NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIEIY •CAVE DMNG SECTION VOL 17• NO 5

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Cave Diving Section of the NON-PROFIT National Speleological Society, Inc. ORGANIZATION A non-profit scienliflc and cducat100al organuafiOil recognued by the IRS U.S. Postage P.O. Box 950 • Branford, Fl32008-0950 PAID Miami, FL · Permit No. 849 UNDtRWATIR ~ftltOlOGY TABLE OF CONTENTS The official publication of the Section of the National Speleological Society, Inc. NEWS P. 0. Box 950 • Branford, FL 3200~50 3 "Looking to the Future" - CDS Winter Workshop Takes Shape 3 Historic Joint Board Meeting Between NSS-CDS and NACO Editor: 4 Deaths in Mexico and Florida H. V. GREY 4 Call for Nominations P. 0 . Box 12 • Nokomis, H. 34274-0012 4 Message from the New Editor (813) 484-7834 • (813) 484-6665 (Fax) SAFETY Advertising Manager: 5 Adventures in Warning Sign Installation - John Reekie HARRY AVERILL 12 The Safety Line - Wendy Short 610 N.E. Santa Fe Blvd. (UPS/Fedex) P. 0 . Box (Mail) • High Springs, H. 32643 TECHNIQUES (904) 454-4585 • (904) 454-4602 (Fax) 9 Knotted Line - Roger Werner Board of Directors EXPLORATION 12 Cave Diving "Down Under" - Jeffrey 0\airman: MARK LEONARD Bomnic Rt. 14, Box 136 • Lake Gty, H. 32055 TRAINING (904) 752-1087 15 Australian Cave Diving Restrictions - Jeffrey BO?Llnic Vice-Chairman: FRANK HOWARD 334 Portico Ct. • Chesterfield, MO 63017 BOOK REVIEW (314) 469-6133 16 Australian Cave Diving Research Text Announced -Jeffrey Secretaty-Treasurer. LEE ANN HIREs Bomnic P. 0 . Box 3308 • lake City, FL 32056 LEITERS (904) 755-5913 17 Slide Show by John Burge - Joseph P Bark, M.D. Training Otairman: JoE PROSSER 17 Cave Access and Conservation- Bill Dunn 7400 N.W. 55th St. • Miami, FL 33166 18 Diving in the Yucatan - Stephen f. DeCarln (305) 592-3146 (bus) • (305) 966-{)619 (res) 18 The Hogarthian Method - Anonymous (305) 593-2225 (Fax) 19 -Mike Nelson Leadership Coordinator. PETER Burr 20 It Can Happen - Frank R. Larnllee P. 0. Box lffi7 • High Springs, H. 32643 (904) 497-4823

Property Manager. LAMAR HIREs Copyright© 1990 by the Cave Diving Section of the National Spelrological Society, Inc. All rights reserved. P. 0 . Box 3308 • lake City, FL 32056 No portion of this publication may be reproduced without written permission of the NSS.COS. Opinioos (904) 755-5913 expressed within are not necessarily the official policy of the NSS.COS. Magazine Submissions- We welrome all news items, articles, Letters to the Editor, phota;, slides, car­ toons, and other items of interest or importance to Director at Large: JIM BowoEN the cave-diving axnmunity from all members, subsaibers, and other interested parties. Tiley should be sent directly to the Editor (see address on left rolwnn). ~can P. 0. Box 49461 • Austin, TX 78765 also use text processed in most ffiM-en to anyone who is a Science Committee ...... Tom Monis member in good standing of the NSS. Annual membership is $5.00 per year and includes subscription to the Sump Diving Project ...... John Schweyen COS's bimonthly magazine, Underwater Speleology, as well as voting privileges and disa>unts on publications Survey ...... Lamar Hires and workshops. Techniques ...... Woody Jasper Subscription-If you do not wish to pin the NSS and CDS, but would like to keep on cave-diving Training Coonlinator ...... Harry Averill events, exploration and technology, you are invited to subsaibe to Underwater Spelrology for $15.00 per year.

2 • U NDERWATER SPELEOLOGY • Vol. 17, No. 5 • September/October, 1990 .. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE .. NSS-CDS Winter Workshop Takes Shape

he NSS Cave Diving Section will ginia. (Ron is the Simmons of the photographer and explorer Wes Skiles, T be holding its Wmter Workshop, famous "Simmons Roller" for rope and other surprises in the works. entitled "Looking to the Future," at the walking.) With more than a month and On Sunday there will be several ac­ High School in Branford, Aorida Dec. a half remaining before the Workshop, tivities of interest. NS5-CDS Training 29-30, 1990. Cave divers, open-water we expect commitments from other Coordinator Hairy Averill will explain divers, and non-divers alike are all cor­ current exploration projects to fall into step by step the process and require­ dially invited to attend and find out place. ments for "Becoming an NSS-CDS what the future holds in store for cave After you have enjoyed a delicious Cavern Instructor." Later in the eve­ diving. Registration begins at 8 a.m. Bar-B-Que Lunch Buffet catered by the ning there will with coffee and doughnuts, and the Suwannee River Cove Restaurant, in­ be an NS5-CDS Instruc­ Morning Program begins at 9 a.m. cluded with the registration fee, after­ tor Meeting, to which everyone-in­ Emphasis will be divided between noon Mini-Workshops will begin. structors, divers, and other interested advances in exploration and equipment Among the workshops that have parties-is not only invited, but en­ techniques, and conservation and land­ been confirmed at this point are "The couraged to come. access concerns. Sump diver Jim Use of Mixed Gas in Cave Diving," by the Also on Sunday, Cave Diving In­ Brown of Worcester, Pennsylvania, will man who literally "wrote the books" on structor Dale Fox of Fairfax, VIrginia be presenting "The Wakulla Project Mark cave diving-premier underwater cave will give a "Tank Inspection Course; II-R Second Generation Mixed-Gas Re­ explorer , who has set the NSS-CDS Chairman, Instructor, and breather" designed and manufactured mixed-gas cave depth record for the ICDSA recipient (completion of 100J+ by Dr. Bill Stone, who led the Wakulla western hemisphere. Cave Diving In­ cave dives) Mark Leonard will give a Springs Project in 1987. structor Kelly Brady will give a fas­ course on " Diving"; and there Noted Cave Diver and Biologist cinating "Cartography Techniques Work­ will be a Rescue/Recovery Workshop. Tom Morris of Gainesville, Florida will shop," and anesthesia instructor, gas ex­ (Additional fees will be charged for the be speaking on the vital importance of pert, mathematician, and computer materials associated with these three ac­ "Cave Conserwtion and l.Jmdaumer Rela­ whiz John Crea will discuss 'What's tions," and Park Ranger Joe McGrath New in ." tivities.) will talk about "Cavern and Cave Diving The Saturday Evening Film Festival Pre-registration is $12 for NS5-CDS at Peacock Springs State Park." is slated to feature Jamie Hempstead's Members and $14 for nonmembers. A special presentation on the Multimedia Cave-Diving Slide Ex­ Registration will be $16 for everyone at dramatic "Exploration of Srott Hollaw" travaganza (which utilizes an uncon­ the door. will be made by renowned dry-cave scionable number of slide projectors!), For more information contact the surveyor, photographer, sump diver Ron Simmons on the U.S. Deep Caving Workshop Chairman Jim Gabriel: and cave-equipment manufacturer Team's Sump Exploration of Huatla, (home) 904454-8571, (work) 904-454- Ron Simmons of Charlottesville, VIr- new videos by master underwater cave 3556.•

JOINT BOARD MEETING BETWEEN NSS-CDS AND NACO

he Boards of Directors of the NSS cave-. CDS and NACO. T Cave Diving Section and the Na­ The primary focus of the meeting The meeting was jointly chaired by tional Association for Cave Diving was the potential negative impact of an Frank Howard, VIce Chairman of the (NACO) met together officially for the article published in the November issue NS5-CDS, and Dayton Saltsman, Presi­ first time in recorded history in an open of Skin Diver which advocated an ap­ dent of the NACO, and was a model of meeting held October 27, 1990 at the Su­ proach to cavern diving considered cooperation and common purpose. wannee Rive Cove Restaurant in Bran­ dangerous by not only the NSS.CDS Several excellent suggestions of joint ford, Florida. and NACO, but the major scuba train­ NSS-CDS/NACD media packages, In attendance were more than 40 ing organizations, PADI, NAUI, and prepared articles, and general press in­ members, instructors, media repre­ YMCA, which have developed cavern formation, as well as specific responses sentatives, and other individuals and and/ or cave training programs along targeted to Skin Diver readers, were business people with a vital concern for the guidelines established by the NS5- proposed.•

