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The Political Economy of Ancient Samoa: Basalt Adze

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The Political Economy of Ancient Samoa: Basalt Adze THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ANCIENT SAMOA: BASALT ADZE PRODUCTION AND LINKAGES TO SOCIAL STATUS by ERNEST H. WINTERHOFF A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2007 11 "The Political Economy of Ancient Samoa: Basalt Adze Production and Linkages to Social Status," a dissertation prepared by Ernest H. Winterhoff in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor ofPhilosophy degree in the Department of Anthropology. This dissertation has been approved and accepted by: L_ Dr. William S. Ayr~£'r oft~x)(~inwg Committee 2-/ ~~ MI/? Date Committee in Charge: William S. Ayres, Chair Dr. Douglas J. Kennett Dr. Stephen R. Wooten Dr. Patrick J. Bartlein Accepted by: Dean ofthe Graduate School III © 2007 Ernest H. Winterhoff iv An Abstract of the Dissertation of Ernest H. Winterhoff for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology to be taken December 2007 Title: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ANCIENT SAMOA: BASALT ADZE PRODUCTION AND LINKAGES TO SOCIAL STATUS Approved: _ Dr. William S. Ayres This dissertation examines the role of stone tool production as a strategic resource in the development of chiefly authority in prehistoric Samoa. The evolution of Polynesia's complex chiefly systems is a long standing issue in anthropology, and prior archaeological research has identified that specialized goods were a significant factor in the elevation of elite status in many Polynesian contexts. Before Western contact, Samoa was a stratified chiefdom with leaders claiming exclusive privileges and participating in an extensive trade network within the Fiji-West Polynesian region during the Traditional Samoan period (c. A.D. 300-1700). However, Samoa's political structure was quite different in the earlier Polynesian Plainware period (c. 500 B.C.-A.D. 300). Archaeologists, with the aid of historical linguistics, have documented a simple hereditary system operating among small horticultural communities. To address this v political transformation, I investigate coeval changes occurring in stone adze production recovered on Tutuila Island. Based firmly in the theoretical perspective of political economy, I ask three inter­ related questions in my dissertation: were adze specialists present in ancient Samoa; if so, what was their connection to chiefly prerogatives; and what further relationship did these adze producers have with Samoa's emerging elite? To answer these questions, I utilize mass flake analysis and typological classifications to document technological and spatial changes in stone tool production. I also employ settlement studies and geochemical characterization to chart how leaders managed and controlled raw materials, as well as the distribution of basalt adzes in exchange networks. From my research, I record numerous nucleated workshops of adze specialization on Tutuila dating as far back as 800 years ago. As a new form of economic organization, these adze specialists acted as catalysts for increased political complexity and stratified authority. In addition, I trace how Samoan elites used their bourgeoning authority in restricting access to basalt sources and the distribution of the finished products during this same time period. In the larger Samoan political economy, I conclude that Tutuilan chiefs, located in an otherwise economically-impoverished island, utilized these newly­ developed adze specialists and high-quality basalt as strategic resources for accumulating material surplus in prestige competition. vi CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Ernest H. Winterhoff PLACE OF BIRTH: Springfield,OH DATE OF BIRTH: March 8, 1977 GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon: Eugene, Oregon Ohio University: Athens, Ohio DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Anthropology, 2007, University of Oregon Master of Science, Anthropology, 2003, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, Anthropology, 1999, Ohio University AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Archaeology and Prehistory of Oceania Lithic Analysis and Technological Change PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Instructor, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon 2007 Graduate Teaching Fellow, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon 2007 - 2006 and 2003 - 2001 Project Leader, University of Oregon, Museum ofNatural Cultural History 2006 - 2003 VB GRANTS, AWARDS AND HONORS: Travel Award, University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, 2006 and 2005 Dissertation Improvement Grant, National Science Foundation, 2005 Research Grant, University of Oregon, 2002 Personalized Learning Grant, University of