DOCSLIB.ORG

(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0062869 A1 Zhamu Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0062869 A1 Zhamu Et Al US 2017.0062869A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0062869 A1 Zhamu et al. (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 2, 2017 (54) RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES (52) U.S. Cl. HAVING ANULTRA-HIGHVOLUMETRIC CPC ....... H0IM 10/0525 (2013.01); H0IM 4/131 ENERGY DENSITY AND REQUIRED (2013.01); H0IM 4/133 (2013.01); H0IM PRODUCTION PROCESS 4/134 (2013.01); H01 M 4/136 (2013.01); H0IM 4/137 (2013.01); H01 M 4/13 (71) Applicants: Aruna Zhamu, Springboro, OH (US); (2013.01); H0 IM 4/364 (2013.01); H0IM Bor Z. Jang, Centerville, OH (US) 4/386 (2013.01); H01 M 4/523 (2013.01); H0IM 4/483 (2013.01); H01 M 4/502 (72) Inventors: Aruna Zhamu, Springboro, OH (US); (2013.01); H01 M 4/60 (2013.01); H0IM Bor Z. Jang, Centerville, OH (US) 4/602 (2013.01); H01 M 4/581 (2013.01); H0IM 4/5815 (2013.01); H0IM 4/5825 (21) Appl. No.: 14/756,293 (2013.01); H01 M 4/5835 (2013.01); H0IM 4/587 (2013.01); H01 M 4/661 (2013.01); (22) Filed: Aug. 24, 2015 H01 M 4/663 (2013.01); H01 M 4/667 (2013.01); H0IM 4/808 (2013.01); H0IM Publication Classification 2/1653 (2013.01); H0IM 10/0585 (2013.01); (51) Int. Cl. HOIM 2004/021 (2013.01) HIM IO/0525 (2006.01) HOLM 4/33 (2006.01) HOLM 4/34 (2006.01) (57) ABSTRACT HOLM 4/36 (2006.01) HOLM 4/37 (2006.01) A process for producing a lithium battery, comprising: (A) HOLM 4/3 (2006.01) Assembling a porous cell framework composed of a foamed HOLM 4/36 (2006.01) anode current collector, a foamed cathode current collector, HOLM 4/38 (2006.01) and a porous separator disposed between the two collectors; HOLM 4/52 (2006.01) wherein the current collector(s) has a thickness no less than HOLM 4/48 (2006.01) 100 um and at least 80% by volume of pores; (B) Preparing HOLM 4/50 (2006.01) a first Suspension of an anode active material dispersed in a HOLM 4/60 (2006.01) first liquid electrolyte and a second Suspension of a cathode HOLM 4/58 (2006.01) active material dispersed in a second liquid electrolyte; and HOLM 4/583 (2006.01) (C) Injecting the first Suspension into pores of the anode HOLM 4/587 (2006.01) current collector to form an anode and injecting the second HOLM 4/66 (2006.01) Suspension into pores of the cathode current collector to HOLM 4/80 (2006.01) form a cathode to an extent that the anode active material HOLM 2/6 (2006.01) and the cathode active material combined constitutes an HIM IO/0585 (2006.01) electrode active material mass loading no less than 40% of HOLM 4/31 (2006.01) the total battery cell weight. 280 g 282 Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017 Sheet 1 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 Cathode current Anode current collector (e.g. collector (e.g. Al foil) Cu foil) Anode active sS Cathode active material layer . material layer (e.g. (e.g. Si coating) LiCoO2 coating) Pofous separator Anode current FIG. 1(A) prior art collector (e.g. Culfoil) Cathode current collector (e.g. A foil) Cathode active material layer (e.g. Anode active LiCoO2 particles) material layer (e.g. SnO2 Porous particles) separator FIG. 1 (B) prior art Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017. Sheet 2 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 240 242 - (0.000000 ---00---00---- ------------ d4-s-s---0-4. {---------000 ab-------00 Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017. Sheet 3 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 272 ------------ ------------ 274 -----4--------- 448-4.800-4- d--00-00--d--d FIG. 1(E) Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017. Sheet 4 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017. Sheet 5 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 These 5 sheets of thin, porous 2D structure are merged or connected at their ends 5 sheets of chicken wire-shaped metal web (thin, porous 2D structure) properly spaced F.G. 3 Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017 Sheet 6 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 gxixe: graphite ::::::: 88:8; graxite x.8. 