this chapter of the EIA Report, necessary mitigation measures that shall be taken in order to remove or minimize adverse environmental impacts that may be the result of activities to be carried out during construction and operational phases of the Project. Also, a monitoring plan that shall be used to follow up environmental performance of the Project is presented. The list of mitigation measures and monitoring plan has been prepared taking both WB standards and national environmental legislation into consideration.
The objectives of the environmental management plan (EMP) prepared for the Project are given as follows:
• To address the environmental consequences resulting from the activities performed during construction and operation periods of the Project, • To specify related mitigation measures considering both the national legislation and WB’s criteria, • To propose environmental monitoring program, • To set-up an institutional structure where environmental issues are followed up during construction and operational phases of the Project, • To inform local people, governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGO) about the Project.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 49/69 Responsible Parties KaMM is the main beneficiary of the Project. As it was mentioned before, KaMM will receive financial support for the Project within the scope of Municipal Services Additional Financing Project carried out according to the credit agreement signed between WB and BoP.
Main responsible parties and their responsibilities are given below:
• WB: reviews all the activities related to the Project that it finances and states “no objection” for the feasible ones or suggests points to be strengthened; • BoP: accomplishes quality assurance function to satisfy the WB requirements during preparation of EMP, which is a credit requirement. BoP evaluates whether the EMP is feasible in terms of format and content and acquaints the WB; • DOKAY: takes the responsibility to prepare the EMP document of the Project according to the format provided by the BoP; • KaMM: as a beneficiary of the Project takes the responsibility to both MoEF and BoP for acquiring necessary permissions related to the construction of the Project, implementation of the precautions defined in the EMP during construction and operation period. • Contractor: takes the required precautions denoted in the EMP to minimize environmental impacts that may occur during implementation of the Project and performs public consultation meetings suggested in the EMP. Contractor will be responsible to the KaMM.
This EMP presented in the EIA Report, which is prepared as a requirement of the international credits provided by the WB, will be supported by a sequence of sub plans as it is the case for other similar infrastructural projects that the WB finances. In this context, the Waste Management Plan (WMP) and the Pollution Prevention Plan (PPP) will be prepared simultaneously with the final EMP. WMP for construction and operational phases will be prepared, and implemented by the Contractor and MUNICIPALITY, respectively. Below presented is the general information about WMP and PPP in question:
Waste Management Plan
WMP will present i) collection, ii) storage, iii) treatment and/or disposal methods in the scope of implementations of waste management and type of wastes that may result at construction and operation phases of the Project.
The primary references that will be used through preparation of the WMP are Pollution Prevention and Reduction Handbook issued by WB in 1998, IFC General Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines dated April 30, 2007 and the waste-related regulations issued by the MoEF, from the national legislation presented in Chapter 2.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 50/69 Pollution Prevention Plan The PPP will define the details about the precautions to prevent or minimize the environmental pollution to be caused by Project activities and the action to be taken in case of an emerging pollution.
PPP is supposed to include planning about the items below:
• Protection of surface and groundwater resources; • Control of dust and other air pollutants; • Noise control; • Odor control.
Mitigation Measures Construction Phase This EMP including the assessment of measures against environmental impacts that may occur during construction will be presented to the firms upon request with tender documents prior to the proposal period. The main responsibilities of the Contractor to be determined by tender are as presented below: • Training the construction staff to raise the environmental consciousness and assigning a person responsible for “Health, Safety and Environment” (HSE) in order to contribute to the environmental performance of the Project, • Fulfilling the requirements of Turkish Environmental Legislation mentioned in Chapter 2, and taking necessary mitigation measures, • Fulfilling the new national or WB requirements that may come into force or be issued during construction phase in addition to the present legal framework. There may be addendums to the contract to be signed between KaMM and the Contractor in case there are new obligations that will incur extra costs to the Contractor when new legislations come into force.
The Contractor has to commit and prove that he/she will provide the conditions mentioned in the tender document. KaMM will assign an engineer, in charge with implementing the EMP, as the authority of “HSE” and follow the compliance by monitoring. Operational Phase The KaMM will be responsible for fulfilling the requirements in the EMP for the facility that will be constructed by the Contractor.
Below are the requirements that need to be fulfilled by the KaMM.
• Assigning an HSE engineer to implement the EMP as the HSE authority and to follow the compliance with internal monitoring, • Training operational and maintenance staff to raise the environmental consciousness to provide their contribution to the environmental performance of the Project, • Fulfilling the requirements of Turkish Environmental Legislation mentioned in Chapter 2 and taking necessary mitigation measures,
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 51/69 • In addition to the present legal framework, fulfilling the new national or international legislation that may come into force or be issued during operational phase.
