Prepared for: HISTORICAL RESOURCES IMPACT Terasen Pipelines ASSESSMENT - ALBERTA (Trans Mountain) Inc. Calgary, Alberta FOR THE TERASEN PIPELINES (TRANS MOUNTAIN) INC. TMX - ANCHOR LOOP PROJECT

KP/KL 310.1 to KP/KL 326 Township 49, Range 26, W5M Township 49, Range 27, W5M Township 50, Range 26, W5M

Prepared by:

R & W ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTING LTD.

In Association with: FINAL REPORT PERMIT 05-259

TERA Environmental Consultants Suite 1100, 815 - 8th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta T2P 3P2

Westland Resource Group Inc. #203, 830 Shamrock Street Victoria, British Columbia V8X 2V1

November 2005 3739 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. HRIA - AB TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With the TMX - Anchor Loop Project (the “Project”) Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. (“Terasen Pipelines”) proposes to loop a portion of its existing National Energy Board (“NEB”) regulated oil pipeline system (the “Trans Mountain pipeline” or “Trans Mountain”) to increase the capacity of the Trans Mountain pipeline to meet growing shipper demand. The Project involves the construction of 158 km of 812 mm or 914 mm (32-inch or 36-inch) diameter pipe between a location west of Hinton, Alberta at Kilometre Post/Kilometre Loop (“KP/KL") 310.1 and a location near Rearguard, British Columbia (BC) (KP/KL 468.0). The Project also includes the installation of two new pump stations at locations along the Trans Mountain pipeline, one in Alberta at Wolf (KP 188.0) and one in BC, at Chappel (KP 555.5), and the installation of associated aboveground facilities including block valves at several locations and a receiving trap for pipeline cleaning and inspection tools at a location near Rearguard, BC (KP/KL 468.0). Construction of the Project will require temporary construction camps and other temporary work yards. The Project will traverse federal, provincial and private lands, including Jasper National Park (JNP) in Alberta and Mount Robson Provincial Park (MRPP) in BC.

This report represents one of two Historical Resources Impact Assessments (HRIAs) completed for the Alberta portion of the Project that traverses Alberta Crown land and federal lands in JNP. A separate Archaeological Impact Assessment has been prepared for the BC portion. Historical Resources Act clearance will be requested under a separate application to Alberta Community Development for the Wolf Pump Station site.

The HRIA was conducted along the 16 km long Proposed Route of the Project outside JNP as well as approximately 2.5 km along the Existing Route. The HRIA consisted of a ground reconnaissance and shovel testing program of the project footprint. This reconnaissance revealed the majority of the project utilizes existing linear disturbances from previous oil and gas activity and power line construction.

No previously recorded archaeological sites were revisited during the assessment, four had been documented near the Project but have since been destroyed, given an HRV of 0, and were not relocated during this assessment. A total of 104 shovel tests were excavated along both routes to examine for the presence of subsurface sites, all proved negative for cultural materials. As well, six deep tests (~175 centimetres below surface (cmbs) were conducted at the easternmost crossing of Drystone Creek. All sites tested negative for cultural materials.

As approximately 50% of the Project will utilize existing linear disturbance and all testing proved negative for cultural materials, no further work is recommended for this Project. As well, it is recommended that Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. be granted Historical Resources Act clearance for both the Proposed and the Existing routes of the Project outside of JNP.

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CREDIT SHEET

PERMIT HOLDER: Robert Wondrasek, M.A.

FIELD PERSONNEL: Robert Wondrasek, M.A.

Charles Sargent, B.A.

REPORT: Robert Wondrasek, M.A.

Wanda Lewis

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... I 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Project Description...... 1 1.2 HRIA Philosophy...... 3 2.0 METHODOLOGY...... 3 3.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...... 3 3.1 General Environment ...... 3 3.2 Project Specific Environment ...... 4 3.3 Archaeological Overview ...... 8 3.3.1 Archaeological Record of the Area ...... 9 3.4 Site File Search...... 10 4.0 RESULTS...... 10 4.1 Ground Reconnaissance ...... 10 4.2 Previously Recorded Sites...... 12 4.3 Historic Sites ...... 12 5.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 13 6.0 REFERENCES CITED...... 13

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 TMX - Anchor Loop Project...... 2 Figure 2 Location of Study Area within Natural Regions of Alberta...... 5 Figure 3 Reconnaissance Strategy and Previously Recorded Sites ...... 11

LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 View southwest of the existing utility corridor which includes the Existing Trans Mountain pipeline...... 6 Plate 2 View northwest of disturbed location within the Project area...... 6 Plate 3 View southeast of abandoned gravel pit to be used as a construction camp...... 7 Plate 4 View west of the Proposed crossing of Drystone Creek (KL325.0)...... 7 Plate 5 View west of braided channel, tributary to Maskuta Creek...... 8 Plate 6 View of “phone booth” used to assess deep deposits in the vicinity of Drystone Creek...... 12

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ACD Alberta Community Development BC British Columbia B.P. Before Present cmbs centimetres below surface HRIA Historical Resources Impact Assessment HRV Historical Resources Value JNP Jasper National Park KP Kilometre Post KL Kilometre Loop MRPP Mount Robson Provincial Park NEB National Energy Board NEB Act National Energy Board Act

