Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Zarządzania

Mehmet Ali ÖZÇOBANLAR

“Anatolian Tigers” Phenomenon.

The Cross Cultural Capital Diversification of the Globally Successful Companies

A thesis Submitted for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

Warszawa, 2017

2 ABSTRACT

In this research, the phenomenon of “Anatolian Tigers” which were arisen as a nationwide and even worldwide economic phenomenon in last decades in Turkey was examined in perception of cultural capital. Although, there is no one certain definition of Anatolian Tigers, they are a group of hidebound Anatolian cities which have remarkable economic growth in Anatolian

Peninsula since 1980s. The term Anatolian Tigers also define a new breed of pious entrepreneurs.

Anatolian Tigers in the region are an essential dimension of growth and development in Turkey.

The companies are mainly family entrepreneurships, started up some decades ago as SME sector’s business rooted in traditional and rural environment by religiously spiritual conservative businessmen. This research develops a comparison of Anatolian Tigers business environment both on regional and national level. The initial rhetoric analysis of this research which consist the analysed interviews with the company owners and web pages’ analyses allows us to understand the way of globally successful Turkish companies’ approach for persuading audience by using the 3 structure of persuasion which are logos, pathos and ethos. One of the latest examples of the rhetorical approach, uses this perspective for the research and understanding of cross-cultural differences. The cross cultural dimensions between two ancients and similar societies, Greece and

Turkey have been examined and compared on national level. In addition, West and Anatolia were also compared based on selected cross cultural dimensions of cultural capital. Cross cultural dimensions were evaluated in 11 factors: Education, Political Trust, Voluntary Work, Political

Participation, Life Satisfaction Component, and Trust in People, Fear of Others, Life Satisfaction,

Happiness, Income and Deprivation Index. The cross cultural factors of cultural capital identified in Turkey and Greece by applying factor analysis in quantitative research and testing the functioning of these factors by implementing the rhetoric analysis in qualitative research based on interviews with selected organizations.

iii In rhetorical analysis, the analysed interviews with the company owners and web pages’ analyses emphasize that usage of logos is predominating which makes the audience to be persuaded by rational and evidential arguments. Ethos approach has also a high number of usage in both analysed texts and web pages. Where the company owners touch the ethical and morality importance during their speech and explanations on company web page.

According to results of the research on national level, all 11 factors of cross cultural dimensions were statistically significant between two countries (p<0, 05). Education levels were higher in Greece. Turkish people trust more political institutions. Greek people were less volunteering for community and social services. Political participation was higher in Turkish participants. Greek participants were more satisfied from education, accommodation, health and social life. Greek participants had less trust to other people. Life satisfaction level was higher in

Turkish participants. Happiness levels of Greek participants were also lower. Income levels of

Greek participants were lower, where deprivation index was higher in Turkish participants.

Key Words: Anatolian Tigers; Cross Culture; Cultural Capital; Culture; Greece; Turkey;

Dimension.

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS

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ABSTRACT ...... iii CHAPTER I ...... 7 INTRODUCTION ...... 7 1.1. Background of the problem ...... 7 1.2 Rationale and Statement of the Problem ...... 8 1.3. The Purpose of the Research...... 8 1.4 Importance of the study ...... 8 1.5 Definition of Terms...... 9 CHAPTER II ...... 10 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 10 2.1. CULTURE CONCEPT ...... 10 2.1.1. General Definition ...... 10 2.1.2. Types of Culture ...... 10 2.1.2.1. Work Culture ...... 10 2.1.2.2. Social Culture-Economic Classes ...... 10 2.1.2.3. Religion Culture ...... 10 2.1.2.3.1. Islamic Culture ...... 11 2.1.2.3.2. Orthodox Culture ...... 11 2.2. TURKISH CULTURE ...... 11 2.2.1. General Properties ...... 12 2.2.2. Trends and Changes ...... 12 2.3. GREEK CULTURE ...... 12 2.3.1. General Properties ...... 12 2.3.2. Trends and Changes ...... 12 2.4. CROSS CULTURE CONCEPT ...... 13 2.4.1. General Definition ...... 13 2.4.2. Cross Culture in Greece and Turkey ...... 13 2.5. ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE ...... 13 2.5.1. Turkey ...... 14 2.5.2. Greece ...... 14 2.6. CAPITAL CONCEPT ...... 14 2.6.1. Economic Capital ...... 14 2.6.2. Social Capital ...... 15 2.6.3. Symbolic Capital ...... 15 2.6.4. Cultural Capital ...... 15 2.7. RELATED RESEARCHES ...... 16

5

CHAPTER III ...... 17 3.1. Anatolian Tigers...... 17 3.2. Anatolian Tiger’s evolution ...... 17 3.3. Rising of Anatolian Tigers ...... 18 3.5. Anatolian Tigers in Commerce ...... 18 CHAPTER IV ...... 20 METHODOLOGY ...... 20 4.1. Research Method ...... 20 4.2. Research Design...... 21 4.3. Quality of Research...... 21 4.4. Research Questions ...... 21 4.5. Assumptions of the Research ...... 22 4.6. Limitations of the Research ...... 22 4.7. Statistical Approach ...... 22 CHAPTER V ...... 24 FINDINGS...... 24 5.1 Rhetoric Analysis ...... 24 5.1.1. Rhetoric analysis of the company owners interview...... 25 5.1.2. Rhetoric analysis of company’s web pages...... 27 5.2. Demographic Properties...... 30 5.3. Findings Related to Cross Cultural Dimensions ...... 30 5.3.1. General Comparison of Greece and Turkey...... 30 5.3.2. West and Anatolia ...... 31 5.4. Cross Cultural Dimension Factor Comparisons ...... 31 5.4.1. Education ...... 31 5.4.2. Political Trust ...... 31 5.4.3. Voluntary Work ...... 31 5.4.4. Political Participation ...... 31 5.4.5. Life Satisfaction Component ...... 31 5.4.6. Trust in People ...... 31 5.4.7. Fear of Others ...... 31 5.4.8. Life Satisfaction ...... 31 5.4.9. Happiness ...... 31 5.4.10. Income ...... 31 5.4.11. Deprivation Index ...... 32 5.5. Qualitative Analysis ...... 32 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION ...... 33 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 36

6

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the problem Looking at the history of the humanity, it can be said that there are three milestones which affect mainly life of the societies. At the beginning, the human being was alone, and there have not been a developed social structure. After transforming to the local life, society concept became important. The second milestone was industrial revolution. After the revolution, humans found the way of serial production, and economy had been more dominant in social life. After the revolution, consumption and production equations were started to be analyzed. Liberalization and open economy, capitalism and power of the money became dominant. It still has power, but the third milestone, revolution of knowledge and communication has changed all equations. Though “fourth industrial revolution” which is systemic transformation that includes impact on civil society, governance structures, and human identity in addition to solely economic/manufacturing ramifications, is up for an academic debate. Today, knowledge is the most important factor for organizations to survive in the competition in the marketplaces. Development of communication technologies not only changed the structure of organizations and society, but it also changed relationships between organizations and individuals. In the past, there was a single-side or one-side accumulation of knowledge, but today, share of information between organizations and individuals seem to be equal. Thus, organizations noticed that human capital is the most important capital component of companies. There are many reasons for this transformation, but the main reasons are the change in customer structure, increasing importance of knowledge on production systems, and the development of more skilled societies. In the past, a customer was only having a chance to get information about a company via mass media, company’s agents or from people who limited experience around. Today, it is possible to get detailed and comprehensive information about a product or a service within seconds using social networks on the Internet. In the production side, it may be argued that more than half of the production today is depending on information. Thus, increase in value of information made human capital more important within other capital components of organizations.

7 Increase in value of human capital lead many researches on it. Today, both academic and field researches focus on human capital and factors affecting performance of human capital. One of these factors is culture. The origin of the Latin word cultura is a derivative of the verb colo, meaning “to tend”, “to cultivate” and “to till”. The verb colo could refer to ager (= field, land), thus agriculture, or to animus (= character, soul) meaning the cultivation of human character (Sagepub). However, even if culture is related with individuals in the theoretical frame, it may be argued that culture is a kind of social value. In literature, culture is a vital component of different societies. It may even be argued that culture is a kind of identification of a sociality. Differences in cultures also have important effects on capital. For example, if you have an airline organization and you want to serve meat to your customers, it is a reliable and a useful device for providing customer satisfaction in general. On the other hand, it is not a serviceable for some Indian regions, since their religions prohibit the meat. Another example it may be given is cockroach. In a hotel, if a customer sees a cockroach in the room, it may be a serious problem and shows low service quality of the hotel in general. On the other hand, in some African regions, it may be seen as a kind offer of organization. It is possible to promote a religious product using picture of prophet in some Christian regions, but it may be a reason for killing in the Muslim regions. All these examples show that cultural differences have an important and significant importance on capital. Developments in technology give opportunity to communicate with different cultures. In addition, transportation and communication opportunities support foreign direct investments and international organizations. In addition, international organizations have local values by adopting cultural differences. However, differences between countries and even societies within a country have been less dominant. People around the world wear similar t-shirts, drink same beverages, and similar consumption goods are serving around the world with different cultures. Thus, it is seen that borders of different cultures are continuously changing. In this respect, it may be argued that understanding of differences and similarities between cultures become important in order to understand value of human capital and manage it effectively. It is also important to understand customer requirements and perceiving.

1.2 Rationale and Statement of the Problem Increase in opportunities of communication, firms around the world started to appeal with international customers and employees. Even a firm is local; there are some vendor firms which sell their products or services to the international customers as Anatolian Tigers. For this reason, it is obvious that internationalization is important for today’s companies. Dealing with international customers and employers means dealing with different cultures. In this respect, managing cross culture management becomes important. In order to set up a successful cross culture managing system, it is important to define and understand differences and similarities of different cultures. For this reason, understanding and managing different cultures, and defining cross cultural dimensions is an important issue of nowadays business.

1.3. The Purpose of the Research The main purpose of the research is to enlighten the Anatolian Tigers phenomenon in aspects of cross cultural management, as well as to provide a guide to researchers and field specialists how cross cultural dimensions are evaluated. Based on this purpose, mentioning cultural specific of this phenomenon the comparison of Greece and Turkey cultural is chosen as a background for the study. Turkey is the “cultural home” of Anatolian Tigers and Greek culture is a “nearest neigbour” both in geographical and cultural aspects. As a consequence of similarities, I have chosen the Greek culture as a point of reference of cultural explanation of Anatolian Tigers phenomenon.