Potential environmental impacts that may be generated in water, air, soil and other receiving media during construction and operational phases of the Project and the proposed mitigation measures are presented in Table 7-1.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 52/69 Table 0-1 Possible Environmental Impacts of the Project and Relevant Mitigation Measures Institutional Phase Issue Mitigation Measure Cost of Mitigation Responsibility Excavated material Excavated material will be stored at the site Included in the civil Construction Contractor and construction waste to be used in daily cover. works Most suitable part of the vegetal top soil will be stripped in large amount before excavation works, and piled in a suitable part of the Project Site (max. height of the storage: 1.5 m and max. slope of storage Stripping of vegetal site: 5%). It will be stored separately from Included in the civil Construction Contractor top soil other excavation earth, and top of the piles works will be grassed. It will be used in landscaping works. Remaining part of the vegetal top soil will be immediately used on the sides of the roads and other suitable places. Original flora structure will be formed in the final stage of construction. Through training campaigns, construction workers will be made conscious about protecting fauna species especially the ones Loss of flora and Included in the civil Construction given as and “VU” and “NT” in Table 4-5 Contractor fauna works as well as carrying out activities in compliance with Bern Convention. Also, a biologist will relocate the bird nests outside the Project Site with the support of local university. Regular maintenance of construction machines will be performed. Necessary permit shall be acquired from Kayseri Noise and vibration No cost Construction Provincial Directorate of Environment and Contractor (excavation works) implementation Forestry if it becomes necessary to continue construction works in evening time (19.00- 23.00) and nighttime (23.00-07.00). Work sites will be watered under dry and windy weather conditions. Loading and unloading of excavated material will be Included in the civil Construction Dust Contractor carried out in a way to minimize dust works emission. 30 km/hour of speed limit will be set for unpaved roads. Domestic solid waste will be disposed of in Included in the civil Construction Domestic solid waste Contractor the current dump site. works Hazardous wastes will be handled in compliance with Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes, Regulation on Waste Hazardous Waste Oil, Regulation on Control of Used (such as asbestos, Batteries and Accumulators (i.e., collection paint remains, and disposal of these wastes by a company Included in the civil Construction florescent lamp, Contractor licensed by the MoEF). Hazardous waste works water/temperature will be stored in temporary storage area isolation material, surrounded by wire fences, bottom-sealed, waste oil and batteries) and protected from precipitation. Hazardous waste will not be stored more than 180 days in temporary storage. Domestic wastewater will be collected in Included in the civil Construction Domestic wastewater septic tanks at the Project Site, and Contractor works transferred to KASKI WWTP. Drivers of the vehicles carrying materials to construction site should obey speed limit of 30 km/hour. Barriers will be immediately Public health and Included in the civil Construction built in excavation areas to prevent people Contractor safety works from falling down. Excavated areas should be covered for public health or surrounded by warning signs if coverage is not possible. Warning signs will be placed on the highway side in order to warn drivers on the Included in the civil Construction Traffic safety Contractor highway about trucks entering or leaving works the site.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 53/69 Institutional Phase Issue Mitigation Measure Cost of Mitigation Responsibility Barriers should be employed to prevent landslide in deep excavation areas. National legislation regarding occupational health and safety will be complied with. Besides, Occupational health nationally and internationally accepted Included in the civil Construction Contractor and safety procedures should be followed (e.g. use of works personal protective equipment). Occupational health and safety procedures will also be covered in the context of training (see Section 7.5.2). To be determined Relevant museum directorate will be according to Cultural and natural notified and construction works will be Construction correspondences made KaMM heritage stopped in case any cultural and natural with the museum heritage is encountered during construction. directorate Hazardous wastes will be handled in compliance with Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes, Regulation on Waste Hazardous Waste Oil, Regulation on Control of Used (such as asbestos, Batteries and Accumulators (i.e., collection paint remains, and disposal of these wastes by a company Included in the Operation florescent lamp, KaMM licensed by the MoEF). Hazardous waste operational costs water/temperature will be stored in temporary storage area isolation material, surrounded by wire fences, bottom-sealed, waste oil and batteries) and protected from precipitation. Hazardous waste will not be stored more than 180 days in temporary storage. Solid waste to be generated after repair and maintenance works will be mostly composed of packaging waste. Solid waste Included in the Operation Solid waste KaMM except for packaging waste will be disposed operational costs of in the landfill, and packaging waste will be sent to licensed recovery plants. Included in the Operation Odor Daily cover KaMM operational costs Regular maintenance of machines will be Included in the Operation Noise and vibration KaMM performed. operational costs Domestic wastewater, wastewater from tyre washing and leachate will be treated in Included in the Operation Wastewater KaMM leachate pre-treatment plant, and disposed operational costs of to the inlet of KASKI WWTP. Treatment sludge to be formed at leachate pre-treatment plant will be analyzed according to Annex 11/A to HWCR in Included in the Operation Treatment sludge order to see whether it is hazardous or not, KaMM operational costs and it should be sent to KASKI WWTP for further processing or given to licensed collectors of hazardous waste. National legislation regarding occupational health and safety will be complied with. Besides, nationally and internationally accepted procedures should be followed Occupational health Included in the Operation (e.g. use of personal protective equipment). KaMM and safety operational costs Emergency Response Plan regarding accidents that may occur during landfill operation should be prepared and approved by the KaMM. Warning signs will be placed on the highway side in order to warn drivers on the highway about waste trucks entering or leaving the site. Included in the Operation Traffic safety KaMM Long trees will be planted on the highway operational costs side in order to minimize accident risk due to birds that may accumulate in the landfill for feeding. Hydrants supplying water with a flow rate Cost of water to be of 1900 L/min for 60 min will be in use used in case of fire Operation Fire KaMM against fire risk. A water tank with a will incur as volume of 200 m3 will be used. operational cost
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 54/69 Monitoring Plan It is suggested that environmental monitoring studies should be conducted separately (with different scopes) because different activities during construction and operation period of the Project will result in different possible environmental impacts. Data acquired during monitoring studies will be compared with national legislation items which are mentioned in Chapter 2. Construction Phase Monitoring every environmental parameter continuously is not practical and necessary. Environmental monitoring functions according to the characteristics of existing environmental conditions and identifies unacceptable changes during construction period. In this context, monitoring plan is designed to commit that “project activities have no permanent negative effect on environmental resources”.
For construction period, air quality, waste management applications and noise levels will be monitored and the results will be compared to legal limit values. Contractor will prepare a report about monitoring studies according to the following program and offers it to the KaMM:
• Daily environmental non-compliance report (if any), • Monthly environmental monitoring reports in which environmental performance of the Project is evaluated according to EMP requirements.
