DOCSLIB.ORG

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.203,084 B2 Wang Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.203,084 B2 Wang Et Al US009203O84B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.203,084 B2 Wang et al. (45) Date of Patent: Dec. 1, 2015 (54) CATHODE ACTIVE MATERIAL-COATED USPC ............ 429/217, 212, 231.8, 231.7, 219, 405 DISCRETE GRAPHENE SHEETS FOR See application file for complete search history. LITHIUM BATTERIES AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING SAME (56) References Cited (71) Applicants:Yanbo Wang, Huber Heights, OH (US); U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Bor Z, Jang, Centerville, OH (US); Hui 7,824,651 B2 11/2010 Zhamu et al. He, Beavercreek, OH (US); Aruna 8,236,446 B2* 8/2012 Lu ................................. 429,209 Zhamu, Centerville, OH (US) 8,765,302 B2* 7/2014 Chen et al. ... ... 429,219 2011/O165466 A1* 7, 2011 Zhamu et al. .. 429,231.8 (72) Inventors: Yanbo Wang, Huber Heights, OH (US); 2013/0323,603 A1* 12/2013 Ryu et al. ... ... 429/320 Bor Z, Jang, Centerville, OH (US); Hui 2014/0013588 A1* 1/2014 Wang et al. ... 29.623.2 He, Beavercreek, OH (US); Aruna 2014/0141328 A1* 5, 2014 Dai et al. ...................... 429,217 Zhamu, Centerville, OH (US) OTHER PUBLICATIONS (73) Assignee: Nanotek Instrurments, Inc., Dayton, Y. Ding, et al. "Preparation of nano-structured LiFePO4, graphene OH (US) composites by co-precipitation method.” Electrochemistry Commu nications 12 (2010) 10-13. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 * cited by examiner U.S.C. 154(b) by 179 days. Primary Examiner — Nina Bhat (21) Appl. No.: 13/987,567 (57) ABSTRACT (22) Filed: Aug. 8, 2013 Provided is a cathode (positive electrode) of a lithium battery and a process for producing this cathode. The electrode com (65) Prior Publication Data prises a cathode active material-coated graphene sheet and the graphene sheet has two opposed parallel Surfaces, US 2015/OO44556A1 Feb. 12, 2015 wherein at least 50% area (preferably greater than 80%) of one of the two Surfaces is coated with a cathode active mate (51) Int. Cl. rial coating. The graphene material is in an amount of from HOLM 4/36 (2006.01) 0.1% to 99.5% by weight and the cathode active material is in HOLM 4/04 (2006.01) an amount of at least 0.5% by weight (preferably greater than HOIM 4/O2 (2006.01) 80% and more preferably greater than 90%), all based on the HOIM IO/O56 (2010.01) total weight of the graphene material and the cathode active (52) U.S. Cl. material combined. The cathode active material is preferably CPC ................ H01 M 4/366 (2013.01); H01 M 4/04 an inorganic material, an organic or polymeric material, a (2013.01); H0 IM 4/0421 (2013.01): HOIM metal oxide/phosphate/sulfide, or a combination thereof. 10/056 (2013.01); HOIM 2004/028 (2013.01) Also provided is a lithium battery, including a lithium-ion, (58) Field of Classification Search lithium-metal, or lithium-sulfur battery. CPC ....... H01M6/00; H01M 10/00; H01M 10/04; HO1 M 4/625 35 Claims, 10 Drawing Sheets 3:3::::::::38:88:8 38:::::::::::::::38x: U.S. Patent Dec. 1, 2015 Sheet 2 of 10 US 9.203,084 B2 : U.S. Patent Dec. 1, 2015 Sheet 3 of 10 US 9.203,084 B2 U.S. Patent Dec. 1, 2015 Sheet 4 of 10 US 9.203,084 B2 '.s: ''.; : axxxix: 8x8x8 8888: 8x88ig 8:888: 888 : {... k. U.S. Patent Dec. 1, 2015 Sheet 5 of 10 US 9.203,084 B2 Cathode current Anode current collector (e.g. collector (e.g. Al foil) Culfoil) Anode active Cathode active material layer .. material layer (e.g. (e.g. Si coating) LiCoO2 coating) Pofous separator Anode current F.G. 5(A)( ) pprior art collector (e.g. Cu foil) Cathode current collector (e.g. Al foil) : ::::: Cathode active -/ \t-1 material layer (e.g. Anode active LiCoO2 particles) material layer (e.g. SnO2 Porous particles) separator FIG. 5(B) prior art U.S. Patent Dec. 1, 2015 Sheet 6 of 10 US 9.203,084 B2 (. A prior art * O. : B U.S. Patent Dec. 1, 2015 Sheet 7 of 10 US 9.203,084 B2 s:-- U.S. Patent Dec. 1, 2015 Sheet 8 of 10 US 9.203,084 B2 U.S. Patent Dec. 1, 2015 Sheet 9 of 10 US 9.203,084 B2 .xes xxxting 8888 x 88 ga:8888 88: U.S. Patent Dec. 1, 2015 Sheet 10 of 10 US 9.203,084 B2 8:8: S v S S S S S S S S M S S S S S S S S S S S S 3. 883 & 83 8: 888 :88: 388: 88: 88: 8: 88. : ::: US 9,203,084 B2 1. 