JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131

Potential of Hydrogen (pH) to monitor the multi temporal change in ground water quality using geospatial techniques: A Case Study of District

S.Vijayakumar*, M.Sakthivel**, S.Murugesan*, K.Narmada* *Research Scholars Department of Geography, University of Madras Chennai. **Associate Professor Department of Geography, University of Madras Chennai.

ABSTRACT Water Resource management is very important for sustained use of natural resources and is vital for existence of mankind. Groundwater plays a significant role due to its easy availability and low cost inputs for use. The present study deals with the monitoring of Spatiotemporal changes in groundwater condition especially Potential of Hydrogen (PH) for drinking quality in of State, . PH is one of the most significant parameters in acid-base neutralization and water quality for drinking purpose. In this study samples were collected from seventeen (17) and analysed for all over the region for direct interpretation. The groundwater quality data from 1997 to 2017 of pre-monsoon and post monsoon for each year have been used in the present research paper. In addition, spatial and temporal Change detection of water quality maps were generated using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation technique using Arc GIS software. Groundwater quality especially Potential of Hydrogen (PH) data at 10 year interval has been considered for monitoring the changes for the period of study. The Long-term variations have also been monitored by using data of 1997-2017 to understand the changing groundwater system, vulnerable condition as well as management of water quality for sustainable usage for human activity in the research area. The study revealed the trend in average groundwater in Potential Hydrogen (PH) range in 1997 post monsoon (January) from 7.90 to 8.89 in 2007 to 8.30 to 8.79, in 2017 to 7.70 to 8.79 respectively. In addition Potential Hydrogen (PH) range in 1997 pre monsoon (July) from 7.90 to 8.79, in 2007 from 8.10 to 8.69 in year 2017 from 7.70 to 8.59 has been recorded over the research area respectively. The probable reason for this trend is poor groundwater quality in southern and north-eastern parts of the district which is a dangerous condition for the farmers to be used. The range of values have been classified into five categories of groundwater potential zones in research area such as Very Good, Good, Poor and Very Poor and un suitable for drinking in groundwater potential zones. The result generally depicts the groundwater potential zones in the study area and found to be helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources in coastal district of Nagapattinam.

Keywords: Water Quality, Potential of Hydrogen, Spatial Distribution GIS, IDW, BIS, Nagapattinam

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1. Background of the study Groundwater is considered as one of the most important water resources in the world (Gholami et al., 2010; Sherif et al., 2012; Neshat et al., 2015; Javadi et al., 2017). Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human being health, economic expansion and ecological multiplicity. The availability and quality of water always have played an important part in determining not only people can live, but also their quality of life. Even though there always has been plenty of fresh water on earth, water has not always been available when and where it is needed, nor is it always of suitable quality for all uses. Accessibility to water is one of the major global challenges whose impacts are largely felt in the developing countries. One of the Millennium development goals is to increase the accessibility of the population to improved sources of drinking water. Kiplangat Cherono Nelly,(2016). Water must be considered as a finite resource that has limits and boundaries to its availability and suitability for use. Groundwater has an important role in the environments it replenishes streams, rivers, and wetlands and helps to support wildlife habitat it is used as primary source of drinking water and also in agricultural and industrial activities. Rani Reeta and Chaudhary B.S. (2016). Ground water quality in nagapattinam district pH is reatic aquifers, colourless, odourless and predominantly alkaline in nature. In addition more than 50% of the samples, pH value is > 8.00 of the district. Saline ground waters are observed at southern part and eastern part of the research area. It is observed that the ground water is suitable for drinking and domestic uses in respect of all the constituents except total hardness and nitrate in about 83% of samples. CGWB (2008). Water quality is an important aspect of water resource. The quality of water is related to the source whether it is improved or unimproved. Contamination of ground water can occur due to natural or anthropogenic causes.

