Janine Jansen Violon Ramón Ortega Quero Hautbois Boris Brovtsyn

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Janine Jansen Violon Ramón Ortega Quero Hautbois Boris Brovtsyn Soirées de Luxembourg Mardi / Dienstag / Tuesday 10.12.2013 20:00 Grand Auditorium «Janine Jansen and Friends» Janine Jansen violon Ramón Ortega Quero hautbois Boris Brovtsyn violon, direction Tijmen Huisingh, Cindy Albracht, Julia-Maria Kretz, Fredrik Paulsson, Monika Urbonaite violon Pauline Sachse, Nimrod Guez alto Maarten Jansen violoncelle Rick Stotijn contrebasse Jan Jansen clavecin Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) Konzert für Violine, Streicher und Basso continuo a-moll (la mineur) BWV 1041 (–1730) [unbezeichnet / sans indication de mouvement] Andante Allegro assai 13’ Konzert für Oboe, Streicher und Basso continuo C-Dur (ut majeur) BWV 1055R (–1740) Allegro Larghetto Allegro ma non tanto 14’ Konzert für zwei Violinen, Streicher und Basso continuo d-moll (ré mineur) BWV 1043 (–1730/1731) Vivace Largo ma non tanto Allegro 17’ — Konzert für Violine, Streicher und Basso continuo E-Dur (mi majeur) BWV 1042 (–1730) Allegro Adagio Allegro assai 16‘ Konzert für Violine, Oboe, Streicher und Basso continuo c-moll (ut mineur) BWV 1060R (–1740) Allegro Largo ovvero Adagio Allegro 14’ Bach ‹concertiste› Janine Jansen and Friends Gilles Cantagrel Durant les cinq années qu’il passa dans la petite principauté d’Anhalt-Coethen, où il assumait les fonctions de Capellmeis- ter et Director musices, Bach eut à animer le concert quotidien dont la Cour se réjouissait. Nombre de ses concertos et de ses partitions de musique de chambre virent alors le jour, en plus de toutes les œuvres de ses contemporains qu’il fit sans doute exécuter à la tête de son orchestre. Rassemblé par le jeune prince passionné de musique et lui-même gambiste de qualité, cet or- chestre comptait dix-sept exécutants du plus grand talent, effectif très important pour l’époque dans une principauté de cinq mille âmes. Il brillait par les instruments à cordes – Bach lui-même jouait en virtuose du violon, son premier instrument, et aimait à diriger la formation depuis le poste de premier violon plutôt que du clavecin. Mais il comptait aussi dans ses rangs deux flûtistes, un hautboïste, un bassoniste et deux trompettistes. Tout change lorsque le compositeur arrive à Leipzig. Là, pas d’orchestre professionnel permanent, seulement des ensembles temporaires constitués principalement d’étudiants. Six ans après sa prise de fonction, et une fois composé son répertoire de can- tates, Bach diversifie son activité en reprenant la direction de l’un des deux orchestres de la ville, ce Collegium musicum fondé naguère par son ami Telemann. À sa tête, il va produire quelque six cents concerts pour lesquels il lui faudra beaucoup de mu- sique – la musique étant alors le divertissement par excellence Johann Sebastian Bach (?) (Portrait par Johann Jakob Ihle, 1720) 5 de la société. Il pouvait légitimement reprendre les concertos de soliste écrits pour Coethen, mais la qualité des violonistes leipzi- gois ne permettait guère de leur confier des parties virtuoses. À l’inverse, il disposait de clavecinistes de premier plan. Outre lui-même et ses trois fils aînés, les meilleurs de ses élèves lui fournissaient une main-d’œuvre de qualité… et gratuite. Des concertos écrits pour Coethen, il ne subsiste que deux œuvres pour violon et une pour deux violons. Mais il y en eut beau- coup d’autres. Pour ses concerts de Leipzig, il reprit donc des concertos antérieurs aujourd’hui perdus, originellement pour vi- olon, flûte ou hautbois, et les adapta en concertos pour un ou plusieurs clavecins. Dès lors, ne serait-il pas possible de remont- er vers l’état premier supposé, en ne conservant de la partie de clavecin soliste que ce qu’elle présente de plus pertinent pour briller sur un instrument mélodique? À cette question répondent depuis plusieurs décennies nombre de ‹reconstructions›, souvent convaincantes. C’est le cas ici pour les deux œuvres faisant inter- venir en soliste le hautbois. Si le Concerto en la mineur pour violon et cordes BWV 1041 est caractéristique de l’influence que la musique ultramontaine exerça sur le musicien allemand, il n’en compte pas moins parmi ce qu’il en fit de plus personnel. Depuis plusieurs années déjà, le compositeur s’était pris de passion pour la musique italienne, en particulier pour ces concertos qui envahissaient l’Europe depuis la diffusion de ceux de Corelli et l’édition de ceux de Vivaldi, dès 1713. Pour les avoir lus, copiés, étudiés et parfois même tran- scrits ou adaptés, Bach en avait acquis une connaissance appro- fondie. L’écriture même, ainsi que certaines structures comme les mouvements à da capo ou les morceaux en rondo, allaient marquer durablement ses compositions. Le premier mouve- ment présente une alternance régulière d’épisodes en tutti et en soli; mais au lieu de se borner à une opposition mécanique en- tre refrain et couplets, la