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Description With the TMX - Anchor Loop Project (the “Project”) Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. (“Terasen Pipelines”) proposes to loop a portion of its existing National Energy Board (“NEB”) regulated oil pipeline system (the “Trans Mountain pipeline” or “Trans Mountain”) to increase the capacity of the Trans Mountain pipeline to meet growing shipper demand. The Project involves the construction of 158 km of 812 mm or 914 mm (32-inch or 36-inch) diameter pipe between a location west of Hinton, Alberta at Kilometre Post/Kilometre Loop (“KP/KL") 310.1 and a location near Rearguard, British Columbia (BC) (KP/KL 468.0). The Project also includes the installation of two new pump stations at locations along the Trans Mountain pipeline, one in Alberta at Wolf (KP 188.0) and one in BC, at Chappel (KP 555.5), and the installation of associated aboveground facilities including block valves at several locations and a receiving trap for pipeline cleaning and inspection tools at a location near Rearguard, BC (KP/KL 468.0) (Figure 1). Construction of the Project will require temporary construction camps and other temporary work yards. The Project will traverse federal, provincial and private lands, including Jasper National Park (JNP) in Alberta and Mount Robson Provincial Park (MRPP) in BC.

At the request of TERA Environmental Consultants and Westland Resource Group Inc. (TERA/Westland), on behalf of Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. (“Terasen Pipelines”), R & W Archaeological Consulting Ltd. conducted a Historical Resources Impact Assessment (HRIA) for the Alberta portion of the Project, KP /KL 310.1 to KP 326 (outside JNP).

This report represents one of three archaeological assessments completed for the Project. The Alberta portion of the Project that traverses Alberta Crown land and federal lands in JNP was separated into two reports to accommodate provincial and federal jurisdictions. A separate Archaeological Assessment has been prepared for the BC portion of the Project, which includes the Chappel Pump Station. Historical Resources Act clearance will be requested under a separate application to Alberta Community Development (ACD) for the Wolf Pump Station.

The Project consists of two potential routes, the “Proposed Route” and “Existing Route”. Both routes commence at KP 310.1, approximately 8 km west of Hinton, Alberta and terminates (for the purposes of this report) at the east boundary of JNP, approximately KP 326. The Proposed Route follows the Existing Route until KP/KL 324.4, where it diverges from the existing alignment and parallels the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16) into JNP. The Existing Route continues on from this point of divergence at approximately KP/KL 324.4 until it reaches the boundary of JNP at approximately KP 326.8. The assessed footprint was approximately 40 m wide. The Proposed Route is approximately 16 km in length and the Existing Route is comprised of an additional 2.5 km which represents only a portion of the 158 km long TMX - Anchor Loop Project. The Project assessed under this permit traverses Townships 49 and 50, Ranges 26 and 27, West of the Fifth Meridian.

The Project is a Class I pipeline and therefore an HRIA was undertaken as part of an Environmental Assessment Report necessary for a pending NEB application. The Proposed and Existing routes were assessed under Alberta Permit 05-259.

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R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R27 R26 R25 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 R19 R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6

T58 BRITISH ALBERTA COLUMBIA Fort McMurray T57

Dawson Creek 5973900 5973900 Grande Prairie T56

MAP EXTENT SIXTH MERIDIAN FIFTH MERIDIAN Prince George T55 Edmonton Willmore Hinton St ony Plain Valemount Jasper Wilderness Williams Lake Red Deer Area Obed Lake Niton Chip T54 Provincial Park KP 173.4 KP 147.1 Banf f Calgary Kamloops T53 Whistler Merritt Wolf Vancouver Surrey Kelowna Edson Nanaimo CANADA KP 188 T52 Abbotsford KP 228.7 Victoria USA Rock Lake - Solomon Creek T51 5923900 Wildland Park 5923900

Hinton T50 KP 317.7 T49 Jasper KP 310.1 National Park KP 468.0 T48 Mount Robson Provincial 93H 83E T47 Park 93A 83D Wildhorse Cariboo Rearguard T46 5873900 Mountains KP 476.8 Wildland 5873900 Provincial Jasper Park Park KP 369.5 T45

Mount Robson T44 Provincial Jasper Park National Park T43 Albreda ALBERTA KP 519.1 T42

T41

5823900 Wells Gray 5823900 Provincial Park Chappel KP 555.5 TMX - ANCHOR LOOP PROJECT

White Goat LEGEND Wilderness Area Proposed TMX - Anchor Loop Hydrology Existing Trans Mountain Park and Protected Areas Pipeline (TMPL) New Pump Station Provincial Boundary 5773900 5773900 93A 83D Banff Existing Pump Station 83D 83C 92P 82M National Park Projection: Zone 11 - Datum: NAD83

82M 82N Hillshade: Ministry of Natural Resources Canada 2005. Finn Hydrology/Provincial Boundary: Ensight Information Services Ltd. 2005; Siffleur Government of Canada 2003, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, The Atlas of Canada. KP 612.5 Wilderness Park and Protected Areas: Government of Alberta 2004; BC Parks Victoria 2004. BRITISH Area Although there is no reason to believe that there are any errors associated with the data used to generate this product or in the product itself, users of these data are advised that errors in the data may be present. COLUMBIA SCALE: 1:1,500,000 km 0255012.5 (All Locations Approximate) Blackpool McMurphy KP 709.9 3739 November 2005 FIGURE 1 5723900 KP 645 5723900

264600 314600 364600 414600 464600 514600 564600 614600

00_3739_TechRep_Fig_1.mxd Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. HRIA - AB TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

1.2 HRIA Philosophy The philosophy of the HRIA conducted was as outlined in the Guidelines for Archaeological Permit Holders in Alberta (ACD, n.d.) such that the Permit Holder shall:

1. Carry out an assessment to determine the effects of the proposed operation or activity on historical resources in the area where the operation or activity will be carried out. 2. Prepare and submit to the Minister, in accordance with the order, a report containing the assessment of the effects of the proposed operation or activity referred to above. 3. Undertake all salvage, preservation or protective measures or take any other action which the Minister considers necessary.