Operational Phase The main parameters to be monitored during operational phase are given below along with the specific monitoring works to be carried out and monitoring frequencies.
Leachate
In operational phase, leachate volume will be measured monthly whereas leachate composition is analyzed quarterly. In post-operation term, these parameters will be monitored semi annually. Leachate samples will be taken from inlet and outlet of the leachate pre-treatment plant, and be analyzed by accredited laboratories (see Section 7.5.1). Groundwater Quality
Solid Waste Control Regulation stipulates that monitoring wells shall be opened nearby landfill in order to monitor groundwater quality to determine whether there is contamination due to leachate and landfill gas. This monitoring shall continue for 10 years after the landfill is closed to operation. In this regard, there will be monitoring wells to be opened, one at the upstream and additional two at the downstream of the landfill with respect to groundwater flow. Samples taken from monitoring wells will be analyzed to determine concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and nitrate. In order to produce baseline data for the future analyses, samples will be taken from all the wells, and analyzed. If the Environmental License, which the MoEF will grant for the Kayseri SWL, expires more than 10 years after the landfill is closed to operation then monitoring activities will be finished at that expiration date.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 55/69 Besides water quality analyses, water level measurements will be performed at monitoring wells semi annually. Branch Directorate XII of the State Hydraulic Works will be notified about groundwater analysis and level measurement results.
Landfill Gas
The two main components of the landfill gas are methane and carbon dioxide, which are odorless and colorless. Landfill gas may result in explosions and fires when it accumulates within landfills. In compliance with the Landfill Regulation, in landfill gas, CH4, CO2, H2S, O2 (oxygen) and H2 (hydrogen) parameters will be analyzed monthly. After the landfill is closed to operation, monitoring works will continue semi annually.
Air Quality (odor, dust)
Quantitative and continuous monitoring of air quality parameters is demanding and costly. Therefore, it is recommended that odor and dust should be determined qualitatively by interviewing the local people. Standards for ambient air quality are given in Table 7-2.
Table 0-2 Limit Values for Dust
Parameter Period Unit Limit Value for the year 2012* Short-term 140 3 Suspended Particles (PM10) µg/m Long-term 78 Short-term 442 Settleable Dust mg/m2gün Long-term 238 * Limit value for the year 2012 is taken considering the end of construction period. Reference: Table 2-2 of the RCIAP.
Noise
There is no need to measure noise level periodically since settlements are not very close. In case of complaints from the nearest settlements noise level should be determined. If the measurements show any impact of noise on the sensitive areas then the monitoring plan for noise should be reviewed.
Topography and Landfill Body
According to the Landfill Regulation, in operational and post-operational phase of the landfill, landfill topography and body will be inspected annually, and reported to MoEF. The information to be reported to MoEF will include surface area where the waste is landfilled, waste composition, landfilling methods and duration, remaining capacity. Subsidences in landfill will be monitored in the post-operational phase.
Meteorological Data
According to the Landfill Regulation, in operation and post-operation phases, temperature, wind direction, evaporation and relative humidity are the meteorological parameters that
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 56/69 may affect the amount of leachate and landfill gas. The meteorological parameters to be monitored in these phases are given in Table 7-3.
Table 0-3 Meteorological Parameters to be Monitored During Operation and Post-operation Phases of Kayseri SWL Monitoring Frequency in Monitoring Frequency in Post-operational Parameter Operational Phase Phase Precipitation (mm/day, mm/month) Daily Monthly average Temperature, lowest, highest, at 14.00 (local time), Daily Monthly average °C Wind direction and speed (m/s) Daily - Evaporation (mm/day, mm/month) Daily Monthly average Relative Humidity Daily - Reference: Landfill Regulation
KaMM will present environmental monitoring studies to the BoP within a report at least every six months in operational phase.
Monitoring plan for the Project is given in Table 7-4.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 57/69 Table 0-4 Monitoring Plan When Where How What is the parameter to be monitored- Phase is the parameter to be is the parameter to be monitored/ type of Monitoring Cost Responsibility parameter is to be monitored? frequency of measurement or monitored? monitoring equipment? continuous? Vegetative top soil conditions (max. height of the storage: 1.5 Excavation and storage No cost Construction Site observation Daily by construction staff Contractor m and max. slope of storage sites implementation site: 5%, grass over piles)
In the beginning and final stage of Included in the civil Construction Loss of flora Excavation areas Site observation Contractor construction works
Monthly and especially during the activities that increase noise levels (measurements should be performed Closest sensitive receptor more frequently depending on the Noise measurement with a calibrated Noise and vibration (e.g.. in the backyard of complaint of the public) Included in the civil Construction sound level meter and comparison with Contractor (excavation works) the nearest house in Measurements will be repeated when works the limit values stipulated in RAMEN Bogazkopru Village) an activity expected to generate significant level of noise and vibration is carried out or activities are carried out in the evening or nighttime. Monthly measurements after construction starts and during construction works that increase Site observation and measurements with Included in the civil Construction Dust Closest sensitive receptor dust formation (measurements Contractor a PM device works 10 should be performed more frequently depending on the complaint of the public) Stack gas measurement device (comparison of measurement results with In permitting phase or when permit Included in the civil Construction Gaseous emissions Stack of the boiler Contractor limit values stipulated in Regulation on is renewed works Control of Air Pollution due to Heating) Domestic solid waste disposal Camp site and Site observation and environmental Included in the civil Construction Daily by construction staff Contractor method construction site monitoring works Domestic wastewater disposal Measurement of wastewater level in No cost Construction Septic tank Weekly by construction staff Contractor method septic tank implementation Site observation and by checking Hazardous waste disposal Camp site and documents obtained by firms licensed by Included in the civil Construction Daily by construction staff Contractor method construction site MoEF for collection and disposal of works hazadous waste