2 CATHODE ACTIVE MATERAL-COATED a conductive additive for the cathode of a lithium battery. DISCRETE GRAPHENE SHEETS FOR These include carbon nano-tubes (CNTs), vapor-grown car LITHIUM BATTERIES AND PROCESS FOR bon nano-fibers (VG-CNFs), and simple carbon coating on PRODUCING SAME the surface of cathode active material particles. The result has not been satisfactory and hence, as of today, carbon black and FIELD OF THE INVENTION artificial graphite particles are practically the only two types of cathode conductive additives widely used in lithium ion The present invention relates generally to the field of battery industry. Thereasons are beyondjust the obvious high lithium metal or lithium ion batteries and, in particular, to a costs of both CNTs and VG-CNFs. The difficulty in disentan graphene-enhanced cathode of a lithium metal battery, 10 gling CNTs and VG-CNFs and uniformly dispersing them in lithium-sulfur battery, or lithium-ion battery. a liquid or Solid medium has been an impediment to the more widespread utilization of these expensive materials as a con BACKGROUND ductive additive. Additionally, the production of both CNTs Due to extremely poor electrical conductivity of all cath- 15 and VG-CNFs normally require the use of a significant ode (positive electrode) active materials in a lithium-ion, amount of transition metal nano particles as a catalyst. It is lithium metal, or lithium-sulfur cell, a conductive additive difficult to remove and impossible to totally remove these (e.g. carbon black, fine graphite particles, expanded graphite transition metal particles, which can have adverse effect on particles, or their combinations), typically in the amount of the cycling stability of a lithium metal. 5%-20%, must be added into the electrode. In the case of a As for the less expensive carbon coating, being considered lithium-sulfur cell, a carbon amount as high as 50% by weight for use in lithium iron phosphate, the conductivity of the is used as a conductive Support for Sulfur in the cathode. carbon coating (typically obtained by converting a precursor However, the conductive additive is not an electrode active Such as Sugar or resin via pyrolyzation) is relatively low. It material (i.e. it is not capable of reversibly storing lithium would take a graphitization treatment to render the carbon ions). The use of a non-active material means that the relative 25 coating more conductive, but this treatment requires a tem proportion of an electrode active material, such as LiFePO, perature higher than 2,000° C., which would degrade the is reduced or diluted. For instance, the incorporation of 5% by underlying cathode active material (e.g., LiFePO). weight of PVDF as a binder and 5% of carbon black as a As an alternative approach, Ding, et al investigated the conductive additive in a cathode would mean that the maxi electrochemical behavior of LiFePO/graphene composites mum amount of the cathode active material (e.g., lithium 30 cobalt oxide) is only 90%, effectively reducing the total Y. Ding, et al. “Preparation of nano-structured LiFePO/ lithium ion storage capacity. Since the specific capacities of graphene composites by co-precipitation method.” Electro the more commonly used cathode active materials are already chemistry Communications 12 (2010) 10-13. The co-pre very low (140-170 mAh/g), this problem is further aggravated cipitation method leads to the formation of LiFePO nano ifa significant amount of non-active materials is used to dilute 35 particles coated on both primary Surfaces of graphene nano the concentration of the active material. sheets. The cathode is then prepared by stacking these State-of-the-art carbon black (CB) materials, as a conduc LiFePO-coated graphene sheets together. This approach has tive additive, have several drawbacks: several major drawbacks: (1) CBS are typically available in the form of aggregates of (1) With the two primary surfaces of a graphene sheet multiple primary particles that are typically spherical in 40 attached with LiFePO nano-particles, the resulting shape. Due to this geometric feature (largest dimension-to electrode entails many insulator-to-insulator contacts Smallest dimension ratio or aspect ratio ~1) and the notion between two adjoining coated sheets in a stack. that