1.4 Importance of the study Anatolian Tigers is a term which is used globally in context of Turkish economy which refers to the phenomenon of a number of cities in Turkey. The cities which are proved effective growth records back 1980s. Only thirteen countries globally have advanced from middle to high-income status since

8 1960s, nearly half of which were the “Asian Tigers” 1 One of the factors that contributed to this economic growth is Anatolian Tigers entrepreneurs in Turkey. The Anatolian Tigers businessmen, mostly connected with small and medium enterprises have achieved a spectacular business success in global era from Anatolian region. European Stability Initiative which is a German think tank organization has called Anatolian business class as “Islamic Calvinists” because Anatolian entrepreneurs’ work ethic and values have displayed similarities with Calvinist Burghers’ characteristics. The Anatolian Tigers are rooted in traditional environment by religiously spiritual conservative businessmen. Therefore, social trust, solidarity and fidelity as the spirit of Anatolian Tigers can be apprehended. Islamic roots in Anatolia region, association with the mutual cultures of Islamic communities, rural background prevented disagreements between Anatolian entrepreneurs. Those factors helped the economical activities rapidly grown in the region of Anatolia. The rise of Islamic entrepreneurial class is as a phenomenon builds a new era for Islamic civilization. 2 The culture concept is divided into two types. The first one is generic culture, and the second is local culture. Generic culture is a shared culture of all human beings, whereas local culture refers to symbols and schemas shared by a particular social group. However, culture differs based on content and structure. Thus, cross cultural management is today’s one of the important issues in business. Adler (2008) defines cross cultural management as explaining the behavior of people in organizations around the world and showing people how the organization communicates with different employees and client populations from many different cultures (Kawar 2012, p.107). In this respect, it may be argued that cross culture and cross cultural management is a kind of different cultural groups within and outside of the organization. As we stated above, differences between different societies has important impact on clients and employees. Thus, in an international or multinational company, cross cultural management is a kind of management of different cultures within the firm. The them of the study which is both local and global.

1.5 Definition of Terms The following terms are defined to ensure their uniformity and understanding throughout the study. Hereby define all important definitions before going on into the study, where it will be added more details in the theoretical background, in Chapter 2.

.

1 The World Bank Report (2015), Rise of the Anatolian Tigers, pp. 2, TurkeyUrbanization

Report, No 87180 - TR

2 Mustafa Akyol , Turkey’s Liberal Islan and how it came to be, “Turkey’s Veiled Democracy”, published in The American Interest, November-December 2007 issue.

9 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. CULTURE CONCEPT 2.1.1. General Definition According to Oatey culture is the explicit and implicit arrangements and acquired culture and artifacts, including the different groups of people forming success, symbols transmitted behavior patterns are formed; basic kernel culture traditional ideas historically derived and selected values and in particular the associated means comprising culture systems, such as a hand, a future action conditional on elements, effects acceptable products (Oatey 2012, p.2). 2.1.2. Types of Culture Cultural cooperation under the umbrella of arts and culture and elitism with the understanding that connects unfortunately very common, there are all sorts of different actions and cultural policies in favor of a particular type of culture always has a tendency to move. As stated Yudicé traditional policies constitute the majority culture, arts and heritage policies, support the broad concept of culture are marginal. Elements of public policy for the promotion and protection of such intangible cultural heritage: such as, among others, language and customs were considered (Marana 2010, p.5). 2.1.2.1. Work Culture International organizations and development cooperation organizations, cultural factors may affect how the analysis and work to promote culture when and development of relations between the 1980s and even the 1990s, although not as much in the 1970s, various experts advocated by began development process. Alfons Martinell, Director of the UNESCO Chair on Cultural Policies of Girona University, stated that work promoted by experts, despite their contribution to the political agenda largely ignored by the international community (Marana, 2010).

2.1.2.2. Social Culture-Economic Classes Social class, traditional income, education, occupation, and neighborhood-based society is defined as a position in the hierarchy. Gilbert and Kahl (1982) in the United States, income level, social class, income and social class basis, followed argue that these other markers. For example, income or a lover to marry, to choose as a career and are likely to experience significantly determines the neighborhood (Sagepub, 2012). Culture has changed the definition of words like, like the way the words are written has changed. US-English, Italian-American ethnic groups, usually as a hyphenated term, is called. The term gives a sense of a distinct group of people. Different groups that make today style guides most Italian- Americans, Americans instead rather to share what stresses, a change that reflects the meaning, as an adjective, Italian, using the Italian-American, as well as dashes use dropped another. This text is a culture within a culture to communicate the meaning of the use hyphens (Sagepub, 2012).

2.1.2.3. Religion Culture So far, the system or symbols complexes such as cultural patterns, wherein the first importance for us generic feature is that they have external sources. External their separate careers are born into the common agreement of all human individuals, subjective world as it means outside the boundaries of individual organisms, and they permanently leave behind after death, which (Clifford, 1993). Weber, has completed work on Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism; Essays on Ancient Judaism in 1920, was substantially completed during death; Islamic studies planned but not completed. Weber worked right from particular to general and non-Christian worldview expressed his intellectual

10 trajectory. Since I was not given the historical rise of capitalism first developed among Protestants in Europe and North America to explain why Weber was the obvious problems (Noland, 2008). Occasionally, some individuals, classes and social groups do not agree with the ruling ideas. Any individual opponents, however, maintain the aberrant expression of the fact that he needs to find a group to help other individuals. One person cutting the world at the moment, however, a small group of dedicated men and strong maximum is supposed to be the ability to acquire and retain the loyalty effect can be to have. Any deviation or alternative definitions of reality revolutionary ideology maintains the credibility of a particular sub-community, subculture, a support need (Kilp, 2011). Hofstede argued in front of the religious culture, the religion does not change frequently, are considered pre-existing values. Four cultural dimensions, uncertainty avoidance religion are seen most significantly associated. Basic religious-cultural differences emerged-the fact polytheistic high uncertainty avoidance cultures, religions (Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, Judaism and Islam) and rituals tend to emphasize Hinduism and Buddhism as low uncertainty avoidance cultures, between religions and indisputable truth on is a virtue (Noland, 2008).

2.1.2.3.1. Islamic Culture Islam and the Quran were created by the prophet Muhammad who was born in Mecca in 570. Saudi Arabia followed the teachings of Muhammad. He was born into a noble Arab family, the Quraysh, the first son of Abraham through Ishmael's descendants. She Islam, he and his followers faced persecution and serious difficulties began preaching at the age of 40 as soon as the Prophet received his first revelation. Therefore, cities of Mecca and Medina are known as commanded by God to a city of migration (OMI, 2012). Islam was touched Weber's writings, that characteristic "prebendal feudalism" and Abbasid, Mamluk and Ottoman dynasties "arbitrary bureaucratic Patrimonialism" rational, predictable, and changing the legal structure inhibits the growth of advocates of rational capitalism occurs without can not. Weber ongoing political and legal institutions guarantee property rights of feudal institutions of Europe to its contemporary counterpart, the contrasts exist in the Muslim world. First, this is not a socio- political barriers, inhibiting the rise of capitalism was no theological encumbrance (Noland, 2008). 2.1.2.3.2. Orthodox Culture The Orthodox culture is treated in this study as it was mentioned above as the nearest neighbour of Islamic culture of father land of Anatolian Tigers. Religious revivals in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the West easily sung melodies and rousing emotional, with an emphasis slang, popular hymns, which consisted of. Participation in the execution of community service, and after the Second Vatican Council of the Roman Catholic Church reintroduction slang worship, all major western churches preach the doctrine as the main road with their encouragement meant Hymnal used. This background of congregational singing of metrical hymns and the hearing of both the Old and New Testament Bible readings at services is that with which most people coming into the Orthodox Church in the west will be familiar. Mostly they Church Slavonic or Church World Service with basic or ethnic and practice conservative community, will be, or they are bound Orthodox prove very tight and too small to be and trying too hard in some ways, they are Eastern Orthodox worship norms as to see adhering. However, in many cases, they of the clergy office and on the western ethnic traditions while maintaining a view to get the most beneficial aspects (Gerrard, 2002). 2.2. TURKISH CULTURE Anatolia has witnessed the rise and fall of numerous empires, beginning with that of the Hittites in the 8th century BCE. When their five- hundred year rule ended, various Indo-European and Greek civilizations followed in their wake. The Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, only to fall to Alexander the Great in 334 BCE. Anatolia was then divided into Hellenistic kingdoms, all of which yielded to Rome by the mid-1st century BCE (Aschner et al 2009,

11 p.4). Then it followed by the Byzantine Empire (330-1453) and the Ottoman Empire (1453-1922). The Modern Turkish state was created in 1922 by Kemal Ataturk. 2.2.1. General Properties Turkey, the bridge between Asia and Europe, has plenty of ethnic diversity due to thousands of years of immigrations. Much like the United States, the country has been through many waves of immigration. Turks make up about 80% of the population. The rest are mostly Kurds, although in Istanbul there are significant populations of Greek and Roma. There are also numerous minority populations of Caucasians, Europeans, and Arabs (Aschner et al, 2009). 2.2.2. Trends and Changes The end of the First World War ignited great change for the country of Turkey. The Ottoman Empire still had control of the region, yet the Allied forces, upon occupying the country, defeated the Ottomans and left the sultanate discredited. The occupation of Turkey by the Allies and other armies, such as the Greek, upset many Turks. Battles were soon waged by the Turkish army against all occupying forces (Aschner et al, 2009). Another issue contributing to opposition to Turkey’s membership in the EU centers on questioning whether Turkey is truly a democratic country. There have been four coups staged by the Turkish military since 1960. However, these coups, while at times violent, have been carried out ostensibly to preserve democracy and a secular state. While staging coups to preserve democracy is certainly debatable, it is a fact that after each coup, the military has stepped back and allowed a newly- constituted civilian government to rule. Moreover, despite making some threats, the military has not prevented the Islamist AKP (which won 47 percent of the votes in the national elections in the summer of 2007) from dominating the government. While some Turks feel that the AKP is an Islamist wolf in sheep’s clothing, seeking to make Turkey into an Islamist state, the current situation may show that the military is willing to accede to the will of the people, even if it means relaxing its secularist prescriptions (WAC, 2008). 2.3. GREEK CULTURE In Greek culture, from the ancient times till today, religion, whether pagan or Christian is of vital importance to the state as well as in the daily life of the individual. However, in order to understand the various, and sometimes contradicting aspects of Greek Orthodox religious practices, one should bear in mind that Greeks have always been very religious but at the same time very much down to earth, sometimes reaching with their heads the sky, but always with their feet firmly planted on earth. Between 1890 and 1917 450,000 Greek immigrants came to America. The second major wave was in 2002, U.S. (Census Bureau, 5423). In the state of Maine, between 1966 and 1979, 160,000 of the residents were Greek immigrants; which make up the 4% of the population of Maine. Greece itself is smaller than Alabama. Greece's population is 10.6 million people. Athens is the capital and largest city. The history of Greece begins c.2000-1700 BC, but the Modern Greek State was formed in 1830. Until then the lands that form today’s Greece were a part of the Ottoman Empire. Bitter feelings against Turkish people began as a result of the Greek War of Independence (1821-1832). 2.3.1. General Properties Greek families traditionally see as the duty of children to care for elderly parents, and it is considered a dishonor not to do so. It is considered a shame to place an elderly parent in residential. Residential care is seen as a last resort for elderly people who have no family. In general, great causes for concern in residential care can be language barriers, cultural differences and dietary requirements (Mahlouzarides et al 2006, p.6). 2.3.2. Trends and Changes During the years between World War I and World War II immigration was increasing. Greek government actively encouraged emigration after World War II and in 1952; the Australian Government has assisted thousands of Greeks transition. 1960 saw a continued rise of Greek immigration (Mahlouzarides et al, p.5, 2006).