Water quality in surface waters is a critical issue since they are used in domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. Therefore, proper water management strategies should be taken care of to protect water bodies. (Ece Kilic, et. al (2018).Water is the only liquid naturally available on earth that can be used for quenching the thirst to various day to day essential needs. The major source of water is surface water and groundwater that serves multipurpose drinking, cleaning, washing, irrigation, industrial uses. Groundwater has proven to be a crucial source of water supply in semi-arid countries under water stress. With the increase in groundwater use, both qualitative and quantitative changes are inevitable. Today water managers in every water basin face severe and growing challenges in their efforts to meet the rapidly escalating demand for water while maintaining the integrity of water resources Augustina Clara Alexander et. al (2017) Water is a limited natural resource. Therefore, preserving water is very important for protection of our environment. Various water quality monitoring systems have been developed to measure concentration of the constituents in quantity for characterisation of water for different uses. Around the world, groundwater resources are under increasing pressure caused by the intensification of human activities and other factors such as climate changes. Groundwater is a significant part of the hydrologic cycle, containing 21 percent of Earth's freshwater.

Groundwater comprises 97 percent of fresh water which is locked up as ice and snow in polar ice sheets, glaciers, and snowfields. This greatly exceeds the amount of water in streams, rivers, and lakes. Excessive pumping of water from an aquifer may result in an area wide

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lowering of the water table (Babu et al., 2011). This will eventually occur any place where more water is pumped than is recharged by infiltrating precipitation. Over drafting from an aquifer may result in changes in groundwater quality, a reduction in groundwater availability and hence the loss of water supply to current and future wells, and perhaps even a permanent loss of the aquifer's capacity to store water. Groundwater nitrate contents in the western desert fringes of Luxo Governorate revealed high levels of pollution ([NO3¯] ≥50 mg L−1) in a large part of its territory. It was also observed high levels of Pb and Cd above the limits established by WHO (2011). Groundwater is an important source of irrigation which caters to more than 45% of the total irrigation in the country. People’s lives and livelihoods depend on water. Demand for clean water increases continuously with world population growth. Many areas of the world lack the fresh, drinkable water essential to survival of mankind (Anderson, 1992). It has now become evident in many countries of the world that groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources, which supports human health, economic development and ecological diversity. Water is essential for sustenance of life. Emerging urbanization, industrialization and population explosion in Chennai city are some of the factors for ground water deteriorations. German Amali Jacintha.T et al., (2015)

2. Potential of Hydrogen (pH) and Water Quality pH or the "potential of hydrogen" is a measure of the meditation of hydrogen ions of the water. For this measurement indicates the acidity or alkalinity of the ground water quality. On the potential of Hydrogen range of 0-14, a reading of 7 is considered to be "Neutral". Reading below 7 point towards acidic situation, while readings above 7 indicate the water is alkaline or basic. Naturally occurring fresh waters have a pH range between 6 and 8. The pH of the water is important because it affects the solubility and availability of nutrients, and how they can be utilized by aquatic organisms. It is one of the significant factors that give out as a pointer of contamination of water body. The pH of a solution is the negative common logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity: pH = −log (H+)

In water down solutions, the hydrogen ion activity is roughly equivalent to the hydrogen ion.

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Basically Potential Hydrogen is one of the most significant parameters in acid-base neutralization and water softening. The pH values for groundwater samples ranges from 6.5 to 8.5 respectively followed by BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) and WHO (World Health Organization). The permissible range of pH for drinking or for domestic use is from 6.5-8.5. If the pH is found outside the permissible limit, it is somewhat problem for the ground water quality. While the ideal pH level of drinking water should be between 6.5 - 8.5 the human body maintains pH equilibrium on a constant basis and will not be affected by water consumption. For example, our stomachs have a naturally low pH level of 2 which is a beneficial acidity that helps us with food digestion. PH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Solutions with a high concentration of hydrogen ions have a low pH and solutions with low concentrations of H+ ions have a high pH concentration.

The pH scale is alternatively sometimes called the pH-acid-base scale and from time to time just the acid-base scale. In neutral solutions, for example those that are neither acidic nor basic, pH = 7.0. Acidic solutions are those with pH less than 7, while basic solutions have potential of Hydrogen is more than 7.0. Extremely higher and lower of potential of Hydrogen can be damaging for the use of water quality for drinking and domestic use. High pH causes a bitter taste; water pipe and water using appliance turn out to be covered with deposits, and thus it depress the efficiency of the disinfection of chlorine, in that way of causing the need for additional chlorine at what time pH is value high. Low-pH water determination decay or dissolve metals and other substance. Mainly Pollution is able to change water quality condition potential Hydrogen (pH), which is turned could harm flora and fauna source of revenue in the water.