8. &raphite *:::::::::::::: 8xxxxx 8. {.. :xxxii:8:38::ite {{838 worris, s w {}} x38x: g:::::888 giate:8 ; : {{: 88: 8: 8xxxxix: graxite takes {x : x is ex-i:8sity s: O. A Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017 Sheet 7 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 Graphene planes intercatant c Intercalation a or b 8 Crystallite > s.A 10 Particles of Length/width 29 Graphite intercalation Natural graphite 102 Compound (GIC) Therma exfoliatio aware esses a m k re- Y W * w f w w w Compression 3. I & w s : s y was * tY s A. ' Y s ws 106 Flexible graphite foil Y p or w * s Air milling res low intensity) osal|Graphitewe was a 08 u- WS As Expanded graphite 3-layer Flakes (t Y 100 nm) graphere trasonication (High intensity) Paper-making or vacuum-assisted filtration S (Nr. Single-layer t graphemeaver 10 Graphite paperim at 2 Graphene (NGP) Paper-making or vacuum-assisted filtration r- is re-C re es secs re 14 Graphene paper/film?membrane FIG. 4 (B) Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017 Sheet 8 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 T-Graphite/LFP-conventional-gravimetric E-Graphite|FP conventional-voltmetric an are Graphite/FP-inventive-gravimetric " O an eras SSS 3 sA Sl 3 . 2 EE sO Gravimetric energy (Wh/kg) or Volumetric energy (Wh/l) F.G. 5 Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017 Sheet 9 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 aOn-Sifico O2-Conventional-Gravimetric al-Si/LiCoO2-conventionai-Volumetric hy o are SifiCoO2-inventive-Gravimetric ax-Sifico O2-inventive-Volumetric S O S2 e E O 00 O OOO Gravimetric energy (Wh/kg) or Volumetric energy (Wh/l.) F.G. 6 Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017. Sheet 10 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 ada if i2C6O6-Conventional-Gravimetric sailifi2C606-conventionai-Volumetric his e amatifi2C6O6-inventive-Gravimetric s S. --if i2C606-inventive-Wolumetric S G G O S. See e . O 1000 Gravimetric energy (Wh/kg) or Volumetric energy (Wh/) F.G. 7 Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017. Sheet 11 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 . .0 Gravimetric, Li-MnO2, Conventional one Gravimetric, Li-MnO2 - inventive • a Volumetric-li-MnO2-conventional has OO O wnxm Wometric-i-MnO2- inventive txx O X N C s 8 00 St. t 600 e U 400 8 200 SO 200 250 300 Electrode thickness (um) FG.8 Patent Application Publication Mar. 2, 2017. Sheet 12 of 12 US 2017/0062869 A1 0 Gravimetric-Gr/NMC-conventional ho Gravimetric-Gr/NMC-inventive O s 10 O O S. Volumetric-Gr/NMC-conventional-- N X Volumetric-Gr/NMC-inventive s 800 ch 2 y C (s s ch ( C S. has ad E 2 OO o (s O O% 20% 40% 60% 80% Weight% of Active Materials in a Cell F.G. 9 US 2017/0062869 A1 Mar. 2, 2017 RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES (typically 150-220 Wh/kg and 450-600 Wh/L) and low HAVING ANULTRA-HIGHVOLUMETRIC power densities (typically <0.5 kW/kg and <1.0 kW/L), all ENERGY DENSITY AND REQUIRED based on the total battery cell weight or volume. PRODUCTION PROCESS 0005. The emerging EV and renewable energy industries demand the availability of rechargeable batteries with a FIELD OF THE INVENTION significantly higher gravimetric energy density (e.g. 0001. The present invention relates generally to the field demanding>250 Wh/kg and, preferably, >300 Wh/kg) of lithium batteries, including rechargeable lithium metal and higher power density (shorter recharge times) than what batteries and lithium-ion batteries. the current Li ion battery technology can provide. Further more, the microelectronics industry is in need of a battery BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION having a significantly larger Volumetric energy density (>650 Wh/L, preferably >750 Wh/L) since consumers 0002 Historically, today's most favorite rechargeable demand to have Smaller-volume and more compact portable energy storage devices—lithium-ion batteries—actually devices (e.g. Smart phones and tablets) that store more evolved from rechargeable “lithium metal batteries' using energy. These requirements have triggered considerable lithium (Li) metal or Li alloy as the anode and a Li research efforts on the development of electrode materials intercalation compound as the cathode. Li metal is an ideal with a higher specific capacity, excellent rate capability, and anode material due to its light weight (the lightest metal), good cycle stability for lithium ion batteries. high