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TAMIL CIVILIZATION and CULTURE from 1336 to 1947 A.D. Author Narasimhan C Sekar, PGP Educational Institutions, Namakkal Units (1-14)

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TAMIL CIVILIZATION and CULTURE from 1336 to 1947 A.D. Author Narasimhan C Sekar, PGP Educational Institutions, Namakkal Units (1-14) ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] (A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu) KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education MA [History] II - Semester 321 22 TAMIL CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE FROM 1336 TO 1947 A.D. Author Narasimhan C Sekar, PGP Educational Institutions, Namakkal Units (1-14) "The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University" All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Alagappa University, Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi 110 055 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-291/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2018 Dated 19.11.2018 Copies - 500 SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Tamil Civilization and Culture From 1336 to 1947 A.D. BLOCK I: SOURCES OF TAMIL CIVILIZATION Unit - I: Sources – Sanskrit and Telugu works- Tamil Works – Foreign Unit 1: Literary Sources (Pages 1-8) Accounts- Government Orders – Diaries. Unit 2: Tamil Culture under Vijayanagara Unit - II: Tamil Culture under Vijayanagar – Social and Economic (Pages 9-29) condition – Art and Architecture. Unit 3: Different Religious Beliefs Unit - III: Religious condition– Saivism, Vaishnavism – ViraSaivism – and Conditions Vadakalai – Tenkalai Sects (Pages 30-49) Unit - IV: Nayaks rule in Tamilnadu - Madurai, Thanjavur and Unit 4: Nayaks Rule in Tamil Nadu SenjiNayaks – Administration. (Pages 50-68) BLOCK II: POLIGARI SYSTEM, IMPORTANT TEMPLES AND CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION Unit 5: Poligari System Unit - V: Poligari system – Kaval system - Society – Caste division – (Pages 69-78) Status of women – Temples and festivals – Cultural contribution. Unit 6: Famous Temples of Madurai Unit - VI: Temples in Madurai, Srirangam, Thiruvarur, Rameswaram, (Pages 79-99) Unit 7: Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom Chidambaram – Tirunelveli – Srivilliputtur. (Pages 100-111) Unit - VII: Marathas and Sethupathis – Marathas of Thanjavur – Raja Unit 8: Saraswathi Mahal Library Serfoji. (Pages 112-125) Unit - VIII: SaraswathiMahal Library - literary and cultural contributions. BLOCK III: SOCIO, ECONOMIC AND RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS Unit 9: Sethupathi Rule at Ramnad Unit - IX: Social, economic and religious conditions – Cultural (Ramanathapuram) Contribution of Sethupathis of Ramnad. (Pages 126-132) Unit - X: Impact of British in Tamil Nadu – Socio-Economic Life of the Unit 10: Impact of British Rule Tamils under British rule - Education – Primary – Secondary – Collegiate in Tamil Nadu & University. (Pages 133-142) Unit XI: Role of missionaries – Social Legislations – Abolition of Sati, Unit 11: Role of Missionaries Child marriage, Widowhood, Devadasi system. in Tamil Nadu (Pages 143-151) BLOCK IV: DRAVIDIAN MOVEMENT AND VARIOUS RULERS Unit 12: Dravidian Movement Unit XII: Dravidian Movement – Non-Brahmin organization – causes (Pages 152-160) – South Indian Liberal Federation - The Justice Party. Unit 13: Social Transformation Unit XIII: Social transformation – social and cultural issues –Justice (Pages 161-170) Manifesto – Self Respect Movement of Periyar – Status of Women. Unit 14: Dravidar Kazhagam Movement Unit XIV: Social legislations – Dravidian Journals and Literature – and Social Legislations (Pages 171-184) Launch of DK movement – Principles and Reforms of DK. CONTENTS BLOCK 1: SOURCES OF TAMIL CIVILIZATION UNIT 1 LITERARY SOURCES 1-8 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Sources for Establishing Historical Facts 1.2.1 Literary Sources 1.3 Sanskrit and Telugu Works 1.4 Tamil Works 1.5 Foreign Accounts 1.5.1 Government Orders (GOs) 1.5.2 Diaries 1.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 1.7 Summary 1.8 Key Words 1.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 1.10 Further Readings UNIT 2 TAMIL CULTURE UNDER VIJAYANAGARA 9-29 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Rise and Fall of Vijayanagara Empire 2.3 Tamil Nadu under Vijayanagara Empire 2.4 Restoration of Hindu Temples and Temple Administration 2.4.1 Talikota War 2.4.2 Toppur War 2.5 Social, Economic and Religious Status during Vijayanagara Empire Rule 2.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 2.7 Summary 2.8 Key Words 2.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 2.10 Further Readings UNIT 3 DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND CONDITIONS 30-49 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Emergence of Bhakti Movement 3.3 Saivism 3.4 Vaishnavism 3.5 Vira Shaivism 3.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 3.7 Summary 3.8 Key Words 3.