The pH of an aqueous sample is usually measured electrometrically with a glass electrode. Temperature has a significant effect on pH measurement (ASTM, 1976; HMSO, 1978; APHA, 1989). pH is measured on a scale of 0 to 14.pH is the measurement of the activity of free hydrogen (H+, acid) and hydroxyl (OH-, base) ions in a solution. pH is commonly used to describe the activity of the hydrogen ion. An ion is a charged atom or molecule. Because an atom of hydrogen can share its electron with other elements easily, hydrogen can bond with atoms of other elements, forming what is known as an ionic bond. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances (pH stands for 'potential of Hydrogen').

3. Research Problem for Groundwater quality:

The hydro ecological atmosphere in the Nagapattinam district has been subjected to pollution significantly. Water is one of the major critical issue especially in Nagapattinam district. There is relatively high level of ground water deterioration in the major part of the district and the quality problems are due to geo-genic and anthropogenic factors. Furthermore water is necessary to implement caution while planning further development of available groundwater resources in the district. Basically the people in the coastal area are under threat due to increased flood starting the ocean, seawater intrusion, change in the geological condition, rock type, as well as, flooding from the rivers and backwater Canals of Delta regions, particularly Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. In addition drinking water quality condition is over exploited in the following taluks such as Kollidam, Kuttalam, Sembinarkoil, Sirkali of

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Nagapattinam Coastal district of Tamil Nadu. The problem is aggravated due to the discharge of the unprocessed waste waters into cultivation farms and chemicals used in the aquaculture farm. Climate change is one of the major problems for decline the groundwater condition and quality of water mostly saline particularly east part of the area such as Nagapattinam, Tarangambadi, Poombukar, Velankanni, Vilunthamavadi, Cauverypoompattinam, Nagore, Thirumarugal, Thevur, , Voimedu etc. Moreover, lack of Cauvery water, sudden natural disaster, poor drainage problem, lack of water management, fastest growing of Shrimp farms (Aquaculture Ponds), has changed the fertility of the area. Due to the infiltration of irrigation water saturated with chemicals, insecticides, pesticides and fertilisers, the water of Cauvery is highly polluted with industrial effluents (CGWB).

4. Objectives of the Present Study

The study has been undertaken with the aim to understand the spatial - temporal distribution pattern of potential hydrogen geo chemical water quality parameters formative the quality of groundwater for household procedure. The follow a line of exploration mainly contacted on the following objectives is shortened below:  To understand the spatial distribution pattern of potential hydrogen in groundwater quality from 1997 to 2017 during post monsoon period in nagapattinam district.  To study the spatial distribution pattern of potential hydrogen in groundwater quality from 1997 to 2017 in pre monsoon for the study area.  Preparation of Spatial distribution maps of potential hydrogen suitable for drinking purpose of groundwater quality for the permissible and desirable condition of the research area such as post monsoon and pre monsoon period of 1997 to 2017.

5. Materials and Methods

For the present research work seventeen (17) groundwater samples have been collected during pre - monsoon and post - monsoon from January 1997 to 2017 July, for three decades in nagapattinam district. The water quality geochemical parameters of Potential of Hydrogen (PH) were collected from State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre in Taramani Chennai. Basically water quality data have been samples have been collected from the tube wells and dug wells. PH has been measured using digital meters immediately after sampling. Water samples have been analysed for chemical constituents such as major ions in the laboratory. The groundwater quality is assessed with respect to standard using the standard methods as suggested by the Bureau of Indian Standard and World Health Organization. Further more water quality parameter of Potential of Hydrogen (PH) data has been classified and Change detection water quality present condition maps were prepared during post monsoon and pre monsoon period of 1997 to 2017, using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation geospatial technique in ARC GIS software package.