electronegativity (-3.04 V vs. the standard hydrogen 0006. Several elements from Group III, IV, and V in the electrode), and high theoretical capacity (3,860 mAh/g). periodic table can form alloys with Li at certain desired Based on these outstanding properties, lithium metal batter Voltages. Therefore, various anode materials based on Such ies were proposed 40 years ago as an ideal system for high elements and some metal oxides have been proposed for energy-density applications. During the mid-1980s, several lithium ion batteries. Among these, silicon has been recog prototypes of rechargeable Li metal batteries were devel nized as one of the next-generation anode materials for oped. A notable example was a battery composed of a Li high-energy lithium ion batteries since it has a nearly 10 metal anode and a molybdenum Sulfide cathode, developed times higher theoretical gravimetric capacity than graphite by MOLI Energy, Inc. (Canada). This and several other 3.590 mAh/g based on LizsSi vs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0000118A1 ZHAO Et Al
    US 2015 0000118A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0000118A1 ZHAO et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 1, 2015 (54) METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING (52) U.S. Cl. GRAPHENE-INCORPORATED CPC ..................................... H0IM 10/04 (2013.01) RECHARGEABLE L-ION BATTERY USPC ......................... 29/623.3; 29/623.1; 29/623.5 (71) Applicants:XIN ZHAO, New York, NY (US); (57) ABSTRACT Minjie Li, New York, NY (US) A method for manufacturing a graphene-incorporated rechargeable Li-ion battery discloses a graphene-incorpo (72) Inventors: XIN ZHAO, New York, NY (US); rated rechargeable Li-ion battery with enhanced energy and Minjie Li, New York, NY (US) power delivery abilities. The method comprises the steps (a) fabricating a high-performance anode film based on graphene or graphene hybrid; (b) introducing a desired amount of (21) Appl. No.: 13/927,125 lithium into the anode material to produce a prelithiated graphene-based anode; (c) constructing a full cell utilizing a (22) Filed: Jun. 26, 2013 cathode film and the prelithiated anode film. The graphene based anodes incorporating exfoliated graphene layers over Publication Classification come the large irreversible capacity and initial lithium ion consumption upon pre-lithiation, and demonstrate remark (51) Int. Cl. ably enhanced specific capacity and rate capability over con HIM I/04 (2006.01) ventional anodes. Patent Application Publication Jan. 1, 2015 Sheet 1 of 4 US 2015/0000118A1 Figure 1A Figure 1B 20 Figure 2. Patent Application Publication Jan. 1, 2015 Sheet 2 of 4 US 2015/0000118A1 Graphene nanoplatelet Partially oxidized GP Molecule intercalation Further exfoliation Xaaaaad Wash and dry Partially oxidized few-layer Gnp Mixing with conductive additive and binder Formulated Gnp anode Lithiation Prelithiated Gnp anode Figure 3.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) (11) Patent Number: 4,859,572 Farid Et Al
    United States Patent (19) (11) Patent Number: 4,859,572 Farid et al. (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 22, 1989 54 DYE SENSTIZED PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGING SYSTEM FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 0223587A 5/1987 European Pat. Off, . (75) Inventors: Samir Y. Farid; Roger E. Moody, 2083832A 3/1982 United Kingdom . both of Rochester, N.Y. OTHER PUBLICATIONS (73) Assignee: Eastman Kodak Company, Volman et al., Advances in Photochemistry, vol. 13, in the Rochester, N.Y. chapter titled "Dye Sensitized Photopolymerization' 21 Appl. No.: 189,002 by D. F. Eaton, pp. 427 to 488, John Wiley & Sons (1986). 22) Filed: May 2, 1988 Farid et al., U.S. Ser. Nos. 933,712, 933,658,933,660, 51 Int. Cl." ................................................ G03C 1/68 and 933,657, all filed Nov. 21, 1986, and commonly (52) U.S. Cl. ..... ... 430/281; 430/914; assigned (Now issued as Farid et al U.S. Pat. Nos. 430/915; 430/916; 522/25; 522/26; 522/27; 4,743,528; 4,743,529; 4,743,530; and 4,743,531). 522/28; 522/31 Primary Examiner-Paul R. Michl (58) Field of Search ............... 430/915, 281, 916,914; Assistant Examiner-C. D. R. Dee 522/25, 28, 63, 27, 26, 31 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Carl O. Thomas 56) References Cited (57) ABSTRACT U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS A photographic imaging system is disclosed comprised 4,050,934 9/1977 Turner .................................. 96/1 R of a hardenable organic component containing ethyl 4,289,842 9/1981 Tan et al. ... ... 430/270 enic unsaturation sites and an initiator system for ethyl 4,307,182 12/1981 Dalzell et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Emission Load of Car Service Interiors