Vol. 17, No. 5 • September/October, 1990 • UNDERWATER SPEI..EDLOCY • 3 DEATHS IN MEXICO Message from AND FLORIDA the New Editor

t press time preliminary reports of For reasons which are not clear at ear NSS-CDS members, UWS three incidents had this time, the second team had reat­ A Subscribers and Contributors, been received. One was a fairly open­ tached the gap reel and gone in the op­ D I have been appointed as Editor of and-shut case in mid October involving posite direction down the main line. Underwater Speleology effective as of this a solo open-water diver who became They apparently wound up on a gap issue. I want to begin by thanking those lost in a tiny, silty cave called Devil' s offshoot of the main line and it was ap­ of you who have taken the time and ef­ Den, near Williston, Aorida. The body parently not until they reached a line fort to write something of interest or im­ recovery was performed by Res­ marker some distance in on this jump­ portance to other members and sub­ cue/Recovery Team Members Kelly tunnel line that they realized that they scribers, and to send it in for considera­ Brady, Steve Berman, Ed Paradisio, were not where they had thought. tion for publication in Underwater Spele­ Mark Leonard and Lamar Hires, and Retreat was complicated by silting, ology. It is the wealth of selfless and sin­ required side mounts. anxiety due to being low on air, and the cere contributions by cave divers and The second incident occurred Oct. fact that one of the divers was carrying non-divers alike that has made this 17 in Sac Actun near Tulurn in a video camera. The four divers ap­ publication what it is today. the Yucatan in Mexico. According to in­ parently became split up into two teams Letters have gone out to all con­ formation received, eight certified cave at this point. The first two divers ended tributors to apprise them of my inten­ divers, divided into two teams of four, up sharing air and ran out of air at the tions regarding submissions which entered a main entrance, intending to entrance of the cave, but managed to were forwarded to me by our past make a roundtrip traverse, involving a make successful free ascents to the sur­ Editor, Harry Averill. Harry has agreed 70' gap, to another entrance, the Grand face. to accept the very important and chal­ Cenote. The traverse to Grand Cenote The third diver ran out of air but lenging post of NSS-CDS Training proceeded without incident and the made it to an air bell and was rescued Coordinator, a very demanding and return trip went well up to the point by Steve Gerrard, who encountered the time-consuming position for which he where the second team was to reel in first three divers just as they neared the is uniquely qualified. Naturally, it is im­ the gap line. entrance. The fourth diver ran out of possible for him to carry the double load The first team proceeded back to the air only 20' or so beyond the bell and of being both the Training Coordinator entry point with the second team at the drowned. He has been identified as and UWS Editor. gap with reel in hand. When the second Mike Rudolph, 38, of Chicago, full cave However, despite the time team failed to appear at a third entrance certified (1989). of his new office, Harry has graciously after a second planned traverse, the The third incident occurred only offered to continue to make his exper­ leader of the first team, Steve Gerrard, hours before press time. Nothing more tise and experience in the field of profes­ became concerned and began to search is known other than that a certified cave sional publishing available to UWS by for them, retracing the traverse to and diver familiar with the system died serving in the capacity of Advertising from Grant Cenote. He did not have while in Olsen Sink Nov. 4. Manager. So, if you have any profes­ enough air to search in the other direc­ More complete reports and analyses sional advertising needs regarding tion, so returned to the third entrance will be published when more informa­ UWS (aside from the sale/purchase of to collect the rest of the first team. tion is made available. • personal gear, buddy ads, etc., which will still be handled completely free of charge and should be sent directly to me, the Editor) you will want to contact CALL Harry directly for rates, specifications, FOR NOMINATIONS and publication and contractual arran­ gements. His address, phone, and fax s per Nffi..CDS Bylaws, Chairman all non-self-nominating candidates will information appear on the inside cover. A Mark Leonard has issued an offi­ be given the opportunity to decline the All articles, news items, photos, Let­ cial call for nominations for the election nomination if they so desire. ters to the Editor, cartoons, personal of three Board Members to serve two­ We're a little late this year getting the gear ads, etc. should be sent directly to year terms beginning Jan. 1,1991. Both announcement out, so send, or better me. We can process text files from most nominators and nominees must be cur­ still, call in nominations as quickly as IDM programs and some Macintosh, so rent, dues-paid members of both the possible directly to Secretary /Treasurer feel free to give me a call if you have NSS and the NS5-CDS. Lee Ann Hires: P 0. Box33Cll, lake Oty, questions. (And please note my new You may nominate yourself, pro­ FL 32056, (904) 755-5913. Candidates address.) I look forward to hearing vided you meet these criteria. All may submit written platform state­ from you. relevant memberships will be verified ments for inclusion with the ballot if Sincerely, before the nomination is accepted, and they wish. • H. V. GREY

4 • UNDERWATER SPELEOLOCY • Vol. 17, No. 5 • September/CX:tober, 1990 ADVENTURES IN WARNING SIGN INSTALLATION by John Reekie cNss #2B002>

nJune9, 1990 some fellow clivers 0 and I set about to install an NSS­ CDS warning sign at the O'Brian Mine in the Canadian province of Quebec. This dive site is known by the locals as the Back Mine and is about a 51!2-hour drive for us each way. This dive site was an open-pit feldspar mine that was actually hol­ lowed out of a mountain. I am told that one day about 10 years ago the pumps failed and the mine was abandoned, leaving behind a huge underground lake with a few holes to the surface to allow light in. This site has become a popular spot for local instructors to do student checkouts. I was introduced to this site one year ago while doing an equipment demon­ stration. The locals clive the top 100' of BACK MINE SIGN-INSTALlATION TEAM: water, with visibility that ranges from (lxzck row, left to right) Stan Drdla, Fred Brown, fohn Reekie, 20' to 100'. After an almost disastrous Kim Martin, Terry Gennan; (front row) Alex Reyes, Vince Bell first start I went back in with full cave gear. Following the underwater road to dear water of the type found in Aorida that the 39· water brought me back to a depth of 100', I came to a drop-off and caves. I went about 300' along this tun­ reality. What a great place to scooter also a silt barrier that reduced to visibi­ nel when I came to a room that had Lit­ dive, I thought; so I would come back lity to zero. Sinking down slowly I tle Dismal proportions, with bright later and install a permanent line. My came bursting out of this barrier at 130'. white walls that bounced my light right permanent line starts in (:[f and ends I could not believe my eyes, for in back at me. I thought that I had died about 900 later at a depth of 171' in the front of me was this tunnel with air- and gone to heaven except for the fact back of this large room I decided to install a warning sign after some instructors told me that they instruct their students not to follow any lines that they may happen across. Without cave training, divers would not likely return once they had passed the silt barrier. I had obtained an NSS-CDS sign from Mark Leonard this past winter and got the team members involved up here in making up a stand and base. Stan Drd1a welded together a 2" x 2" aluminum H frame and provided aluminum fasteners. Fred Brown made a base out of 1 V2 £2 of 3000psi concrete containing apoxy-coated rebar. This base was about 180 lbs. I obtained a pillow lift bag so we could transport the sign to the far reaches of the mine. Canoeing around the entrance of Back Mine. Photo by Vince Bell. The dive plan was for me to tow the sign with my scooter back to the start

Vol. 17, No. 5 • September/O::I:ober, 1990 • UNDERWATER SPELEOLOCY • 5 of the large reel and it floated away without him knowing it. Just then my drysuit startedto fill up with cold water and I was already looking at a first decompression stop of 50'. Now this dive was becoming a great concern to me. Looking forward to 2112 hours of decompression with a suit full of 39· water was not the least ap­ pealing. We made a hasty exit, leaving behind everything. The thinsulate woolies I was using are the only reason that I was able to survive. After surfacing I learned that my marker buoy had not reached the sur­ face, and the exhaust valve on the lift bag was not in the right location. The other members had managed to install the sign on a ledge at 110' about 40' into VIeW looking towards the entrance of Back Mine. Photo by Vince Bell. the overhead. In doing so they lost the float bag and could not recover the marker buoy. of the line, leaving it there for Stan we got back to the tunnel, when I Well, the sign was in and now all we Drdla, Alex Reyes, and Kim Martin, passed the reel to Terry for a moment had to do was recover the equipment. who were to find my marker buoy, while I reattached my scooter. Some­ The next day Terry and Kim went down to get the scooter but had to abort which I would release from the start of how the scooter managed to grab the the the tunnel at 130'. mission after the scooter, seeming to Then Terry German old tight line in its prop. In trying to and I would proceed to have a mind of its own, broke the line the back of the get the line out, my light dropped into big room to install the new gold line and took off up the tunnel on its own. the prop and the throttle jammed in the back out to the sign. And as if that weren't enough, Kim lost "on" position. Well, at this point this After this I had intended to lay new a stage bottle on the return trip. We was all just a minor inconvenience, line with the aid of my scooter, back for were all out of air, time, and drysuits we through another entrance to the big had lots of air and the time to sort that didn't leak for this week room, thereby making a large circle. it out. However, then the unexpected I could not wait to get back there, The team that had the sign was going happened. considering the investments that we to find my marker buoy and follow the Here we were in 160' of zero­ had left inside. The next week I went line down to the start of the tunnel and visibility 39 • water with a jammed back with a borrowed drysuit and a move the sign inside the tunnel to scooter and now me caught in the single tank. With Vmce Bell's help we where I had fastened a clothes pin on scooter. Terry's frozen hands had let go managed to recover the float bag and the line. Well, I got the sign back into position and proceeded down the line to the tun­ nel entrance. Expecting to hit clear water, I released the marker buoy, which I later learned never made it to the surface because, in fact, we had al­ ready gotten under an overhead ceiling. Still expecting clear water, I scootered to the end of the tunnel, but the visibility was at best 2'. Well, I thought, we are here so we may as well get the new line installed; so I dropped my scooter. About this time Terry showed up with the large wooden reel that we had made for this line. The reel was far too buoyant as it turned out, and was making life dif­ ficult. We proceeded to the end of the Kim Martin , Fred Brown, and John Reekie checking equipment at the UXlter's edge (note room anyway and attached the new pillow lift bag attached to sign base in foreground) . Photo by Vince Bell. line. Everything was going fine until

6 • UNDERWATER 5PELEOLOCY • Vol. 17, No. 5 • September/Cktober, 1990 had been only a few feet away from me, but in the zero viz we could not see each other. Also, Kim had a filled with argon to inflate his drysuit, but the bottle had somehow also got half-filled with water. So every time he hit the inflator button he would receive a blast of cold water. He had a very cold decompression. The next day Kim, Terry and I went in for the scooter. Terry and Kim were again supposed to reel up the old broken line, but signals got confused so they ended back at the sign waiting for me. I found the scooter back in the tun­ Getting the cylinders ready. nel in 150' of water. It was still attached Photo by Vince Bell. to the old broken line. On reaching it I turned the prop to #1 and clipped the marker buoy. The next day Kim and I tow rope to me. I was not leaving went in to get the scooter, finding the without it. I had to cut the scooter out, stage bottle laying on the floor in 50' of making sure that I had the lines leading water. I took side-mounted 95's and out in one hand. I started to moose my went down for the scooter. way out of the tunnel, but the line was Back Mine entrance. Photo by Vince Bell. Kim was supposed to reel up all the becoming like spaghetti, and I had to slack line so I wouldn't have to worry stop and cut myself free about very 6' finish laying the new line and dean up about it. After arriving at 145' I waited or so. When we finally reached the the rest of the loose line. Hopefully, the in vain for Kim to showup with the reel, sign, Kim reached over and cut the last viz will get back to normal and we will but he didn't show. Conditions had not piece of line away from me. get our great dive site back. improved from the previous week. After all that we decided to take a After decompression I learned that Kim few weeks off before we returned to • • •