12 2.4. CROSS CULTURE CONCEPT 2.4.1. General Definition Human communities, practices, beliefs, social roles, norms and expression, organization and community as well as the kind of internal consistency within the various divisions are exhibited in various forms of conflict. These mergers and divisions were where people live different historical experiences, physical and social environment for the many months of close links. They elements configurations and neighbors and interact with groups shared and common origin, history of civilizations associate membership including the common historical experiences and similarities there, scattered between the two groups shared interrelating characteristic way and mutually agreed, or is language included joint family to derive. Division, conflict and marginality Lines, of course, is part of the cultural phenomenon (White 2002, p.1). One will be exposed to a particular culture, the culture and communication, can be regarded as inseparable, and then communication becomes a necessity. The term "intercultural communication" that was the first to introduce the "communication between two people of different cultures" was identified as Edward T. Hall. The term "intercultural business communication", are from different cultures, whereas employees in enterprises can be defined as communication that takes place is a new term in the business world. On the other hand, nations and governments rather than communication occur between individuals, meaning "international communication" has another term (Chaney and Martin 2011, p.107). 2.4.2. Cross Culture in Greece and Turkey Starting with the early 1990s, there have been collaborative efforts among historians in Greece and in Turkey to purge schoolbooks of chauvinistic content and demonizing references. Critical Greek, Turkish, and other Southeast European historians have come together several times in symposia and workshops organized by Bogazici University, the Turkish History Foundation, and the Centre for Democracy and Reconciliation in South-eastern Europe. Most recently, historians from Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Romania, and Turkey reviewed primary and secondary-level history books from their countries for the ‘Improvement of the Balkan History Textbooks Project’, which was initiated by the Turkish History Foundation and funded by UNESCO, the Heinrich Boll Foundation and the Consulate General of the Netherlands in Turkey (Rumelili 2005, p.5). Contrary to the situation in the past, today's foreign policy-makers operate within the context of an aspiring civil society, a vibrant media and private economic interests, and a tightening nexus of international regimes. This creates constraints and a political fragmentation that can cause a certain policy paralysis. In the short run, it often exacerbates the populace's nationalist reflexes and adventurism but, in the long run, it could facilitate the transition to more liberal, open, diverse and tolerant societies (Keridis 1999, p.8). 2.5. ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE Pierre Bourdie’s and Jean-Claude Passeron’s initial concept of “cultural capital” and its following elaborations refer “to all the goods material and symbolic, without distinction, that present themselves as rare and worthy of being sought after in a particular social formation” (Harker R., 1990), “goods” that act as a social relation within a system of exchange that includes the accumulated cultural knowledge that confers power and status (Barker Ch. 2004) Although the concept of “cultural capital” had a great impact in studies of inequality nevertheless it has been criticized on many grounds, mainly due to its lack of conceptual clarity. It has been observed that Bourdieu's theory, and in particular his notion of habitus, is entirely deterministic, leaving no place for individual agency or even individual consciousness (DiMaggio, P. 1979). Lamont and Lareau (1988) also criticized the incorporation of cultural capital into status attainment models, insisting that such analyses overlook a significant dimension of conflict that was clearly part of the original concept: the constitution of cultural capital, they argued, takes the form of micro-political contests over legitimating of particular status signals. In contrast to Bourdieu’s more exclusive focus on cultural capital and social position, Lamont argued in favour of an inductive, interview-based

13 approach to the study of symbolic class boundaries to asses the permeability and relative importance of different sorts of boundaries(socioeconomic, moral, cultural) across national and group contexts. 2.5.1. Turkey Between 1960s and 1980s, economically, Turkey adopted a heavily protected import substitution industrialization strategy (Karabağ et al, 2011). This period generated strong growth for a time, and both capitalists and trade unions gained importance (Zürcher, 2004). International firms in the 1960s and 1970s, during the regime of import-substituting domestic production and joint ventures have already started investing in Turkey, and this was supported by strong government policies. Import- substitution industrialization strategy adopted in 1960, the initiation of the process of the automotive industry has been selected as one of the candidates for the Prime Minister. This, iron, steel, glass, plastic, textile, rubber and stimulating growth in other sectors such as chemicals 'lead' sector has great potential as (Karabağ et al, 2011). Turkey in 2001, struck a deep financial crisis, but continue to grow and its uneven performance, even though the average long-term growth has been a significant expansion in 2005 four times in GDP in 1970 has been strong, particularly in engineering and science, higher education,. Turkey in this period of R & D-related activities showed a steady growth between 2000 and 2010, for example, mechanical engineering doctoral students has almost doubled the number of (Karabağ et al, 2011) A country's level of development of science and technology R & D as an indicator (GERD) can be evaluated using the gross domestic expenditure. According to the OECD report, GERD and USD 9.6 billion in Turkey in 2010 was 0.84% of GDP. Annually between 2005 and 2010 grew by 10.7% and were affected little economic shocks. In 2004, the Turkish Research Area (TRA) implementation, public R & D budgets gave an impetus; Government commitment to continuously STI and business R & D expenditure will quickly recover after the crisis. In 2010, the industry, government and higher education financed 45% of GERD financed 50% (OECD 2012, p. 396). 2.5.2. Greece It is commonly accepted that the euro zone’s crisis started with the difficulties faced by the Greek government in rolling over maturing debt in 2009, which produced contagion of other euro zone economies such as Portugal and then spread to Spain and, finally, to Italy. The Greek government sought assistance from the European Union (EU) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that resulted in rescue programs featuring significant financial support, but with the mandatory imposition of very severe austerity and structural-change measures. The combined EU, European Central Bank (ECB), and IMF rescues were based on the assumption that a dramatic reduction in government deficits was the solution. But this “solution” tends to slow growth, increase unemployment, reduce savings, and hence increase the burden of private sector debt. The idea is that this will reduce government debt and deficit ratios. However, as we will show from the evidence, this did not work due to impacts on the domestic private sector. The question that should be asked, then, is whether this imposed policy mix was wise (Papadimitriou et al 2012, p.3). 2.6. CAPITAL CONCEPT "Capital" in the great debate about the two Cambridge meeting, the focus of most discussions sensitive enough to measure the aggregate physical capital, whether it was homogeneous. Human and social capital, there is room for debate about the similar. Obviously, there are many different forms of physical capital. For example, an egg beater and an aircraft carrier, as well as little bits of physical capital to enter into the American national accounts, and yet they are not interchangeable (Putnam 2014, p.1). 2.6.1. Economic Capital Another important economic capital of shareholders in the decision variable has two opposite effects is through the margin. On the one hand, due to higher margin equity capital contribution incentives, increases the bank's franchise value. On the other hand, a higher margin banks increase their revenues and thus act as a substitute for economic capital as a buffer for future losses will reduce the role of capital. The net effect of economic capital through the margins, otherwise a very competitive credit markets shows that positive and negative. Finally, numerical results only a reasonable range of

14 values for these variables to improve the economic capital increases the probability of default and credit losses, showing the default increase regulatory capital (Elizalde and Repullo 2007, p.89). 2.6.2. Social Capital The concept of social capital has only relatively recently become fashionable, but the ideas behind the term still going back has been in use for nearly a century. "Social capital" first neighbors to work together to control how to handle schools in the United States in 1916 may have appeared in a book published. Author Lyda Hanifan: "forming a social unit among individuals and families, so in good faith, friendship, sympathy, and social relations tangible assets that count for most in the daily lives of the people" as an expression of social capital (OECD 2013, p.102). In modern industrialized economies, the term "social capital" that facilitates the coordination of economic activity, social trust, mutual understanding, shared values and social information to the stock is held. By economists, this concept is fairly new and the recognition of social capital among communities and society variations may help to explain some of the differences in economic development have been strengthened by the observation. The most common joints to promote cooperation between groups of people used to refer to the characteristics of a community, such as efficient production as another effort is needed to reach a common goal. Studies strong norms of reciprocity, trust and why we recommend people to help each other, and that dense network of civic engagement rather than the individual to gain advantage at the expense of others likely just wanting to make more efforts to promote mutually beneficial. Therefore, such norms and networks often are cited as one of the important elements of social capital (Goodwin, p.6, 2003). 2.6.3. Symbolic Capital Symbolic capital is one of the forms of capital central to the work of Pierre Bourdieu. In sociology and anthropology, symbolic capital can be referred to as the resources available to an individual on the basis of honor, prestige or recognition, and serves as value that one holds within a culture. Bourdieu sees symbolic capital (e.g., prestige, honor, attention) as a crucial source of power. Symbolic capital is any species of capital that is, in L. Wacquant’s terms "not perceived as such," but which is instead perceived through socially inculcated classificatory schemes. Symbolic capital is said to refer to a: “degree of accumulated prestige, celebrity or honour and is founded on a dialectic of knowledge (connaissance) and recognition (reconnaissance)” (Bourdieu, 1993, p. 7). In Distinction (1984), Bourdieu refers to symbolic capital as: “the acquisition of a reputation for competence and an image of respectability and honourability…” (1984, p. 291). Bird and Smith (2005) note the convergence between Bourdieu and consumption theorist Veblen (1994) in that a seeming lack of interest in building economic capital in the form of conspicuous consumption or generosity attain the highest profits in terms of symbolic capital. There is a cost to building symbolic capital in terms of time, wealth or energy. 2.6.4. Cultural Capital Common signature of the late Pierre Bourdieu cultural capital concept is considered to be one of the. Indeed, as Bourdieu and Passeron's Reproduction text has been translated for the first twenty- five years later, they play an important role in the sociology of English continues. 'Capital' concept can be transmitted from one generation to the next, under certain conditions, provides access to scarce rewards are subject to monopoly, and to view culture as a resource, researchers have provided. As a result, the emphasis on cultural capital in the center of stratification analysis of various aspects of culture and cultural processes has enabled researchers to place in different areas. Bourdieu's own work, the concept of education and research, the most significant was used for consumption and taste (Lareau and Weininger 2003, p.567) Measurable proxies of human capital more difficult, less measurable aspects found some information has been used as a proxy for the economy to work in the field, there is a whole industry; as a proxy for skills in business; as a proxy for experience and sometimes years. These figures account for more then they realize how many people's income is fed to explore the econometric calculations. Some interesting things female and male wages, or income received by minority and dominant groups by comparing, in particular revealed. People still at the same time and so prejudice, exploitation, based on

