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La Chasse Aux Trophées: Menace Ou Alliée Pour Les Espèces Rares

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La Chasse Aux Trophées: Menace Ou Alliée Pour Les Espèces Rares La chasse aux trophées : menace ou alliée pour les espèces rares Lucille Palazy To cite this version: Lucille Palazy. La chasse aux trophées : menace ou alliée pour les espèces rares. Ecologie, Environ- nement. Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. Français. NNT : 2013LYO10020. tel-01169650 HAL Id: tel-01169650 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01169650 Submitted on 29 Jun 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE LYON I UNIVERSITE PARIS-SUD XI THESE Pour le diplôme de Docteur en BIOLOGIE DE LA CONSERVATION Présentée par: Lucille PALAZY Thèse dirigée par: Christophe BONENFANT et Franck COURCHAMP Réalisée au Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive dans l’Ecole Doctorale E2M2 – ED341 La chasse aux trophées : menace ou alliée pour les espèces rares L’effet Allee anthropogénique et la chasse aux trophées Soutenance prévue le mardi 12 février 2013 devant : Dr Christophe BONENFANT – Directeur de thèse Chargé de recherche CNRS Dr Franck COURCHAMP – Directeur de thèse Directeur de recherche CNRS Pr Raphael ARLETTAZ – Rapporteur Professeur d’Université Pr E. J. MILNER-GULLAND – Rapporteur Professeur d’Université Pr Dominique ALLAINÉ – Président du jury Professeur d’Université 1 2 Remerciements Avant de commencer, je souhaite remercier mes superviseurs, Franck et Christophe. Ils ont été presents à chaque fois que j’ai eu besoin d’eux sans exception. L’un toujours ambitieux, confiant et optimiste, l’autre me permettant de ne rien laisser au hazard et d’être irreprochable dans mes analyses. Ils m’ont fait confiance et laissé libre de tous mes choix tout en étant disponible à chaque fois que j’ai eu besoin de leurs lumières. Ils m’ont également écouté et remonté le moral quand je doutais de mon travail et m’ont encouragé dans tout ce que j’ai entrepris. Parallèlement au travail, j’ai également eu la chance de partager avec mes supersieurs des soirées de fêtes, des voyages et beaucoup de moments de rire. Honnêtement, j’aurais difficilement pu espérer meilleur encadrement de thèse (Notons, que je n’ai plus à l’heure actuelle d’intérêt à leur cirer les pompes). Je n’oublie pas non plus, Jean-Michel. Il a eu beau avoir son nom rélégé au second plan dans la supervision officielle de mon projet, son investissement a pleinement été celui d’un encadrant. Il a été présent à toutes les réunions et toutes les prises de décisions et m’a largement éclairé par ses connaissances. Je remercie bien sûr E.J. et Raphaël pour avoir accepté de faire ce travail assez ingrat de rapporteur pour avoir lu l’ensemble du manuscrit et m’avoir fait des corrections sur le texte aussi bien que des commentaires pertinents qui m’ont donné du fil à retordre. Ils ont également fait preuve de beaucoup de patience et de bonne humeur pour toutes les étapes de la fin de ma thèse. J’ai une pensée spéciale pour Jean-Patrick Suraud que je ne peux malheureusement plus remercier. Il m’a écouté lui parler de mes doutes au début de ma thèse, m’a donné des conseils pour me permettre de trouver ce que j’avais envie de faire par la suite et m’a fait rire en faisant le clown même quand j’étais de mauvaise humeur. Un grand nombre d’amis m’ont également beaucoup aidé pendant ma thèse et ce de plusieurs manières. Marion m’a super coloc de bureau qui a supporté de m’avoir sous le nez tous les jours pendant 3 ans. Nous avons partagé tous nos coups de blues, nos moments de stress et toutes nos joies. Quelle chance d’avoir pu finir nos thèse en même temps et ainsi partager les nocturnes au labo, les samedis et les dimanches au bureau et toute l’administration qu’il faut faire à la toute fin qu’en on est à la bourre dans la rédaction. Sans elle, ça aurait été mille fois plus désagréable. Un grand merci à ma Cécile aussi qui a lu au pied levé en quarante-huit heures 3 mes cent pages d’introduction et de discussion pour corriger mes centaines de fautes d’ortographe. Je me prosterne devant Anne, Léo et Stéph qui se sont investies à fond (et quand je dis à fond c’est vraiment à fond) dans le perfectionnement de mon power-point ce qui au final leur a pris une journée entière à discuter chaque point en détails. Je les remercie aussi pour les super moments qu’on a partagé et qui m’ont permis de garder le moral au beau fixe et venir chaque jour au labo avec grand plaisir. Merci aussi à Marion (Kelly) qui a aussi trouvé du temps à me consacrer même quand elle était