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Sustainability of Markhor Trophy Hunting Programme in District Kohistan Pakistan

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Sustainability of Markhor Trophy Hunting Programme in District Kohistan Pakistan SUSTAINABILITY OF MARKHOR TROPHY HUNTING PROGRAMME IN DISTRICT KOHISTAN PAKISTAN By ABDUL GHAFOOR Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science August 2014 Dedication…….. My research is dedicated to my parents and especially to my late mother ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am very grateful to almighty ALLAH who gave me the ability to conduct the research and complete my thesis. My deepest gratitude goes to my Supervisor Prof. Dr. Mashhor Mansor, who was kind enough to help me to resolve numerous scientific problems and provided me excellent working conditions. I deeply express my gratitude and appreciation to my co-supervisor Dr. Shahrul Anuar for his supervision, timely feedback, corrections and facilitation and guidance in statistical analysis of data and writing of the thesis. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Saeed-uz-Zaman, Chief Conservator Wildlife (retired) for his trust in me to conduct the research and encouraging me to undertake this study. My thanks are also due to Syed Mubarak Ali Shah, Chief Conservator Wildlife for his support in the field research and guidance. I extend my appreciation to Pakistan Wetlands Programme for financial support of my study. My sincere thanks are due to Dr. Ghulam Akbar, Mr. Ahmad Khan, Mr. Najam-ul-Huda Khan, Mr. Zahid Sultan Jadoon and Mr. Asif Ahmad of Pakistan Wetlands Programme for their full time support and encouragement to undertake this study. I am also thankful to Syed Muhammad Ali Conservator Wildlife for his personal presence during interactions with communities. I am indebted to thank Muhammad Shakeel DFO Wildlife Kohistan for his hospitality, facilitation in the field and providing secondary data. I am also thankful to the communities of Kaigah for their hospitality, support in the field survey and participatory rural appraisal. I wish to thank Mr. Karimullah PhD student in the School of Biological Sciences, USM for his support and guidance throughout this study. My thanks are also due to Mr. Khalid Khan of Wildlife Department for his assistance in drafting of this thesis. My dearest gratitude goes to my wife and cute children for their patience and support to complete this work in time. May almighty ALLAH bless all those who assisted me in any aspect. ABDUL GHAFOOR iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DETAIL OF CONTENTS Page TITLE i DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF PLATES ix LIST OF ABBREVIATION & SYMBOLS x ABSTRAK xi ABSTRACT xiii CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis) 1 1.2 Distribution of Markhor 4 1.3 Habitat of Markhor 4 1.4 Introduction to Trophy Hunting Programmes 7 1.5 Trophy Hunting Programmes with community participation in Pakistan 8 1.6 The Problem 9 1.7 Objectives of the study 10 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Markhor and its Distribution 11 2.2 Trophy Hunting and population ecology 13 2.3 Trophy Hunting 14 2.4 Problems and controversy in Trophy Hunting 18 CHAPTER 3 : MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 Introduction of the study area 21 3.2 Research Methods and Material 27 3.2.1 Trend Monitoring 27 iv 3.2.2 Trophy size animals 31 3.2.3 Community Incentives 33 3.3 Data Analysis 35 3.3.1 Growth Rate of the population 35 3.3.2 Calculating ratios of Kid/female, yearling/female and 36 male/female 3.3.3 Use of Trophy Hunting Fees (Village Conservation Fund) for Conservation and Development in the 37 valley 3.3.4 Data Analysis 37 CHAPTER 4 : RESULTS 4.1 Trend Monitoring 38 4.1.1 Population of total markhor 38 4.1.2 Population of female markhor 42 4.1.3 Population of male markhor 44 4.1.4 Population of kids 46 4.1.5 Population of yearlings 48 4.1.6 Ratio of Male/Female 50 4.1.7 Ratio of Kids/Female 52 4.1.8 Ratio of Yearlings/Female 54 4.2 Trophy Animals 56 4.3 Trophy Hunting Fees and Conservation and Development in the 58 Valley 4.3.1 Trophy Hunting Fees 58 4.3.2 Use of Village Conservation Fund for Conservation 61 4.3.3 Use of Village Conservation Fund for Education 64 4.3.4 Use of Village Conservation Fund for Development 66 4.3.5 Use of Village Conservation Fund for Employment 68 CHAPTER 5 : DISCUSSION 5.1 Trend Monitoring 71 5.1.1 Total population of markhor 71 5.1.2 Population of female markhor 73 5.1.3 Population of male markhor 73 5.1.4 Population of Kids 75 5.1.5 Population of yearlings 75 v 5.1.6 Ratio of Male/female 76 5.1.7 Ratio of Kids/female 77 5.1.8 Ratio of Yearlings/female 77 5.2 Trophy Size Animals 77 5.3 Trophy Hunting fees and Conservation and Development 78 5.4 Link of species conservation with economic incentives to the 80 communities CHAPTER 6 : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Conclusion 