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6. The Study Area

This study mainly focused on Coastal Regions of Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India; it was carved out by bifurcating the erstwhile composite Thanjavur district on October 19, 1991. The town of Nagapattinam is the district headquarters. As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,616,450. The district of Nagapattinam lines on the shores of the Bay of Bengal between latitude 10.7906°N and Longitude 79.8428°E. Nagapattinam district is having administrative division of 5 taluks, 11 blocks, 434 village panchayats, 8 town panchayats, 4 municipality and 523 revenue villages. Nagapattinam lies on the eastern coast, 350 kilometres It has an average elevation of 9 meters above the mean sea level. The district has a coastline of 187 kilometres. This is a peninsular delta district surrounded by Bay of Bengal. It is predominantly, a coastal district having a large coast line and the entire district is having an area of 2605 square kilometres

Fig.1: Location of the study area with sampling wells The maximum temperature of this district is 32 degree centigrade and the minimum temperature is 24.60 degree. Paddy is the major crop in the region followed by groundnut, pulses, sugarcane, cotton and sesame. The town is one of the cyclone-prone zones and was devastated during the 2004 tsunami. A very fine layer of high saline soil was deposited in the

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paddy fields. For the study are main occupation of Nagapattinam is fishing in the waters of Bay of Bengal. The fish is sold in the daily and weekly fish markets in the town. There are a large number of ice factories for preserving the fish. The industry suffered a setback after the tsunami that struck the coast on 2004 in attendance is limited agricultural activity, but a lot of agricultural commerce conducted in the town.

The map Fig.No:1 indicates position of the Research area along with sampling wells around Coastal district of Nagapattinam. For this study have taken 17 wells from the research area especially each taluks two point’s maximum collected, Sirkali Taluk only three well collected. Furthermore sample points latitude and longitude value has been overlay with Geographical information system (GIS) location map generated were the research area. In the view of nagapattinam district coastal area mostly seven samples were taken such as followed by Vedarnyam, Vilunthamavadi, Nagapattinam, Thirumarugal, Taramgambadi, Cauvery Poompattinam, and Pudupattinam. These are the seventeen wells spatially distributed on overall district nagapattinam coastal region of delta.

Table No: 1 Spatio - Temporal changes of Potential Hydrogen (PH) from 1997 to 2017

SL.No Sample Well No Water Sample 1997 _Post 1997 _Pre 2007_Post 2007_Pre 2017_Post 2017_Pre ID Collection Village Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon 1 WS-1 43015A Cauvery Poompattinam 8.1 7.9 8.8 8.5 8.7 8.2 2 WS-2 43052 Pudupattinam 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.2 3 WS-3 43031 8.5 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.4 4 WS-4 43017 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.2 7.9 8.4 5 WS-5 09004 8.5 8.2 8.7 8.3 8.4 8.4 6 WS-6 43054A Manalmedu 8.0 8.8 8.4 8.6 7.7 8.2 7 WS-7 09017 7.9 8.5 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.4 8 WS-8 43048 Kuttalam 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.3 9 WS-9 09001 Mangainallur 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.2 8.3 10 WS-10 43049A Thirumarugal 7.9 7.9 8.5 8.2 8.2 8.6 11 WS-11 43037 Nagapattinam 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.1 8.6 8.4 12 WS-12 43068A Thevur 8.3 8.6 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.4 13 WS-13 43173 Viluthamavadi 8.5 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.8 8.6 14 WS-14 43162 Panangadi 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.3 15 WS-15 43050 Manakkudi 8.9 8.8 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.2 16 WS-16 43051 Vedaranyam 8.2 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.3 8.1 17 WS-17 43024 Voimedu 8.4 8.2 8.5 8.7 8.4 7.7 Source: State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre

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Fig No: 2

From the above maps (Fig No:2) it clearly shows that spatial variation of Potential Hydrogen in nagapattinam district between 1997 to 2017 among the seventeen well location of the study area. The pH is one of the most significant parameters in acid-base geochemical water quality parameter. The pH values for groundwater samples ranges in 1997 from 7.90 to 8.89, in 2007 8.30 to -8.79 and 2017 ranges from 7.70 to 8.79 during post monsoon in January respectively. The potential of hydrogen permissible range is 6.5 to 8.5. is mostly drinking as well as domestic purpose. As a rule of the water samples are slightly basic in post monsoon seasons due to presence pH is found beyond the permissible limit, it affects the mucous membrane of water quality.