15 the explanations for leaving plenty of less favored groups, the income gap between all do not account imaginable human capital proxies all such analysis adequate, measurable proxies impossible to find were important variables leaving out would be to accept must (Goodwin 2003, p.5). Rather than cultural values and resources Bourdieu's cultural capital wishes to speak, clearly more than just a terminological matter of preference. In this context, the key text "forms of capital" of their importance for social reproduction is its general statement. Here Bourdieu to the center if you are interested more, the process of which the ruling classes effective, appropriate and resources to monopolize and it's own private benefit through use, is the cultural capital, different types of resources in the community just factually not distribution of cultural works his "objectified" as such capital privileged access to individual savings and competencies "embodied" in capital, and at the same time ensure that the academic evaluation, including criteria institutionalization of cultural and educational qualifications so ultimately return to their respective owners. Bourdieu will be more differentiated and less elaboration, albeit to higher returns and recognize familiar with both informal and formal expression of networks of social capital as "persons," support and representation (Goldthrope 2007, p.4). Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital developed in the context of educational research, and the most lasting impact on the audience that English was in the sociology of education is. Indeed, Bourdieu's arguments about the culture now are a staple of sociology of education textbooks. In addition, almost all economically developed countries, schools for generations advantage transmission is an important and growing role. Therefore, any comprehensive assessment of the concept of cultural capital in compulsory education must come to grips with the role (Lareau and Weininger 2003, p.568). The transmission of cultural capital, embodied in his statement, is an important part of the formation of habitus. And, Bourdieu, this traditionally also within a family more particularly realized a consequent social class, the context as understood socialize more typically more accurate and predictable process appears to be. Typically, Bourdieu's habitus "local" effects and then calls "class terms" individual's own subsequent experience only enhanced by what has been established by the state (Goldthrope 2007, p.5).

Bourdieu’s Distinction 2.7. RELATED RESEARCHES Pattanayak (1998) has developed the notion of work culture as the human environment within which an organization’s employees perform their jobs. A positive culture would improve the performance of an organization in different ways such as placing constraints on the individual’s freedom of choice and providing a source of reward and punishment. Takada and Westbrook (2009) found that culture plays a significant role in employee retention. Once data was analyzed and the hypothesis proven, this could lead companies to move toward an organic culture with an emphasis on motivators in an effort to make their organizational culture more conducive to higher employee retention.

16

CHAPTER III

3.1. Anatolian Tigers

Central Anatolia, which is also called the Anatolian Plateau, generally is considered to be the heart-land of Turkey; it was here that the major events (Turkish war of Independence) associated with the creation of the Republic of Turkey took place between 1919 and 1924. The important urban centre of the region is Ankara which is the capital city of Turkey since 1923. Over the past several decades, Turkey has transformed itself economically and spatially into the dynamic, industrially-competitive economy it is today. Turkey’s urban economies helped expand the country’s industrial contribution to GDP from just over 17% to 27%; From 1960 to 2013, the services sector rose dramatically from 26% to nearly 64%; and GDP per capita, in current US Dollars, rose from $1,567 in 1980 to $10,666 in 2012. Rise of the Anatolian Tigers highlights salient features of Turkey’s urbanization process with the aim of extracting lessons learned for other developing countries. Most of Anatolian Tigers and some other cities in Turkey, were exalted to metropolitan status in 2012 by an amendment to the Metropolitan municipality law. It is now 30 cities in Turkey. To be a metropolitan municipality make those cities to face the challenge of managing a city with more responsibilities in planning and delegated functions, new corporatized water utilities and urban transport systems to plan, upgrade and expand across their economic footprint. In 1980 finally the importance of Anatolia was well understood by the authorities and several decisions were taken to build a model of progressive economy in this region. The year 1980 is a turning point in Turkish History. Therefore we may examine Turkish economy before 1980 and after 1980. During the beginning of 1980s inflation in Turkey reached a point of 110%. This and the sharp downfall in banking system created a big problem in Turkish economy that needed to solve immediately. These negative effects forced Turkey to take critical economical decisions by adopting a bill called the “24th January Decisions” which has been prepared by Turgut Özal, the Secretary of Economy during these three years of Junta time. He later became Prime Minister in 45th and 46th terms of Turkish Democracy and the 8th President of the Republic of Turkey. Because of his crucial economic decisions, this period is called in Turkey with his surname: “Özalizim”, in the same way as in USA it has been named “Reaganomics” or “Reagenizm” after the American President Ronald Reagan and “Thatcherism” in UK3, after the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.

3.2. Anatolian Tiger’s evolution The “24th January Decisions” address several critical matters mostly related with neo-liberalization. But the most important aim and the main target of this decisions was to support the growth of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMe)4. Its strategic aim was to introduce to Turkey the "global economy" policy, which is supported by the big business’5, and to give the ability to Turkish companies easily to access globally the market products and services. As a result of these neo-liberal decisions Turkish

3 Özal Dönemi Türkiye’nin Ekonomi-Politiği, Kerem Karabulut page 981 4 Modernleşen Müslümanlar: Nurcular, Nakşiler, Milli Görüş ve AK Parti, Kitap Yayinevi Ltd., 2005 page 125

5 Ekinci, Burhan (2008-09-12). "12 Eylül sermayenin darbesiydi". Taraf. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. http://taraf.com.tr/haber.asp?id=16756. Retrieved 2008-09-13.

17 economy was transformed from an import substitution economic policy to a free market economy. Turkey was one of the first countries in which the neo-liberalist policy was tested. 3.2.1 Implementation of 24th January Decisions; This new neo-liberalist decisions and new policies should be done in an unlawful violence and without social oppositions6. After the neo-liberalist decisions were taken in 24 January 1980 and the progress to a free economic market in export subsidy policy, a few months later, on 12th September the National Security Council, headed by Evren, declared coup d'état. This declaration and the sudden overthrow of the civilian government by the Army will help to apply the decisions in Turkish economy more easy. And these decisions will be enforced without any opposition. After coup d'état, the Army had the control of Turkey from 1980 till 1983 and the 24th January decisions were literally enforced during junta time.

3.3. Rising of Anatolian Tigers The changes in Anatolia have been started with the curial economical decisions of Prime Minister Özal. After 1980 many labour-intensive sectors are established in different cities of Anatolia. A number of cities and sectors will be called later on “Anatolian Tigers” in Turkey. Those firms will be shown in Turkey as a new dynamics of Turkish Industry and Anatolian Tigers will be the new areas as an alternative to traditional industrial areas7. The term of Anatolian Tigers is inspired by the name of Asian Tigers8. During 1970s the countries such as Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan was called Asian Tigers because of their competitive products which are produced by those Asian countries took place in the global market. The successful stories of Asian Tigers in business are represented to Anatolian entrepreneurs as a pilot project. The name of Anatolian Tigers was sincerely adapted by Anatolian capitalists and politicians. These entrepreneurs who are called Anatolian Tigers acted a significant part for the globalization of some Anatolian cities. The spirit of Anatolian Tigers was social trust, solidarity and fidelity. Those three components were in the centre of successful growth of Anatolian region. Deep Islamic roots of Anatolia, connections with the mutual cultures of Islamic communities, Sufi belief and village background prevented disagreements between Anatolian entrepreneurs and therefore economical activities rapidity grown in the region of Anatolia.

3.5. Anatolian Tigers in Commerce The Anatolian tigers believe that the commerce plays an important role in the Islamic economic system. Muslim’s Prophet Mohammed was a merchantman and was once asked which the best income was, and he said: “A man’s handiwork and all clean sales”. Muslims have accepted as a guide line the messages of Quran and the Prophet Mohammed’s behaviours as a life style for themselves. In Quran, has been told “But Allah has permitted trade9.” Thus, religious background in commerce which gives strength the tigers and a trade manner based on brotherhood and justice in Anatolian Tigers assisted them to reach their goals in global economy. By the mid-1990s, Turkish journalists and academics had begun to write about the ‘Anatolian Tigers10’.