2.0 METHODOLOGY The Project was initiated with a site file search of the Historic Sites Service of the Heritage Resource Management Branch of ACD. Archaeological Site Inventory Data forms obtained from the file search were consulted with regard to a sites proximity to present development, site type, artifacts collected/observed, previous disturbance and the site recommendations of the Permit Holder. The Listing of Significant Historical Sites and Areas (5th Edition) (Alberta Community Development 2005) was consulted and if necessary, previous permit reports pertaining to the proposed development area were also reviewed. Following this, the development and any sites identified during the file search were mapped together on a 1:50,000 NTS map. This map is used to assess the Project’s relation to any previously identified sites, identify areas of high archaeological potential and as an aid in the development of the field reconnaissance portion of the HRIA.

The field portion of the HRIA commenced with a foot traverse and visual inspection of the proposed construction footprint. This included a visual inspection of all erosional surfaces, past disturbances, as well as ground surface for cultural features/remains. Shovel tests (40 x 40 cm) were excavated in areas of medium and high archaeological potential, (i.e., areas with elevated terrain, near water sources, or where existing archaeological sites have been identified). Where profound deposits warranted, testing was done with the excavation of deep pits referred to as “telephone booths” due to their shape. Deep testing was done by hand and included the excavation of telephone booths 1 m2 to the depth of river cobbles. Photographs of the general and specific terrain of the Project area, exposures and erosional surfaces, as well as past disturbances were taken.

3.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

3.1 General Environment The Project crosses both the Lower Foothills subregion of the Foothills natural region and the Montane subregion of the Rocky Mountain natural region (Figure 2). The Foothills Natural Region is a transitional zone between the Rocky Mountain Natural Region and the Boreal Forest Natural Region (Alberta Environmental Protection, 1994). The Lower Foothills subregion generally occurs on rolling topography created by the deformed bedrock along edge of the Rocky Mountains. Surface materials are characterized by a morainal veneer over rolling bedrock. Along the mountains, bedrock outcrops of marine shales and non-marine sandstones occur often in valleys. Fluvial and glaciofluvial deposits occur along major stream valleys. Soils of upland forests are predominantly Luvisolics and Brunisolics with Gleyed Luvisols and Gleysolics in more poorly drained sites. Organic soils are common in depressional sites, and Regosolics occur along stream valleys and on steeper slopes. The vegetation supported by these soils is characterized by mixed forests of White and Black Spruce, Lodgepole Pine, Balsam Fir, Aspen, Paper Birch, and Balsam Poplar. Common understory cover consists of Labrador Tea, Dwarf Birch, Bracted Honeysuckle, Horsetails, Bishops Cap, Twinflower, peat mosses, and the brown mosses. Wildlife within the Lower Foothills varies according to vegetation cover. Within coniferous forest areas wildlife includes Boreal Chickadee, Spruce Grouse, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, White-winged Crossbill and

Page 3 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. HRIA - AB TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 red squirrel. Within deciduous forests are found the ruffed grouse, warbling vireo, black-capped chickadee and Tennessee warbler.

The Montane subregion within this area occurs mostly along major river valleys with the most northerly outlier along the Athabasca River and adjacent valleys from Yellowhead Pass to Brule Lake. The landforms of the major valleys are primarily fluvial and glaciofluvial terraces and fans with smaller areas of glaciolacustrine, aeolian and morainal deposits. Soils vary greatly within this subregion however the forest soils within the Project area include both Brunisolics and Luvisolics. Vegetation supported by these soils include Douglas-fir, limber pine and lodgepole pine on uplands, ridge tops and further north in the mountain valleys and white spruce and aspen on fluvial fans and terraces. Common understory species include bearberry, junipers, snowberry and bluebunch wheat grass. Wildlife supported by these habitats includes mule deer, elk, blue grouse, mountain chickadee and red squirrel, to mention a few.

3.2 Project Specific Environment The Project originates on the north side of Highway 16, approximately 8 km west of Hinton, Alberta. This loop parallels the Existing Route, existing ATCO gas pipeline, powerline, and fibre optics cable for most of its length across Alberta provincial lands (Plates 1 and 2). Also assessed was one location of extra work space to potentially be used as a construction camp during pipeline construction. The construction camp will utilize an abandoned gravel pit within the northwest of 10-50-26 W5M (Plate 3). The Project crosses Drystone Creek and several tributaries to Maskuta Creek along this portion of the Proposed Route (Plates 4 and 5).

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Figure 2 Location of Study Area within Natural Regions of Alberta

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Plate 1 View southwest of the existing utility corridor which includes the Existing Trans Mountain pipeline.

Plate 2 View northwest of disturbed location within the Project area.

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Plate 3 View southeast of abandoned gravel pit to be used as a construction camp.

Plate 4 View west of the Proposed crossing of Drystone Creek (KL325.0).

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Plate 5 View west of braided channel, tributary to Maskuta Creek.