CBS are a minority phase dispersed as discrete par (2) Only less than 30% of the graphene surface area is ticles in an electrically insulating matrix (e.g. lithium covered by LiFePO particles on either side. This is a cobalt oxide and lithium iron phosphate), a large amount of 45 relatively low proportion of the cathode active material. CBs is required to reach a percolation threshold where the (3) The LiFePO particles are easily detached from CB particles are combined to form a 3-D network of elec graphene sheets during handling and electrode produc tron-conducting paths. tion. (2) CBs themselves have a relatively low electrical conduc (4) We have found that the nano particle-attached graphene tivity and, hence, the resulting electrode remains to be of 50 sheets as prepared by the co-precipitation method are relatively low conductivity even when the percolation not amenable to fabrication of cathodes with current threshold is reached.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0000118A1 ZHAO Et Al
    US 2015 0000118A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0000118A1 ZHAO et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 1, 2015 (54) METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING (52) U.S. Cl. GRAPHENE-INCORPORATED CPC ..................................... H0IM 10/04 (2013.01) RECHARGEABLE L-ION BATTERY USPC ......................... 29/623.3; 29/623.1; 29/623.5 (71) Applicants:XIN ZHAO, New York, NY (US); (57) ABSTRACT Minjie Li, New York, NY (US) A method for manufacturing a graphene-incorporated rechargeable Li-ion battery discloses a graphene-incorpo (72) Inventors: XIN ZHAO, New York, NY (US); rated rechargeable Li-ion battery with enhanced energy and Minjie Li, New York, NY (US) power delivery abilities. The method comprises the steps (a) fabricating a high-performance anode film based on graphene or graphene hybrid; (b) introducing a desired amount of (21) Appl. No.: 13/927,125 lithium into the anode material to produce a prelithiated graphene-based anode; (c) constructing a full cell utilizing a (22) Filed: Jun. 26, 2013 cathode film and the prelithiated anode film. The graphene based anodes incorporating exfoliated graphene layers over Publication Classification come the large irreversible capacity and initial lithium ion consumption upon pre-lithiation, and demonstrate remark (51) Int. Cl. ably enhanced specific capacity and rate capability over con HIM I/04 (2006.01) ventional anodes. Patent Application Publication Jan. 1, 2015 Sheet 1 of 4 US 2015/0000118A1 Figure 1A Figure 1B 20 Figure 2. Patent Application Publication Jan. 1, 2015 Sheet 2 of 4 US 2015/0000118A1 Graphene nanoplatelet Partially oxidized GP Molecule intercalation Further exfoliation Xaaaaad Wash and dry Partially oxidized few-layer Gnp Mixing with conductive additive and binder Formulated Gnp anode Lithiation Prelithiated Gnp anode Figure 3.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) (11) Patent Number: 4,859,572 Farid Et Al
    United States Patent (19) (11) Patent Number: 4,859,572 Farid et al. (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 22, 1989 54 DYE SENSTIZED PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGING SYSTEM FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 0223587A 5/1987 European Pat. Off, . (75) Inventors: Samir Y. Farid; Roger E. Moody, 2083832A 3/1982 United Kingdom . both of Rochester, N.Y. OTHER PUBLICATIONS (73) Assignee: Eastman Kodak Company, Volman et al., Advances in Photochemistry, vol. 13, in the Rochester, N.Y. chapter titled "Dye Sensitized Photopolymerization' 21 Appl. No.: 189,002 by D. F. Eaton, pp. 427 to 488, John Wiley & Sons (1986). 22) Filed: May 2, 1988 Farid et al., U.S. Ser. Nos. 933,712, 933,658,933,660, 51 Int. Cl." ................................................ G03C 1/68 and 933,657, all filed Nov. 21, 1986, and commonly (52) U.S. Cl. ..... ... 430/281; 430/914; assigned (Now issued as Farid et al U.S. Pat. Nos. 430/915; 430/916; 522/25; 522/26; 522/27; 4,743,528; 4,743,529; 4,743,530; and 4,743,531). 522/28; 522/31 Primary Examiner-Paul R. Michl (58) Field of Search ............... 430/915, 281, 916,914; Assistant Examiner-C. D. R. Dee 522/25, 28, 63, 27, 26, 31 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Carl O. Thomas 56) References Cited (57) ABSTRACT U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS A photographic imaging system is disclosed comprised 4,050,934 9/1977 Turner .................................. 96/1 R of a hardenable organic component containing ethyl 4,289,842 9/1981 Tan et al. ... ... 430/270 enic unsaturation sites and an initiator system for ethyl 4,307,182 12/1981 Dalzell et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Emission Load of Car Service Interiors