texture en est très travaillée, d’une den- sité polyphonique inhabituelle, et surtout procédant à un jeu d’imitations dans un réseau contrapuntique nourri, propre au génie de Bach. Impressionnant, l’Andante s’avance sur la marche 6 lente et obstinée d’une basse majestueuse, tandis que le soliste développe une mélodie merveilleusement ornée. Quant au fina- le, ‹allegro assai›, c’est une gigue endiablée, vigoureuse et très vir- tuose, que l’on peut imaginer jouée par Bach lui-même à la cour, à la tête de son orchestre. L’œuvre présentée ici sous le titre de Concerto pour hautbois et cordes en ut majeur BWV 1055 pose aux musicologues et aux interprètes plusieurs problèmes. On en possède le manuscrit autographe des parties séparées, dans une version en la majeur où l’instrument soliste est le clavecin. Mais l’autographe de la partie de clavecin est perdu. On a justement pensé que ce con- certo pourrait être, comme les autres, l’adaptation pour le clave- cin d’une œuvre pour instrument soliste monodique; et puisqu’il est en la majeur, cet instrument pourrait, plutôt que le violon, être le hautbois d’amour, lui aussi en la majeur. Pure conjecture, car Bach a souvent modifié la tonalité en passant d’une version à une autre. Rien n’est simple!… et il est tout autant possible que l’original soit un concerto pour hautbois en ut majeur, ver- sion interprétée ce soir. La construction en est celle d’un concer- to type de l’époque baroque, à l’italienne, avec ses trois mouve- ments de caractères opposés, vif, lent et vif. Dans le flux ininter- rompu de son discours, l’Allegro initial joue sur une alternance contrastée de ritournelles et d’interventions du soliste. Tout en doubles croches, le propos est volubile et joyeux, abondant en accords brisés. Comme toujours, le morceau central du concerto est le mo- ment de la rêverie ou de la méditation. Dans un mouvement Larghetto, il s’ouvre sur un dessin chromatique de la basse com- me s’il s’agissait d’une déploration funèbre, un lamento. Sur les ponctuations endolories des cordes s’élève une longue phrase en mètre de sicilienne, dans la tonalité de fa dièse mineur dont on dit alors qu’elle «mène à une grande tristesse, plus languissante et amoureuse que mortelle». Plainte mélancolique, elle s’épanche en de riches ornementations. Mais pour conclure, le Finale, ‹allegro ma non tanto›, s’élance en un mouvement disert, bondissant, animé d’une verve saltatoire où le soliste se répand en trilles et ornements qui conviennent admirablement au hautbois. 9 Unique en son genre parmi les concertos connus de Bach, le Con- certo pour deux violons, cordes et basse continue en ré mineur BWV 1043 exalte toutes les qualités des autres œuvres concer- tantes du musicien. En un superbe élan, la fantaisie du discours est magnifiée par la maîtrise de l’écriture, l’architecture et le lyris- me qui le parcourt de bout en bout. De coupe traditionnelle, il enchâsse dans une forme magistralement équilibrée un morceau lent de caractère méditatif et poétique entre deux morceaux ra- pides où éclate une irrésistible joie de vivre. Cet équilibre est aussi celui qui règne entre les deux solistes et l’ensemble des cordes auquel ils se mêlent volontiers, ce qui rapprocherait davantage l’œuvre d’un concerto grosso à l’italienne. C’est en effet un per- manent dialogue qui se tisse entre les intervenants, sans que les deux violons ne s’arrogent la première place. Les solistes sont d’ailleurs traités à égalité, aucun des deux ne cherchant à prendre le pas sur l’autre. Dès le Vivace initial, la ri- tournelle expose une entrée fuguée, que les deux violons pour- suivront en canon; mais ce contrepoint savant ne tempère en rien l’ardente jubilation. Et voici qu’au cœur de l’œuvre s’élève, ‹largo ma non tanto›, la longue cantilène des deux violons, sur un rythme de sicilienne. Phrase ample, d’un bouleversant ly- risme et comme désincarnée, empreinte d’une spiritualité exta- tique. On a pu comparer le dialogue des deux solistes dans ce mouvement à ceux que Bach noue en certaines de ses cantates entre Jésus et l’Âme du fidèle. À peine cette méditation mys- tique s’est-elle évanouie que bondit un Allegro frappé au sceau d’une rythmique vigoureuse, avec ses contretemps et ses inces- sants échanges, qui propulse l’œuvre dans un élan irrésistible, d’une imagination sans cesse renouvelée. Bach devait suffisam- ment estimer ce concerto pour en avoir rédigé une adaptation pour clavecins en enrichissant la substance polyphonique, deve- nue Concerto pour deux clavecins et cordes en ut mineur BWV 1062. On retrouvera dans le Concerto pour violon et cordes en mi ma- jeur BWV 1042 la structure désormais traditionnelle du concerto de soliste ultramontain, avec en son centre la cantilène si typique- ment italienne de son Adagio; mais la densité polyphonique y est 10 plus grande que dans les modèles italiens du compositeur: Bach ne peut jamais s’empêcher d’enrichir ce qu’il emprunte.
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