81 6.2 Recommendations 83 6.2.1 Identifying new avenues of income generation 83 6.2.2 Capacity Building of Wildlife Managers and Local 84 Communities 6.2.3 Transparency of Village Conservation Fund (VCF) 84 6.2.4 Markhor Habitat Conservation 85 6.2.5 Amendments in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Act 86 1975 6.2.6 Vaccination of Livestock against contiguous diseases 87 6.2.7 Early Transfer of Community Share to VCF account 87 6.2.8 Revision of Markhor Conservation Plan 88 6.2.9 Social Mobilization 88 REFERENCES 89 APPENDIX – I 98 PICTURES 99 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table title 4.1 Survey Results of Markhor Population in Kaigah Valley from 2005 to 2012 39 4.2 Coefficients of determinations, F-statistic and significance of variables with 40 time 4.3 Details of Trophy Hunters and Fees in US Dollars 59 4.4 Expenditure on conservation activities in Kaigah valley from the revenue 63 generated through trophy hunting from 2005 to 2012. 4.5 Expenditure on education activities in Kaigah valley from the revenue 65 generated through trophy hunting from 2005 to 2012. 4.6 Expenditure on developmental activities in Kaigah valley from the revenue 67 generated through trophy hunting from 2005 to 2012. 4.7 Summary of expenditure on various activities in Kaigah valley from the 69 revenue generated through trophy hunting from 2005 to 2012. vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 4.1 Trend of total markhor population in Kaigah valley during winter rut season 41 from 2005 to 2012 4.2 Trend of total population of female markhor in Kaigah valley during winter rut 43 season from 2005 to 2012. 4.3 Population trend of male markhor in Kaigah valley during winter rut season from 45 2005 to 2012. 4.4 Trend of population of Kids in Kaigah valley during rut season from 2005 to 2012 47 4.5 Trend of population of Yearlings in Kaigah valley during 2005 to 2012. 49 4.6 Trend of male:female ratio with time from 2005 to 2012 51 4.7 Trend of ratio of Kids:female with time from 2005 to 2012 53 4.8 Trend of ratio of yearlings:female with time from 2005 to 2012 55 4.9 Total trophy sized animals Population in Kaigah valley during 2005 to 2012. 57 4.10 Revenue generated from trophy hunting in Kaigah valley from 2005 to 2012 60 4.11 Percentage of expenditure on various activities from 2005 to 2012 in Kaigah valley 70 viii LIST OF PLATES Plate title Page 1.1 Markhor browsing on foliage of oak tree 3 1.2 Capra falconeri cashmiriensis (adult male-January 2012) 3 1.3 Typical Markhor Habitat in Kaigah valley Kohistan during winter 6 3.1 Map of District Kohistan, Pakistan 24 3.2 Map of Kaigah valley, Kohistan 25 3.3 A view of entry point to Kaigah valley 26 3.4 Surveyors busy in survey during January 2012 with binoculars facing 30 opposite slopes 3.5 Foreign hunter with community members and trophy size harvested animal. 32 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATION & SYMBOLS ANOVA = Analysis of variance VCC = Village Conservation Committee VCF = Village Conservation Fund CTHP = Community trophy hunting programme PRA = Participatory Rural Appraisal SSI = Sexually selected infanticide USD = United States Dollars PRs = Pakistani Rupees IUCN = International Union for the conservation of nature and natural resources WWF = World Wide Fund for Nature MACP = Mountain Areas Conservation Project NWFP = North West Frontier Province SPSS = Statistical Packages for Social Sciences CGNP = Chitral Gol National Park x KELESTARIAN PROGRAM PEMBURUAN TROFI MARKHOR DI DAERAH KOHISTAN PAKISTAN ABSTRAK Pemburuan trofi merupakan suatu bentuk sukan pemburuan yang diamalkan sejak berzaman lamanya. Biasanya, haiwan yang diburu sebagai trofi mempunyai tanduk atau gading, dan kebanyakannya adalah jantan. Pada tahun 1983, Jabatan Hidupan Liar Khyber, Wilayah Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan memulakan Chitral Conservation Hunting Programme, iaitu suatu program pemburuan trofi bagi markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis). Ini tidak semestinya program pemuliharaan komuniti berasaskan kerana semua pendapatan yang dijana daripada memburu telah disimpan di akaun kerajaan. Program ini berterusan sehingga 1991. Mujurlah, dalam pertemuan CITES Kesepuluh pada tahun 1998, pemburuan trofi markhor dibenarkan dan terbuka kepada para pemburu di seluruh dunia. Justeru, program ini dimulakan semula dengan penyertaan komuniti di wilayah Chitral. Pada tahun 2000, program ini diluaskan ke lembah Kaigah, yang terletak di wilayah Kohistan. Bagi tujuan ini, suatu pelan pemuliharaan yang berasingan disediakan. Mulai tahun 2005, pemburuan trofi Markhor di lembah ini menjadi suatu fenomena yang regular. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidik trend populasi, beberapa saiz trofi markhor dan mendokumenkan sumbangan memburu trofi kepada pemuliharaan dan pembangunan di Kaigah lembah.
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