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 58/69 When Where How What is the parameter to be monitored- Phase is the parameter to be is the parameter to be monitored/ type of Monitoring Cost Responsibility parameter is to be monitored? frequency of measurement or monitored? monitoring equipment? continuous? Public health and safety and Camp site and Included in the civil Construction traffic safety Site observation Daily by construction staff Contractor construction site works measures Internal Health, safety, environment Occupational health and safety (HSE) monitoring to check whether Included in the civil Construction Construction site Daily by construction staff Contractor measures Occupational Health and Safety Bylaw is works complied with Daily records and assessment of Operation and Site observation and environmental monthly solid waste generation. Included in the Operation Solid wastes disposal method KaMM maintenance sites monitoring Annual monitoring in the context of operational costs WMP. Inlet and outlet of the Composition: Seasonal Included in the Operation Leachate leachate pre-treatment Leachate analysis KaMM Volume: Monthly operational costs plant Using appropriate equipment to clean Included in the Operation Leachate collection system Leachate pipes Annually KaMM and control a 600-m pipe section operational costs Included in the Operation Groundwater level Monitoring wells Level measurement Semi annually KaMM operational costs Analyses of pH, conductivity, turbidity, Included in the Operation Groundwater quality Monitoring wells Seasonal KaMM COD, TN, total phosphorus and nitrate operational costs Leachate pre-treatment Operational records of the leachate pre- Once Included in the Operation Quality of treatment sludge KaMM plant treatment plant (at the beginning of operation) operational costs Measurement of CH , CO , H S, O and Included in the Operation Landfill gas Gas collection system 4 2 2 2 Monthly KaMM H2* operational costs Need for measurement and its Noise measurement with a calibrated frequency will be determined Included in the Operation Noise Closest sensitive receptor sound level meter and comparison with KaMM according to complaints from the operational costs the limit values stipulated in RAMEN nearest settlements Qualitative assessment through No cost Operation Dust and odor Closest settlements - KaMM interviews with the public implementation Included in the Operation Meteorological parameters Landfill see Table 7-2 see Table 7-2 KaMM operational costs Topography surveys for the site, surface area of the landfill part where waste is Included in the Operation Topography and landfill body Landfill landfilled, volume of landfilled waste, Annually KaMM operational costs waste composition, landfilling methods and duration and remaining capacity Internal Health, safety, environment Occupational health and safety (HSE) monitoring to check whether Included in the Operation Landfill Daily by operational staff KaMM and traffic safety measures Occupational Health and Safety Bylaw is operational costs complied with
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 59/69 When Where How What is the parameter to be monitored- Phase is the parameter to be is the parameter to be monitored/ type of Monitoring Cost Responsibility parameter is to be monitored? frequency of measurement or monitored? monitoring equipment? continuous? Inlet and outlet of the Semi annual analysis of composition Included in the post- Post-Operation Leachate leachate pre-treatment Leachate analysis KaMM and volume measurement operational costs plant Using appropriate equipment to clean Included in the post- Post-Operation Leachate collection system Leachate pipes Annually KaMM and control a 600-m pipe section operational costs Included in the post- Post-Operation Groundwater level Monitoring wells Level measurement Semi annually KaMM operational costs Analyses of pH, conductivity, turbidity, Included in the post- Post-Operation Groundwater quality Monitoring wells Seasonal KaMM COD, TN, total phosphorus and nitrate operational costs Measurement of CH , CO , H S, O and Included in the post- Post-Operation Landfill gas Gas collection system 4 2 2 2 Semi annually KaMM H2 operational costs Included in the post- Post-Operation Meteorological parameters Landfill see Table 7-2 see Table 7-2 KaMM operational costs Topography surveys for the site, surface area of the landfill part where waste is Included in the post- Post-Operation Topography and landfill body Landfill landfilled, volume of landfilled waste, Annually KaMM operational costs waste composition, landfilling methods and duration and remaining capacity
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 60/69 Institutional Strengthening In general, in this section of EMP’s, the recommendations related to the institutional strengthening are provided in order to ensure that environmental measures are applied for an environmentally sound and sustainable project development.
In this context, in the construction phase of the Project, KaMM will hire an environmental consultant to follow up whether requirements of the EMP will be implemented. This environmental consultant should be a company or establishment authorized by the MoEF in compliance with the Regulation on Environmental Inspection (see Chapter 2). Environmental consultant will be basically responsible for coordination between the KaMM and the Contractor, which is responsible for environmental monitoring to be carried out in the construction phase. Alternatively, KaMM can have an Environmental Officer within its organization in order to carry out the same task. An environmental consultant or Environmental Officer of the MUNICIPALITY will be employed for the same purpose in the operational phase as well. Equipment Purchase Environmental measurements and analyzes will be carried out by a company authorized by the MoEF for carrying out environmental measurements and analyses according to the requirements of the Turkish environmental legislations and a laboratory accredited by Turkish Accreditation Agency (TURKAK). Therefore, KaMM does not need to purchase equipment for environmental monitoring. Training Environmental consultant will assign an environmental engineer5 to inspect the proposed environmental monitoring works at the Project Site. Prior to the execution of the environmental monitoring works, environmental engineer will carry out a training campaign in order to increase the awareness of the construction staff about environment and occupational health and safety and to convey the requirements of the EMP.