3.3 Archaeological Overview The Eastern Slopes area, stretching from the continental divide in the west to the Foothills ecosystem in the east, represents a distinct ecotone, a transitional zone between the Rocky Mountain and the Boreal Forest Natural Regions. Culturally, the area can be seen as transitional, with typical Boreal Forest cultures exhibiting influences from the Interior Plateau region. The archaeological record indicates that this ecotone was utilized in a similar manner as the Parklands at the edge of the Plains. The Parklands were utilized by plains people as an extension of the plains, with interaction between Plains and Boreal Forest people occurring at the Parkland/Boreal Forest edge (Meyer and Epp 1990). The eastern slopes area shows a similar trend with Boreal Forest cultures utilizing the ecotone as an extension of the Boreal Forest with evidence of influence showing up from the Plains and the Plateau.

The Yellowhead Pass has been a major transportation route through which Native groups have passed through since the end of the last glacier. Evidence of past human occupation of the park goes back 10,000 years. The area, which offers a low altitude corridor through the Rocky Mountains, has numerous prehistoric sites recorded within the corridor. The ethnographic record indicates that the Yellowhead and other passes were important corridors in moving trade goods across the mountains as part of the large North American trade network that existed throughout prehistory. The archaeological record and ethnographic reports indicate that materials from the interior and coastal regions were regularly traded to areas east of the Rocky Mountains. Items such as obsidian for tool making, salmon and candle fish, and marine shells have all been recorded as being regular trade items moved over the mountains (Wood 1972, Galm 1994). Materials such as hides from large game and high quality lithic materials such as Knife River Flint are in turn traded into the coastal and interior regions.

Hirth (1978) called these areas “Gateway Communities” which acted to facilitate the passage of goods and ideas between distinct natural or cultural areas. The natural barrier created by the Rockies, separating the distinctive Interior and Forest cultures would have been a natural location for trade interactions to occur, as can be evidenced by materials such as the presence of obsidian sourced to Mt. Edziza from the interior of BC found within sites in JNP (Pickard 1988). The Montane region found on the western end of the Project area, a small, distinct ecotone separating the culture areas, may have been utilized seasonally by different groups depending on resource availability.

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The area offers a variety of resources ranging from large ungulates (moose, elk, bison and caribou), small mammals (hare and beaver) and various plant resources. One of the most abundant and stable resources utilized in the forest are fish, especially whitefish. All of these resources fluctuate in abundance throughout the seasonal round. Fish were most abundant during the spring as this was the period when a number of species spawned in succession, providing a long period of high productivity (Smith 1991). Moose were more easily attained during the fall rut, while berries and other plant resources became harvestable during the late summer.

The fluctuation of resource availability and abundance necessitated a seasonal round for Boreal Forest bands. This seasonal round saw the bands splitting up for most of the year into smaller family groups to harvest highly dispersed resources, then reforming in the fall or spring during times of resource concentration such as during the time of fish runs. Even during the times when the majority of the band was together utilizing these concentrated resources populations were still relatively small when compared to populations on the plains during the same time. The bands in the forest tend to be composed of roughly 100 to 200 people who would spend the majority of the year in smaller family groups of 10 to 20 people (Helm 1968).

3.3.1 Archaeological Record of the Area The archaeological record in northern Alberta has been divided into four distinct periods, similar to the system used for the plains. These periods include the Early, Middle and Late Periods, followed by the Historic Period. The Early Period in the Forest is believed to have occurred later than on the plains. The retreating ice mass would have left northern Alberta uninhabitable until around 10,000 Before Present (B.P.). At this time it is believed that large game hunters from the plains migrated north into what is now the Boreal Forest area. These early period hunters utilized a spear technology typified in the archaeological record by large lanceolate spear points. It is thought that groups would have followed the bison into the area and eventually incorporated moose and caribou into their diet. Within the mountain parks area, the earliest of these cultures, Clovis, have been found in Banff (Langemann and Perry 2001, Landals 2001). Later Cody Complex materials have also been recovered from the parks indicating a continual utilization of the Eastern Slopes in this time period. These sites can be found at Ya-Ha-Tinda (Elliot 1971), near the Palisades in Jasper (Pickard 1988) and within Banff National Park (Christensen 1971 and Fedje 1988)

The Middle Period of the archaeological record was a time of changing climate and environment. The climate became warmer and drier which resulted in vegetation patterns across the province similar to present day. It is at this time that a new technology is introduced, the atlatl or throwing stick. This tool is a small shaft with a small spear inserted on the end. The atlatl increases the velocity and force that a spear can be thrown, therefore extending the range of the projectile. In the archaeological record smaller side- notched projectile points typify this period. The areas in and around the mountain parks have numerous middle period sites, spanning the middle period. These sites have been found along the Athabasca River in Jasper townsite (Pickard 1988), at Brule Lake (Ball 1983), Jasper Lake (Hudecek-Cuffe 2000), and the Cardinal River area southeast of Jasper townsite (Kulle and Neal 1998).

The Late Period began around 2,000 B.P. with the introduction of two new technologies, the bow and arrow and pottery. The projectile points utilized with the bow tend to be small side and corner-notched, and were used well into the historic period. Within the forest, slightly before the beginning of the period (3,000 B.P.), it is believed that Boreal Forest people were coming into contact with barren ground groups who were following the caribou herds into the forest during the winter. At this time, the Northern Forest peoples also began to show more influences coming from the tundra rather than the plains. The small side notched points from representative of the Late Period are well represented in sites within and around the Mountain Parks. These include sites from along the Athabasca River (Pickard 1988), and Patricia Lake (Pickard 1988) within Jasper, and sites from the Cardinal River southeast of Jasper (Kulle and Neal 1998).