This map spatially and temporally distributed of potential hydrogen around the nagapattinam district. Especially in 1997 post monsoon have been classified five categories wise such as Very low, Low, Moderate, High and Very High. The value ranges from 7.90 to 8.10 followed by Manalmedu, Mailaduthurai and Thirumarugal, then 8.10 to 8.29 pH value is belongs to Panangudi, Vedarnyam , Cauvery poompattinam are the villages comes under the Very low and Low categories. pH value range from 8.29 to 8.49 followed permissible limit for the study area voimedu Sirkali, kuttalam, Cauvery poompattinam mostly southern part and northern part is covered. In addition 8.49 to 8.69 have recorded vilunthamavadi nagapattinam and tarangambadi. From the sample the pH value of more than 8.69 have been recorded in manakudu village. So the 8.49 to 8.89 ranges recorded in the village is very highly dangerous zone for drinking water.

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In 2007 8.30 to 8.40 and 8.40 to 8.49 pH value is recorded the following wells such as voimedu, Vedaryam, Manalmedu, Nagapattinam, Thrirumarugal, Thevur, mailaduthurai, mangainallur, kuttalam, Panangudi. The pH value has crossed 8.49 to 8.59 in vilunthamavadi, Tarangambadi, Sirkali, Pudupattinam which comes under over exploited condition for the ground water quality. Furthermore two classes have been recorded the pH value range from 8.59 to 8.79 it’s totally unsuitable for drinking followed by Cauvery poompattinam and Sembinarkovil.

In 2017 post monsoon period 7.70 to 7.92 and 7.92 to 8.14 pH value is recorded the following two wells only names are Taramngambadi and Manalmedu. The pH value is crossed 8.14 to 8.35 followed by Sirkali, Thrirumarugal, mailaduthurai, mangainallur, kuttalam, Panangudi and Vedarnyam all the villages comes under good condition for groundwater quality during 2017 Post monsoon period. After that pH value is 8.37 to 8.57 in voimedu, Thevur, Sembinarkovil, Pudupattinam as well as more than 8.57 pH value is covered such as Nagapattinam, vilunthamavadi, Cauvery poompattinam comes under un suitable for the drinking ground water. Furthermore the two classes have been taken for pH value range from 8.39 to 8.79 due to its critical situation and are over exploited and unsuitable for drinking in ground water.

Fig No: 3

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The above map Fig No: 3 are giving the information about spatiotemporal distribution of potential hydrogen in the region of the nagapattinam district. The map has been classified into five categories such as Very low, Low, Moderate, High and Very High. particularly in 1997 pre monsoon (July) period The pH value ranges from 7.90 to 8.08 followed by Cauvery poompattinam Thirumarugal, and Vedarnyam then 8.08 to 8.26 pH value is belong to near Thirumarugal , Panangudi, Voimedu and Sembinarkovil. In addition value between 8.26 to 8.43 covered village names are vilunthamavadi, Near Pannagudi, Sirkali, kuttalam, mostly Mangainallur, are the villages comes under the Very low and moderate categories ground water quality within the permissible limit. The pH value range from 8.43 to 8.61 for the study area Pudupattinam, Mailaduthurai, Tarngambadi and Thevur and its surrounding area is over exploited and the ground water has become saline. Furthermore 8.61 to 8.79 have recorded Manalmedu, nagapattinam and Manakudi. In the pH value is more than 8.79 is consider that unsuitable drinking situation extremely hazardous region for consumption water.

In 2007 during the pre-monsoon period in Nagapattinam coastal district the pH values from 8.10 to 8.22 and 8.22 to 8.34 were recorded in the wells of Nagapattinam, Thrirumarugal Tarangambadi, and kuttalam, Sembinarkovil, Manakudi, and the surroundings of Nagapattinam and Thirumarugal villages the ground water quality was within permissible limited only. Subsequently Thevur, mailaduthurai, Panangudi villages the pH value was between 8.34 to 8.45 and falls under the semi critical category as they are over exploited and in-turn affects the water quality. The pH value was above 8.45 to 8.57 in Vedarnyam, Sirkali, Pudupattinam, Vilunthamavadi, Mangainallur, and Cauvery poompattinam, and hence comes under over exploited and unsuitable. Mostly the Northern part and southern part showed high level of pH range in the study area. But the pH was greater than 8.57 in Voimedu and Manalmedu and it’s totally unfit for intake.