Episode Two: Four Divers and a Drill ...

n August 4, 1990, Terry German, 0 Stan Drdla, Fred Brown and I drove for 41,.2 hours to install two NSS­ Poo1#3 CDS warning signs in the Ottawa River Cave System located in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. This cave has many entrances and we decided to in­ stall the signs at the easiest access points after seeing open-water divers at these location. The sign locations are marked on the map by stars. North Portion of This cave has about 4km of known passage with many leads remaining OTTAWA RIVER CAVE unexplored. The diving activities at this site are limited to August and early Ontario/Quebec. Canada .. fallbecauseofhighriverlevelsthatexist : ::·:·:~. ·: . for most of the year. The visibility ran­ . ·. Sign Installation Points ges from 0' to 7' at best Depths range 11111rked with Stars from 0' to 30'. Terry predrilled the first sign, and I

Vol. 17, No. 5 • September /October, 1990 • UNDERWATER SPELEOLOCY • 7 towed it and the extra air tank for the ves remaining, decided to push on. drill outto the river entrance. Dropping After only 200' we carne to a resurgence, the scooter, we took the sign back about and tying off the line, we headed up. 60' from the entrance where we I still had the line in my hand, not mounted it on a large flat piece ofbreak­ knowing what to expect, but Terry, in down. After drilling into the , his excitement, forgot protocol and got we hammered Rawls into the sign and off the line. We surfaced in the river be­ rock. side an island that is in the next The job was a lot harder to complete province. The current got very strong, than I had anticipated. I had to put my washing Terry away to the next island, feet against the ceiling in order to make but I was able to make it back to the cave any impact with the drill. All the air and lay line across the river bottom over from four divers and the drill knocked to the island. a large piece of breakdown on top of After surfacing I was able to flag Stan. After a few tense moments we down a small fishing boat-much to managed to get the job done. That their dismay-and get them to retrieve night Stan sharpened the drill bit and Terry. At that point Stan showed up, of­ the next day Fred went back out to add fering us an apple that he had taken more fasteners to the sign. through the cave with him. Then he While Fred was busy with that task, proceeded to get washed away in the Terry and I went about the task of in­ current also. With Stan a mere dot in stalling the new gold line in the passage the distance, Terry and I decided to that I had found a couple of years pre­ head back, since we could do nothing Stan Drdla with quadruple 80's vious. After laying just over 2000' of for Stan at this point. new line we carne to the end of the ex­ When we got back to the entrance waiting for us; he, too, had gotten res­ ploration line, and, still having air reser- about 100 minutes later, Stan was there cued by fishermen. After dragging ourselves back to Pool One, I took the second sign that we had mounted on a patio slab the night before, and placed it in the middle of the tunnel about (iJ back. We had fastened a large boat clip into the slab and attached this to the 1,-2'' line that runs through this part of the cave. And so ended another excit­ ing weekend in this sewer we call the Ottawa River Cave System. At the present time the passage that the gold line was laid in is the longest continuous underwater cave passage in Canada. It is also the first underwater cave to cross provincial boundaries. •

[Our thanks to John and his team for their hard, cold work on ~half of safety. Next Issue: Find out more alxJut this im­ pressive cave in "Canada's l..imgest Cave The Ottawa River Cave Sign Project: (back raw left to right) George l.imnond Dive - Ottawa River Cave," by David (oumer), Fr«l Brawn, Terry German; (front raw) John Reekie, Stan Drdla Sawatzky, M.D.]

COVER ART ON 17:4 RENEWALS

redit for the outstanding cave­ na Flori~Jefferys of Torrington, Con­ embership renewals and ballots C diving art on the cover of the last necticut, whose artistry has netted the M will be mailed shortly. Please issue (Vol. 17, No.4) was accidentally CDS two awards for newsletter covers respond promptly and note any mail­ omitted. Members and subscribers in the last two annual NSS Graphic Arts ing address changes. Instructors who have been with us for several years Salon. We look forward to featuring should receive important renewal infor­ probably recognized the distinctive more of Joanna's artwork on future mation from Training and should re­ style of sump diver and dry caver Joan- covers. • spond without delay to keep current. •

8 • UNDERWATER SPEliDLOCY • Vol. 17, No.5 • Septernber/C\tober, 1990 KNOTTED LINE ~------~------~------~ by Roger Werner

n 1979, Dr. John Zumrick (NSS and it is rather difficult to combine this placement. It is important, if you are I #18788 Fellow) published an article task with almost any other. It also slows going to mark a line in this a manner, ("Knotted Line, a New Cartographic me down. to get the numbers right. If they are Tool," UWS Vol. 6, No. 1, Feb. 1979) Line labels provide a convenient wrong, then when the error is detected describing the use of line knotted every means for measuring total penetration, and corrected, it is likely to cause con­ 10' for the surveying of underwater and when you have a long swim out, it fusion. One will then have to distin­ caves. Since that time I have discovered can be comforting to be able to quan­ guish between data taken before the a number of enhancements to this titatively monitor your progress. Speed correction and after the correction, and measuring technique. Double knots of swimming or scootering can be correlate pre-correction and post-cor­ (one tied on top of the other) are much measured by noting the time and rection addresses. bigger and easier to see and feel than penetration when passing labeled For a while I resorted to laying my single knots. I also started tying small markers. (For example, if you go from own pre-marked line along side the es­ loops at 100' intervals. Later I added the "300'' arrow to the "2000'' arrow in tablished permanent line in order to plastic arrows, marked with numbers 20 minutes, your average speed is measure off100' runs and then winding indicating the distance out in feet, first slightly under 100' per minute. A slate my own line oock up. But if one is to at 200' and 500' intervals (Madison blue mounted on the scooter is handy for go to this much trouble, why not replace deep tunnel, 1982; Charles Spring, taking such notes-but be careful to the permanent line while you're at it? 1984), then at 100' intervals (Devil' s Eye, mount it so that the pencil is not drawn Larry Green and I were discussing 1988 to present; Manatee, 1989; Charles, through the prop!) the problem of all this labor required for Lafayette Blue, 1990),andevenat50' in­ Can it be that there is any cave diver such a seemingly simple operation tervals. who has ever surveyed and never lost when Larry remarked that it would cer­ The first advantage of labeling the track of the count? If the locations of tainly be nice if we could put the arrows line in such a manner is that it gives such markers are included in survey on the line before laying it. (WHAT A every point in the cave an address. By notes, then, when the notes are plotted, BRILUANT IDEA!!) checking the numbers on the markers, one has another check on survey data: Does anyone remember Dorf divers can communicate precisely and Do the runs between markers (plus markers? Dorf markers were arrows unambiguously exactly where any wraps) add up to the inter-marker spac­ made by folding a wedge of duct tape point in the cave is. This is useful for ing? If they do not, or if any part of the over the line to form a tape arrow.,. describing where stage bottles are survey is in question, the markers can Since the advent of plastic placed, locations of side tunnels or spe­ be used as reference points so that only arrows, in 1979, tape cial features, or sections to be surveyed, a short section of line need be resur­ arrows have almost been for­ resurveyed or detailed. The addressing veyed instead of doing the whole tun­ gotten, although a few may still be seen in some caves in Florida system can be used to measure the dif­ nel over. With markers every 50' it may and the ferences in lengths of different routes. be simpler, when surveying, to record Bahamas (e.g., the Mount offshoot from (Is one shorter? If so, by how much?) addresses of bends in the line rather main line in Madison Blue). The list of uses is still growing. With than distances between bends (lengths "Lewis Holtzendorf is credited with the such a system in place, it is no longer of wraps would also have to be noted). invention of the tape anow which later be­ necessary to speak in terms of rock for­ One problem with setting up such came known as a "dorf marker." I never mations or tunnel characteristics in a system was the effort required to care­ knew him, but according to Sheck Exley, order to pinpoint a location. If you fully count knots between 100' points Lewis was a prominent and well-liked cave know the line address of a point and on established lines. It was easy to lose diver, was most active in cave diving in the your current position on the line, then count, especially when deep or swim­ early 70's, was once vice president of the NACO, wasafoundingmemberoftheNSS. you need not wonder how much fur­ ming slowly. Errors were not uncom­ CDS, and was on the first 3000' penetration ther you have to go or if you might have mon, and counts would have to be ([)evil's Eye) and the first 4