The last period is the Historic Period that was initiated with a short Proto-Historic period when there was no direct contact between European and Aboriginal populations, however trade goods from the east were introduced into the Aboriginal trade network. With the expansion of the fur trade west, Aboriginal groups in Alberta came into direct contact with Europeans and the true Historic Period was initialized.

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3.4 Site File Search The HRIA was initiated with a site file search that revealed that areas in the vicinity of the Project were identified on the Listing of Significant Sites and Areas (ACD 2005) as having Historical Resource Values (HRV) 4 and 5 for archaeology. The file search also revealed the Project crosses one Borden Block, FhQk (n=15). Thirteen of the sites listed are concentrations of lithic materials (scatter, campsite, workshop, etc.) while only two (FhQk 7 and 8) are stone alignments. Five of these sites (FhQk 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8) are located within approximately 100 m of the Project, and therefore, their Site Inventory Data Forms were reviewed. Further investigation revealed sites FhQk 2, FhQk 3 and FhQk 4 have been destroyed and allocated an HRV of 0, and as such, were not relocated during this assessment. Stone feature sites FhQk 7 and FhQk 8 are located within JNP, and thus, are outside the scope of this assessment.

4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Ground Reconnaissance The HRIA for this Project included the assessment of the Proposed Route and a short segment of the Existing Route for the Project. Both routes parallel existing linear disturbances for almost their entire lengths, with minimal length of new disturbance required. Almost the entire Project length lies within areas of side slope, considered to have low potential for the recovery of cultural materials. However, because of the previous record of lithic artifacts in the area, a shovel testing program was implemented (Figure 3). A total of 104 shovel tests were excavated during the reconnaissance, all negative for cultural materials. Most soil profiles consisted of 0-8 cm of duff overlying dark brown A horizon which extended to 20 centimetres below surface (cmbs) underlain by light grey silty clay which terminated in gravel deposits at approximately 35 cmbs. However, shovel tests at the eastern crossing of Drystone Creek revealed deeper deposits and light grey silty sand past 60 cmbs, at this point shovel testing was abandoned and a strategy enabling deeper testing was utilized. As the area is heavily wooded and accessible only by foot, deep testing was carried out by the excavation of deeper pits referred to as “telephone booths” in areas of high potential. Six telephone booths (four on the west side and four on the east side of Drystone Creek) approximately 1 m2 were dug by hand until river cobbles were encountered. On the east side of Drystone Creek, testing revealed stratigraphy that included light brown A horizon until 40 cmbs and light grey silt terminating in river cobbles at approximately 175 cmbs (Plate 6).

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. HRIA - AB TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

Plate 6 View of “phone booth” used to assess deep deposits in the vicinity of Drystone Creek.

Deep testing on the west side of Drystone Creek showed profiles slightly different, between the light brown A horizon and the light grey silty sand (~30-34 cmbs) a light red paleosol was evident. This paleosol was evident in all four deep test units on the west side of the creek, however, no cultural materials were recovered. Unfortunately, scouring of the land form by the creek has removed any additional intact deep deposits within the proposed right-of-way. However, it is likely these deposits extend to the west and any future development should initiate additional testing. The remainder of the tests proved similar to those on the east side of Drystone Creek, with light grey silty sand at 34 cmbs and terminating in cobbles at approximately 175 cmbs.

4.2 Previously Recorded Sites Three previously recorded sites (i.e., FhQk 2, FhQk 3 and FhQk 4) were in close proximity to the construction footprint, however, the sites have been destroyed by previous developments and therefore allocated an HRV of 0. Shovel testing was initiated within the Project Footprint adjacent to the sites in an attempt to locate any previously unidentified intact cultural materials, however, all tested negative and no remnants of the sites could be relocated.

4.3 Historic Sites No known historic sites were revisited or new sites identified during the HRIA for this Project.

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5.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS An HRIA was conducted on two proposed 16 km routes of the Project outside JNP. The HRIA consisted of a ground reconnaissance and shovel testing program of the Project Footprint. This reconnaissance revealed the majority (~50%) of the Project utilizes existing disturbance from previous oil and gas activity and power line construction. No previously recorded archaeological sites were revisited during the assessment, four had been documented near the Project but have since been destroyed, given an HRV of 0 and were not relocated during this Project. A total of 104 shovel tests were excavated along the right- of-way to examine for the presence of subsurface sites, all proved negative for cultural materials. As well, six deep tests (~175 cmbs) were conducted at the easternmost crossing of Drystone Creek. All six deep tests at this location were negative for cultural materials.

As approximately 50% of the Project will utilize existing disturbance and all testing proved negative for cultural materials, no further work is recommended for this Project. As well, it is recommended that Terasen Pipelines be granted Historical Resources Act clearance for both the Proposed and Existing routes of the Project.

6.0 REFERENCES CITED Alberta Community Development. 2005. Listing of Significant Historical Sites and Areas. Cultural Facilities and Historical Resources Division, Alberta Community Development. Edmonton, Alberta.

Alberta Community Development. n.d. Guidelines for Archaeological Permit Holders in Alberta. Unpublished manuscript on file, Archaeological Survey, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.

Alberta Environmental Protection. 1994. Natural Regions, Subregions and Natural History Regions, Subregions: A Classification of Protected Areas Management. Report 2. Edmonton.