    Vol. 62, 2016 (3): 122–128 Res. Agr. Eng. doi: 10.17221/5/2015-RAE Emission load of car service interiors I. Vitázek1, D. Michalíková1, B. Vitázková2, J. Klúčik1 1Department of Transport and Handling, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic 2Department of Machines and Production Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic Abstract Vitázek I., Michalíková D., Vitázková B., Klúčik J. (2016): Emission load of car service interiors. Res. Agr. Eng., 62: 122–128. Car service centres are specific in terms of production of pollutants. The aim of the paper is to assess the quality of indoor environment of car service interiors with respect to the safe range of oxocarbon emission limits, concentration of gaseous and solid aerosols of selected chemical pollutants and occupational noise exposure. Measurements of concen- tration and exposure time indicated that the permitted limits were kept. CO concentration reached values in the range from 0 to 10 ppm, CO2 concentration was observed in the range from 493 to 967 ppm. Concentration of solid aerosol of polyester bitumen reached the maximum value of 0.37 mg/m3, while for gaseous aerosol (e.g. toluene) it equalled 8.114 mg/m3. Measurements of chemical factors were carried out and evaluated by companies with appropriate accredi- tation. Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) were higher in case of all selected substances. OEL was not demonstrably exceeded at any chemical factor. Noise emissions approached the limit values; therefore, hearing protection is required. Keywords: indoor environment; gaseous emissions; chemical factor; emission limits; noise When undertaking the occupation, time spent in climate of workplaces, residential premises and the workplace may add up to more than a half of the other spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Unusual, Astronomically Significant Organic Molecules
    'lL-o Thesis titled: Some Unusual, Astronomically Significant Organic Molecules submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph,D.) by Salvatore Peppe B.Sc. (Hons.) of the Department of Ghemistty THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE AUSTRALIA CRUC E June2002 Preface Gontents Contents Abstract IV Statement of Originality V Acknowledgments vi List of Figures..... ix 1 I. Introduction 1 A. Space: An Imperfect Vacuum 1 B. Stellff Evolution, Mass Outflow and Synthesis of Molecules 5 C. Astronomical Detection of Molecules......... l D. Gas Phase Chemistry.. 9 E. Generation and Detection of Heterocumulenes in the Laboratory 13 L.2 Gas Phase Generation and Characterisation of Ions.....................................16 I. Gas Phase Generation of Ions. I6 A. Positive Ions .. I6 B. Even Electron Negative Ions 17 C. Radical Anions 2t tr. Mass Spectrometry 24 A. The VG ZAB 2}lF Mass Spectrometer 24 B. Mass-Analysed Ion Kinetic Energy Spectrometry......... 25 III. Characterisation of Ions.......... 26 A. CollisionalActivation 26 B. Charge Reversal.... 28 C. Neutralisation - Reionisation . 29 D. Neutral Reactivity. JJ rv. Fragmentation Behaviour ....... 35 A. NegativeIons.......... 35 Preface il B. Charge Inverted Ions 3l 1.3 Theoretical Methods for the Determination of Molecular Geometries and Energetics..... ....o........................................ .....39 L Molecular Orbital Theory........ 39 A. The Schrödinger Equation.... 39 B. Hartree-Fock Theory ..44 C. Electron Correlation ..46 D. Basis sets............ .51 IL Transition State Theory of Unimolecular Reactions ......... ................... 54 2. Covalently Bound Complexes of CO and COz ....... .........................58 L Introduction 58 tr. Results and Discussion........... 59 Part A: Covalently bound COz dimers (OzC-COr)? ............ 59 A. Generation of CzO¿ Anions 6I B. NeutralCzO+........