The scope of the training will include mainly the scope of the EMP, the relevant environmental legislation of Turkey, requirements of the WB and the following concepts should be included in the training program:
• Understanding of the Project’s environmental requirements and their implementation at the site by the staff (i.e. what kind of environmental impacts are expected and what kind of mitigation measures are proposed; where and how to take these measures); • Occupational health and safety procedures to be followed at the site; • Understanding of the procedures to be followed in improper situations; • Reporting principals and understanding rules; • The Project’s environmental dimension and informing the related official institutions about it; • Understanding how to treat the public and media visiting the site; and • Understanding how to act in case of unexpected environmental accidents.
5 Environmental Engineer, is an authorized person as “Environmental Expert (in Turkish: Çevre Gorevlisi)” according to the Environmental Audit Regulation
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 61/69
The Contractor is in charge of keeping the records related to the environmental training of the staff. Internal HSE monitoring should test the effectiveness and the adequacy of the training. Consultancy Services The environmental engineer appointed by the KaMM will do provide environmental consultancy services to ensure the compliance with environmental rules and regulations as well as guidelines and to meet the necessities that may occur during audits by the WB or local authorities such as the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry in Kayseri.
The environmental engineer will do carry out monitoring work outlined in Section 7.4 and will hold meetings with construction contractor to obtain information about the progress in the works as well as environmental issues encountered. Public Relations Relations with the Media
It is the KaMM’s responsibility to conduct relations with media as a requirement of general implementations rules of public investments. For this reason, the Contractor will not arrange a direct meeting with media without the permission of the KaMM. A procedure, concerning the relations with the media, should be prepared and applied when such authorization is given to the Contractor.
Handling with Complaints
In the construction phase of the Project, the Contractor will prepare a procedure to direct complaints to the KaMM. The KaMM is responsible to deliver the phone numbers, mail and e-mail addresses to interest groups (local people and NGO’s) for receiving and recording any complaints. Hence, a public relations mechanism should be constructed for the complaints from NGO’s and governmental establishments of the province.
Any complaints from public will be taken by the White Desk (“Beyaz Masa”) in the KaMM. The White Desk unit has been established by the KaMM in order to receive complaints from the public in any services of the KaMM. Complaints received by the White Desk will be recorded and directed to the Department of Protection and Control of Environment. After evaluating the complaints, the department will force the Contractor to take necessary corrective action. The complainant will be informed about the progress after necessary measures are taken and the subject environmental problem is resolved. All records of complaints and relative action taken will be recorded by the White Desk.
In addition to this, officials from this department or environmental engineer appointed by the KaMM will visit the nearby village to find out whether they have any complaint about the Project as well as to determine any adverse environmental impacts by their own observations.
A public relation mechanism should be established by the KaMM in the operational phase of the Project like the one developed in the construction phase and the public relations
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 62/69 process will be followed by this mechanism in order to evaluate complaints and suggestions from people. Special Studies In this stage, there is no need to carry out additional studies except for the ones mentioned in the monitoring plan.
Institutional Arrangements This section gives information about how and by whom the environmental monitoring data will be used. Construction Phase The KaMM is the responsible party to minimize or eliminate possible environmental impacts of the Project. Therefore, to guarantee the environmental performance of the Project, the Contractor will be aware of his/her responsibilities in the construction period. In this way, the Contractor will be aware of the environmental responsibilities and the requirements of Project.
Contractor will perform the following activities for a balanced environmental performance:
• Assigning his/her own HSE personnel to implement the EMP, • Working in coordination with Environmental Engineer to ensure that the personnel working in the construction period are trained to raise the consciousness on environmental issues and EMP requirements, • Minimization of the emissions and noise originating from the construction equipments, protection of water resources, compliance with the requirements of EMP.
The Contractor, who will conduct the environmental monitoring studies according to the issues stated in the EMP under the control of the KaMM and Environmental Engineer, will present the results to the KaMM with environmental monitoring reports.
The KaMM will evaluate the monitoring reports which are presented by the Contractor in terms of related environmental measures. Moreover, the KaMM will keep a copy of the environmental monitoring reports and submit another copy to the field office of the Contractor to present it to authorities in the controls that will be made by Kayseri Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry.
When non-compliance is detected by the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry, the Contractor will resolve the situation and declare it to the KaMM.
Within the context of this EMP, the task distribution concerning anticipated activities in the construction phase is presented in Table 7-5.
Table 0-5 Task Distribution Related to the Construction Phase EMP Requirements (R: responsible, S: supervisor, A: assistant) Task Item Contractor KaMM
Environmental Quality Monitoring R1 S Training of Key Personnel2 R S
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 63/69 Training of Staff R S Corrective Actions R S Internal Monitoring R S Reporting R S Relations with the Media A S3 Handling Complaints R S 1 Measures should be conducted by the qualified institutions and establishments according to the national legislation. 2 Training activities will be carried out in coordination with the environmental engineer. 3 Relations with the media are the responsibility of the KaMM as a requirement of general implementation rules of public investments. This forbids the Contractor from arranging a direct meeting with the media. Operational Phase As the proposed environmental monitoring works for the operation phase are very limited and the organizational structure of the operational staff is not certain yet, there is no detailed proposal for institutional arrangements at the moment. In short, there should be one HSE officer in the organizational structure of the KaMM who will be responsible for following up the EMP requirements, related to the operational phase, and for coordination with the environmental engineer to be appointed by KaMM.