Ball, Bruce. 1983. Archaeology of the Athabasca River Valley Between Jasper and Hinton, 1981: Final Report. Research Report, (ASA Permit 81-065), Bruce F. Ball for Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Copy on file, Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.

Christensen, Ole. 1971. Banff Prehistory: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Technology in Banff National Park. National Historic Site Service, Manuscript Report No. 67, Ottawa.

Elliot, Jack. 1971. Jasper National Park and Ya-Ha-Tinda Ranch Archaeological Survey. National Historic Site Service, Manuscript Report No. 44, Parks Canada, Ottawa.

Fedje, D. W. 1988. Banff Prehistory: A provisional Paleocultural Sequence. Manuscript Copy on file with Parks Canada Cultural Resource Services, Western Canada Services Centre, Calgary.

Galm, J. 1994. Prehistoric Trade and Exchange in the Interior Plateau of Northwestern North America. Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America. Pp. 275-306. Plenum Press, New York.

Helm, J. 1968. The Nature of Dogrib Socio-territorial Groups. Man the Hunter. Edited by R.B. Lee and I. Devore, pp 118-125. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago.

Hirth, K.G. 1978. Interregional Trade and the Formation of Prehistoric Gateway Communities. American Antiquity 43: 35-45.

Hudecek-Cuffe, Caroline. 2000. Final Report Department of Anthropology University of Alberta Archaeological Field School, Jasper National Park. July 13-August 19, 1998. Report on file, Parks Canada, Western Region, Calgary.

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Kulle, B. and B. Neal. 1998. Historical Resource Impact Assessment and Mitigation Cardinal River Coals Ltd. Cheviot Mine Project 1996 Season, Volumes 1-3. Consultant’s Report, (ASA Permit 95-056), Fedirchuk McCullough & Associates Ltd. For Cardinal River Coals Ltd., Copy on file, Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.

Landals, A. J. 2001. Lake Minnewanka Site 2000 Mitigation Program. Interim Report. Copy on file with Parks Canada Cultural Resource Services, Western Canada Services Centre, Calgary.

Langmann, E. G. and W. Perry. 2001. Banff National Park of Canada Archaeological Resource Description and Analysis. Draft Copy. Parks Canada Cultural Resource Services, Western Canada Services Centre, Calgary.

Meyer, D and H. Epp. 1990. North-South Interaction in the Late Prehistory of Central Saskatchewan. Plains Anthropologist. 35 (132): 321-342.

Pickard, R. 1988. Jasper National Park Archaeological Resource Description and Analysis. Report on file, Archaeological Research Unit, Parks Canada, Western Region, Calgary.

Smith, Brian J. 1991. Historical and Archaeological Evidence for the Use of Fish as Alternate Subsistence Resource Among Northern Plains Bison Hunters. Aboriginal Resource Use in Canada: Historical and Legal Aspects. Edited by K. Abel and J. Friesen, pp 35-49. University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg.

Wood, W. Raymond. 1972. Contrastive Features of North American Trade Systems. For the Chief: Essays in Honour of Luther S. Cressman. Ed. F. Voget and R.L Stephenson. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers No. 4, pp. 153-169.

Page 14 Prepared for: ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT - Terasen Pipelines JASPER NATIONAL PARK (Trans Mountain) Inc. Calgary, Alberta FOR THE TERASEN PIPELINES (TRANS MOUNTAIN) INC. TMX - ANCHOR LOOP PROJECT FINAL REPORT PERMIT WA 05-03

Township 45, Range 3, W6M Township 45, Range 2, W6M Township 45, Range 1, W6M Township 46, Range 1, W6M Township 47, Range 1, W6M Township 48, Range 1, W6M Township 46, Range 4, W6M Township 48, Range 28, W5M Township 48, Range 27, W5M Township 49, Range 27, W5M

Prepared by:

R & W ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTING LTD.

In Association with:

TERA Environmental Consultants Suite 1100, 815 - 8th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta T2P 3P2

Westland Resource Group Inc. #203, 830 Shamrock Street Victoria, British Columbia V8X 2V1

November 2005 3739 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of TERA Environmental Consultants and Westland Resource Group Inc., on behalf of Terasen Pipelines, R & W Archaeological Consulting Ltd. conducted an Archaeological Assessment of the Project within Jasper National Park (JNP). The Project consists of two potential routes - the Proposed Route and the Existing Trans Mountain Pipeline Route (Existing Route). Both routes assessed under this permit commence at the JNP East Boundary and terminate at the Western Park Boundary, also the Alberta/BC border. The Proposed Route assessed in JNP is approximately 81 km in length and the Existing Route is approximately 79 km long. Also assessed were a number of potential stockpile sites, and areas of existing access roads where widening of the roads may be required.

Site files obtained from Parks Canada and Alberta Community Development indicated there were a total of 104 sites identified as being within or adjacent to the Project. There were 66 historic sites, 33 prehistoric sites and 5 multi-component sites with both historic and prehistoric components. The majority of the historic sites are associated with the railroads, represented by such sites as can dumps, construction camps and bridge features. The second most common historic sites are cabins and cellar depressions, many of which may be associated with railway construction as well. The remainder of the sites include: historic fences, a collapsed mine vent, a historic dairy and one grave. The prehistoric sites are comprised of isolated finds, lithic scatters and buried campsites.