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Carbon Monoxide (Co) Level in Enugu Metropolis Monitoring Industrial and Residential Area
    ASSESSMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) LEVEL IN ENUGU METROPOLIS MONITORING INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA BY ADIKE JOSEPH .N. CHE/2007/123 PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE ENUGU STATE AUGUST, 2012 TITLE PAGE ASSESSMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) LEVEL IN ENUGU METROPOLIS MONITORING INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA BY ADIKE JOSEPH .N. CHE/2007/123 PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING, DEGREE IN CHEMICAL CARITAS UNIVERSITY AMORJI-NIKE ENUGU STATE AUGUST, 2012 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this work was down under the supervision of Supervisor‟s name Engr Ken Ezeh Signature------------------ ------------------------------ date ------------------------------ Head of Department ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Signature ------------------------------------------------ Date ------------------------------ External supervisor ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Signature ------------------------------------------------- Date ------------------------------ Department of Chemical Engineering Caritas University Amorji-Nike Enugu DEDICATION This project was dedicated to Jesus the Saviour for all his marvelous deeds in my life, more especially for seeing me through all my university years and to my dearly parents Mr. and Mrs. Adike, N. Joseph, for all their contributions, encouragement, love, understanding and care for me and the family. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To Jesus the Saviour be the glory to whom I depend on I wish to thank the Almighty God for giving me the opportunity, knowledge and wisdom to under take my university task successfully. My profound gratitude goes to my supervisor, Engr. (Mr.) Ken Ezeh for is invaluable supervision and unremitting attention. I wish also to acknowledge my lecturers in the person of Engr. Prof. J.I.
    [Show full text]
  • Croconate Salts. New Bond-Delocalized Dianions, &Q
    JOURNAL OF RESEARCH of the National Bureau of Standards Volume 85, No.2, March·April1980 Pseudo-Oxocarbons. Synthesis of 2, 1,3-Bis-, and 1, 2, 3-Tris (Dicyanomethylene) Croconate Salts. New Bond-Delocalized Dianions, "Croconate Violet" and "Croconate Blue"* Alexander J. Fatiadit National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234 October 24,1979 Synthesis and characteri zation of new bond·delocalized dianions, e.g., 2, 1,3·bis·, 1,2, 3·tris (di cyanomethyl. ene) croconate salts have been described. The dianions re ported represent a new class of aromati c, nonbenze· noid co mpounds, named pseudo·oxocarbons. A study of their physical, analytical and chemical properties offer a new direction in the chemistry of oxocarbons. Key words: Acid; aromatic; bond·delocalized; croco nic; diani on; malononitrile; nonbenzenoid; oxocarbon; salt; synthesis 1. Introduction molecular properties of the croconic salts (e.g. 2 , dipotas­ sium salt) were first seriously investigated when a symmetri­ The bright ye ll ow dipotassium croconate 1 and croconic cal, delocalized structure fo r the dianion 2 was proposed by acid (1 , K = H, 4,5-dihydroxy-4--cyclopentene-l,2,3-trione) Yamada et aJ. [3] in 1958. A few years later [4], the d i anion 2 were first isolated by Gmelin [1]' in 1825, from the black, ex· and the related deltate [5], squarate, rhodizonate, and plosive, side-reaction product (e.g. K6 C6 0 6 + KOC=COK), tetrahydroxyquinone anions were recognized by West et aJ. by the reaction of carbon with potassium hydroxide, in a [2,4] as members of a new class of aromatic oxocarbons pioneer, industrial attempt to manufacture potassium.
    [Show full text]
  • Graphether：A Two-Dimensional Oxocarbon As a Direct Wide-Gap Semiconductor with High Mechanical and Electrical Performances
    Graphether：A Two-Dimensional Oxocarbon as a Direct Wide-Gap Semiconductor with High Mechanical and Electrical Performances Gui-Lin Zhu1‖, Xiao-Juan Ye1,2‖, and Chun-Sheng Liu1,2* 1Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China 2School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada ‖The first two authors contributed equally to this work. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Although many graphene derivatives have sizable band gaps, their electrical or mechanical properties are significantly degraded due to the low degree of π-conjugation. Besides the π-π conjugation, there exists hyperconjugation interactions arising from the delocalization of σ electrons. Inspired by the structural characteristics of a hyperconjugated molecule, dimethyl ether, we design a two-dimensional oxocarbon (named graphether) by the assembly of dimethyl ether molecules. Our first-principle calculations reveal the following findings: (1) Monolayer graphether possesses excellent dynamical and thermal stabilities as demonstrated by its favourable cohesive energy, absence of the soft phonon modes, and high melting point. (2) It has a direct wide-band-gap of 2.39 eV, indicating its potential applications in ultraviolet optoelectronic devices. Interestingly, the direct band gap feature is rather robust against the external strains (-10% to 10%) and stacking configurations. (3) Due to the hyperconjugative effect, graphether has the high intrinsic electron mobility. More importantly, its in-plane stiffness (459.8 N m-1) is even larger than that of 1 graphene. (4) The Pt(100) surface exhibits high catalytic activity for the dehydrogenation of dimethyl ether.