Vol. 17, No.5 • September/October, 1990 • UNDERWATER 5PELFOLOCY • 9 Tape arrows can be made to roll up what I felt would be the quickest, route. on and come off of a reel very nicely. easiest, and simplest route out for a I am generally not an advocate of Plastic arrows can also be wound up on diver critical on air and not familiar changing line arrangements which the reel if they don't have to pass with shortcuts which require jumps. have been any given way for many through a line guide and the winding This system includes Sue Sink as a years. This causes confusion, too­ radius is not small. One can also write possible exit, but again, the Park prefers even though sometimes the new way on them (tape or plastic) with indelible that you not enter or exit at that location. may make more sense. I have no idea pen. In such a manner, one can pre­ Hence, the numbers do not necessarily what the lines and arrows in that area label a line topside, taking all the time indicate the shortest distance out, or the are like now. The prepared cave diver in the world to make sure the intervals distance out in the indicated direction, will, of course, always be prepared for are correct, before laying the line. but rather the distance from some start­ anything.* Now, when the pre-labeled line is ing reference point if one follows the Another example of the multiple­ laid, if the line has been properly path indicated by the line the arrow is exit dilemma is in one of the Lura ville prepared, all the arrows automatically on. For example, in Manatee, the arrow springs. About 1000' or so in from the come out in the right places at the right marked "700' is at a penetration of 700 main entrance is a connection with a intervals--all on one dive!! There is no from the Spring. It is only about 200 sink. Exit by this route is only about need to check, recheck, suspect, con­ upstream from Catfish Hotel sink, 100 from the main line. While this is finn, change, recheck, etc. Pre-labeling which in turn is about 400-500' from the by far the shortest route, it is not the best a line does require more preparatory Spring. "700" points downstream, for most because 1) it has a restriction time before the dive, but it saves a lot toward Catfish. "1900" points up­ which is only about 15" in diameter of dives in getting the marked stream, toward line sys­ Friedman Sink, which (definitely a tanks-off restriction and tem in place and correct. I have found is about 1925' from the Spring. If the still may not pass double 100s), and 2) the tape arrows difficult to read from a numbers had instead indicated the dis­ the surface is often choked with debris distance, and have therefore made a tance out, there would be a lot of points (sticks and branches) such that one habit of supplementing them with in Manatee with the same address of might have to dig oneself out. (You can marked plastic arrows after the line is "200." drown just as effectively only 1' deep laid-sometimes on the way out on the An example of the multiple-exit and within daylight as 60' deep in a same dive. path dilemma is at the "bat" in Devil's cave!) It is probably better not to point When I first began this sort of work Eye. At this point a tunnel called the arrows this way. Any who are able to there was only one known way out on "Roller Coaster" (RC) connects with the come out by this route probably came the lines which I was marking. When "Hill 400' (H400) or "Hillier Tunnel." in that way too and therefore would al­ I did it in Manatee and Devil' s Eye I had A toy bat is (was?) also hung on the ready know about it anyway. two new situations. In Manatee I had H400 line at that point. If one reaches Lafayette Blue presents an extreme more than one exit to choose from. In this point by following the H400 line, example of the multiple-exit problem. Devil's Eye I had multiple possible exit the penetration is about 1420' and re­ While we point the arrows toward the paths. In some places in Manatee, quires one jump off the Main Line. If nearest open water, many of these sinks where the shortest route out required one comes by the Roller Coaster line, the are not desirable entrances or going upstream, it might be easier and penetration is about 1120', and requires exits due to the climbing faster to go to the downstream exit. three jumps from the main line. From required. Unless one monitors Exactly where this "halfway" point this point, exit by the RC route is cer­ the numbers written on the is will also vary with the current. tainly shorter (100 yards), and probably markers, it may become unclear which Manatee also has one exit which the faster if swimming. Does this mean way is toward the desired exit. So far, all Park rangers prefer you not use (Sue that the "1400'' and "1300" arrows on numbers descend toward the Spring, Sink). In Devil's Eye, there are many the H400 line should be turned around and the current, though slight, usually places where the main or continuous to point toward this intersection so that flows that way. lines do not follow the shortest routes they will point the shortest way out? Disadvantages with using pre­ out. They instead follow the main tun­ I decided not to because the RC exit labeled line are primarily related to the nels. The shortest routes out often re­ was smaller and muddier and required *The 100' anowsin Devil'sEyemaynot quire one or more jumps. more jumps than just following the be on knot boundaries for several reasons: Which way should I point the ar­ H400 tunnel out. Though it was 1) Sometimes the line they are on rontains rows? Obviously, they should all point shorter, it certainly was not the simplest splices which were not aligned on 10' knots out, and as far as I know they all still do route. It may not even be faster on a or the line itself did not start on a 1 0' -knot point out, but sometimes there is more scooter. If a diver was not familiar with boundary; 2) Some intervals were measured than one way out. In such a case, which the RC route, attempting to do it "by using a separate line which probably fol­ way should the arrow point? What I the arrows" might cause more trouble lowed a different path and had a knot spac­ decided to do was keep the numbering than it was worth, and might be fatal if ing which was not exactly the same as the system indicating the distance to the he was out of light. It also would not permanent line; and 3) sometimes a jump was involved, in which case measuring line main entrance (Manatee Spring or make sense for arrows on the same line was always started from a numbered-arrow Devil' sEar entrance in these cases), fol­ (H400) to point toward each other if (100) boundary on the parent line, and this lowing the path indicated by the line the there was not some connection between often did not align with knots on the branch arrow is on, and point the arrows in them tying that line to the indicated exit line because of (1) and/or (2) above.

10 • UNDERWATER SPEliDLOCY • Vol. 17, No.5 • September/October, 1990 time required to prepare the line. Since the first arrow to go on the spool is the last one to come off, you need to know how much of that line the spool will hold before you load it. This can require a bit of loading and unloading when using an unfamiliar spool or line. It helps to have a spare spool of the same size and some sort of power winding apparatus. The work is simplified if all sections of line spooled or laid start and end on 100' boundaries. This may seem like a lot to ask when there are still many cave divers who don't even knot their line, One way to awid the problem of arrows ending up rXJinting but for the working diver all this effort the wrong way is to trim them underwater with scissors. is minuscule when compared to the ef­ A plnstic increases visibility from a distance. fort and expense of several dives spent counting, checking counts, suspecting errors, confirming errors, modifying, 51' or 102' and make 2' worth of wraps Madison Blue, and Devil' s Eye. When he is recounting, rechecking, etc., or redoing every 100'. This would make many not diving, much of his spare time is spent someone else's work. labels not fall on 10' knots. Another making cave- and trying Another possible problem might be way would be to make no wraps and out new ideas or writing. Roger has been a regular contributor of technical articles to associated with making sure arrows are then tie the line to wrap points with Underwater Speleology (several of which have put on pointing separate short lengths of line. Before the right way Duct been featured in the NSS Student

Vol. 17, No.5 • September/October, 1990 • UNDERWATER 5PELEoLoGY • 11 THE SAFETY LIN_E___ •

by Wendy Short (NSS #30802). Safety Coordinator South

here are more cave divers now implicated in these incidents, giving ways seem to be present, such as T than there were ten, or even five scooters a bad image, when it is usually negotiating tight restrictions. It is pos­ years ago. Most of them can be found the operator who is to blame. sible for divers using remote parts of the at the same dozen popular sites on the Inconsideration of others who may system to get totally silted out by others weekend, thus making these sites more have travelled for hours, or days, to dive and then unexpectedly be in no congested than they used to be. these systems is only the beginning. visibility during their entire exit. This Most divers are out there for one of Compromising everyone else's safety is certainly does not make for an enjoy­ two reasons: recreation (fun) or train­ the major infraction, and there is no ex­ able or safe dive. ing. CONSIDERATION has to be the cuse for that. Most cave divers are not Each of us is responsible for the con­ operative word of the future so prepared to deal with a siltout condition dition we leave the cave in, whether we everyone can have the most enjoyable, for hundreds or thousands of feet be­ use scooters or not. If you deliberately safest dive possible. cause the standard lights-out fute drill trash the tunnel, then YOU become Then why is it that some people used in training traverses only about responsible for others' safety and enjoy­ deliberately trash an entire popular 200'. ment. cave system on a weekend, not just limited or no visibility has not been So what do you do it you have to once, but numerous times? You a direct cause in most cave-diving acci­ make that dive at the expense of visi­ wonder, how can anyone's technique dents, yet it has been a contributing fac­ bility? If you must a popular be so bad as to silt a thousand feet (or tor. A siltout alone is enough to deal cave--chose an unpopular time to do more) of passage? Scooters are usually with, but additional complications al- it. •

CAVE DIVING .. DOWN UNDER.. by Jeffrey Bozanic

e finally sighted land. A few off to Mr. Gambier to "see the sights." cave divers. We sat up and talked for W hours later I stepped off the U.S. The drive from Adelaide was about several hours, in an atmosphere very Coast Guard icebreaker, Polar Star, five hours, in a general south-southeast reminiscent of the "Skiles' Hotel" in upon which I had spent the last 12 days. direction. Along the way, I, of course, Branford. Cave divers seem to be the I was glad to have solid land under my stopped and took the obligatory same the world over! feet again, instead of the pitching boat photographs with me standing by one Since Chris was teaching a class, my deck which had been rolling up to 53· of the "Kangaroo - Next 15 first few dives were with Sonia Tucun. at a time for days! I was also glad to be Kilometers" road signs. On the drive Sonia had the pleasure of introducing stepping ashore in Adelaide, Australia, down we saw a fox, a possum, and me to several of their common training where I hoped to spend several days several hares and rabbits. But no kan­ sites. During successive days I dove cave diving before continuing on to garoos. The 'roos are supposed to be with Chris, Peter Home (past CDAA New Zealand, and eventually the all over the roads here, and quite president), Peter Stace (coauthor of Cave United States. troublesome (especially if you hit one), Diving In Australia), Phil Prust, and Paul The first thing I did was call Chris but we saw not a one--not even a dead Arbon. The following are brief site Brown, whom I had met when he was one. (We did see several on the drive descriptions of the eight sites I dove. visiting Florida several years ago. He back.) Yes, I really was in the land Also included are the site categories, in tum started the process to get me the down under. maximum depth I reached, and com­ required permits so that I would be able Arriving atMt. Gambier at 1:00 a.m., ments from my log: to dive. Fortunately, I had started the we knocked on the door of Ian Lewis, little (Sinkhole) -120'. application proceedings several years the current CDAA National Testing Of­ A typical bell-shaped sinkhole, with a ago, and the appropriate individuals ficer. I had met Ian in 1981 when he very silty bottom. VIsibility about 20'. still had the materials I had sent them visited the U.S. Ian has a room behind Slightly overhanging walls had lots of at that time. So within a few days, I was his house in which he puts up visiting algal growth. Bottom had a car wreck,