over-bookée. Aussi bien à Orsay qu’à Lyon, j’ai eu la chance de m’intégrer dans des équipes géniales et beaucoup de ces « collègues » sont devenus de vrai(e)s amis : Elsa, Gloria, Alice, Mariona, Marion V., Céline, Nicolas, Mathieu, Cécile, Maël, Jérémy, Floriane, David, Stephen, Amélie et Marlène. J’ai eu de la chance aussi en tombant sur mes deux autres colocataires de bureau : patients, de bonne humeur et prêts à répondre à mes questions dès que j’avais besoin d’eux (et à faire la fête aussi aux grandes occasions). J’aimerais ensuite remercier ma petite famille. Ma mère et ma sœur qui croient en moi contre vent et marée, qui m’écoutent leur parler de mes doutes, mes états d’âme et les moindres petits tracas de ma vie pendant des heures et savent toujours m’apaiser, me donner les bons conseils ou me dire les mots qui me font du bien. Sans parler de leur investissement et leur disponibilité, à l’instant où j’ai besoin d’elles. Bref, une mère et une sœur merveilleuse. Mon papa aussi qui malgré son emploi du temps plus chargé que les rues de New-York à l’heure de pointe arrive à trouver le temps de faire 6 heures de route pour passer 2 heures de temps avec moi simplement pour me faire plaisr. Et tata, qui prend soin de moi et est présente dans tous les moments importants de ma vie. Maryse et Chantal qui m’ont fait la surprise de leur présence (remarquée) le jour de ma soutenance. Enfin, pour ces 3 années jonchées de soirée mémorables, je remercie les personnes géniales que j’ai eu la chance de renconter et que j’espère garder jusqu’à ce que mort sans suive : ma Marie, Arzhela, Romain, Damien, Florent, Claire et François. Je n’oublie surtout pas mes amis indéfectibles : Mes greluches (Aubrée, Marie-Audrey, Cécile et Emmanuelle), Oriane William et Hervé pour lesquels j’ai une grande pensée pleine de tendresse. 4 Résumé La chasse aux trophées, type de chasse récréative dont l’objectif premier est de prélever un trophée d’intérêt, est un sujet très controversé. Cette activité est potentiellement génératrice d'un effet Allee anthropogénique (EAA). Ce processus démographique stipule que la valorisation de la rareté d’une espèce peut stimuler son exploitation et mener à son extinction. L'objectif de ce travail a été de tester le risque d’EAA dans la chasse aux trophées. Nous avons mis en évidence que les espèces rares ont une forte valeur économique dans la chasse aux trophées, quelque soit la taille du trophée, ce qui témoigne d’une demande forte pour ces espèces. Nous avons également montré que le nombre d’importations/exportations de trophées et le nombre de trophées de chasse enregistrés par le Safari Club International s’accroît pour les espèces les plus rares lorsque l’indice de rareté de l’espèce augmente. La chasse aux trophées sur les espèces rares a été proposée comme outil pour financer leur conservation. Cependant, nos résultats valident le risque d’EAA pour ces espèces. De plus, les chasseurs ne semblent pas motivés en priorité par la participation à la conservation de la vie sauvage et le peu de données disponibles sur les populations, la chasse illégale, la corruption et le manque de contrôle rendent possible l’exploitation non durable de ces ressources à forte valeur économique. Néanmoins, la vie sauvage doit apporter des bénéfices économiques pour motiver sa préservation. Ainsi, la chasse aux trophées des espèces rares peut être utilisée pour financer leur conservation mais certaines mesures sont à prendre au préalable pour prévenir leur surexploitation. Mots clés Chasse aux trophées, mammifères, espèces rares, conservation, exploitation durable, biodiversité, rareté perçue, source de financement, valeur économique 5 Title Trophy hunting: Threat or ally to rare species Abstract Trophy hunting, which is a form of recreational hunting with the main objective of collecting a trophy of interest, is a controversial subject. This activity could potentially generate an anthropogenic Allee effect (AAE). This demographic process states that the valuation of rarity could drive rare species exploitation and even lead to their extinction. Our project aims at testing the potential for an AEE in trophy hunting. We demonstrate that rare species have a high financial value, regardless of the trophy size, indicating that there is a high demand for those species. We also show that the number of trophies traded internationally and the number of recorded trophies by the Safari Club International (one of the largest clubs for international trophy hunters in the USA) rises as the degree of rarity (as measured by a rarity index) increases.
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