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Taxonomia E Análise Filogenética Das Espécies Historicamente Associadas a Mallodeta Butler, 1876 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Arctiinae, Euchromiina)

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Taxonomia E Análise Filogenética Das Espécies Historicamente Associadas a Mallodeta Butler, 1876 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Arctiinae, Euchromiina) Lívia Rodrigues Pinheiro Taxonomia e análise filogenética das espécies historicamente associadas a Mallodeta Butler, 1876 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Arctiinae, Euchromiina) São Paulo 2009 Lívia Rodrigues Pinheiro Taxonomia e análise filogenética das espécies historicamente associadas a Mallodeta Butler, 1876 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Arctiinae, Euchromiina) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciências, na Área de Zoologia. Orientador: Marcelo Duarte da Silva São Paulo 2009 Ficha Catalográfica Pinheiro, Lívia Rodrigues Taxonomia e análise filogenética das espécies historicamente associadas a Mallodeta Butler, 1876 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Arctiinae, Euchromiina) 209 + xi pp. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Lepidoptera 2. Noctuidae 3.Arctiinae 4. Euchromiina 5. Taxonomia 6. Sistemática Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Orientador Dedicatória Ao João César (in memoriam), por tudo. Epígrafes “Tous ceux dont la vie se passe à chercher la vérité savent bien que les images qu’ils en saisissent son nécessairement fugitives. Elles brillent un instant pour faire place à des clartés, nouvelles et toujours plus éblouissantes. Bien différente de celle de l’artiste, l’oeuvre du savant est fatalement provisoire. Il le sait et s’en réjouit, puisque la rapide vieillesse de ses livres est la preuve même du progrès de la science.” Henri Pirenne “Os animais dividem-se em: a) pertencentes ao imperador, b) embalsamados, c) amestrados, d) leões, e) sereias, f) fabulosos, g) cães soltos, h) incluídos nesta lista, i) que se agitam como loucos, j) inumeráveis, k) desenhados com um pincel finíssimo de pêlo de camelo, l) etc., m) que acabam de quebrar o vaso, n) que de longe parecem moscas”. Jorge Luís Borges Sumário Agradecimentos ...................................................................................................................... i Nota taxonômica ......................................................................................................................... iii Taxonomic note .......................................................................................................................... iv Lista de tabelas ............................................................................................................................ v Lista de figuras ............................................................................................................................ vi Lista de quadros ......................................................................................................................... xi Resumo ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Apresentação .......................................................................................................................... 3 2. Introdução ................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1. Contexto taxonômico ............................................................................................... 4 2.1.1. Lepidoptera ........................................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Noctuoidea ............................................................................................ 6 2.1.3. “Arctiidae”, (atual Noctuidae, Arctiinae) .............................................. 10 2.1.4. Arctiini ................................................................................................. 13 2.1.5. Ctenuchina + Euchromiina .................................................................. 14 2.1.6. Euchromiina ........................................................................................ 16 2.2. Biologia de Arctiinae ............................................................................................ 18 2.3. Histórico do gênero Mallodeta Butler, 1876 ......................................................... 21 3. Objetivos ................................................................................................................................ 22 3.1. Objetivo geral ....................................................................................................... 22 3.2. Objetivos específicos ........................................................................................... 22 4. Material e métodos ................................................................................................................ 23 4.1. Origem do material estudado ................................................................................ 23 4.2. Identificação ........................................................................................................... 24 4.3. Preparação do material ......................................................................................... 24 4.4. Terminologia adotada ............................................................................................ 25 4.5. Ilustrações, fotografias e redescrições .................................................................. 25 4.6. Mapas .................................................................................................................... 26 4.7. Análise das relações filogenéticas ......................................................................... 26 4.7.1. Seleção de caracteres ........................................................................... 26 4.7.2. Codificação e transposição de caracteres ............................................. 27 4.7.3. Dados inaplicáveis, polimorfismos e missing data ................................. 27 4.7.4. Polarização e ordenação ....................................................................... 27 4.7.5. Análise cladística ................................................................................... 28 4.7.6. Lista de abreviações utilizadas nas figuras ........................................... 30 5. Resultados e discussão ......................................................................................................... 32 5.1. Análise cladística preliminar .................................................................................. 32 5.2. Análise cladística final ........................................................................................... 33 5.2.1. Aspectos gerais ..................................................................................... 33 5.2.2.O gênero Mallodeta ................................................................................ 34 5.2.3. O gênero Rezia gênero revalidado ..................................................... 35 5.2.4. O gênero Antilleana gênero novo ......................................................... 36 5.2.5. Discussão dos caracteres ...................................................................... 37 5.2.6. Caracteres não utilizados ...................................................................... 62 5.3. Taxonomia ............................................................................................................. 67 5.3.1. Redescrição e catálogo atualizado de Mallodeta .................................. 67 5.3.2. Redescrições e catálogo atualizado de espécies de Rezia ................... 71 5.3.3. Chave de identificação para as espécies de Rezia ............................... 91 5.3.4. Redescrições e catálogo das espécies de Antilleana ............................ 92 5.3.5. Chave de identificação para as espécies de Antilleana ....................... 102 5.3.6. Chave de identificação para os gêneros de Euchromiina revisados neste trabalho .......................................................................................................... 103 6. Conclusões e perspectivas futuras .......................................................................................105 7. Referências Bibliográficas ................................................................................................... 106 8. Apêndices ............................................................................................................................ 122 8.1. Tabelas ................................................................................................................ 123 8.2. Figuras ................................................................................................................. 142 8.3. Quadros ............................................................................................................... 197 Agradecimentos Ao Dr. Marcelo Duarte por ter me aceitado como sua orientanda, e que, mesmo sabendo da minha inexperiência em pesquisa, acreditou no meu potencial. Agradeço também por gentilmente ter me abrigado na época sem-teto e pela fantástica oportunidade da viagem a Washington. Espero não ter decepcionado, e que o trabalho esteja bom o suficiente para que me seja creditada uma mudança de instar. À FAPESP, pela concessão da bolsa de mestrado (2006/05362-4) e pelo apoio ao laboratório de Sistemática de Lepidoptera (2002/13898-0 “Sistemática, bionomia e evolução dos Lepidoptera Neotropicais”) e à CAPES/PROAP
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