Consultation with NGO’s and Project Affected Groups Local people and NGO’s as well as local authorities will be informed about the Project progress. Hence, any public objection that might be raised by local people due to lack of information could be prevented and good relations between the local people and the KaMM as well as contractors can be established and maintained. Construction Phase During the construction phase, periodic public consultation meetings (PCM) will be held in the nearest settlements (e.g. Bogazkopru Village and Molu Village) and in Kayseri city center. In these meetings, the relevant stakeholders (local people, representatives of local NGO’s as well as local authorities) will be informed about the progress of the project development.
A separate section will be allocated for the public relation activities in the environmental monitoring reports to be prepared by the Environmental Engineer in the context of the Project
The first PCM before the construction of the Project was held on April 20, 2010 at 14.00 in the meeting hall of the KASKI WWTP. Date, time and place of the meeting were announced in a local newspaper called “Anadolu Haber” on April 17, 2010. Many people from the nearest settlements, Bogazkopru and Molu villages, attended the meeting. Detailed information about PCM is given in Appendix-D. Operational Phase During the operational phase of the project, regular PCMs should also be held. During PCMs, minutes of meeting will be taken together with a list of participants who will sign an attendance sheet. These records should be kept at the site office of the KaMM.
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 64/69 REFERENCES
[1] Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality Solid Waste Management Project Feasibility Report, February 2010. [2] Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report, DOKAY Engineering, 2006. [3] Kayseri Provincial Environment Report (original Turkish title: Kayseri Il Cevre Durum Raporu), Kayseri Province Governorship, 2008.
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Appendices
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01
Appendix-A
Drawings - General Layout - Leachate Collection System - Sealing System
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 Appendix-A 1/4 Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010. Figure A-1 General Layout
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 Appendix-A 2/4 Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010. Figure A-2 Leachate Collection System
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 Appendix-A 3/4 Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010. Figure A-3 Sealing System
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 Appendix-A 4/4
Appendix-B
Photos of the Project Site
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 Appendix-B 1/2 Kayseri SWL
Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010. Figure B-1 SWL Area (from southwest)
Kayseri SWL KASKI WWTP
Reference: Kayseri SWM Project Feasibility Report, 2010. Figure B-2 Kayseri SWL Area and KASKI WWTP
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Appendix-C
Meteorological Data for Kayseri City
Center
Kayseri Solid Waste Landfill Project EIA Report December 2010 Project No.: 130.01 Appendix-C 1/16 Description of the Meteorological Station and General Climate Characteristics
Kayseri Meteorological Station is the nearest station to the Project Site, and best reflects the region climate characteristics.
Kayseri Meteorological Station (latitude: 38º44', longitude: 35º29'), was selected so as to obtain the most relevant meteorological and climatic information about the Project Site and its impact area. In this respect, long-term meteorological data recorded in Kayseri Meteorological Station between 1975 and 2005 were evaluated.
Winters are cold and snowy in Kayseri Province whereas summers are hot and dry, and terrestrial climate prevails in the province. However, climate conditions in the province differ from location to location. In this regard, the climate is milder in areas with low elevation, and the weather is getting harsher in higher locations.
Temperature
Temperature data recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station are given in Table C-1 whereas the monthly maximum, average and minimum temperature data are presented in Figure C-1.
Table C-1 Temperature Data I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XI Annual Maximum Temperature 17.0 19.6 26.6 30.2 33.4 35.7 40.7 40.0 36.0 32.6 24.8 21.0 40.7 (ºC) Minimum - Temperature -28.4 -28.1 -11.6 -5.5 -0.4 3.7 2.1 -2.5 -8.3 -16.2 -25.5 -28.4 (ºC) 28.1 Average Temperature -1.8 -0.2 4.6 10.7 14.8 18.8 22.4 21.7 17.1 11.3 4.7 0.1 10.4 (ºC) Average Minimum -6.8 -5.3 -1.8 3.5 6.7 9.5 12.0 11.2 7.3 3.5 -1.2 -4.7 2.8 Temp. (ºC) Average 3.9 5.8 11.4 17.6 22.1 26.4 30.5 30.4 26.6 20.1 12.2 5.8 17.7 Maximum (ºC) Reference :General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Kayseri Meteorological Station (1975-2005).
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40
30
20 & Ã N 10 OÕ N D 0 ÕF O \ W 6 U\ U\ FK UL D H O\ V U HU HU U -10 D D U S 0 XQ -X X EH E E EH QX UX D $ - XJ P WR P P D E 0 $ WH F H H - )H S 2 RY HF -20 6H 1 '
-30
-40 Months
Maximum Minimum Average
Reference: General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Kayseri Meteorological Station (1975-2005). Figure C-1 Monthly Temperature Data (1975-2005)
As it is seen from Figure C-1, annual average temperature varies between -1.8 and 22.4 ºC. The hottest month is July (22.4ºC on the average) whereas the coldest month is January. The highest temperature of 40.7 ºC was recorded on July 30, 2000, and the lowest temperature of -28.4ºC was recorded on February 12, 1975.
Precipitation Average monthly precipitation data recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station between 1975 and 2005 is presented in Table C-2 and Figure C-2.
Table C-2 Precipitation Data I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual Average Total 32.3 39.8 56.3 59.1 35.8 12.3 5.8 10.3 32.5 37.9 40.6 394.7 Precipitation 32.0 (mm) Maximum Daily 36.7 19.2 25.2 29.6 51.8 51.2 39.6 18.1 19.4 38.3 30.8 26.0 51.8 Precipitation Ya (mm) Reference: General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Kayseri Meteorological Station (1975-2005).
