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Western Cape Province, South Africa) LAND USE PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE WATER QUALITY OF THE UPPER KUILS RIVER (WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA) François NGERA MWANGI A thesis submitted to the Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Magister Scientiae Supervisor: Mr. Lewis JONKER Co-supervisor: Prof. Lincoln RAITT 2014 ii Keywords Land use, Water quality, Upper Kuils River, Physical and chemical parameters, Nitrate, Phosphate, Macroinvertebrates, South African Scoring System version 5 (SASS5) Ecological state of the river i ACRONYMS AND ABREVIATIONS AMD: Acid Mine Drainage ANOVA: One-Way Analysis of Variance ASPT: Average Score Per Taxa BMI: Benthic Macroinvertebrate BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand CPOM: Coarse Particulate Organic Matter COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand CSO: Combined Sewer Overflow DO: Dissolved Oxygen DWAF: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EC: Electrical Conductivity EPT: Ephemeroptera Plecoptera and Trichoptera FPOM: Fine Particulate Organic Matter NEMP: National Eutrophication Monitoring Programme NoT: Number of Taxa P/R: Photosynthesis/Respiration RCC: River Continuum Concept RHP: River Health Programme SASS: South African Scoring System TDS: Total Dissolved Solid WCR: Water Research Commission ii ABSTRACT The water quality in many Cape Town Rivers and streams is a major challenge. Kuils River is subject to multiple land use impacts from upstream to downstream because of rapid urbanization in its catchment area. The main pollution sources are urban and industrial, organic matter from litter under the road-bridge, and golf course. However no systematic efforts have been made to evaluate and improve the health of the river in term of management. To assess impacts on water quality, this study was conducted from 4th September to 27th November 2012 in 5 selected sites in the upper reach of the Kuils river. The main aim was to compare the health of the river in 2012 with that found in 2005 using physical and chemical characteristics and the South Africa Scoring System (SASS). The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between and within sites. The water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, total dissolved solids (TDS), and salinity were collected in situ by YSI 30 meter. To evaluate nutrient (nitrate and phosphorus) concentrations water samples were analyzed at UWC laboratory using spectrophotometer. In addition human activities, basic conditions (7.13 to 8.76), high total dissolved solids (416 to to 916.5 mg L¯¹) and salinity (0.31 to 0.71 mg L¯¹) concentrations were influenced by Malmesbury shales. Nitrate (0.1 to 3.1 mg L¯¹) and phosphorus (0.11 to 5.27 mg L¯¹) concentrations and the decrease in dissolved oxygen in November 2012 showed eutrophic conditions of the river. In the tributary site phosphorus (1.32 to 3.62 mg L¯¹) concentrations revealed hypertrophic condition compared to South Africa guideline. Macroinvertebrates sampled showed a total of 28 taxa grouped in 11 orders were sampled. Poor habitat diversity and water quality degradation were principal causes of low species diversity. The South Africa Score System version 5 (SASS5) and Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) indicated that the river is seriously impacted in 2012 compared to 2005 where water quality was in poor condition. The SASS and the ASPT scores were less than 50 and 4.2 at all sampling sites in most part of sampling period. iii DECLARATION I declare that The land use practices and their impact on the water quality of the upper Kuils River (Western Cape Province, South africa) is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references and that this work has not been submitted before for another degree anywhere, other than the University of the Western Cape. Full name: Francois NGERA MWANGI Signed: Date: iv DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis: - To my eldest brother Mwendambali Ngera Mwangi for looking after me with love. His wish is accomplished while he is unconscious in a sick bed. - To my wife Georgette Mayela Munkete for her assistance in managing to provide all what I needed and I still need. May this work be the result of her great patience, courage and love after three years of separation. - And to my beloved children, Mushaara Ngera, Heroine Ngera Sikujua, Lumiere Ngera, Aron Ikwa, Merveil Litangwa Ngera, and Imelda Ngera for their support in good wishes and prayers to see me go forward in my endeavour to build my scientific being. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank you My God and Saviour Jesus Christ for having listened and responded to my prayer by providing me with this Masters opportunity. To my supervisor and co-supervisor Mr Lewis Jonker and Prof Lincoln Raitt, I express my sincere thanks for their availability, guidance, criticisms, and advice during this study period. I also thank all the departmental staff of Environmental and Water Science at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) for having accepted my candidature into this programme. I express deeply my gratitude to the Field Museum of Chicago through John Bates, Steffen Pauls and Steven for their financial support for this programme. I would like to express my gratitude to CRSN committee members, especially Dr Baluku Bajope, Dr Dieudonné Wafula Mifundu and Mr Muhimanyi Mununu Leopold for allowing me to carry on with my study at UWC. My gratitude goes also to Mr David Cammaerts and Dr Prince Kaleme for their advice, suggestions and remarks from the beginning to the end of this study. I would like to deeply thank Dr Steffen Pauls for his scientific and material help. Without his trust and collaboration I would not have had this opportunity to improve my scientific knowledge. I also thank Prof Rhalph Holzenthal of the University of Minnesota (USA) for his assistance. I also would like sincerely to thank Mr Shamiel Davids for his assistance during the period of collecting data in the field. I also thank Chantal Johannes and Mandy Naidoo for their availability and her administrative assistance. My deep gratitude also goes to Matondo Martini for her hospitality, to wake me up and to escort me in the train station early in the morning during my first year of coming to Cape Town. I also thank sincerely Mr Michel Hangi Malira and Mrs Celine Malengera for having looked after my family in DRCongo during all this period of my absence. I also would like to thank all my family members Gérard Ngera, Mwandjale Ngera, Eugénie Ngera, Feza Ngera and Sikujua Ngera and their respective families for their prayer. I also express my sincere gratitude to the students, especially Hulisani Tshikondela, Samuel Maliaga, Tshipama Mweyeleka, Josué Bahati, David Mateu, Viateur Uwambajimana, Rozwi Magoba, Lusanda Nxoko and Hubert Ndambu for their scientific and social contribution at UWC. I also thank André Byamungu and Olinabanji Dieudonné and all friends in general for all their moral or material support. vi TABLE OF CONTENT KEYSWORDS ………………………………………………..……………………………………….i ACRONYMS AND ABREVIATIONS ………………………………………………………………ii ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………..…………………………….………iii DECLARATION ……………………………………………………..……………………………….iv DEDICACE ………………………………………………………….………………………….……. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………….…………………….……..vi TABLE OF CONTENT …………………………………………………………………………….. vii CHAPTER ONE: HISTORICAL PERSEPECTIVE OF THE WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION 1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………..…1 1.2 Historic persepective ..………………………………………………………………….….3 1.3 Problem statement …………………………………………………………………….…...5 1.4 Aim of the study …..……………………………………………………………………….6 1.5 Research questions ………………………………………………………….……………..6 1.6 Significant of study ………………………………………………………………………..7 1.7 Chapter outline …………………………………………………………………………….7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………….…………8 2.2 River continuum ………………………………………………………………..………….9 2.3 Physico-chemical parameters 2.3.1 Water temperature …..………………………………………………………….………11 2.3.2 Electrical conductivity/Total dissolved Solids/Salts (TDS) and salinity ………………13 2.3.3 pH ………………………………………………………………….…………………..15 2.3.4 Dissolved oxygen (DO) …………………………………………….………………….18 2.3.5 Nutrients 2.3.5.1 Nitrate concentrations ……………………………………………….……………….21 2.3.5.2 Phosphorus concentrations ….………………………………………………………..24 2.4 Biological parameters vii 2.4.1 Macroinvertebrates ………………………………………………….………………….25 2.4.2 Riparian vegetation …………………………………………………………….………27 2.5 Pollution sources and their consequences in South Africa aquatic ecosystems 2.5.1 Sources of pollution …..………………………………………………………………..30 2.5.2 Major consequences of pollution in South Africa 2.5.2.1 Salinization ……………………………………………………………………...……31 2.5.2.2 Eutrophication ……………………………………………………………….......…...33 2.5.2.3 Pathogen organisms …………………...……………………………………………..37 2.5.2.4 Acidification…………………………………………………………………………..39 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study areas 3.1.1 Location of the City of Cape Town ……………………………………………………41 3.1.2 Kuils River catchment description……………………………………………………...41 3.2 Sampling points selection and description 3.2.1 Sampling sites description ……………………………………………………………..44 3.2.2 Data sampling 3.2.2.1 The physical and chemical parameters ……………………………………………....47 3.2.2.2 Macroinvertebrate sampling …………………………………………………………47 3.3 Data analysis and interpretation 3.3.1 Water quality analysis …………………………………………………………….……48 3.3.2 Macroinvertebrates 3.3.2.1 South African Scoring System version 5 (SASS5) …………………………………..48 3.3.2.2 Species richness and
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