6 Chomky, N. (1999). Profit over People: neoliberalism and global order, New York: Seven Stories Press

8 Anadoludan Girişimci Öyküleriö Sadi Özdemir - 2005, page 9 9 QURAN Surat Al-Baqarah 275 10 A series of articles ‘Anatolian Tigers’ (Anadolu Kaplanlari) in Turkish daily Milliyet in June 1996

18 Their success in commerce during these 30 years after 1980 brings Turkey to its present economical success. Anatolian Tigers stress the virtues of hard work and self-sufficiency, of saving and investing, of private charity and community service, of conservative social habits and trust within the community, of strong family bonds and investing in the education of the next generation11. Remarkably, a number of people in Kayseridescribe their community by reference to Calvinism and the Protestant work ethic. The former metropolitan mayor of Kayseri, Sukru Karatepe, compared his fellow ‘Kayserili’ (people from Kayseri) with hardworking ‘Protestants’, and stated that “to understand Kayseri, one must read Max Weber” (a reference to Weber’s celebrated 1905 essay, “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”, which argued that the “this-worldly asceticism” of Calvinism provided the spark for the rise of modern capitalism). Celal Hasnalcaci, owner of a textile company and branch manager of the Independent Industrialists and Businessmen’s Association (Musiad), explained: “The rise of Anatolian capitalists is due to their Protestant work ethic. No personal waste, no speculation, reinvests your profits”12 Kayseri’s economic success can be linked to the efforts mobilized through closely knit families who socialize economic decisions and can collectivize their actions. The stability of the demographic conditions also requires attention13. Family ties also play an important role in embedding Gaziantep’s economic relations. In Kayseri, 90% of survey respondents indicated that family businesses are vital for the “moral” economy. According to respondents, family owned enterprises are aware that employing more local labour and contributing to the city economy is vital14. The Anatolian Tigers are mainly family businesses. As much as the Anatolian Tigers differ from one another, there have been attempts to demonstrate how these cities collectively diverge from assumptions about capitalism. To show that Islam can be compatible with capitalism, international press and studies have focused on the religious character of these cities.15 These cities have benefited because of religious values rather than in spite of them, as intra-community solidarity founded on mutual trust has smoothed the path toward economic success. 16 During the time the liberal economy started to be addressed globalization and neo-liberalism, at the same time “Islamic Economy” is build-up. The theorem of Weber which explains the relation between Protestantism and Capitalism later on will be applied for Islam and economy.

had portraits of the following cities: Kahramanmaras, Corum, Van, Usak, Amasya, Gaziantep, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Trabzon, Tokat, Nigde, Cankiri, Denizli, Malatya. 11ESI Interviews with more than 94 entrepreneurs and business people in Kayseri province between September 2004 and September 2005.

12 ESI Interviews with more than 94 entrepreneurs and business people in Kayseri province between September 2004 and September 2005.

13 M.Evren Tok, Does “Embeddedness” Create Miracles? The Case of the “Anatolian Tigers” in Turkey, Canadian Social Science Vol. 11, No. 4, 2015, pp. 28-39 14 M.Evren Tok, Does “Embeddedness” Create Miracles? The Case of the “Anatolian Tigers” in Turkey, Canadian Social Science Vol. 11, No. 4, 2015, pp. 28-39 15 For two examples, see Pelin, “Anatolian tigers”; “Islamic Calvinists: Change and Conservatism in Central Anatolia,” (report, European Stability Initiative, September 19, 2005), http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_69.pdf. 16 Keyman and Lorasda??, Kentler.

19

CHAPTER IV

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology of this study. It consists of choice of method, choice of research design, collection and processing of the data, validity and reliability of the method, and the quality of the research. 4.1. Research Method Mixed methods research is considered an intellectual and practical approach based on qualitative and quantitative research. Nowadays, mixed research has been widely used in the research practice. And it has been considered as the third major research approach. Mixed methods research not only revealed the importance of traditional quantitative and research but also offers a powerful third paradigm choice that often will provide the most useful, complete, and balanced research results (Johnson 2007). Yin (2006) emphases on the mixed method research to be used in the current researches. In this research the author uses mixed method research approach. However, if the mere goal of combined use of qualitative and quantitative data is the mutual validation and convergence of the result arising from different methods, that imposes the independent and concurrent employment of measurement operations throughout the study, aimed at testing the same hypothesis or answering the same part of a research question. The quantitative part could be used for generalization of qualitative findings (Lobe, 2008). The qualitative part (if it is exploratory) can be seen as the phase to generate the hypotheses and theory, which could be verified later on in a quantitative (confirmatory) section of the study. Researchers often use qualitative and quantitative material to complement each other. Sometimes a qualitative study is conducted to follow up on findings from quantitative data and help us to understand what the figures actually mean. Sometimes a quantitative study is conducted to follow up on findings from qualitative data. A third way is to design a study where qualitative and quantitative data are collected and analyzed at the same time. The research follows a combined deductive-inductive approach. The research focus is explanatory on the one hand, to help understand components, properties, effects on finance of cross cultural dimensions. The first part of the research is based on a thorough literature review on culture, cross culture and sample countries. To achieve the first objective, a deductive research approach is chosen as the appropriate one. In this type of research, existing theories are to be sought in order to shape the approach that the researcher adopt to the qualitative research process and to aspects of data analysis (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhilll 2009).

20 4.2. Research Design In the first part, the existing literature about components, properties, effects on finance of cross cultural dimensions are examined and a short literature review is given. The research is firstly draw on material from a number of up to date internationally comparable reports and other secondary resources, such as scientific articles, magazine reports, conference proceedings or other appropriate media outlets. Additionally, some fundamental books covering components, properties, effects on finance of cross cultural dimensions. 4.3. Quality of Research According to Bryman (2007), reliability is concerned with the replicability and consistency of findings, and refers to the degree to which other researchers performing similar observations in the field would generate similar interpretations and results. In the research, data used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis are gathered from respectful sources. The logic of the research to looking for the main factors of the cultural capital through the quantitative analysis on the base of that the essence of cultural capital of Anatolian Tigers is explored by qualitative analysis. 4.4. Research Questions Research questions have several roles. In particular, they provide a framework for conducting the study, helping the researcher to organize the research and giving it relevance, direction, and coherence, thereby helping to keep the researcher focused during the course of the investigation. Research questions also delimit the study, revealing its boundaries. Additionally, research questions give rise to the type of data that are eventually collected (Nancy L.). The main problem of the research is “what are the dimensions of cultural capital as a factor of Anatolian Tigers’ globally success?” to solve this problem author used two approaches quantitative one which is focus to explain the cultural background of this phenomenon and qualitative one which is focus on the rhetoric of Anatolian Tigers. The specify of cultural background of Anatolian Tigers is tested by comparative study of Turkish and Greek culture. Greece and Turkey are chosen as sample of the research, and following research question is developed: “How do cross cultural dimensions differ between two similar and ancient societies?” Based on this research question, eleven cross cultural dimensions were generated, and sub- questions were asked as in the below: 1. How does education factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey? 2. How does political trust factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey? 3. How does trust in people factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey? 4. How does fear of others factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey? 5. How does life satisfaction factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey? 6. How does trust in people factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey? 7. How does fear of others factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey? 8. How does life satisfaction factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey? 9. How does happiness factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey? 10. How does income factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey?

21 11. How does deprivation index factor of cross cultural management differ between Greece and Turkey?

4.5. Assumptions of the Research In the research, following assumptions were accepted in order to get a unique solution. 1. Data collection method is suitable with nature of the research. 2. Sample is sufficient to describe the current situation. 3. Chosen statistical approaches are suitable with nature of research design. 4. Data used in the research is reliable and respectful.

4.6. Limitations of the Research The research is restricted with 11 factors of cross cultural dimensions and two countries, Greece and Turkey on the national level. Quantitative approach is restricted with data of Eurofound UK Data Archive Study Number 7316 - European Quality of Life Survey, 2011-2012, “Third European Quality of Life Survey Questionnaire”. In Rhetoric Analysis due to the small sample available to the research, results may not be generalizable on the whole country. 4.7. Statistical Approach In the research, 11 factors related to cross cultural dimension was developed. They are given in the below. Education Variable Edu5 used in the analysis was derived from the question Q48 (What is the highest level of education you completed?). The original 9 categories variable was recoded so that the number of subjects in the particular categories is more equal but also to make the comparison between Greece and Turkey possible as in Greece there are no subjects in the category literate without diploma. Political trust component Variable C_poltrus – political trust component - is a principal component derived from a set of interval level variables Q28a…Q28f measuring the trust in political institutions on a scale from 1 to 10 where 1 means ‘do not trust at all’ and 10 means ‘trust completely’. The trust in the following institutions was evaluated: national parliament, legal system, press, police, government and the local (municipal) authorities. One component solution was extracted from the data, explaining 69% of the total variation with an Eigenvalue of 4, 13. Voluntary work component Variable C_volwork – voluntary work component – is a principal component derived from a set of ordinal variables measuring how often one did unpaid voluntary work in the last 12 months (Q22a - for community and social services; Q22b – for education, cultural, sports or professional associations; Q22c – for social movements or charities; Q22e – for other voluntary organisations). The initial variables were recoded so that 0 means ‘no voluntary work in the last 12 months’; 1 ‘less often/occasionally’; 2 ‘every month’; and 3 ‘every week’. The Q22d was not included in this analysis as it measures voluntary work for political parties and trade unions used later to measure political participation. One component solution was extracted from the data, explaining 68% of the total variation with an Eigenvalue of 2,72. Political participation component Variable C_polpart – political participation component – is a principal component derived from an ordinal variable measuring voluntary work for political parties and trade unions (Q22d) and a set of dichotomous variables measuring whether one attended over last 12 months a meeting of a trade union, a political party or political action group (Q23a); attended a protest or demonstration (Q23b); signed a

22 petition, including an e-mail or on-line petition (Q23c); contacted a politician or public official (Q23d). The variable Q22d was recoded so that 0 means no voluntary work in the last 12 months and 3 means voluntary work at least once a week. One component solution was extracted from the data, explaining 47% of the total variation with an Eigen value of 2,36. Life satisfaction component Variable C_lifesat – life satisfaction component is a principal component derived from a set of interval level variables measuring, on a scale from 1 to 10, one’s satisfaction with different aspects of life where 1 means ‘very dissatisfied’ and 10 “very satisfied’. The following aspects were measured Q40a - education; Q40c - present standard of living; Q40d - accommodation; Q40e - family life; Q40f – health; Q40g - social life. The variable Q40b was excluded from the analysis as it evaluates the work related satisfaction and therefore is applicable only to these respondents who are in the employment which would not fulfill the aim of the further factor analysis. Similarly, the variable Q40h was not included in the analysis as it does not evaluate life satisfaction on a personal level. Trust in people Variable Y11_Q24 is an interval level variable measuring trust in people by asking respondents “do you think most people can be trusted?” The answers are measured on a 10 point scale where 1 means ‘you can’t be too careful’ and 10 means ‘most people can be trusted’. Fear of others Variable Y11_Q27c is an interval level variable measuring fear of others by asking respondents to indicate their view regarding whether they think their country’s culture is undermined by immigrants. The answers are measure on a 10 point scale where 1 means ‘our country’s culture is undermined by immigrants’ and 10 means “our country’s culture is enriched by immigrants” Life satisfaction Variable Y11_Q30 is an interval level variable measuring overall life satisfaction by asking respondents “all things considered, how satisfied would you say you are with your life these days?” The answers are measure on a 10 point scale where 1 means “very dissatisfied” and 10 means “very satisfied”. Happiness Variable Y11_Q41 is an interval level variable measuring one’s happiness by asking a question “taking all things together on a scale of 1 to 10, how happy would you say you are?”, where 1 means “very unhappy” and 10 means “very happy”. Income in PPP Euros Variable Y11_Income_PPP is an interval level variable measuring income in a purchasing power parity Euro. Deprivation index Variable Y11_Deprindex an interval variable derived from a set of questions evaluating what one can afford. More precisely, respondents are asked if household they live in can afford: keeping home adequately warm (Q59a); paying for a weeks annual holiday away from home (Q59b); replacing any worn-out furniture (Q59c); having a meal with meat, chicken, fish every second day if one wanted it (Q59d); buying new, rather than second-hand, clothes (Q59e); having friends or family for a drink or meal at least once a month (Q59f). The Y11_Deprindex takes a value 0 if a people in a household can afford all of the above items if they wanted to and 6 if the people in a household cannot afford any of the above items.