    Vol. 62, 2016 (3): 122–128 Res. Agr. Eng. doi: 10.17221/5/2015-RAE Emission load of car service interiors I. Vitázek1, D. Michalíková1, B. Vitázková2, J. Klúčik1 1Department of Transport and Handling, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic 2Department of Machines and Production Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic Abstract Vitázek I., Michalíková D., Vitázková B., Klúčik J. (2016): Emission load of car service interiors. Res. Agr. Eng., 62: 122–128. Car service centres are specific in terms of production of pollutants. The aim of the paper is to assess the quality of indoor environment of car service interiors with respect to the safe range of oxocarbon emission limits, concentration of gaseous and solid aerosols of selected chemical pollutants and occupational noise exposure. Measurements of concen- tration and exposure time indicated that the permitted limits were kept. CO concentration reached values in the range from 0 to 10 ppm, CO2 concentration was observed in the range from 493 to 967 ppm. Concentration of solid aerosol of polyester bitumen reached the maximum value of 0.37 mg/m3, while for gaseous aerosol (e.g. toluene) it equalled 8.114 mg/m3. Measurements of chemical factors were carried out and evaluated by companies with appropriate accredi- tation. Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) were higher in case of all selected substances. OEL was not demonstrably exceeded at any chemical factor. Noise emissions approached the limit values; therefore, hearing protection is required. Keywords: indoor environment; gaseous emissions; chemical factor; emission limits; noise When undertaking the occupation, time spent in climate of workplaces, residential premises and the workplace may add up to more than a half of the other spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Unusual, Astronomically Significant Organic Molecules
    'lL-o Thesis titled: Some Unusual, Astronomically Significant Organic Molecules submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph,D.) by Salvatore Peppe B.Sc. (Hons.) of the Department of Ghemistty THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE AUSTRALIA CRUC E June2002 Preface Gontents Contents Abstract IV Statement of Originality V Acknowledgments vi List of Figures..... ix 1 I. Introduction 1 A. Space: An Imperfect Vacuum 1 B. Stellff Evolution, Mass Outflow and Synthesis of Molecules 5 C. Astronomical Detection of Molecules......... l D. Gas Phase Chemistry.. 9 E. Generation and Detection of Heterocumulenes in the Laboratory 13 L.2 Gas Phase Generation and Characterisation of Ions.....................................16 I. Gas Phase Generation of Ions. I6 A. Positive Ions .. I6 B. Even Electron Negative Ions 17 C. Radical Anions 2t tr. Mass Spectrometry 24 A. The VG ZAB 2}lF Mass Spectrometer 24 B. Mass-Analysed Ion Kinetic Energy Spectrometry......... 25 III. Characterisation of Ions.......... 26 A. CollisionalActivation 26 B. Charge Reversal.... 28 C. Neutralisation - Reionisation . 29 D. Neutral Reactivity. JJ rv. Fragmentation Behaviour ....... 35 A. NegativeIons.......... 35 Preface il B. Charge Inverted Ions 3l 1.3 Theoretical Methods for the Determination of Molecular Geometries and Energetics..... ....o........................................ .....39 L Molecular Orbital Theory........ 39 A. The Schrödinger Equation.... 39 B. Hartree-Fock Theory ..44 C. Electron Correlation ..46 D. Basis sets............ .51 IL Transition State Theory of Unimolecular Reactions ......... ................... 54 2. Covalently Bound Complexes of CO and COz ....... .........................58 L Introduction 58 tr. Results and Discussion........... 59 Part A: Covalently bound COz dimers (OzC-COr)? ............ 59 A. Generation of CzO¿ Anions 6I B. NeutralCzO+........