The Archaeological Assessment consisted of a ground reconnaissance and shovel testing program of the Project Footprint. This reconnaissance revealed the majority (~50%) of the Project utilizes existing disturbance from previous pipeline, railway, highway, fibre optic and other construction. There were 50 archaeological sites evaluated during the pipeline assessment, 29 had been previously recorded and 21 of which were newly identified during the Project. All sites were tested for the presence of cultural materials and evaluated as to their “interpretive value”. Interpretive values of low, moderate and high were assigned to each site based on their ability to offer information and add to existing archaeological knowledge. With these values as a guide, the recommendations for no further work in relation to the Project has been given to 17 sites. The remaining 33 sites may require mitigation of some form however only their interpretive values haves been presented in this report. The proposed mitigative measures for the sites encountered are discussed and in the Environmental Assessment Report.

Page i Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

CREDIT SHEET

PERMIT HOLDER: Robert Wondrasek, M.A.

FIELD PERSONNEL: Robert Wondrasek, M.A.

Jerimy Cunnigham, PhD.

Charles Sargent, B.A.

Harry Joules

Lyle Joseph

REPORT: Robert Wondrasek, M.A.

Wanda Lewis

Page ii Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... I 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 General Project Description ...... 1 1.2 Route Options ...... 1 1.2.1 Proposed Route ...... 3 1.2.2 Existing Route...... 3 2.0 METHODOLOGY...... 3 3.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...... 4 3.1 General Environment ...... 4 3.2 Project Specific Environment ...... 4 3.3 Archaeological Overview ...... 5 3.3.1 Prehistoric Use of the Yellowhead Pass...... 5 3.3.2 Archaeological Record of Northern Alberta ...... 6 3.3.3 Historic Period...... 6 3.3.4 The Park and the Railways ...... 7 3.4 Past Studies ...... 7 3.5 Site File Search...... 8 4.0 RESULTS...... 12 4.1 Ground Reconnaissance ...... 12 4.2 Sites Along the Proposed Route...... 14 4.3 Sites Along The Existing Trans Mountain Pipeline Route ...... 27 4.4 Proposed Construction Sites ...... 30 5.0 ROUTE COMPARISON...... 31 6.0 SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES...... 32 6.1.1 Testing of Depressions Within Project Footprint...... 32 6.1.2 Alterations to the Proposed Route...... 33 6.1.3 Field Verification of Site Locations...... 34 7.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 34 8.0 REFERENCES...... 35 8.1 Personal Communications ...... 35 8.2 Literature Cited...... 35

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Environmental Resource Maps Heritage Resources...... A1 Appendix B Photoplates ...... B1

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 TMX - Anchor Loop Project...... 2

Page iii Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Sites in Proximity to the Proposed Route ...... 8 Table 2 Sites in Proximity to the Existing Route ...... 10 Table 3 Historical / Archaeological Sites Along the Existing and Proposed Routes in Jasper National Park...... 12 Table 4 Prospective Construction Sites ...... 30 Table 5 Route Comparisons for Jasper National Park ...... 32 Table 6 Cultural Depressions...... 32 Table 7 Proposed Route Alterations ...... 33 Table 8 Sites Requiring Field Verification...... 34

LIST OF PLATES IN APPENDIX B Plate B1 View southwest of the crossing of the Athabasca River...... B2 Plate B2 Ponds on east end of the line, view east...... B2 Plate B3 View north of the Snaring River crossing...... B3 Plate B4 Typical rugged terrain found between the Athabasca and Snaring rivers, view southwest...... B3 Plate B5 Flat, broad terrace above the Athabasca River near the Palisades Centre...... B4 Plate B6 Open grass covered glade southwest of the Palisades Centre...... B4 Plate B7 View west of crossing of the Miette River...... B5 Plate B8 Typical bedrock outcrop found on the extreme west end of the Project...... B5 Plate B9 View east of unnamed creek draining into the Miette River...... B6 Plate B10 Unnamed creek that drains into the Athabasca River...... B6 Plate B11 View west of existing Trans Mountain Pipeline alignment...... B7 Plate B12 View west of alignment paralleling the Grand Trunk Railroad bed on the west end of JNP...... B7 Plate B13 View northeast of Project Footprint located within/paralleling the ditch of Highway 16...... B8 Plate B14 View north of large cellar depression at site 250R...... B8 Plate B15 View of Wooden Survey Marker that is site 2195R...... B9 Plate B16 View north of stone oven that is site 594R...... B9 Plate B17 View northeast of cabin remains at 1169R...... B10 Plate B18 View of embossed can lid, “STANDARD EXPLOSIVES LTD” at site 2197R...... B10 Plate B19 View northwest of wood cribbing at site 2144R...... B11 Plate B20 Site 2189, view north of cribbed depression...... B11

Page iv Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

BC British Columbia BP Before Present cmbs centimetres below surface CMT Culturally Modified Tree CN Railway Canadian National Railway CNA Railway Canadian Northern Railway CP Railway Canadian Pacific Railway HRIA Historical Resources Impact Assessment JNP Jasper National Park KL Kilometre Loop KP Kilometre Post LSA Local Study Area MRPP Mount Robson Provincial Park NEB National Energy Board TOR Scope and Requirements of the Environmental Assessment for the Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. TMX - Anchor Loop Project