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CHAPTER V

FINDINGS

5.1 Rhetoric Analysis As Edward P.J. Corbett has observed, rhetorical analyisis “is more interested in a literary work for what it does than for what it is”. A rhetorical analysis refers to the process of analyzing a text, given source of artifact. The goal of a rhetorical analysis is to take into consideration the purpose, audience, genre, stance, and media/design of the given rhetorical situation. The rhetoric approach usage is to this perspective for the research and understanding cross- cultural differences. Zhu and Hildebrandt (2002) showed how the dissimilarities of the western and Chinese rhetoric tradition can illustrate the differences in cross-cultural communication in the contemporary business. They prompted that in the western tradition three persuasive orientations can be distinguished after the Aristotle: ethos, pathos and logos.

„Fundamentally ethos can mean the believability of the speaker, the credibility which the speaker brings to the speech situation. The speaker has to create his own credibility; he has to maintain a moral linkage between himself and his content, and should be considered a man of good character. Pathos as an artistic proof focuses on using the emotions as a supplement to a speaker’s other means of persuasion. This process was simply searching out content exterior to the speaker and arouse emotional feelings in the message receiver. Logos originally occurs in philosophy, metaphysics, rhetoric and even religion, referring to the logical, rational, evidential underpinning of a speaker’s argument. While the two preceding artistic supports seemingly appear more peripheral, it is the logical and reasonable substance that should be the major part of a communicator’s presentation. Logos involves determining the status of a case; ascertaining the facts; testing the evidence as well as constructing arguments. Logos exercises a tremendous influence on western thinking including today’s business communication” (Zhu and Hildebrandt, 2002, 92-93).

In this rhetoric analysis, six firms are chosen from Anatolian Tigers companies. Three Anatolian Tigers company owners whose background are coming from different cities in Anatolia Region has been chosen. Open ended questions in interviews were asked to the company owners to come

24 up with their own responses. That allowed me to document the opinions of the company owners in their own words. The questions and answers are given below. Websites of three different Anatolian Tigers companies from different cities in Anatolia region were selected to analyze. The websites are analyzed with the usage of rhetorical tools to seek the factor of Anatolian Tigers’ globally success in context of cross-cultural dimension of cultural capital. 5.1.1. Rhetoric analysis of the company owners interview.

A. A rhetoric analysis of interview with the founder’s son and CEO of Egretli Group as an example; 1. Eğretli group is one of the Anatolian Tigers’ company operating in food and beverage, textile and industrial sectors in Turkey. The company established by Şükrü and Celal Eğretli brothers in 1973. 2. The CEO of Eğretli group ‘s interview. This interview is made with Galip Eğretli who is the CEO in one of the successful companies which are called Anatolian Tiger company and son of the founder of company, Celal Eğretli. The interview can be treated as a representative of the Anatolian Tiger company for realizing the social and cultural differences in persuasion with the classification of Logos, Pathos and Ethos. The interview led by several questions which are assigned to company CEO. The selected questions will be indicated in text analysis. The questions will be classified in three persuasion ways according the original of interview.

The Questions and answers in persuasion with the classification of Logos, Pathos and Ethos;

Q1: What is your company’s establishment story?

Celal Egretli who was degreed in Economics and Administrative science and his brother Sukru Egretli who was a civil engineer were members of a 4 brothers of their family lived in Afyon. At that time the family had a store of grain while after it turned to be a grocery in the last days of Ottoman Empire. While children are studying in primary school, their father dies and grandmother took after family with elder brothers. Although children did not have their father, they managed to stand by themselves to continue their life. The child who has got a father remains always a child in the eye of their father. We believe the integrity of family. If we celebrate the Sacrifice bairam in Afyon, we celebrate Ramadan bairam in Bursa with all the members of family. My uncle Sukru Egretli leaves the job where he worked as a construction supervisor and my father Celal Egretli finishes his studies in Istanbul and the two brothers are moving to Bursa a city which they don’t know about. But they predict a market demand over there and took risks which those two features of an entrepreneur. Two brothers anticipated that Bursa will achieve an economic growth in a soon time. The inauguration of their commercial life began in 1973 with franchising of PEPSI operating within a 150 sq meters storage in Bursa. My uncle Sukru and my father Celal Egretli established the company with just 2 of them as an employee and with only one truck what they owned. My father Celal Egretli was selling the products to the restaurants in bus terminals with his truck. Q2: Why did you decided to invest in textile sector? “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket” It is necessity in business to take part in other sectors ,we thought that Bursa is the capital city of textile in Turkey and of course my aunt’s younger sons are textile engineers. Therefor we started to be in this business with their knowledge and support of their information utilities in textile. The years 2010 – 2012 we are recorded in business magazine capital 500 as a company which sharply increased its export. Our company exports to those countries such as Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Russia. We mostly export our products to the countries where the Turks are populated in high. Q3: Is your company a family run business? If it is so why did you decided to work with your relatives? What sort of reasons made you to work with your relatives?

25 Yes, our company is a family run business. We choice to work with family members and relatives and did not even think the other alternatives. At the time when company is established it is occurred to work together with family members. Although we do work together at the same company, of course we never forget that we have family roots in between us. Every single family members who work in the company adjust the working hours.

Q4: What is the aim of your company? Our aim is to be a corporate company and working on it but it wont be a hundred percent corporate company. Instead of that there will be a managerial atmosphere where a family law, written rules and more based on rules than personal decisions. There are 250 employee and at the very beginning of our company only my father Celal and his brother Sukru were working together with Mr. Hulisi who is a driver more than 40 years being in this company. Mr. Hulisi works in this company as its own company effort. The most important criteria to employ in company is references. We employ workers regarding the recommendation of our acquaintances. More than an academic statue, we want experiences and the most efficient factor is trust. Q5: Do you take heed of religious criteria for recruitment? Does your religious believe effect the varieties of company production? There is not such a religious criteria in recruitment. We do have people from every kind of opinion, even though there might be people not believer. Our religious believe effects the varieties of our company products therefor we definitely not sell alcohol or any kind of alcohol distribution. Even other companies suggested to lease our storage to keep their products which contains alcohol, we did not accept this proposal. We do not accept interests from banks. We try to use as less as possible bank credits. More over try to work wit capital stocks. For some credit loans we do pay interests but never got interests. Q6: What are the principles of your company? Honesty, keep your promises to customers and to have employees who respect to consumers. We want to continue our business with the principles as our customers know us. By that way to reach more customers with more employee to create a value in Turkey and even in the world. We never give up our principles so that why we have relations with our customers for long. The cultural and religious links are playing a very important part in growth of our company. To be judicious and modest are in our principles as well. To give a good service to customers, delivery quality and good products within business income for both. Our principles and values makes our family linked to each other more deeply, therefor we are more closer to our consumers and to the people which makes our company different than other companies in the sector. The member of second generation in the family follow the ancestors’ guidance though we do not consider that every thing which is suggested by our fathers are correct. The CEO of Egretli Mr. Galip flatters proficiently Logos and Ethos factors to expose his company within the answers to questions which were analyzed. He implies pathos very rare. He narrates his answers in the most used is logos, then ethos and pathos is also emphasized. “The inauguration of their commercial life began in 1973”; the CEO cited word to emphasizes the success logos and ethos. “Although children did not have their father, they managed to stand by themselves to continue their life”; The CEO implies the emotion-pathos ‘with the loss of their father’ which enumerates the decision and purpose to establish the company. “We believe the integrity of family” such expression is a pathos touch to persuade audience. “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket” this logos approach is a layman’s expression encouraging diversification which was an impression of Nobel prized for economics Harry Markowitz, his parents had emigrated from Poland shortly after World War I, used the term in an interview.” the recommendation of our acquaintances”; The CEO supports trust value and use it as an argument to employment in company. He touches the logos factor. “More than an academic statue, we want experiences” Mr. Galip trivializes the educational background and contrasts it with work experiences. “the most efficient factor is trust”; He admonishes the audience using the word “trust” logos intertwined with the element of traditional ethics value. Mr. Galip expounds the gratefulness to

26 his employee works in the company more than 40 years shows emotion, pathos. “Our religious believe” by using this word the CEO enumerates his faiths touches the logos. “to create a value in Turkey and even in the world” the CEO brings the credibility to his speech the situation, it is an Ethos approach. “our customers know us” Mr. Galip qualifies in this word his believability is an ethos measure. “Good Service” is a logos approach. “Our principles and values makes our family linked to each other” Mr. Galip has to maintain a moral linkage between himself and his content. He is considered a man of good character which the way he praises the ethos philosophy in this word. “we are more closer to our consumers and to the people which makes our company different than other companies in the sector” he defines his company and lionizes the other companies in this word. Persisting the differences and listing the factors of distinguishes. The whole sentence has an ethos approach. 5.1.2. Rhetoric analysis of company’s web pages.