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Carbon Monoxide (Co) Level in Enugu Metropolis Monitoring Industrial and Residential Area
    ASSESSMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) LEVEL IN ENUGU METROPOLIS MONITORING INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA BY ADIKE JOSEPH .N. CHE/2007/123 PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE ENUGU STATE AUGUST, 2012 TITLE PAGE ASSESSMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) LEVEL IN ENUGU METROPOLIS MONITORING INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA BY ADIKE JOSEPH .N. CHE/2007/123 PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING, DEGREE IN CHEMICAL CARITAS UNIVERSITY AMORJI-NIKE ENUGU STATE AUGUST, 2012 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this work was down under the supervision of Supervisor‟s name Engr Ken Ezeh Signature------------------ ------------------------------ date ------------------------------ Head of Department ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Signature ------------------------------------------------ Date ------------------------------ External supervisor ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Signature ------------------------------------------------- Date ------------------------------ Department of Chemical Engineering Caritas University Amorji-Nike Enugu DEDICATION This project was dedicated to Jesus the Saviour for all his marvelous deeds in my life, more especially for seeing me through all my university years and to my dearly parents Mr. and Mrs. Adike, N. Joseph, for all their contributions, encouragement, love, understanding and care for me and the family. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To Jesus the Saviour be the glory to whom I depend on I wish to thank the Almighty God for giving me the opportunity, knowledge and wisdom to under take my university task successfully. My profound gratitude goes to my supervisor, Engr. (Mr.) Ken Ezeh for is invaluable supervision and unremitting attention. I wish also to acknowledge my lecturers in the person of Engr. Prof. J.I.
    [Show full text]
  • Croconate Salts. New Bond-Delocalized Dianions, &Q
    JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards Volume 85, No.2, March·April1980 Pseudo-Oxocarbons. Synthesis of 2, 1,3-Bis-, and 1, 2, 3-Tris (Dicyanomethylene) Croconate Salts. New Bond-Delocalized Dianions, "Croconate Violet" and "Croconate Blue"* Alexander J. Fatiadit National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234 October 24,1979 Synthesis and characteri zation of new bond·delocalized dianions, e.g., 2, 1,3·bis·, 1,2, 3·tris (di cyanomethyl. ene) croconate salts have been described. The dianions re ported represent a new class of aromati c, nonbenze· noid co mpounds, named pseudo·oxocarbons. A study of their physical, analytical and chemical properties offer a new direction in the chemistry of oxocarbons. Key words: Acid; aromatic; bond·delocalized; croco nic; diani on; malononitrile; nonbenzenoid; oxocarbon; salt; synthesis 1. Introduction molecular properties of the croconic salts (e.g. 2 , dipotas­ sium salt) were first seriously investigated when a symmetri­ The bright ye ll ow dipotassium croconate 1 and croconic cal, delocalized structure fo r the dianion 2 was proposed by acid (1 , K = H, 4,5-dihydroxy-4--cyclopentene-l,2,3-trione) Yamada et aJ. [3] in 1958. A few years later [4], the d i anion 2 were first isolated by Gmelin [1]' in 1825, from the black, ex· and the related deltate [5], squarate, rhodizonate, and plosive, side-reaction product (e.g. K6 C6 0 6 + KOC=COK), tetrahydroxyquinone anions were recognized by West et aJ. by the reaction of carbon with potassium hydroxide, in a [2,4] as members of a new class of aromatic oxocarbons pioneer, industrial attempt to manufacture potassium.
    [Show full text]
  • Graphether：A Two-Dimensional Oxocarbon As a Direct Wide-Gap Semiconductor with High Mechanical and Electrical Performances
    Graphether：A Two-Dimensional Oxocarbon as a Direct Wide-Gap Semiconductor with High Mechanical and Electrical Performances Gui-Lin Zhu1‖, Xiao-Juan Ye1,2‖, and Chun-Sheng Liu1,2* 1Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China 2School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada ‖The first two authors contributed equally to this work. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Although many graphene derivatives have sizable band gaps, their electrical or mechanical properties are significantly degraded due to the low degree of π-conjugation. Besides the π-π conjugation, there exists hyperconjugation interactions arising from the delocalization of σ electrons. Inspired by the structural characteristics of a hyperconjugated molecule, dimethyl ether, we design a two-dimensional oxocarbon (named graphether) by the assembly of dimethyl ether molecules. Our first-principle calculations reveal the following findings: (1) Monolayer graphether possesses excellent dynamical and thermal stabilities as demonstrated by its favourable cohesive energy, absence of the soft phonon modes, and high melting point. (2) It has a direct wide-band-gap of 2.39 eV, indicating its potential applications in ultraviolet optoelectronic devices. Interestingly, the direct band gap feature is rather robust against the external strains (-10% to 10%) and stacking configurations. (3) Due to the hyperconjugative effect, graphether has the high intrinsic electron mobility. More importantly, its in-plane stiffness (459.8 N m-1) is even larger than that of 1 graphene. (4) The Pt(100) surface exhibits high catalytic activity for the dehydrogenation of dimethyl ether.