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70
60 P P50 Ã Q R 40 WL D LW 30 LS F 20 UH 3 10
0 O \ W U\ U\ FK UL D H O\ V U HU HU U D D U S 0 XQ -X X EH E E EH QX UX D $ - XJ P WR P P D E 0 $ WH F H H - )H S 2 RY HF 6H 1 ' Months Average Total Precipitation (mm) Maximum Daily Precipitation Ya (mm)
Figure C-2 Monthly Precipitation Profile (1975-2005)
Average annual precipitation is 394.7 mm in the region. Spring is the season with the most precipitation. The most precipitation is observed in May with 59.1 mm, and the least precipitation is observed in August with 5.8 mm. Average number of days with snow is 34.4 per year.
Relative Humidity Distribution
Average annual vapor pressure is 8.3 hPa, and the minimum relative humidity values through the year are given in Table C-3 and Figure C-3.
Table C-3 Relative Humidity Values I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual Average Relative 76 73 68 63 62 56 51 51 55 64 71 77 63 Humidity (%) Minimum Relative 17 9 9 8 10 10 8 4 4 5 18 21 4 Humidity (%) Reference: General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Kayseri Meteorological Station (1975-2005).
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90 80 ) %
( 70
y t
i 60 d i 50 m u
H 40
e
v 30 i t a
l 20 e
R 10 0 O \ W U\ U\ FK UL D H O\ V U HU HU U D D U S 0 XQ -X X EH E E EH QX UX D $ - XJ P WR P P D E 0 $ WH F H H - )H S 2 RY HF 6H 1 ' Months Average Relative Humidity (%) Minimum Relative Humidity (%)
Reference: General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Kayseri Meteorological Station (1975-2005). Figure C-3 Monthly Relative Humidity Profile (1975-2005)
Distribution of Logged Days
Information about the logged days that were recorded at the Kayseri Meteorological Station between 1975 and 2005 are given in Table C-4.
Table C-4 Logged Days Logged Days Observation Period (Year) Average Annual Value Average number of days with 34.4 snow Average number of days with 53.9 snow cover Average number of foggy days 20.7 31 Average number of days with hail 2.1 Average number of days with 59.9 frost Average number of days with 21.2 thunderstorm Reference: General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Kayseri Meteorological Station (1975-2005).
Evaporation Conditions
Average monthly and maximum evaporation data recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station between 1975 and 2005 is presented in Table C-5.
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Table C-5 Evaporation Data I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual Average Evaporation 21.6 78.0 122.2 166.4 214.8 196.6 138.1 67.6 15.0 (mm) Maximum Daily Evaporation 0.0 0.0 3.8 16.2 10.9 13.6 13.2 11.0 14.5 13.3 4.6 0.0 16.0 (mm) Reference: General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Kayseri Meteorological Station (1975-2005).
Wind Data for the Region (annual, seasonal and monthly with graphical explanation)
Wid data recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station was used to determine dominant wind direction and speed. According to the long-term meteorological data, dominant wind direction is south.
According to the long-term data, average annual wind speed is 1.8 m/s. Direction of the fastest-blowing wind is southeast, and its speed is 41.5 m/s according to 30-year data. In this period, average number of days with storm is 21.6 (wind speed over 17.2 m/s), and number of days with heavy wind is 53 with wind speed varying between 10.8 and 17.1 m/s.
Monthly and annual wind data for this period is given in Table C-6. Annual count of wind blows are given in Table C-7, 8, 9 and 10, and wind roses are given Figure C-5, 6, 7 and 8.
Table C-6 Count of Wind Blows (Monthly and Annual) Month Direction I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Annual N 97 94 99 93 103 159 185 168 137 127 111 98 1471 NNE 145 121 82 82 110 130 172 159 105 97 93 107 1403 NE 115 121 109 72 109 114 158 132 89 89 69 110 1287 ENE 114 130 109 82 85 92 126 89 56 95 90 110 1178 E 140 92 78 58 80 86 99 73 63 59 69 86 983 ESE 100 102 106 96 112 99 109 89 97 102 122 137 1271 SE 186 145 145 176 170 148 134 142 177 206 183 202 2014 SSE 235 212 237 291 264 211 158 205 242 304 281 307 2947 S 339 277 309 304 284 247 227 238 300 320 312 348 3505 SSW 233 220 259 218 215 170 142 166 199 225 267 244 2558 SW 181 164 215 162 127 119 133 108 111 154 153 174 1801 WSW 233 253 278 248 206 173 161 139 148 189 211 229 2468 W 165 194 215 191 185 192 163 144 131 177 160 149 2066 WNW 140 162 174 221 234 227 239 207 182 196 161 141 2284 NW 96 82 119 144 116 177 177 196 162 129 126 105 1629 NNW 116 80 114 99 153 175 234 216 167 140 123 92 1709
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Figure C-4 Annual Wind Rose
Table C-7 Count of Wind Blows for Winter Direction January February December Total N 97 94 98 289 NNE 145 121 107 373 NE 115 121 110 346 ENE 114 130 110 354 E 140 92 86 318 ESE 100 102 137 339 SE 186 145 202 533 SSE 235 212 307 754 S 339 277 348 964 SSW 233 220 244 697 SW 181 164 174 519 WSW 233 253 229 715 W 165 194 149 508 WNW 140 162 141 443 NW 96 82 105 283 NNW 116 80 92 288
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Figure C-5 Wind Rose for Winter
Table C-8 Count of Wind Blows for Spring Direction March April May Total N 99 93 103 295 NNE 82 82 110 274 NE 109 72 109 290 ENE 109 82 85 276 E 78 58 80 216 ESE 106 96 112 314 SE 145 176 170 491 SSE 237 291 264 792 S 309 304 284 897 SSW 259 218 215 692 SW 215 162 127 504 WSW 278 248 206 732 W 215 191 185 591 WNW 174 221 234 629 NW 119 144 116 379 NNW 114 99 153 366
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Figure C-6 Wind Rose for Spring
Table C-9 Count of Wind Blows for Summer Direction June July August Annual N 159 185 168 512 NNE 130 172 159 461 NE 114 158 132 404 ENE 92 126 89 307 E 86 99 73 258 ESE 99 109 89 297 SE 148 134 142 424 SSE 211 158 205 574 S 247 227 238 712 SSW 170 142 166 478 SW 119 133 108 360 WSW 173 161 139 473 W 192 163 144 499 WNW 227 239 207 673 NW 177 177 196 550 NNW 175 234 216 625
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Figure C-7 Wind Rose for Summer
Table C-10 Count of Wind Blows for Autumn Direction September October November Annual N 137 127 111 375 NNE 105 97 93 295 NE 89 89 69 247 ENE 56 95 90 241 E 63 59 69 191 ESE 97 102 122 321 SE 177 206 183 566 SSE 242 304 281 827 S 300 320 312 932 SSW 199 225 267 691 SW 111 154 153 418 WSW 148 189 211 548 W 131 177 160 468 WNW 182 196 161 539 NW 162 129 126 417 NNW 167 140 123 430
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Figure C-8 Wind Rose for Autumn
Distribution of average wind speed is given in Table C-11, and wind rose drawn according to average wind speed is presented in Figure C-9.