In 2017 pre monsoon period pH value is recorded from 7.70 to 7.88 and 7.88 to 8.05 in Voimedu and the nearby places recorded very low and low categories of the delineated classes on map. The pH value is more than 8.05 to 8.23 in Vedarnyam, Manakkudi, Manalmedu, Cauvery poompattinam, Pudupattinam primarily during pre-monsoon period in nagapattinam district. Subsequent to that pH value is 8.23 to 8.41 in most of the villages like Thevur, Sembinarkovil, Nagapattinam, Panangudi, Sirkali, mailaduthurai, mangainallur, kuttalam, Tarangambadi and hence come under critical category and over exploited thereby affecting the ground water quality. Moreover 8.41 to 8.59 pH values are recorded in Nagapattinam and Thirumarugal and unsuitable for drinking and domestic purpose during the year 2017 Pre monsoon period. It has been observed that pH value range below 8.5 is seen in northern and almost southern part shows values within the permissible limit and suitable for drinking in the coastal region of nagapattinam.

7. Result and Discussion

The present study revealed that Spatial and temporal variation for Potential of hydrogen in the study area of Nagapattinam district during the post monsoon (January) and pre monsoon (July) period from 1997 to 2007 where the pH value is more and unsuitable for drinking.

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Fig No: 4

The above Fig No: 4 shows the spread of potential of hydrogen and hence is used to determine whether the water is acidic or alkaline in the research area of Nagapattinam district. The pH values of groundwater samples should be in the range of 6.5 – 8.5. In our study area 1997 post monsoon pH level in most of the wells is within the permissible range below 8.5 as well as pH value more than > 8.5 is unsuitable and seen in Tarangambadi (8.7), Nagapattinam (8.7) and Manakudi (8.9), Whereas in 2007 post monsoon pH values are within the permissible limit range in Pudupatinam, Sirkali, Mangainallur, Mayiladuthurai Nagapattinam, Thevur etc. pH value > 8.5 has been recorded in Cauvery Poompattinam (8.80), Sembinarkoil (8.70), Vilunthamavadi (8.60). The water qualities in these villages are unsuitable among seventeen wells. In 2017 potential of Hydrogen observed during the post monsoon is unsuitable in Nagapattinam (8.60), Vilunthamavadi (8.80), Cauvery Poompattinam (8.70) as they exceed the permissible limits, rest of the villages are suitable for drinking. Areas like Sirkali, Mailaduthurai, Kuttalam, Pudupattinam, Voimedu etc. from 1997 (post monsoon) to 2017 it was observed that in most of water sampling wells the potential of Hydrogen (PH) Value is recorded as 8.5 and within permissible range. So ground water quality is much affected in the research area and may be due to the anthropogenic activities related pollution.

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Fig No: 5

Above the Fig No: 5 are shows that Spatial variation of potential of hydrogen in the research area of Nagapattinam district for 1997 to 2007 Pre monsoon (July). The pH values range of for the study area in 1997 pre monsoon period more than >8.5 has recorded the following wells Tarangambadi(8.60), Manalmedu (8.80), Nagapattinam (8.70), Thevur (8.60), Manakudi (8.80) remaining wells pH level within the permissible range below 8.5. In 2007 pre monsoon stage majority of well comes under the suitable condition for ground water quality for the study area. Above pH level > 8.5 is unsuitable for drinking and is recorded in Pudupattinam (8.60), Manalmedu (8.60) and Voimedu (8.70). Among the three wells Voimedu is in a very critical condition as the groundwater water quality cannot be used for drinking and domestic purpose as it is situated in the tail end village very near coastal area of Bay of Bengal. Whereas in 2017 pre monsoon pH values are within the permissible limit in Cauvery Poompattianm, Pudupatinam, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai Nagapattinam, Thevur, Mangainallur, Kuttalam, Voimedu etc. In addition, pH value more than 8.5 have been recorded in Thirumarugal (8.60), Vilunthamavadi (8.60) and these villages are unfit when compared to other seventeen wells.