A. A rhetoric analysis of Çilek’s web page as an example in Logos, Pathos and Ethos approach; Strawberry has been known the name “Çilek’’ in Turkish language as an entrepreneurial company that pursues growth through furniture industry. Çilek started life as a manufacturing company back in 1995 in an effort to specialized and make a difference in all aspects. The very young age of the company is also a reflection of its own production line. To produce furniture and room accessories targeted for babies, kids, and teens under the concept of “Çilek Room’’. The company is founded in Kurşunlu burg where almost 5000 people are inhabited. The nearest town to the burg which is called İnegöl is 20 km and the city is 60 km far from this little village. 3M of Çilek brings into being the linchpin for its body. This 3M is Muzaffer, Mustafa and Muharrem brothers. Three son of a coppersmith would be the CEOs of a company which will be exporting its products to 66 countries in 5 continents. One of his sons, Muzaffer was the follower of his father’s coppering business in a small workshop. Second brother Mustafa who graduated from university as an engineer, has started up his own business in the field which he had the education. And the other son of coppersmith Muharrem studied at Military school and became a higher officer in Turkey.

Identify Logos;

“ Being a leader in its industry, Cilek offers furniture and room accessories targeted for babies, kids and teens under the concept of “ Cilek Room” in its store” - The statement which is included on the very first page of online information about the company. Clear indication of Cilek as the leader in its industry – Logos approach.

“Cilek operates 444 outlets scattered over 66 countries in 5 continents, serving with 2000 employees in a total indoor space of 60000 sqm” - Numerical data are supposed to be the proof of the professionalism. Trying to convince the audience with numbers.

“Over 30 years of experience” - statement emphasizes a rational argument, being 3 decade in their business, by using that argument in web page implies the audience the company empiricism – Logos touch approach

“By adopting globally – known Kaizen System in its production process, Cilek switched to Lean Manufacturing and consequently increased its production performance” - The statement praises the company’s success due to the fact of adaptation the management philosophy and implement to its production system a systematic method for the elimination of waste within its manufacturing system. Therefore a logos approach refers to the logical and rational argument.

“Every year, Cilek donates % 10 of its net profit to Cilek Foundation and lends the poor children of both Turkey and the nearby geography a helping hand with its income from sales” – the statement consist the logos approach by rational arguments (which, on the other hand can be treated as pathos since the company using the emotions and Ethos also persists in the statement because flatters company’s ethical approach).

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“Being a leader of the sector in terms of management, Cilek employs a special system to collect nearly 2.5 tons of chips and waste that emerge during daily manufacturing activities and send to licensed bodies. Cilek completely prevents the damage caused by production. In addition, Cilek fulfills all of its duties in relation to environment and safety” - Clear indication of company as the leader in its sector by comparing itself with other companies. The statement contains logos approach while ethical argument is also assigned regarding the environmental used Ethos.

Identify Pathos;

“Adopted the principles of advanced child safety” – here, the word “safety” is significant, which causes their consumer to feel that Cilek is ready to take care of their children devote itself to the consumer’s children, concentrate on children in such a way that children would be taken care the highest diligence.

“Spread all over the world” – the word consist pathos touch while Cilek enhances in front of audience the admiration type of emotion as an artistic proof focuses using the admiration emotions for persuasion.

“Sensitive to both the society and the environment, and adds value to its business partners and enables them to earn” – here by using the word “sensitive” narrates the emotional feeling that being a cognizant of the society and the environment ’s needs.

“Delivering the safest, most functional and economical items and setting the standards anytime, anywhere” – using the word “safest” praises the company accomplishment to the consumer’s need and touching the emotion fear of consumers if anything may happen to their children therefore company delivers the safest items by setting the standards for safety. “Cilek foundation not only provides poor children with financial aid but also regularly offers staple food aid to the people in need” – touching audience’s emotional feelings by using the word “poor” and attached it with “children” is an obvious pathos approach. A part of social responsibility of company their help to people who are in need by fundamental food needs prove that the company tries to persuade audience with an adaptive behavior reintegration to gloominess.

“Cilek foundation has reached nearly 3.000 children in Turkey and neighboring countries” – with a predicted number of children in its web pages indicates that their work achieve the targets. By that the company cares and vindicate the children. An emotional touch to trust to its company. It is also mentioned not only in the location where company is established, it is also caring the children around its neighboring counties.

Identify Ethos;

“ For the purpose of reaching perfection” – here in an efficient, using the word “perfection” brings to audience the appearance of the company’s highest credibility.

“ Sense of lean manufacturing, original designs, functionality, user-friendly products, safety certificates, franchise stores, architectural consultancy services” – the company enumerates in its web page one by one the prospects of costumers. It refers the customers’ need and their satisfaction.

“ With the aim of presenting its original designs and an exciting room atmosphere to all children of the world” – emphasizes the company’s aim in its own credibility by using the word “original” and a moral approach as a mission to reach all children in the world.

“Expert in the categories of baby, kids and teens rooms” – shaping the varieties of company interests in business by praising the company connoisseurship in it convince the audience a moral approach.

28 “Becoming a unique and unrivalled Turkish brand in its field of expertise” – questions itself beyond compare in its brand and clarify its reliability being an expert in field. Persuade the audience with ethos touch.

“Cilek, which makes children happy by means of its designs, manufactures its products safely without harming the environment or human health and acts with the responsibility of keeping clean and protecting the environment” – the company undeniably express its ethical awareness to the environment and augment its credibility beside other companions. Being a responsible supplier in the market supports the idea that the company has a good character. 2. Which way of persuasion is the most popular in the analyzed texts? In the web pages of Anatolian Tiger companies which were analyzed, there is a clear predominance of the logos way of justification. People performing the analysis also observed a number of Ethos examples. Pathos approached was minimized by companies to persuade the audience in web pages though it was supported in some which was also listed by people who analyzed the web pages. As well as in interview analysis also have the Logos way of justification more dominated. While Ethos approach is also one of the leading way for persuasion. Pathos approach is minimized for usage to persuade audience. 3.Examples of intention to use spirituality in business. In the text analyses of interviews, the company owners are used to emphasizes their family’s relation and ancestors’ experiences. As they have mentioned that they follow their fathers’ guidance which might be a prove of spiritual way in business. It is also obvious in web pages of Anatolian Tigers to discern the way of spirituality persuasion. “We believe the integrity of family” “Our religious believe effects the varieties of our company products therefor we definitely not sell alcohol or any kind of alcohol distribution” 4. Examples of developing successful business. The analysis of interviews and web pages of Anatolian Tiger Companies enumerates the reasons of their companies success where it comes. Both of analysis possess that the success belong in their experiences, professional work and globally the way of thinking. Here are several examples which indicates the explained situation;

‘Being local and developing organization are the reasons for our company’s success” “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket” It is necessity in business to take part in other sectors ,we thought that Bursa is the capital city of textile in Turkey and of course my aunt’s younger sons are textile engineers. “Quality, flexibility and service belong to the firm’s philosophy and its integrated position with its broad technical, logistical and human resources to satisfy the markets constantly increasing demands are the guaranty of its success” “Our core value is to keep those principles and be one of the leading companies in the sectors we invested in Turkey”

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5.2. Demographic Properties Demographic properties of respondents are given in this part of the study. Gender distribution according to member numbers of the households is given. 5.3. Findings Related to Cross Cultural Dimensions In this chapter, findings related to cross cultural dimension questions are given. 5.3.1. General Comparison of Greece and Turkey In the research, participants are asked the following questions and answers given to the question and difference analysis results are given; Q8 How many hours per week would you prefer to work at present? Q29b I generally feel that what I do in life is worthwhile. Q24 Would you say that most people can be trusted? (on a scale of 1 to 10) Q27a Immigrants are not integrated in our society / indicate views on this scale Q27b Immigrants are a strain on our welfare system / indicate views on this scale Q27c Our country’s culture is undermined by immigrants / indicate views on this scale Q40d Your accommodation / How satisfied are you? (scale 1 to 10) Q40g Your social life / How satisfied are you? Q35b If you needed advice about a serious personal or family matter / From whom would you get support? Q25a Poor and rich people / How much tension is there in this country? Q25b Management and workers / How much tension is there in this country? Q25e Different racial and ethnic groups / How much tension is there in this country? Q25f Different religious groups / How much tension is there in this country? Q25g Groups with different sexual orientation / How much tension is there in this country? Q29e I feel left out of society Q29i I feel close to people in the area where I live

30 5.3.2. West and Anatolia In this part of the study, west and Anatolia were compared in Turkey. The following questions were asked to participants; Q24, Q25a, Q25b, Q25e, Q25f, Q25g, Q29e, Q35b, Q29i, Q27a, Q27b, Q27c, Q40d, Q40g, 5.4. Cross Cultural Dimension Factor Comparisons In this part of the study, cross cultural dimension factors and their findings were compared between Greece and Turkey. There are eleven factors of cross cultural dimension as given below: 5.4.1. Education The first cross cultural dimension issue of the research is education. 5.4.2. Political Trust For political trust dimension, six questions were asked to the participants. The question Q28 is “How much you personally trust each of the following institutions?” In the Questionnaire, Q28a, Q28b, Q28c, Q28d, Q28e and Q28f were related with political trust dimension. The trust in the following institutions was evaluated: national parliament, legal system, press, police, government and the local (municipal) authorities. 5.4.3. Voluntary Work For voluntary work dimension, six questions were asked to the participants. In the Questionnaire, Q28a, Q28b, Q28c, Q28d, Q28e and Q28f were related with voluntary work dimension (Q22a - for community and social services; Q22b – for education, cultural, sports or professional associations; Q22c – for social movements or charities; Q22e – for other voluntary organizations). 5.4.4. Political Participation For political participation, five questions were asked to the participants. In the Questionnaire, Q22d, Q23a, Q23b, Q23c and Q23d were related with political participation dimension. 5.4.5. Life Satisfaction Component For life satisfaction component, six questions were asked to the participants. In the Questionnaire, Q40a, Q40c, Q40d, Q40e, Q40f and Q40g were related with life satisfaction dimension. The following aspects were measured Q40a - education; Q40c - present standard of living; Q40d - accommodation; Q40e - family life; Q40f – health; Q40g - social life. 5.4.6. Trust in People For trust in people dimension, “Do you think most people can be trusted?” question was asked to participants and they asked to evaluate current situation based on 10 liked scale. 5.4.7. Fear of Others For fear of others dimension, “Our country’s culture is undermined by immigrants” question was asked to participants and they asked to evaluate current situation based on 10 liked scale. 5.4.8. Life Satisfaction For the life satisfaction dimension, “All things considered, how satisfied would you say you are with your life these days?” question was asked to participants and they asked to evaluate current situation based on 10 likerd scale. 5.4.9. Happiness For happiness dimension, “Taking all things together on a scale of 1 to 10, how happy would you say you are?” question was asked to participants and they asked to evaluate current situation based on 10 liked scale. 5.4.10. Income For income factor of cross cultural dimension, monthly income levels of participants in Euros were compared.