12 • UNDERWATER SPELEOLOCY • Vol. 17, No.5 • September/October, 1990 trees, and a flat silt bottom. The is accessed through another entrance. down a hole 2' x 3'. About 10' down sinkhole has a 20' drop to the surface of Saw more syncarids, but mostly just you get on your stomach and crawl the water, but also has a ramp cut down wanderedabout. Theworstpartsofthe through the mud (because the ceiling is through the limestone to the edge of the dive were the restrictions ... one above just above your back) into the water. At water. The ramps are for sheep and cat­ the water, the other below. On the dry the end of the small pool, you descend tle to get to the water to drink, and were restriction, I had to take my tanks off, through a major restriction. All this is cut there years ago by the local ranchers. slide into the water, and put them back done wearing your double tanks! The sinkhole is located in the midst of on again. It was OK for me, except for two pasture land. The region about the The wet restriction was right at the things. One, I started down, and could holes is brown, sparsely vegetated, but beginning of the dive. I did not like it not get underwater because of the air obviously valued. Fences, many of at all. It took me several minutes to fig­ trapped in my drysuit feet. It must them electric, divide the fields from ure out how to get through, squinning have been a funny sight, me thrashing each other and keep the livestock about in zero-visibility water. I also tore around upside down, trying to get segregated. holes in both of my drysuit cuffs, but started in the restriction. It was a Goulden's Hole (Cavern) - 70'. the larger of the two holes was in the serious contortionary effort to get posi­ Another sinkhole, with restricted pas­ cuff I just replaced. I was completely tioned in the water in the limited space sages leading off the lower end in one soaked by the time I surfaced from the to dump air from my suit to be able to section. Visibility still about 20' in the dive. Another night to spend fixing my descend. The second problem was main area, but better in the passage off cuffs-yuck!! another major tearing of my drysuit the bottom. Walls encrusted sporadi­ Ten-Eighty (Sinkhole) -165'. Ten­ cuff. Another sopping wet dive. cally with sponges and other or­ Eighty was named after a brand of pes­ The system is a mazelike cave, with ganisms. I found several syncarids, in­ ticide. Apparently, bags of the stuff lots of intersecting passages. Chris and sect larvae of some type, and a multi­ used to be stacked near here. It is in the others (mainly with Phil Prust though) tude of copepods. In fact, the upper 20' middle of a working sheep ranch, and was a copepod soup, teeming with the are in the midst of a big mapping project is another typical sinkhole collapse. At barely visible crustaceans darting about here. The cave is dosed, but I was given the bottom of the cave in their characteristic manner. During are a bunch of special permission to dive so as to be the walk back up saw a poisonous fossil kangaroo bones of an extinct able to give advice on how any per­ brown snake in the grass. Also has a species. manent lines should be placed. They Tank ramp carved for livestock. Makes entry Cave (Penetration) - 50'. want eventually to open the cave to very easy Tank Cave also has an interesting entry. other divers, and want advice on how The syncarid is neat, and very FJI'St you shoo away the herd of horses to make it as safe as possible. reminiscent of remipedia. It swims and from the water tank, where they are Most of the cave passages were very walks with the same type of leg mo­ resting in the shade. Then you unlock silty, because several dive teams have tions. I found several swimming, but it a steel door, set flat with the ground. already been in this weekend mapping. is quite obviously a primarily benthic, The hatch opens up, and you affix an In fact, the major entry restriction was crawling organism. It is shaped the extension to the ladder which descends zero viz. I just turned my light off to same way, with a long, skinny body with many segments, and equally many pairs of legs. It looks even more like a white millipede or centipede than does remipedia. They were originally collected by Peter Home, and were the first syncarids found in . They were also much larger (to 20rnm) and deeper (to 40m) than any other known syncarids. Engelbrecht's Cave East (Cave) - 30'. It was a bit of a walk down to the cave, which is located in a small park. Keys were required to enter, and before we carne I had to get a permit and sign a waiver at the headquarters in town. I also had to show my temporary Category 4 CDAA cave

Vol. 17, No. 5 • September/October, 1990 • UNDERWATER 5PELEoLoGY • 13 ness of each section, the number of sec­ tions, the time each exists change as the ripples change, evolving into a macrame of light below the surface. The pure blue contrasts against the blackness, individual columns of light traversing their way to the bottom. The different, ever-changing strands of blue weave, dance, pulsate, and pro­ vide a light show unlike any I have seen before. Because the hole to the surface is so smalL the light maintains its coherency as a beam, rather than diffus­ ing out through the water. This purity of form is maintained, and one's eyes are continually drawn along its length, ending at last in the mysterious depths. It is one of the most spectacular light shows I have ever seen. Piccaninnie Ponds (Sinkhole) - 111 '. The ponds looked like any swam­ py lake from the surface. It was bor­ dered by thick boundaries of reeds and inhabited by a horde of flying insects, jeff Bozanic at the entrance to Shaft Cave, a hole three feet in diameter and had waters rimmed with algae. Duck below the surface, and the typical picture changes. The pond is filled with exit, as I figured it would be easier than the tanks in on a rope. sparkling clean water, and the floor is a trying to use it. It was. It was 130' to the top of a silt mound. crevasse of limestone that drops to Where the water was clear, though, Passages traversed roughly north and depths reaching 300. the passages were sparkling. There are south, but much deeper than the top of A separate section, the Cathedral, is lots of seeming leads about, and I can the mound. The deepest I got was 200', an adjoining room with three in­ see where they have been having lots which was just below the ceiling in one dividual entrances, each at a different of fun exploring the place. This is the of the passages. The floor was about fJJ depth. The ledges of the limestone are largest, most complex cave in the Mt. below me, and the passage screamed terraced, reminding me both in form Gambier area, and one of the most com­ onward. It reminded me of Eagle's and general appearance of Blue plex in Australia. To date approximate­ Nest, but with the water level lower. Springs, Volusia County, Florida, but ly 500lm (Skm) of passages have been We waited for a couple of hours for are filled with bright green algae. These mapped. the sun to move into the proper posi­ planters drip with strands of green, Thisisalsoprobablythemaprprol:r tion. During the summer months, the their crops overflowing the available lem the divers have here. There are not sun is high enough to shine through the space like Spanish moss cascading from many sites to div~nly 23 which are hole and into the water. This is about the old oaks of central Florida. The open. So there is not much opportunity as late in the season as this occurs, and greens contrast and complement the to get a wide range of experience here, so I was very lucky to be here now. It royal blues of the water beyond. unlike diving in Florida. And of the was not in the water yet when we It was unfortunate, but this was my caves and which are open, started the dive, but soon after it was last dive in Australia. I look forward to most are very short and contain little or out in force. the time when I may yet again visit, not no "penetration" passage. Of the ones Blue laser beams, streaming just to see the caves again, but to visit I have seen, only Engelbrecht's and through the water column from the sur­ with the people. Everyone there was Tank Caves have any to speak of. face to the depths 190' below. It is a foot, very helpful, and lots of fun to be with. The Shaft (Sinkhole)- 200'. From maybe two, wide, and continually is I really appreciated their good nature, the surface, it is not much to look at. weaving itself into a braided rope of the effort they made to make my travels There is a hole 3' in diameter, in an light that never at any moment looks pleasant and successful, and their excel­ otherwise barren field used for pasture. exactly the same as it did before. The lent humor (in spite of the pkes about Dropping through the hole, it immedi­ bubbles from our cylinders break the my "yank" accent!). ately opens to a larger room under­ surface, shattering its still calm into So, to those who helped me, I offer ground. 16' below is the water surface. myriads of ripples. Through this my most sincere thanks, but especially Off to the side, very conveniently cauldron's surface arrives the mighty to Peter Home, Chris Brown, Sonia situated, is a ledge suitable for gearing beam, which is then transformed. Tucun, and Ian Lewis for chauffeuring up on. To enter we clambered up and Beginning as a solitary force, the riJr me around and putting me up while down a cable ladder, and then lowered pies split it into many parts. The thick- there. Gday to them all!! •

14 • UNDERWATER SPELEOLCX;Y • Vol. 17, No.5 • September/October, 1990 AUSTRALIAN CAVE DIVING RESTRICTIONS by Jeffrey Bozanic