    [Show full text]
  • Generation and Characterization of Hardwood Smoke Inhalation Exposure Atmospheres
    Aerosol Science and Technology ISSN: 0278-6826 (Print) 1521-7388 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uast20 Generation and Characterization of Hardwood Smoke Inhalation Exposure Atmospheres Jacob D. McDonald , Richard K. White , Edward B. Barr , Barbara Zielinska , Judith C. Chow & Eric Grosjean To cite this article: Jacob D. McDonald , Richard K. White , Edward B. Barr , Barbara Zielinska , Judith C. Chow & Eric Grosjean (2006) Generation and Characterization of Hardwood Smoke Inhalation Exposure Atmospheres, Aerosol Science and Technology, 40:8, 573-584, DOI: 10.1080/02786820600724378 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820600724378 Published online: 01 Feb 2007. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 355 Citing articles: 17 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uast20 Aerosol Science and Technology, 40:573–584, 2006 Copyright c American Association for Aerosol Research ISSN: 0278-6826 print / 1521-7388 online DOI: 10.1080/02786820600724378 Generation and Characterization of Hardwood Smoke Inhalation Exposure Atmospheres Jacob D. McDonald,1 Richard K. White,1 Edward B. Barr,1 Barbara Zielinska,2 Judith C. Chow,2 and Eric Grosjean3 1Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 2Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA 3Daniel Grosjean and Associates, Inc., Ventura, California, USA INTRODUCTION An inhalation exposure system and operating protocol were de- The National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC) was veloped that resulted in consistent achievement of targeted expo- established to conduct laboratory research that improves our un- sure concentrations of hardwood smoke without compromising the derstanding of the contributions of individual air contaminants desire to include multiple phases of a burn cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptual Progress for Explaining and Predicting Self-Organization on Anodized Aluminum Surfaces
    nanomaterials Review Conceptual Progress for Explaining and Predicting Self-Organization on Anodized Aluminum Surfaces Mikhail Pashchanka Department of Chemistry, Eduard-Zintl-Institute, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; [email protected] Abstract: Over the past few years, researchers have made numerous breakthroughs in the field of aluminum anodizing and faced the problem of the lack of adequate theoretical models for the interpretation of some new experimental findings. For instance, spontaneously formed anodic alumina nanofibers and petal-like patterns, flower-like structures observed under AC anodizing conditions, and hierarchical pores whose diameters range from several nanometers to sub-millimeters could be explained neither by the classical field-assisted dissolution theory nor by the plastic flow model. In addition, difficulties arose in explaining the basic indicators of porous film growth, such as the nonlinear current–voltage characteristics of electrochemical cells or the evolution of hexagonal pore patterns at the early stages of anodizing experiments. Such a conceptual crisis resulted in new multidisciplinary investigations and the development of novel theoretical models, whose evolution is discussed at length in this review work. The particular focus of this paper is on the recently developed electroconvection-based theories that allowed making truly remarkable advances in understanding the porous anodic alumina formation process in the last 15 years. Some explanation of the synergy between electrode reactions and transport processes leading to self-organization is provided. Finally, future prospects for the synthesis of novel anodic architectures are discussed. Citation: Pashchanka, M. Conceptual Progress for Explaining Keywords: porous anodic alumina (PAA); chaos and self-organization theory; electroconvection; and Predicting Self-Organization on colloidal gel model; anion exchange; DLVO theory; fluid mechanics; surface chemistry; surface Anodized Aluminum Surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
    CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION: SITARAM SHRESTHA – CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Carbon monoxide poisoning Sitaram Shrestha Professor, Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal ABSTRACT Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning may be suicidal, homicidal and in many cases it is accidental. Poisoning is due to formation of carboxyhaemoglobin, which interferes transfers of oxygen and leads to appearance of symptoms.1 Which are not specific and may similar to COVID19. Symptoms depends upon concentration of CO in surroundings. Antidote of CO is oxygen. Keywords: carbon monoxide, poisoning, toxicity CORRESPONDENCE Dr. Sitaram Shrestha Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal Email: [email protected] Journal of General Practice and Emergency Medicine of Nepal. Issue 10: 2021. Available at: www.jgpeman.com, eISSN: 2363-1168 55 CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION: SITARAM SHRESTHA – CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING INTRODUCTION • Low blood pressure Carbon monoxide (CO) Is known since ancient time • Muscle weakness which is tasteless, colour less, odour less and • Rapid or abnormal heartbeat non-irritating gas. It is sometimes termed a silent • Shock killer. As the specific gravity of CO is 0.97, it is • Nausea and vomiting slightly lighter than air. This gas is mainly produced • Unconsciousness by incomplete combustion of organic compounds.2 • Delayed poisoning Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a triple
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT LI, SHULI. Preparation and Integration of Composite Nanofiber Anodes in Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries
    ABSTRACT LI, SHULI. Preparation and Integration of Composite Nanofiber Anodes in Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries. (Under the direction of Dr.Xiangwu Zhang). Lithium-ion batteries are receiving considerable attention for use in portable electronics, electric vehicles and large-scale smart grids due to their superior energy storage capability over other rechargeable batteries. To achieve super-high energy density, advanced electrode materials with high energy storage capacities must be developed to replace traditional LiCoO2 cathode and graphite anode materials. For cathode materials, lithium metal oxides with a layered structure or a spinel structure, polyanion-based compounds and special organic materials have been investigated and reported in the past few years. They show inherent advantages of good structure stability, low cost, and high rate capability, etc. For anode materials, carbonaceous materials, lithium alloys and transition metal oxides are among the most promising alternatives and dominate current research. They show intriguing advantages of good environment compatibility, large specific capacities, and high safety, etc. Anode materials with capacities far beyond that of graphite are recently studied in order to satisfy the continuous demands for lithium-ion batteries that power advanced electronic devices. Among various types of anode materials with different elements and structures, carbon nanofiberous materials with controllable surface areas have attracted significant attention in recent years and are considered to be promising candidates for high-performance electrode materials. Carbon nanofibers can be produced by many techniques, among which electrospinning is a particularly efficient, simple and inexpensive method. In this work, we focused on fabricating various nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofiber composite anodes and explore their potential applications as anode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
    [Show full text]
  • AIM and NBO Analysis of Oxocarbon Heterocumulenes As Divalent Carbon(0) Species Final Paper
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5.05 Main Group Chemistry AIM and NBO Analysis of Oxocarbon Heterocumulenes as Divalent Carbon(0) Species Final Paper Author: Jonathan Melville Instructor: Christopher C. \Kit" Cummins December 13, 2016 Contents 1 Abstract 1 2 Introduction 1 3 Results and Discussion 1 3.1 Dicarbon Monoxide (C2O)..........................1 3.1.1 C2O..................................2 3.1.2 C2O·BH3 ...............................2 3.1.3 C2O·2 BH3 ..............................3 3.1.4 C2O·3 BH3 ..............................4 3.2 Carbon Suboxide (C3O2)...........................5 3.2.1 C3O2 ..................................6 3.2.2 C3O2·BH3 ...............................7 3.2.3 C3O2·2 BH3 ..............................8 4 Experimental 9 5 Conclusion 9 6 Acknowledgments 10 References 10 List of Figures 1 NRT-calculated C2O resonance structures . .2 2 C2O geometry . .2 3 C2O·BH3 geometry . .2 4 NRT-calculated C2O·BH3 resonance structures . .3 5 C2O·2 BH3 geometry . .3 6 NRT-calculated C2O·2 BH3 resonance structures . .4 7 NRT-calculated C2O·3 BH3 resonance structures . .5 8 C2O·3 BH3 geometry . .5 9 NRT-calculated C3O2 resonance structures . .6 10 C3O2 geometry . .6 11 C3O2·BH3 geometry . .7 12 NRT-calculated C3O2·BH3 resonance structures . .7 13 C3O2·2 BH3 geometry . .8 14 NRT-calculated C3O2·2 BH3 resonance structures . .9 List of Tables 1 NRT resonance state weightings of C2O. .2 2 Selected NRT resonance state weightings of C2O·BH3............3 3 Selected NRT resonance state weightings of C2O·2 BH3...........4 4 Selected
    [Show full text]