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 3.10 Further Readings UNIT 4 NAYAKS RULE IN TAMIL NADU 50-68 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Nayankara System 4.3 Madurai Nayaks 4.4 Thanjavur/Tanjore Nayaks 4.5 Senji/Gingee Nayaks (1526-1648) 4.6 Administration 4.7 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 4.8 Summary 4.9 Key Words 4.10 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 4.11 Further Readings BLOCK 2: POLIGARI SYSTEM, IMPORTANT TEMPLES AND CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION UNIT 5 POLIGARI SYSTEM 69-78 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Poligar System: An Overview 5.3 Kaval System 5.3.1 Features of Society 5.4 Temples, Festivals and Cultural Contribution 5.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 5.6 Summary 5.7 Key Words 5.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 5.9 Further Readings UNIT 6 FAMOUS TEMPLES OF MADURAI 79-99 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Madurai 6.2.1 Temples in Madurai 6.3 Srirangam 6.4 Rameswaram 6.5 Chidambaram 6.6 Thiruvarur 6.7 Tirunelveli 6.8 Srivilliputtur 6.9 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 6.10 Summary 6.11 Key Words 6.12 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 6.13 Further Readings UNIT 7 THANJAVUR MARATHA KINGDOM 100-111 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Objectives 7.2 Tanjore Maratha Rule 7.3 Marathas of Thanjavur 7.4 Raja Serfoji 7.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 7.6 Summary 7.7 Key Words 7.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 7.9 Further Readings UNIT 8 SARASWATHI MAHAL LIBRARY 112-125 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Objectives 8.2 Tanjore Saraswathi Mahal Library: An Overview 8.3 Specialties, Museum and Administration of the Library 8.3.1 Collection of Manuscript 8.4 Literary and Cultural Contributions to Society 8.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 8.6 Summary 8.7 Key Words 8.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 8.9 Further Readings BLOCK 3: SOCIO, ECONOMIC AND RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS UNIT 9 SETHUPATHI RULE AT RAMNAD (RAMANATHAPURAM) 126-132 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Overview of Socio, Economic and Religious Conditions 9.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 9.4 Summary 9.5 Key Words 9.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 9.7 Further Readings UNIT 10 IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE IN TAMIL NADU 133-142 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Objectives 10.2 Life of Tamils under British Rule 10.2.1 Social Conditions 10.2.2 Economic Conditions 10.2.3 British Rule and Education: Primary, Secondary, and Collegiate 10.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 10.4 Summary 10.5 Key Words 10.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 10.7 Further Readings UNIT 11 ROLE OF MISSIONARIES IN TAMIL NADU 143-151 11.0 Introduction 11.1 Objectives 11.2 Advent of Missionaries 11.2.1 Christian Missionaries in Tamil Nadu 11.3 The Missionaries and Social Legislations 11.3.1 Status of Women 11.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 11.5 Summary 11.6 Key Words 11.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 11.8 Further Readings BLOCK 4: DRAVIDIAN MOVEMENT AND VARIOUS RULERS UNIT 12 DRAVIDIAN MOVEMENT 152-160 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Objectives 12.2 Brahmin and Non-Brahmin Divide 12.2.1 Non-Brahmin Organisations; 12.2.2 Brahmins Organisations 12.3 South Indian Liberal Federation or the Justice Party 12.3.1 Justice Party’s Policies and its Fallout 12.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 12.5 Summary 12.6 Key Words 12.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 12.8 Further Readings UNIT 13 SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION 161-170 13.0 Introduction 13.1 Objectives 13.2 Role of Social Activists 13.3 Social and Cultural Issues 13.4 Justice Manifesto 13.4.1 Manifesto vis-à-vis the Actual Performance of the Justice Party 13.4.2 Self Respect Movement of Periyar 13.5 Status of Women 13.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 13.7 Summary 13.8 Key Words 13.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 13.10 Further Readings UNIT 14 DRAVIDAR KAZHAGAM MOVEMENT AND SOCIAL LEGISLATIONS 171-184 14.0 Introduction 14.1 Objectives 14.2 Social Legislations 14.3 Dravidian Journals and Literature 14.3.1 Publications of D.K. Party; 14.3.2 From Stage to Screen 14.4 Launch of the DK Movement 14.4.1 Principles and Reforms of the Dravidar Kazhagam 14.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 14.6 Summary 14.7 Key Words 14.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 14.9 Further Readings Introduction INTRODUCTION Archaeological records tell us that the region known as Tamil Nadu has been NOTES continuously inhabited since the Upper Palaeolithic age.
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