he Mt. Gambier region of South stituted and training is now required to elude tracks called Cave Diver, Ice T Australia is a karstic area, with enter the sinkholes. Diver, Research/Mapping Qualifica­ geology similar to north Florida. It is Most of the sinkholes have locked tions, and Sinkhole Diver. The two of one of the two primary parts of gates preventing access by un­ primary interest to American divers are Australia in which cave-diving ac­ authorized individuals. In most cases, the Cave Diver and Sinkhole Diver cer­ tivities are centered, the other being the it is the landowners who have provided tifications. Nullarbor or Panniken Plains region. the capital required for these safety The Cave Diver candidate must Diving in Mt. Gambier, while measures. To obtain a key, the diver have an instructor different from his similar to Florida, offers some sig­ must have a signed waiver on file, must Freshwater/Cavern Diver course. The nificant differences. The caves there are be certified by the CDAA, and must be course includes four (4) supervised primarily sinkholes, most of which a current CDAA member. dives in "caves." A cave is defined by have no flow in them at all. Because of Training under the old CDAA their definition as an enclosed area, con­ the still groundwaters, once stirred up, standards consisted for four levels. taining silt, darkness zones, and pas­ muds and silts occlude visibility for a They were tiered as Categories 1 to 4, sages large enough for two divers to long period of time. In addition, most with Category 4 being the highest level swim side by side. The maximum of the sinkholes have only limited pas­ of training. Each advancement re­ depth is 20m (66'), and the maximum sage when compared to the rnapr cave quired further training, a minimum penetration is 40m (131'). This course systems in Florida. number of dives at that level, and a min­ exceeds our Introduction to Cave Despite that, there is much cave and imum amount of time as a diver with Diving course, as it requires the use of sinkhole diving activity in Mt. Gambier. that qualification before advancing to double cylinders. In fact, the Cave Divers Association of the next level. (Frankly, I believe that The Sinkhole Diver student must Australia (CDAA) has over 900 mem­ elements of this program could benefit also have a different instructor from the bers, from a total Australian population our own training standards .. . but then one who taught the FreshwaterI of 16 million. If we had the same level that is not the point of this article.) Cavern course. The program includes of participation from the U.S., the NS5- However, in April 1989 the CDAA four (4) dives to a maximum of 40rn CDS would have nearly 12,000 mem­ changed their standards significantly. (131') depth. Maximum penetration is bers! The training standards for each of the 40rn in areas with large passages. We One of the reasons that they have so levels were redefined in issue #34 of have no certification which is remotely many members in the CDAA is that the Guidelines, the CDAA newsletter. In equivalent. diving sites are very well controlled. this issue, they based the training on en­ Finally, they have two advanced­ All of the common sites require that per­ vironmental criteria, to insure that in­ level ratings, Penetration Diver and mission to enter be obtained, and that dividuals have the necessary skills to Mine Diver. Penetration Diver courses a waiver be signed. Of course, to obtain safely access different types of environ­ must be conducted by a minimum of permission to enter, one must be trained ments. two instructors, and require that divers in sinkhole diving by the CDAA, and Their entry level is a FreshwaterI participating already have the Cave be a current CDAA member. This is Cavern . This rating Diver certification and ten (10) cave true even on the sites which are private­ is the equivalent of the older Category dives. This qualification allows the ly owned. 2 level, and requires that the divers go diver to penetrate cave systems greater TheCDAAhas gone to great lengths no deeper than 20m (66') in an open­ than 40rn (to a limit defined by the use to educate landowners and managers water body. The freshwater training of twin 100c.f. cylinders), but still at a as to the of diving in these sites, site may contain silt, , tie­ maximum depth of 20m. If the divers and has assisted them in developing offs, and some obstructions. Cavern wish to penetrate caves deeper than waivers and guidelines for their use. sites may have slight undercuts/over­ 20m, they must also hold the Sinkhole This has been done not to restrict access hangs, near-vertical-ascents possibility, Diver rating. The Penetration Diver to the sites by qualified individuals, but and daylight always visible. Sea caves would be a sort of "restricted" Cave rather to keep them open by minimiz­ and flooded quarries are also con­ Diver in the NS5-CDS system. ing the number of deaths that occur. As sidered appropriate. Five hours of Each course also entails a minimum such, it is one model of landowner rela­ training dives must be conducted in of 20 hours of lecture material and re­ tions taken to an extreme. It is a model depths of 12-20rn (40'-66'). This train­ lated activities. which has worked very well for them, ing most nearly approximates our Each of the dive sites is classified ac­ as cave-diving deaths have decreased Cavern Diving certification. cording to training levels. If the diver significantly since the controls were in- The main level qualifications in- who wishes to enter a particular site

Vol. 17, No.5 • September/October, 1990 • UNDERWATER SPEI..EoLOGY • 15 does not hold the appropriate training_ dive with an approved CDAA Exa­ NOTE: This article was written then he is not allowed entry. Each site miner. If you have done any diving without review by members of the is graded according to the most extreme with CDAA Examiners who have CDAA. While CDAA materials and dive which is possible in the system, visited the U.S., that may be taken as documents were used to prepare the ar­ which is a vexy conservative manner of sufficient evidence of competency, so be ticle, there may be discrepencies in the controlling access. sure to highlight those dives, providing information presented. In any case, How does this affect you? It names and dates of the dive partners. where this is true, the fault lies with the probably does not . . . unless you want A standard reciprocity agreement is author, and the actual information to visit Australia and do some cave div­ being discussed, but has not yet reached relied upon should be that distributed ing. In that case, you must have CDAA the stage of fruition. by the CDAA directly. • credentials. NSS-CDS and NACO In short, the CDAA has a well­ credentials are not currently accepted defined training progran1, which, while on a standard reciprocity arrangement it has similarities to the U.S. programs, This is due to two reasons: the training also contains significant differences. All About the Author: Jeff Bozanic has for the CDAA and the U.S. programs divers who wish to dive the well-con­ been cave diving since the early 1980's and differ, and CDAA Examiners have not tained Australian cave systems must has done undeiWater exploration literally all over the world-from California, Mexico evaluated holders of the U.S. certifica­ have appropriate CDAA credentials. and the Caribbean, to the Middle East, the tions. Remember, their program is the Appropriate credentials may be a}r Antarctic, and the exotic islands of the far result of a safety effort to minimize ac­ plied for on a case-by-case basis if you Pacific. He is intensely involved in diver cidents, thus keeping their cave systems are planning a trip to Australia. For education and has served on the NAUI open for diving. They cannot vouch for futher information, the CDAA may be Board of Directors. He is an NSS Cave the ability of someone they have not contacted at: , a past NSS.CDS Chair­ seen in the water. man, and was the Workshop Coordinator If you do want to do some cave CDAA for two of our most successful workshops. Jeff has been a regular lecturer at NSS-CDS diving in Australia, you should contact P. 0. Box 2161T workshops, and has written extensively the CDAA at least six months in ad­ on GPO Melbourne 3001 cave diving for numerous publications and vance. Send them copies of your cer­ Australia books. tification cards, dive logs, and evidence or of other experience. They will do their [Next issue: New Zealand!] best to inform you what will need to be CDAA done once you arrive. This will probab­ P. 0 . Box290 [Island Caves Research Center, Inc. ly include an examination of your log­ North Adelaide 5roi Safety and Education Series, No. 24.) book and cards, as well as an evaluation Australia

AUSTRALIAN CAVE DIVING RESEARCH TEXT ANNOUNCED Book Review: by Jeffrey Bozanic (NSS #22532)

new manual, Research Handbook book is drawn from work being con­ not reproduce vexy well, but this does A fvr Care Divers, has been recently ducted in Australia, the techniques in­ not significantly affect the information published in Australia. Written by volved have relevance to similar studies content in an adverse manner. Peter Home, it is meant to provide an which might be conducted in other Peter Home has been cave diving interim guide for cave-diving research locations, including the United States. for many years, and is the past presi­ techniques and to foster discussion and The text is aimed at the intelligent dent of the Cave Divers Association of development of new techniques used layman, and is quite readible and easy Australia. He has been conducting for research in submerged caves. to understand (except for the occasional studies in sinkholes and caves of the Mt. The handbook contains nine chaJr Aussie humor included). Even though Gambier region of Australia for almost ters, covering the following topics: his­ written at an introductory level, it con­ a decade, and has written many reports tory of Australian research cave-diving tains information of interest for profes­ describing that work. He is also a activities, getting started in cave re­ sional scientists who are contemplating founding member of the South Austra­ search, selecting and planning a re­ the use of cave-diving technology and lian Underwater Speleological Society, search projec( speleological research techniques on projects, and researchers Inc., an organization formed to study activities, mapping caves, environmen­ who are experienced in the collection of and foster research in submerged caves. tal studies, biospeleology, geomorpho­ data from underwater caves as well. The cost of the handbook is US logy, and paleontology. It also includes The format of the text is 8V4" x $20.00, including postage to the United a reference section suggesting further 11 W', which is standard Australian­ States. It may be ordered from: Peter reading materials. sized paper. Unfortunately, the photo­ Home, 12 Addison Road,HOVE,South While much of the material in the graphs in the handbook generally did Australia 5048, Australia. •

16 • UNDERWATER SrELEOlOCY • Vol. 17, No. 5 • September/October, 1990 L E T T E R 5 Slide Show enlightenment and training programs ledge has done the cave-diving com­ by into the open-water community. Your munity a service by putting this issue John Burge continued application of such policies on the table for discussion. In this letter [letter to NSS-CDS Training Chainnan, will certainly contribute to the preven­ I would like to provide a contrasting Joe Prosser] tion of unnecessary diving deaths. point of view and some comments on Also, we would greatly appreciate your a couple of the topics that Milledge has October 2, 1990 relaying our intense satisfaction to Mr. raised in his articles. My wife and I recently traveled to Burge for teaching us and his other In his most recent article on this sub­ Bonaire for a week of relaxing diving. many audiences more about the special ject, as well as in a previous article, Mil­ During our stay there we had the in­ and individual aspects of cave diving. ledge contends that certified cave divers credible opportunity to see the slide He is an impressive credit not only to do "no damage" to cave-diving sites. It show, "Cave Diving in Bonaire," you and the organization, but to all of would certainly be nice if this were true, presented by John Burge on behalf of diving. but personal observation at most of the your organization. I would like to popular north Florida cave systems input some comments to your Board Sincerely, over the past 16 years clearly indicates regarding that presentation. Joseph P. Bark, M.D. that it is not. As a group, certified cave As an SSI diving instructor, I am Lexington, Kentucky divers probably do less "damage" to most interested in diving education the cave entrance and the area sur­ and, most importantly, in safety, and it • • • rounding it than other groups that use pleases me to see the cave-diving com­ these sites. munity contributing to the education However, certified cave divers as a and safety of the open-water com­ Cave Access and group bear much of the responsibility munity. This was evident all through­ for the silt angels, stage-tank trenches, out this presentation, and emphasized Conservation scooter craters, broken projections, and that safety is everyone's concern and [Letter to the Editor] crushed fossils that are, unfortunately, that we open-water divers can learn January 15,1990 all too common in some of the more much from the techniques and practices I have followed with considerable popular cave systems. Unscarred un­ of cave divers. I commend you for your interest the series of articles by Milledge derwater cave passage is getting harder policies. Murphey on the current lack of avail­ and harder to find. Milledge himself Many open-water divers view cave able cave-diving sites in Florida, which acknowledges this fact in his most diving (if they have ever even heard of have been published in both Underwater recent article when he comments on the it) as either macho or insane, while Speleology and the NACD Journal. This "almost unbelievable changes made in others view it as "no big deal-anyone is certainly an important topic to all cave the most popular caverns and caves by can do it" Your policy of conducting divers who dive in florida and Mil- the continuing overuse and misuse of shows for open-water audiences that blend the beauty and fascination of the underground/ underwater world with the vivid explanations of the special equipment and very special training re­ quired, fills a real need in the diving community. I am an experienced diver myself, as is my wife, and we thought this excel­ lent presentation, "Cave Diving on Bonaire," was the most thoroughly produced and best-explained diving lecture we had ever seen. I don't know if you have, yourself, seen this lecture, but I would encourage you and your Board to review this series for its excel­ lence of production and delivery by Mr. Burge. Again, let me commend the Board "See, dear, even the bats are certified!" of your organization for reaching beyond the closed community of cave Thanks to Robert A Henner (NSS #31213) divers by extending your educational/