    [Show full text]
  • Generation and Characterization of Hardwood Smoke Inhalation Exposure Atmospheres
    Aerosol Science and Technology ISSN: 0278-6826 (Print) 1521-7388 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uast20 Generation and Characterization of Hardwood Smoke Inhalation Exposure Atmospheres Jacob D. McDonald , Richard K. White , Edward B. Barr , Barbara Zielinska , Judith C. Chow & Eric Grosjean To cite this article: Jacob D. McDonald , Richard K. White , Edward B. Barr , Barbara Zielinska , Judith C. Chow & Eric Grosjean (2006) Generation and Characterization of Hardwood Smoke Inhalation Exposure Atmospheres, Aerosol Science and Technology, 40:8, 573-584, DOI: 10.1080/02786820600724378 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820600724378 Published online: 01 Feb 2007. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 355 Citing articles: 17 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uast20 Aerosol Science and Technology, 40:573–584, 2006 Copyright c American Association for Aerosol Research ISSN: 0278-6826 print / 1521-7388 online DOI: 10.1080/02786820600724378 Generation and Characterization of Hardwood Smoke Inhalation Exposure Atmospheres Jacob D. McDonald,1 Richard K. White,1 Edward B. Barr,1 Barbara Zielinska,2 Judith C. Chow,2 and Eric Grosjean3 1Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 2Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA 3Daniel Grosjean and Associates, Inc., Ventura, California, USA INTRODUCTION An inhalation exposure system and operating protocol were de- The National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC) was veloped that resulted in consistent achievement of targeted expo- established to conduct laboratory research that improves our un- sure concentrations of hardwood smoke without compromising the derstanding of the contributions of individual air contaminants desire to include multiple phases of a burn cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptual Progress for Explaining and Predicting Self-Organization on Anodized Aluminum Surfaces
    nanomaterials Review Conceptual Progress for Explaining and Predicting Self-Organization on Anodized Aluminum Surfaces Mikhail Pashchanka Department of Chemistry, Eduard-Zintl-Institute, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; [email protected] Abstract: Over the past few years, researchers have made numerous breakthroughs in the field of aluminum anodizing and faced the problem of the lack of adequate theoretical models for the interpretation of some new experimental findings. For instance, spontaneously formed anodic alumina nanofibers and petal-like patterns, flower-like structures observed under AC anodizing conditions, and hierarchical pores whose diameters range from several nanometers to sub-millimeters could be explained neither by the classical field-assisted dissolution theory nor by the plastic flow model. In addition, difficulties arose in explaining the basic indicators of porous film growth, such as the nonlinear current–voltage characteristics of electrochemical cells or the evolution of hexagonal pore patterns at the early stages of anodizing experiments. Such a conceptual crisis resulted in new multidisciplinary investigations and the development of novel theoretical models, whose evolution is discussed at length in this review work. The particular focus of this paper is on the recently developed electroconvection-based theories that allowed making truly remarkable advances in understanding the porous anodic alumina formation process in the last 15 years. Some explanation of the synergy between electrode reactions and transport processes leading to self-organization is provided. Finally, future prospects for the synthesis of novel anodic architectures are discussed. Citation: Pashchanka, M. Conceptual Progress for Explaining Keywords: porous anodic alumina (PAA); chaos and self-organization theory; electroconvection; and Predicting Self-Organization on colloidal gel model; anion exchange; DLVO theory; fluid mechanics; surface chemistry; surface Anodized Aluminum Surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
    CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION: SITARAM SHRESTHA – CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Carbon monoxide poisoning Sitaram Shrestha Professor, Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal ABSTRACT Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning may be suicidal, homicidal and in many cases it is accidental. Poisoning is due to formation of carboxyhaemoglobin, which interferes transfers of oxygen and leads to appearance of symptoms.1 Which are not specific and may similar to COVID19. Symptoms depends upon concentration of CO in surroundings. Antidote of CO is oxygen. Keywords: carbon monoxide, poisoning, toxicity CORRESPONDENCE Dr. Sitaram Shrestha Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal Email: [email protected] Journal of General Practice and Emergency Medicine of Nepal. Issue 10: 2021. Available at: www.jgpeman.com, eISSN: 2363-1168 55 CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION: SITARAM SHRESTHA – CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING INTRODUCTION • Low blood pressure Carbon monoxide (CO) Is known since ancient time • Muscle weakness which is tasteless, colour less, odour less and • Rapid or abnormal heartbeat non-irritating gas. It is sometimes termed a silent • Shock killer. As the specific gravity of CO is 0.97, it is • Nausea and vomiting slightly lighter than air. This gas is mainly produced • Unconsciousness by incomplete combustion of organic compounds.2 • Delayed poisoning Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a triple
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT LI, SHULI. Preparation and Integration of Composite Nanofiber Anodes in Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries
    ABSTRACT LI, SHULI. Preparation and Integration of Composite Nanofiber Anodes in Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries. (Under the direction of Dr.Xiangwu Zhang). Lithium-ion batteries are receiving considerable attention for use in portable electronics, electric vehicles and large-scale smart grids due to their superior energy storage capability over other rechargeable batteries. To achieve super-high energy density, advanced electrode materials with high energy storage capacities must be developed to replace traditional LiCoO2 cathode and graphite anode materials. For cathode materials, lithium metal oxides with a layered structure or a spinel structure, polyanion-based compounds and special organic materials have been investigated and reported in the past few years. They show inherent advantages of good structure stability, low cost, and high rate capability, etc. For anode materials, carbonaceous materials, lithium alloys and transition metal oxides are among the most promising alternatives and dominate current research. They show intriguing advantages of good environment compatibility, large specific capacities, and high safety, etc. Anode materials with capacities far beyond that of graphite are recently studied in order to satisfy the continuous demands for lithium-ion batteries that power advanced electronic devices. Among various types of anode materials with different elements and structures, carbon nanofiberous materials with controllable surface areas have attracted significant attention in recent years and are considered to be promising candidates for high-performance electrode materials. Carbon nanofibers can be produced by many techniques, among which electrospinning is a particularly efficient, simple and inexpensive method. In this work, we focused on fabricating various nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofiber composite anodes and explore their potential applications as anode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
    [Show full text]
  • AIM and NBO Analysis of Oxocarbon Heterocumulenes As Divalent Carbon(0) Species Final Paper
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5.05 Main Group Chemistry AIM and NBO Analysis of Oxocarbon Heterocumulenes as Divalent Carbon(0) Species Final Paper Author: Jonathan Melville Instructor: Christopher C. \Kit" Cummins December 13, 2016 Contents 1 Abstract 1 2 Introduction 1 3 Results and Discussion 1 3.1 Dicarbon Monoxide (C2O)..........................1 3.1.1 C2O..................................2 3.1.2 C2O·BH3 ...............................2 3.1.3 C2O·2 BH3 ..............................3 3.1.4 C2O·3 BH3 ..............................4 3.2 Carbon Suboxide (C3O2)...........................5 3.2.1 C3O2 ..................................6 3.2.2 C3O2·BH3 ...............................7 3.2.3 C3O2·2 BH3 ..............................8 4 Experimental 9 5 Conclusion 9 6 Acknowledgments 10 References 10 List of Figures 1 NRT-calculated C2O resonance structures . .2 2 C2O geometry . .2 3 C2O·BH3 geometry . .2 4 NRT-calculated C2O·BH3 resonance structures . .3 5 C2O·2 BH3 geometry . .3 6 NRT-calculated C2O·2 BH3 resonance structures . .4 7 NRT-calculated C2O·3 BH3 resonance structures . .5 8 C2O·3 BH3 geometry . .5 9 NRT-calculated C3O2 resonance structures . .6 10 C3O2 geometry . .6 11 C3O2·BH3 geometry . .7 12 NRT-calculated C3O2·BH3 resonance structures . .7 13 C3O2·2 BH3 geometry . .8 14 NRT-calculated C3O2·2 BH3 resonance structures . .9 List of Tables 1 NRT resonance state weightings of C2O. .2 2 Selected NRT resonance state weightings of C2O·BH3............3 3 Selected NRT resonance state weightings of C2O·2 BH3...........4 4 Selected
    [Show full text]