Oregon, Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, 2001 PUBLICAnONS: Winterhoff, Ernest, William Ayres, Joan Wozniak and Erick Lash 2007 Intra-Island Source Variability on Tutuila, American Samoa and Prehistoric Basalt Adze Exchange in Western Polynesia-Island Melanesia. Archaeology in Oceania, 42:65-71. Winterhoff, Ernest, and David Rigtrup 2006 A Tale of Two Quarries: Investigating Prehistoric Basalt Adze Production on Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Journal ofSamoan Studies, 2:87-94. Winterhoff, Ernest, William Ayres and David Rigtrup 2006 Recent Archaeological Investigations in Malaeloa, Afao and Asili: American Samoa. Submitted to American Samoa Historic Preservation Office (ASHPO), Copies available from ASHPO, Pago Pago. Winterhoff, Ernest 2005 Material Choice and Travel Time in Ancient Polynesia: An Experimental Perspective on Basalt Adze Exchange. Rapa Nui Journal 19(2):91-99. Winterhoff, Ernest 2005 Have Adze, Will Travel: Understanding Prehistoric Inter-Island Interaction by Examining Intra-Island Basalt Adze Source Variability. In The Renaca Papers: VI International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific, edited by C. Stevenson, J. Miguel, R. Aliaga, F. Morin and N. Barbacci. Easter Island Foundation, Los Osos. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was made possible through the substantial time and energy of numerous individuals and groups. I would like to thank Epi Suafo'a at the National Park Service, High Chief Pulefa'asasina Palauni Tuiasosopo at the Samoan and Pacific Studies Program at the American Samoa Community College, David Herdrich at American Samoa Historic Preservation Office on Tutuila and David Addison at the Archaeological Division ofthe American Samoan Power Authority for their friendship, encouragement and logistic assistance. I also want to thank Diane Johnson-Cornelius and her colleagues at the GeoAnalytical Lab at Washington State University, and John Logan at the Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, for analytical expertise. Their insights and efforts made this research simply better. In addition, I want to thank my committee, William Ayres, Douglas Kennett, Stephen Wooten and Patrick Bartlein for their guidance throughout the writing and research process. My dissertation research has been aided by my peers, fellow researchers and students. Thank you to Dave, Erik, Kemma, Todd, Andy, Sean, Sam, Rebecca, Anne and Aidan for their assistance during my field and laboratory research. Thank you to Joan, Melissa, Heather, Scott, Phil, Alex, Suzann, Montana, Kaylon for the intellectual debates that have helped frame my research. Thank you to Pau, Micah, Nia, Tala, Siaki, Vai, Troy, Brenda, Stephanie, Betina, and so many others for your logistical and cultural assistance. I especially want to thank Andi Lipstein for her love and friendship during my years of doctorate work. I IX This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Dissertation Improvement Grant (No. 0533926). In addition, this research was has been funded by a personalized learning grant from the Freeman Foundation, Center of Asian and Pacific Studies and a research grant from the Graduate School at the University of Oregon. Most importantly, I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to the communities and families on Tutuila that have taken me in over the years. Particularly, I want to express my appreciation to chiefs Gagi, TuiTasi, TuiLefano, Noa, Toa, the GUITS, the Langkildes, and the residents of Malaeloa, Afao, Asili, and Maloata village for their gracious hospitality and friendship. A special thanks to my family and friends who have provided much needed emotional support throughout my graduate career. Finally, I would like to thank my Mother and Father. They were there for my first day of kindergarten, and their love and support have never faltered over these subsequent 25 years of educational pursuits. x To: Tiffany Brannon a most persistent advocate Xl TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 Organization of this Dissertation 9 II. THE SAMOAN CONTEXT FOR STUDYING PREHISTORIC PRODUCTION 11 The Cultural Background............................................................................... 15 The Lapita Period...................................................................................... 16 The Polynesian Plainware Period.............................................................. 18 The Traditional Samoan Period 21 The Historic Samoan Period 23 Previous Samoan Adze Research............................ 25 III. POLITICAL ECONOMY: PERSPECTIVES ON STATUS AND STONE TOOLS IN Al\JCIENT SAMOA 35 Early Political Economy 36 Investigating Modes of Production........................................................... 40 Political Economy and Anthropological Theory.......................................... 42 Cultural Ecology 42 French Structural Marxism 44
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