Table C-11 Distribution of Average Wind Speed (1975-2005) Month Annual I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII N 1,3 1,6 1,6 1,8 1,9 1,8 1,8 2,2 2 1,8 1,2 1,6 1,8 NNE 1,5 1,8 2 2,2 1,9 1,9 2 2,2 2 1,8 1,5 1,4 1,9 NE 1,5 1,7 2,4 2,1 1,9 2,1 2,2 2,1 1,9 1,9 1,3 1,6 1,9 ENE 1,7 2 2,2 2,1 1,9 1,9 2 1,9 1,9 1,6 1,6 1,7 1,9 E 1,8 1,9 2 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,5 1,6 1,8 1,3 1,4 1,3 1,6 ESE 3,4 2,5 2,7 3 2,1 1,5 1,7 1,5 1,5 1,6 2,1 2,7 2,2 SE 2,4 2,8 2,6 2,9 2,1 1,6 1,5 1,3 1,5 1,5 2,1 2 2
n o i SSE 2,3 2,3 3,1 3,4 2,2 1,7 1,6 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,8 2 2,1 t c e r
i S 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,3 1,9 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,4 1,3 1,3 1,5 1,6 D SSW 1,6 1,6 2 2,6 2 1,8 1,7 1,5 1,5 1,4 1,4 1,5 1,7 SW 1,7 1,7 2,1 2,6 2,1 1,9 1,9 1,6 1,7 1,7 1,8 1,7 1,9 WSW 1,9 2,4 2,8 2,9 2,3 2,6 2,3 2,2 2,4 2,1 1,8 1,9 2,3 W 1,8 2,3 2,6 2,8 2,7 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,6 2,4 1,8 1,7 2,3 WNW 1,9 2,3 2,7 3,1 2,9 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,7 2,2 1,9 1,8 2,5 NW 1,5 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,3 1,7 1,8 1,6 2,1 NNW 1,4 1,7 2,3 2,4 2,1 2,2 2,1 2,3 2,3 1,7 1,4 1,4 2 Reference: General Directorate of State Meteorological Works, Kayseri Meteorological Station (1975-2005).
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N NNW 2,5 NNE NW 2 NE 1,5 WNW 1 ENE 0,5 W 0 E
WSW ESE
SW SE SSW SSE S
Figure C-9 Annual Wind Rose Drawn According to Average Wind Speed
Long-term meteorological data recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station is given in Figure C-10.
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Figure C-10 Long-term Meteorological Data Recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station
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Figure C-10 (Continued) Long-term Meteorological Data Recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station
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Figure C-10 (Continued) Long-term Meteorological Data Recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station
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Figure C-10 (Continued) Long-term Meteorological Data Recorded at Kayseri Meteorological Station
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Appendix-D
Information Related to Public Consultation Meeting
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PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING
The PCM was held on April 20, 2010 at 14.00 in the meeting hall of the KASKI WWTP with participation of local people and authorized people from KaMM. The aim of this meeting was to inform people about the Project and its possible environmental impacts as well as to hear their opinions and suggestions about the Project.
Date, time and place of the meeting was announced in a local newspaper called “Anadolu Haber” (see Figure D-1).
Figure D-1 PCM Announcement Published in the newspaper “Anadolu Haber” on April 17, 2010.
PCM was held with participation of local people especially from the nearest settlements which are Bogazkopru and Molu villages. In the PCM, DOKAY presented information to attendants about the Project. In this context, the environmental impacts arising from the current dump site were underlined, and advantages of the new SWL for resolving the environmental issues were explained.
In the PCM, people from Bogazkopru Village mentioned about their complaints about the odor from the KASKI WWTP. It was explained by DOKAY and representatives of KaMM that the odor problem is not related to the Project in concern. They also explained that new sludge drying beds will be constructed at KASKI WWTP in order to resolve the odor problem.
In the PCM, there were no complaints about the waste collection routes raised by the local people. Photos taken during the PCM are given in Figures D-2 and D-3 whereas list of participants is given in Figure D-4.
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Figure D-2 Photo from the PCM-1
Figure D-3 Photo from the PCM-2
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Figure D-4 Participant List
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Figure D-4 (Continued) Participant List
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