Vol. 17, No.5 • September/October, 1990 • UNDERWATER SPELEOLCX:;Y • 17 them." otherwise closed dive site, while others has represented the Section as a true The fact is that certified cave divers are set up to produce a product, i.e., conservative-minded diver and has are pretty individualistic people and, as maps, films, videos, scientific know­ gone out of his way to be a quality­ individuals, they vary in (among other ledge, etc. The rules of access for these minded instructor. Each and every one things) their levels of experience, their systems are probably based on the type of his students gets the best course mastery of control and cave­ and degree of access acceptable to the available, and he does not compromise penetration techniques, their awareness landowner or land manager. himself for anyone. Safety is Jim's best of the fragile nature of the caves they Most of the guides (for various sys­ side. dive, and their commitment to cave tems) that I have met have been con­ He has the professional attitude that conservation. cerned about wider access to the sites is welcomed here in the Yucatan. He "Dry" cavers have an expression for for qualified cave divers if it doesn't shares his discoveries freely and the caving so as to do as little damage to conflict with the landowner's condi­ word exclusive is not in his vocabulary. the cave as possible: "caving softly." tions for overall access to the site. If, Finally, Jim is not out to make a big Just as some cave divers dive more safe­ however, a guide system with access to name for himself, but is out to make the ly than others, some cave divers dive a site doesn't control diving at the site NS5-CDS a big name in safe, quality, in­ more "softly" than others. Possession in accordance with the wishes of the telligent, fun cave and cavern instruc­ of a C-card does not make an individual landowner, it is quite reasonable to ex­ tion. If you could put this letter iil the immune from poor technique, lack of pect that shortly no cave divers will next CDS newsletter I wouldn't mind judgment, poor awareness, or lack of have access to the site. This would be at all. Anyway, thanks for reading this concern for the cave itself. a situation which would benefit no one and I hope that this corning year is a I totally agree that the cave-diving in the cave-diving community. good one!!!! organizations should take a more active It appears to me that the best way role in the area of dive-site access. But, to make some real progress in improv­ Respectfully yours, making broad pronouncements to ing cave-diver access to dive sites in Stephen J. DeCarlo (NSS #27081) landowners and public land managers Aorida is through a united, low-key ap­ Playa Del Carmen, Quintana Roo, that all certified cave divers will do "no proach that respects the rights and Mexico damage" to cave-diving sites and desires of the property owners. An ap­ should, therefore, be given "free run" of proach that implies that all certified * * * any site will do nothing but erode the cave divers somehow have a "right" to hard-won credibility cave divers have dive all cave-diving sites and attempts begun to achieve in the last couple of to pit so-called "regular cave divers" The Hogarthian years. against so-called "elite cave divers" will On a related Method subject, Milledge ap­ be unlikely to convince any property pears to indicate that [Anonymous letter to the Editor] he doesn't think owners to allow cave divers increased much of most "guide" systems, June4, 1990 view­ access to dive sites they control. ing them as a tool of the "elite cave I have recently become a certified cave diver, and have been receiving the divers." It appears to me that if it were Sincerely, NACD Journal and not for some of these "guide" systems Bill Dunn (NSS #20429) Underwater Speleol­ ogy for several years. I have been read­ and "projects" a number of important Conyers, Georgia cave systems in Florida would be totally ing with interest the several letters deal­ dosed to cave divers. Why? Because ing with the Hogarthian method of cave of the landowners' desires for privacy, * * * diving. It appears to me that most preservation of the site, and last but not people are dismissing the idea without least, avoidance of liability and the law­ Diving in the ever trying it, or trying to understand suits usually associated with the deaths it. Observation, based on previous of scuba divers. Yucatan journal articles, would lead one to All of these are valid concerns for [Letter to NSS-CDS Secretary{Treasurer, believe that those people who dive this landowners. Guide systems serve the Lee Ann Hires] Hogarthian way havedonesomepretty cave-diving community by allowing April16, 1990 awesome dives and exploration. This limited access to otherwise totally Well, it's time to reup for the NSS method obviously did not hinder Bill dosed systems. They also serve land­ and the Section also. Jim said I could Main and Bill Gavin in the Sullivan owners by insulating them from having do both, so here is the money. Hope traverse and other dives that I remem­ to deal with, in some cases, literally you and Lamar are fine and in good ber reading aboul hundreds of requests to gain access to health. Everything here is fine and we This leads me to the question that I their property by divers of all ex­ are all working hard and in fine health. have been pondering while reading perience and skill levels who are un­ I would at this time like to let you these numerous articles and letters. It known quantities to the property know that Jim Coke is the best repre­ seems that the Hogarthian method of owner. sentative for the agency that there is cave diving is used by those with an ex­ Some guide systems or "projects," around. He has, in the past and now, tremely high level of expertise. It has are set up solely to provide controlled shown a professional attitude toward allowed divers to do exploration access for qualified individuals to an fellow instructors and divers alike. He beyond the scope of typical diving. The

18 • UNDERWATER SPEJ.IDLOCY • Vol. 17, No.5 • September/October, 1990 training organizations offer advanced UWSVol.16,No.1 (Jan./Feb., 1989) training such as scooter diving and probably held more info on the topic stage diving; does anyone offer a train­ than any single issue before or since. It ing course in the advanced technical provided many opinions and posed aspects of Hogarthian diving? Further­ many questions, most of which, to me, more, are there any instructors out there seemed unresolved or to need clarifica­ qualified to teach this specialty? tion. In Lamar Hires' ''Putting the Basic * * * Back into Basic Cave Diving," the first limitation of Basic states: 113 of a single tank or lf6 of doubles. Is there some­ Sump Dive thing I'm forgetting from my Basic Planning Cave training or is the lf6 of doubles just to limit penetration distances, as yoked [Personal letter to H.V. Grey] doubles are, for all practical purposes, July 25, 1990 one tank of air? This was a rule which, Well, the drought is over, for now, in broken, was one of the factors in Bill Iowa. Cave and spring water levels are Cronin's drowning in Emerald Sink, at or above normal. VIz has been poor also in that issue (though he was using in the sites I've been monitoring. The twin singles). summer's about shot and I've yet to In Roger Werner's "fo Those Who work on any of my sump projects. Would Dive Alone," he said he dives to "Perhaps it zrns better to die I've been reading a lot of back issues ''1;3 in on each tank and then out on thousands of ye11rs ago than to of UWS, mostly looking for references either tank or 1;2 in on one and then out, have to ellt this rubbish." to air allotment. I've reread all the assuming both tanks start with the debates on twin singles vs. "ideal" same amount of air." (Is that in on 1;2 Thanks to Vladimir Kisseljov manifolds, all of John Schweyen's stuff, and out on the other half of the same two or three times, and the various tank or 1;2 of the second tank?) Either things on considerations of solo diving. way, it would seem that in the event of tank for the entire dive. I've been doing this in my ongoing at­ a catastrophic air loss at maximum My report on A J. Spring Cave in tempt to form some rational basis for penetration/maximum air use, before that issue looks rather insignificant next . turning the dive he would, with lf3 in to the bulk of the other subject matter, Here are my conclusions and my in­ on each, then out, have only enough air but I never lose sight of the fact that I vitation to you to pick apart any weak to return (% x 2 tanks = 61.3; 61.3 - ~ can end up just as dead as anyone else points or fallacies I may be dealing with. breathed-4-31051: =4-3 remaining). With working anywhere else, if I overlook Solo Diving: TheY-valved primary 1;2 in, then out, losing his backup bottle something or underestimate the skills/ tank and the independent backup K­ would leave only 1;2 of the used bottle. tools needed to work these short, shal­ valved tank provide me with access to I assume, as it wasn't stated as such, low, small caves. as many sources of air as I would have that it was planning close to this that Am I being too cautious? Do you with a dual-outlet manifold and a John Schweyen and Roberta Swice­ think twin singles with K' s is a safe solo buddy equally equipped, and the good (same issue, "Arch Spring Acci­ setup? Do you think it's safe to dive to necessary redundancy in the event of a dent" by Dr. Bill Stone) were regularly lf3' s, or even 1/4' s, on both tanks, or tank-neck 0-ring or burst-disk failure. using in the northeast. I have yet to dis­ should one dive to the limits (113) on one I'm satisfied with this arrangement, cuss this with John; I will probably learn tank and keep the other totally for and the Thirds Rule, on only my something when I do. He's not struck reserve? Any other comments, in­ primary tank, for solo diving. Having me as one to cut comers or miss any­ sights, options I've overlooked? two extra second stages and one redun­ thing so obvious. But that planning Now, onto : We'll dant tank to manage is well worth the seems pretty close to the edge. base this on diving side-mounted twin peace of mind they provide. On my redundant backup tank I singles, with K-valves. I would opt for two K-valved tanks don't even use an SPG. I check it with Is it realistic to assume that there (in a muddy or gritty situation in which the gauge from my primary air source would be little likelihood of ever losing the third second-stage of my preferred before the dive. I've never used my more than one tank to a catastrophic air system may be a major free-flow risk) backup air, but if I had to, how much loss on a given dive (as had been stated over a single tank with a Y-valve. I con­ air was in the tank would be irrelevant. in opinions expressed in UWS)? With sider a Y-valved single tank unaccep­ Either there would be enough, or there the total loss of one tank, I still see some table for solo cave diving. wouldn't. Eliminating the SPG also interesting facets. To my understanding, most all of eliminated several failure points and a A dive is turned when one diver the sump diving in the northeast is done line grabber. In the small things I've reaches 11.3 on both his tanks. He's fol­ with side-mounted twin singles with K­ dabbled with here in Iowa, I believe lowing in, leading out. His buddy, who valves. Am I being much too cautious there's only been one dive in which I've is now following and has only slightly using my three-regulator setup? used over 11.3 of the air in a 3000psi 4 c.f. more air in his tanks, experiences a total