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Table No: 2 Suitable area for Potential Hydrogen (PH) from 1997 to 2017

SL. Samp Water Sample 1997 _Post 1997 _Pre 2007_Post 2007_Pre 2017_Post 2017_Pre No le No Collection Village Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon

1 WS-1 Cauvery Poompattinam Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable

2 WS-2 Pudupattinam Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable

3 WS-3 Sirkazhi Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

4 WS-4 Tharangambadi Un Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

5 WS-5 Sembanarkoil Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

6 WS-6 Manalmedu Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable

7 WS-7 Mayiladuthurai Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

8 WS-8 Kuttalam Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

9 WS-9 Mangainallur Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable

10 WS-10 Thirumarugal Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable

11 WS-11 Nagapattinam Un Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable

12 WS-12 Thevur Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

13 WS-13 Viluthamavadi Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Un Suitable

14 WS-14 Panangadi Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

15 WS-15 Manakkudi Un Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

16 WS-16 Vedaranyam Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

17 WS-17 Voimedu Suitable Suitable Suitable Un Suitable Suitable Suitable

In the above Table No: 2 it clearly shows the actual information about the suitable and unsuitable areas with respect to Potential Hydrogen (PH) from 1997 to 2017 during the Post monsoon and pre monsoon periodically decadal wise in Nagapattinam coastal district. For this study conducted using 17 samples and analyzed in the research area using Geographical Information system. The research mainly observed that potential of Hydrogen in post monsoon and pre monsoon period is very high in Nagapattinam, Vilunthamavadi, Cauvery Poompattinam, Tarangambadi, Vedarnyam, Voimedu, Thirumarugal, Thevur and Manakkudi They fall in hazardous area of Nagapattinam district as all the mentioned wells fall in the coastal region within 5 to 7 km distance from the sea. Apart from this the elevation also is very low and hence the natural occurrence is suddenly happening these are the coastal villages mainly affected. Apart from that the delay in release of Cauvery water, converting agriculture land to aquaculture farm, Geophysical condition, change of monsoon period and anthropogenic activities, and environmental pollution etc. are the other reasons for the ground water pH value to exceed the permissible limits. Further it is research observed that in majority of the villages pH value is

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close to 8.5 has been record due to over exploitation among the seventeen wells in that order. pH value below 8.5 has been recorded in Sembinarkoil, kuttalam, Manakudi, mayiladuthurai and Manalmedu and is good when comparing to the rest of wells for research area among seventeen wells respectively. The pH value is 7.10 to 8.50 in the wells from Sembinarkovil, Kuttalam and Sirkali village surroundings of Nagapattinam district and fit for drinking purpose as the values are within the acceptable range. Finally it shows that most of the well are suitable from 1997 to 2017 during the Post monsoon and pre monsoon period but all are in dangerous potential zone as the values are closer than pH level 8.5. Hence the government take necessary measures to protect the ground water quality for sustainable development and water resources management so that the people living in the coastal area have a better livelihood.

8. Conclusion Generally Coastal area is very much vulnerable due to the natural disasters such as flooding from the sea, sewage wastage, seawater intrusion, cyclone, drought, changing the monsoon condition, Environmental Changes, Variation of Geological system and geomorphological phenomena etc. Apart from natural events and anthropogenic influences mainly affects the ground water quality. This research mainly focused and analysed the Potential of Hydrogen (pH) spatially and temporally classified from 1997 to 2017 in both Post monsoon (January) and Pre monsoon (July) periods. The present study uses the geographical Information System to arrive at the result. Due to the various natural calamities the groundwater quality has become unsuitable for drinking and domestic purpose, industrial useless, etc. This study shows the condition of groundwater quality and the extent of pollution of the water in Nagapattinam district. The results of the water quality status in the present study reflects the real condition of water quality. In addition, detailed evaluation of the ground water quality assessment system showed the real drinking of water quality status in the study area. The present study demonstrates the role of geospatial technology in assessing and understanding the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters for Potential of Hydrogen (pH) for domestic usage in efficient and prudent manner. Subsequently the groundwater recharge of aquifers is shown to be affected by seawater Intrusion. Hence refresh wells are recommended in the favourable tanks and ponds. Though Potential Hydrogen regularly takes no direct influence on water users, it is mainly one of the furthermost imperative effective water quality factors. Therefore pH device is necessary to every stages of water action and satisfactory, the pH Value should be less than 8.0. The poor groundwater quality is also due to pollution of drinking water which is very well understood by the taste of the water and appearance. Basically this research brought ground water quality and status of salinity level for this study which will help in the improved operation of the accessible water assets and socio- economic enlargement of the coastal region of Nagapatinam district. Consecutively, essential phases are requisite for well-organized use and conservation of water resources, their foundations and local hydrological circle. Water quality parameters issues especially Potential of Hydrogen issues too need to be lectured for abatement and control of water trash in study area.

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9. References:

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