31 5.4.11. Deprivation Index The last factor of cross cultural dimension examined in the research is deprivation index. In the research, deprivation index of both participant groups were compared.

5.5. Qualitative Analysis In the analysis, six firms from each country were selected, and ten questions were asked to firm managers. In the choosing of firms, the main criteria was countrywide, and having different cultural employees. The word count difference results do not show a significant meaning since total word counts were different. For this reason, percentage differences were evaluated for significance of differences. Questions asked to manages and a sample of given answers from Greece was given below; “1- When was the company founded? How was your company established and by whom? 2- Where was your company located? And why was this place chosen? Why did you start the business? 3-What was the story of your company during its establishment? How many employees do you have? 4- Why did you decide to invest for this company? In retrospect, do you think it was a good idea to invest for a company in that time? What was the economical situation in the family and into country during the company establishment? 5- Did you have any fears when you established your business and is there a specific reason why you decided to focus on this business field? What were your expectations and goals when you founded the company? 6- What is the main purpose of this company? Which is the motto of the company? 7- What are the mission and vision of your company? 8- Is there any relation between the company/business and your family? Is the company a family- run business? If yes why did you decide to work with relatives? What made you to decide to work with them? 9- Are there any differences on behaviors with your relatives between the working area and real life? 10- What are the benefits of working with someone from your family? Are the advantages and disadvantages of cooperation with them? If yes what are they?

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RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The initial rhetoric analysis of this research allows us to understand the way of globally successful Turkish companies’ approach for persuading audience by using the 3 structure of persuasion which are logos, pathos and ethos. The analysed interviews with the companies and web pages’ analyses emphasize that usage of logos is predominating which makes the audience to be persuaded by rational and evidential arguments. Ethos approach has also a high number of usage in both analysed texts and web pages. Where the company owners touch the ethical and morality importance during their speech and explanations on company web page. There is an effort to develop social capital. The companies praise the social responsibility of their business and work ethic. Trust, honesty, fairness, solidarity and hard work; such terms where the owners of companies used to question during their interviews establishes the valuation of spiritual thinking. They argue the success of their business with those listed values. The family relations’ importance is also predominately suggested in analyses by company owners and web pages. The companies show their orientation towards the audience, seeking the best employee and production. Although there is a conservative Anatolia which has a rural economy and patriarchal, Islamic culture, with a deeply rooted tradition it seems that in business the global work ethics and adaptation the new philosophies in business are widely accepted. Anatolian Tigers are generally centralized cities in locally but also they have a vision to reach to global commercial areas out of Turkey. The globally success of Anatolian Tigers entrepreneurs got recognition in Turkey and worldwide from the aspects of economical growth and create a healthy region with local ownership. Religiously spiritual conservative businessmen Anatolian Tigers are deeply rooted to their traditional background. The spirit of Anatolian Tigers can be apprehended in social trust, solidarity and fidelity. The cultural capital of those entrepreneurs may have an effect to their success. In this research, cross cultural dimensions of two ancient and similar countries were examined on the national level. Cross cultural management is an important issue of today’s business world and organizational management. Since globalization process is proceeding, and customer and employee structures are continuously changing, firms of nowadays have to deal with cross cultures. Hence for a firm to have a successful cross cultural management, it have to examine and mention cross cultural dimensions and factors affecting cross culture management. In the research, it was shown with both quantitative and qualitative analysis that there may be significant differences between two socialites, although globalization approaches and they look similar. Results of the research may be summarized as in the follows. Comparison of Greece and Turkey 1. Turkey has more crowded family structure than in the Greek.

33 2. There was not a statistically significant difference between countries based on gender distribution of respondents. 3. Male participants were higher in Turkey for two person living houses. For eight and more person living in a house was seen only in Turkey. 4. Age mean of respondents and second person living in house in Greek were higher than in Turkey and these differences were statistically significant. 5. Turkish people want to work more than Greeks. 6. Turkish people more often believe what they do in life is worthwhile than Greeks. 7. Turkish people more trust other people than Greeks. 8. Turkish people more think that immigrants are not integrated in their society than Greeks. 9. Turkish participants think that immigrants have more affect on their welfare system than Greeks. 10. Turkish people more believe that immigrants undermine their culture than Greeks. 11. Turkish participants are not as satisfied as their accommodation like Greek participants. 12. Greek participants also have more satisfaction level from their social life than Turkish participants. 13. Turkish participants are keener to get support from other people except their family or relatives than Greeks. 14. There is more tension in the Greece than in the Turkey between poor and rich people. 15. There is more tension between managers and workers in Greece than in Turkey. 16. There is more tension in Greece between racial and ethnic groups than in Turkey. 17. There is not more tension between different religion groups in Turkey than in Greece. 18. There is higher tension in Turkey than in the Greek between different sex orientations. 19. Greek people feel more left out of society than Turkish people. 20. Turkish people more feel close to people around them.

Results of comparison of Greece and Turkey show that there are many significant and important differences between Greece and Turkey. On the other hand, it is also seen that the main reasons are income or welfare system differences and conjuncture differences or political differences. In Greece, there is a serious immigration similar as in Turkey. On the other hand, their immigration structures are different. Since Greece is an EU member, immigrants going to Greece have aim to have more comfortable and welfare conditions. In other words, immigrants of Greece want a better life conditions. However, immigrants in Turkey aim to have a safe life due to war in the Middle East countries. For this reason, effects of immigration in two countries are quite different. Another issue should be addressed in this respect is measures taken against immigrations. Turkey takes less measure against immigrations than Greece. Since most immigrants of Turkey come due to war in their hometown, they can not be sent back to their country. In addition, Turkey is not a member of a union such as EU in which there is free trade, Turkey can give its own decision. On the other hand, Greece does not have its own decision right, since it is a member of EU. Because of this membership, Greece has to control immigration; even it does not want to send back immigrations to their countries. Another difference between two countries or another important difference factor is income level. In literature, there are many researches expressing that increase in income level affects structure of sociality, and individuals within the country become more separated from each other. In other words, closed sociality becomes more dominant. In Greece, income levels of people are higher, and they have less social relations than in Turkey. They have less volunteer works, and they have not adopted as a society as in Turkey. Another important point is financial status. In Greece, there has been an important financial crisis for years. Many governments have tried to solve this problem, but none of them become successful. For this reason, it is seen that political participation and trust level of Greek people were found lower than in Turkey.

34 In the research, also west and Anatolia were compared. Results from data analysis were given as in the below. Comparison of West and Anatolia 1. There was not a statistically significant difference between Anatolia and West participants according to trusting other people. 2. There is similar tension between poor and rich people in Anatolia and West 3. Anatolia expressed that there is less tension between management and workers in Anatolia than West. 4. Tension between racial and ethnic groups was higher in Anatolia than in the West. 5. Tension between different religion groups was higher than in the West. 6. There is same tension in Anatolia and West for different sexual orientation. 7. Participants in Anatolia more feel them left out of society than in the west 8. Participants in Anatolia more get support from a member of their family or a relative than in the West. 9. Anatolian participants feel more close to other people than in the West. 10. There is a strong opinion that immigrants not integrated to society in West than in the Anatolia. 11. In the West, more participants have opinion that immigrants are strain on the welfare system. 12. According to Anatolian participants, immigrants have less impact on local culture than in the West 13. participants from Anatolia have higher satisfaction level from their accommodations than in the West 14. Although participants in the West not as happy as in Anatolia for accommodation, they have higher satisfaction level from social life 15. People in the West are more likely to say what they do in life is worthwhile.

Differences Between Anatolia and West were similar with difference between Turkey and Greece, although much of these differences were statistically fount to be insignificant. In this respect, it may be argued that life quality, income level and modernity theory applications increase from Anatolia to West, but a slight change was seen in the research. Hypothesis test results were given as in the below. Hypothesis results 1. Greek has more educated people than Turkey. The difference between two countries is statistically significant. 2. All political institutions are more trustful in Turkey, and all differences between countries are statistically significant 3. There were statistically significant differences for community and social services, social movements and other voluntary organizations. Greek participants are less volunteer for community and social services than in Turkish participants. 4. Turkish participants more volunteer for political party or trade union participation. Greek people attended more protest, demonstration or political events than Turkish people. 5. There are statistically significant difference between Greeks and Turkish participants based on education, family life and social life satisfaction. On the other hand, satisfaction levels for present standard of living, accommodation and health were not showed statistically significant difference 6. Greeks have less trust point than Turkish participants. Analysis results showed that the difference between participant groups was statistically significant. 7. There are more fear in Turkish participants than Greeks. Greek participants have less life satisfaction level than Turkish participants. The difference analysis results were also statistically significant. 8. Greek participants have less life satisfaction level than Turkish participants. The difference analysis results were also statistically significant

35 9. Greek participants also have less happiness level than Turkish participants. The difference here is also statistically significant. 10. Greek participants have more income than Turkish participants, and there was a statistically significant difference based on participant groups. 11. Deprivation index of Greece participants is lower than deprivation index of Turkish participants. The difference between participant groups is statistically significant.

Hypothesis test results are also parallel with differences between Greece and Turkey. It is also seen in the hypothesis results that income, political and reality factors have effect on sociality. In this respect, it may be argued that an important point of the research is that modernity theories, income level approaches or life satisfaction theories are accepted only in ordinary conditions. In a case that individuals in a society exposed to a restriction, they act as a pure structure of humanity. For example, although there were serious differences between Greece and Turkey, financial crisis and immigration problems affect differs. Research results show that although they may be similar, there may be serious differences between various social or cultural groups. In modern business literature, human sources and customers are seen the most important capital components of firms. For this reason, in order to use human capital effectively, a firm has to analyze and understand properties of human capital components, their differences, cross cultural dimensions and factors affecting cross cultural dimensions. In this respect, it may be argued to literature that today’s firms need to develop and process a “cultural dimension management”.

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