Vol. 17, No.5 • September/October, 1990 • UNDERWATER SPELEOLOGY • 19 air loss with one of them. He now has ing my time with dig projects. My wife wanted to do it all the time. Those only as much air to regain the surface and I dug open an abandoned spring divers who were going on an ego trip as he used to the turnaround point. resurgence that still functioned as an or just putting another C-card in their They're in zero viz. They spend 10 overflow outlet. Most springs I've dealt wallet were asking for trouble. minutes negotiating a line trap. There with hit a bedding plane and went I have no idea how many certified is a minor resbiction just over halfway horizontal in '1: -4'. This one went 8'-10' Full Cave or IntroCavedivers there cur­ back. This is their first dive into a virgin before hitting passage and water at the rently are, but there is one thing that I cave. They are smart divers. Their plan same time. Subsequent heavy rains have discovered over the last 2h years called for either diver who may have have kept it too murkytoscopeout with of my cave-diving career-many of such an air loss to use his buddy's spare a dive mask. Imagine that bip report, these cave divers are not active cave bottle where possible. Things were if things progress that far. "Digging for divers. dicey, but no one suffered, because of a Cave Dive." I have watched cave divers who the plan Add a high silt-induced free We're also setting up to dig out a have not cave dived in months, and i:he flow or two and a line snag, and things cave dome that valley entrenchment results are very noticeable. Some of could have been different. has intersected. The fill from the open­ them carry more danglies than an oc­ As Ron Simmons said in his letter ing event and frost shattering is filling topus. Some of them have lost their to you, the Editor, again in the same in the dome floor and hiding the techniques and buoyancy control and issue, 'The diver has to draw a line horizontal bedding plane drainageway have no problems in quickly blowing somewhere between having enough that is always associated with these out a large, clear cavern. Some of them reserve air to deal with even the most domes. There is little doubt that we can have equipment that has no business unlikely problems and having enough eventually clear the talus from the pit. being in the water and probably should air to actually accomplish the task of the The big gamble is if the drainage pas­ have been discarded some time ago. dive." Steve Knutson ("Getting the sage will be big enough for a man. As Some of them swim so far off the main Edge," Point 5, Pity the Poor Navice) this feature appears to be within the col­ line to explore something, without run­ wrote that the novice "will be anxious lection basin of the second biggest ning a jump reel, that I have had to stay when the experienced peopleareatease theoretical spring system in the state, on the main line and shine my light in . . . " And your reply to Kamran the gamble seems worth it. It might in­ their direction to give them a reference Dadsetan' s letter alluded to a veteran volve a year or two's commitment in back to the line. These cave dives soon pilot doing "things that would never be digging and hauling materials from the lose their enjoyment, besides causing appropriate for a student to do ... " 54' deep hole, giving a few hours' effort added stress. Does it seem safe to assume that each weekend we spend caving. Many of my fellow divers fail to un­ familiarity does indeed breed con­ Stay in touch. Please feel free to derstand my desire to go cave diving at tempt, or does experience a) sharpen share this letter with your friends. I do least once a week. I am by no means one's awareness, or b) dull one's sense not have the vast reserve or experience highly experienced in cave diving, and of how close to the edge he can safely and opinions to draw from in formulat­ will be the first to say so, but it is my operate? ing decisions on dive planning and risk desire to be as good as I possibly can. I Everything else considered, total air assessment. Thanks. take my cave diving very seriously. management seems to be the big point Unfortunately, many cave divers don't. in risk ~ent. Any opinion on the Stay challenged, Cave-diving deaths among certified topic, your own or those gleaned from Mike Nelson (NSS #2.7176) cave divers are inevitable. Like Bill Me­ yourlargercin::leofcave-divingfriends, Fertile, Iowa Paden and Roberta Swicegood, there will be appreciated and considered will eventually be other highly ex­ fully. Also, your opinion of my grasp * * * perienced cave explorers who will of the concepts involved will receive perish, for whatever reasons. But it ap­ equal consideration. After all, if I was pears that the vast majority of these totally sane, rational (normal?) I It Can Happen deaths will come from cave divers who probably wouldn't be motivated to do [Letter to the Editor] are inexperienced and cave diving the things I do. June 27, 1990 beyond their personal limitations. The issue that I cited so much from I would like to respond to the article, Maybe some thought should be was a truly fine one (my sophomore 'Think It Can't Happen to Us? Think given to having cave instructors at­ dives and resulting reports not­ Again," which appeared in Underwater tempt to determine their students' mo­ withstanding). It seemed like too much Speleology Vol. 17, No. 2. There were tives and desires for cave diving of a coincidence that so much relevant several points that were very well through a pre-class questionnaire or by material just happened to fill an issue brought across. some other means. This may possibly in which solo diving, risk, and death Some time ago, a well-known, ex­ weed out those divers who have no in­ were brought into such sharp focus. perienced cave explorer and instructor tention of taking cave diving seriously And too farfetched to imagine that it made a comment which really sunk in, and responsibly. was anything but. Excellent planning as far as I am concerned. He stated that and a backlog of pertinent material the best candidates for cave-diving Sincerely, maybe? training were those divers who were Frank R Lavallee (NSS #27829) Other than not diving, I've been fill- obsessed with cave diving and who Brandon, Florida

20 • UNDERWATER SPEI..EOLOGY • VoL 17, No.5 • September/October, 1990 The National Speleological Society Cove Diving Section invites you to its 36th Cove Diving Workshop .. LOOKING TO THE FUTURe••

Saturday- Sunday, December 29-30, 1990 at the Branford High School, Branford, Florida Registration begins at 8:00 A.M. with coffee and doughnuts The Morning Program begins at 9:00 A.M.

FEaturEd lEctuNrs lncludti DElicious Bar-B-QuE lunch BuffEt * Renowned SUmp Olver and Equipment * catered by the Suwannee Cove Restaurant - Manufacturer RON SIMMONS on ·n1e included with your registration. Exploration of Scott Hollow· * Noted Cave Olver and Biologist TOM MORRIS AftErnoon Mini-Workshops lndudE on the Importance of ·cave Conservation * Premier Underwater Cave Explorer and and Landowner Relaflons" Author SHECK EXLEY on ·The Use of Mixed * Northeastern Sump Olver and Cave Explorer Gas in Cave Diving" JIM BROWN on .The Wakulla Project Mark 11-R * Cave Diving Instructor and Mapmaker KELLY Second Generation Mixed-Gas · BRADY's ·cartography Techniques Workshop" * Park Ranger JOE MCGRATH on ·cavern and * Gas Expert and Computer Whiz JOHN CREA cave Diving at Peacock Springs State Park" on ·What's New in Decompression" * Other current exploration projects * Other mini-workshops on subjects of Interest

ThE Saturday Evmlng Film Festival fEatura Sunday ActivitiEs IncludE *JAMIE HEMPSTEAD's Multimedia Cave-Diving * NSS-CDS Training Coordinator HARRY AVERILL Slide Extravaganza on ·secoming an NSS-CDS Cavern Diving * RON SIMMONS on the U.S. Deep Caving Instructor· Team's Exploration of Huatla *Cave Diving Instructor DALE FOX's course on * State-of-the-art videos by wor1d-renowned ·Tank Inspection· (Additional fee charged) underwater cave explorer and photographer * NSS-CDS Chairman MARK LEONARD on WES SKILES ·Nitrox Diving" (Additional fee charged) * Other current exploration projects *Rescue/Recovery Workshop (Add'l fee) * Door Prizes - you could win a Dive Rite light! *CDS Instructor Meeting (everyone Invited)

Pre-registration is $12 for NSS-CDS Members, $14 for nonmembers, &: $16 at the door. (Includes catered Bar-B-Que Lunch Saturday) For more information contact the 1990 Winter Workshop Chairman JIM GABRIEL (home) 904-454-8571 • (work) 904-454-3556

1990 WINTER WORKSHOP PRE-REGISTRATION FORM Clip and mail with your check or money order postmarked by Dec. 15 to: NSS-CDS WINTER WORKSHOP, P.O. BOX 950, BRANFORD, FL 32008-()950 (No confirmation will be sent to you. Shirts will be delivered to those who prepaid for them at the Workshop.) Name______0 NSS mem. (@$12) NSS#___ _ 0 nonmem. (@$14) Name. ______0 NSS mem. (@$12) NSS#-____ 0 nonmem. (@$14) Name. ______0 NSS mem. (@$12) NSS#-____ 0 normem. (@$14)

Add~~------City______State _____ Zip ______Phone ______

0 Workshop T-Shirt (special pre-reg. price $6.50) Circle Size: Men's S M L XL Total Enclosed S______