Page v Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Project Description With the TMX - Anchor Loop Project (the “Project”) Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. (“Terasen Pipelines”) proposes to loop a portion of its existing National Energy Board (“NEB”) regulated oil pipeline system (the “Trans Mountain pipeline” or “Trans Mountain”) to increase the capacity of the Trans Mountain pipeline to meet growing shipper demand. The Project involves the construction of 158 km of 812 mm or 914 mm (32-inch or 36-inch) diameter pipe between a location west of Hinton, Alberta at Kilometre Post/Kilometre Loop (“KP/KL") 310.1 and a location near Rearguard, British Columbia (BC) (KP/KL 468.0). The Project also includes the installation of two new pump stations at locations along the Trans Mountain pipeline, one in Alberta at Wolf (KP 188.0) and one in BC, at Chappel (KP 555.5), and the installation of associated aboveground facilities including block valves at several locations and a receiving trap for pipeline cleaning and inspection tools at a location near Rearguard, BC (KP/KL 468.0). Construction of the Project will require temporary construction camps and other temporary work yards. The Project will traverse federal, provincial and private lands, including Jasper National Park (JNP) in Alberta and Mount Robson Provincial Park (MRPP) in BC.

The Project loops only a small portion of the Trans Mountain pipeline’s 1,146 km length (Figure 1). A pipeline “loop” is a common and widely-used term describing an additional segment of pipeline parallel to and interconnected with an existing pipeline system. The construction of a loop is a method of adding capacity and operational flexibility to an existing pipeline system. The Trans Mountain pipeline system was constructed in 1952-1953. Two loops were added to the system in 1957, bringing the configuration of the pipeline system (other than pump stations) to its present state.

Construction of the Project is scheduled to commence in mid-2007 and extend until the third quarter of 2008.

At the request of TERA Environmental Consultants and Westland Resource Group Inc. (TERA/Westland), on behalf of Terasen Pipelines, R & W Archaeological Consulting Ltd. conducted an Archaeological Assessment of the TMX - Anchor Loop Project within JNP.

This report represents one of three archaeological assessments completed for the Project. The Alberta portion of the Project that traverses Alberta Crown land and federal lands in JNP was separated into two reports to accommodate provincial and federal jurisdictions. A separate Archaeological Assessment has been prepared for the British Columbia portion of the Project, which includes the Chappel Pump Station. Historical Resources Act clearance will be requested under a separate application to Alberta Community Development for the Wolf Pump Station.

This report addresses the historical resources component of the National Energy Board Filing Requirements (NEB 2004) and the Scope and Requirements of the Environmental Assessment for the Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. TMX - Anchor Loop Project (TOR) (Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency et al. 2005). The Proposed Route and the Existing Route were assessed under Parks Canada Research Permit WA 05-03 and Special Activity Permit 2842.

1.2 Route Options Two pipeline route options were assessed in detail for the TMX - Anchor Loop Project, namely the Proposed Route and Existing routes. Both route options are evaluated within this report.

Known reference points along the Existing Route are commonly referred to as a Kilometre Post or "KP". KP 0.0 is located at the Edmonton Terminal where the Existing Route originates. KPs are approximately 1 km apart and are primarily used to describe features along the pipeline for operations and maintenance purposes. To delineate features along the Proposed Route, the symbol "KL" or Kilometre Loop has been applied throughout this report. In locations where the Existing Route and the Proposed Route parallel one another, the symbol "KP/KL" has been used to clearly indicate to the reader that the two route alignments abut one another. Where the Proposed Route diverges away from the Existing Route, the KL symbol is used on its own.

Page 1 264600 314600 364600 414600 464600 514600 564600 614600

R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R27 R26 R25 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 R19 R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6

T58 BRITISH ALBERTA COLUMBIA Fort McMurray T57

Dawson Creek 5973900 5973900 Grande Prairie T56

MAP EXTENT SIXTH MERIDIAN FIFTH MERIDIAN Prince George T55 Edmonton Willmore Hinton St ony Plain Valemount Jasper Wilderness Williams Lake Red Deer Area Obed Lake Niton Chip T54 Provincial Park KP 173.4 KP 147.1 Banf f Calgary Kamloops T53 Whistler Merritt Wolf Vancouver Surrey Kelowna Edson Nanaimo CANADA KP 188 T52 Abbotsford KP 228.7 Victoria USA Rock Lake - Solomon Creek T51 5923900 Wildland Park 5923900

Hinton T50 KP 317.7 T49 Jasper KP 310.1 National Park KP 468.0 T48 Mount Robson Provincial 93H 83E T47 Park 93A 83D Wildhorse Cariboo Rearguard T46 5873900 Mountains KP 476.8 Wildland 5873900 Provincial Jasper Park Park KP 369.5 T45

Mount Robson T44 Provincial Jasper Park National Park T43 Albreda ALBERTA KP 519.1 T42

T41

5823900 Wells Gray 5823900 Provincial Park Chappel KP 555.5 TMX - ANCHOR LOOP PROJECT

White Goat LEGEND Wilderness Area Proposed TMX - Anchor Loop Hydrology Existing Trans Mountain Park and Protected Areas Pipeline (TMPL) New Pump Station Provincial Boundary 5773900 5773900 93A 83D Banff Existing Pump Station 83D 83C 92P 82M National Park Projection: Zone 11 - Datum: NAD83

82M 82N Hillshade: Ministry of Natural Resources Canada 2005. Finn Hydrology/Provincial Boundary: Ensight Information Services Ltd. 2005; Siffleur Government of Canada 2003, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, The Atlas of Canada. KP 612.5 Wilderness Park and Protected Areas: Government of Alberta 2004; BC Parks Victoria 2004. BRITISH Area Although there is no reason to believe that there are any errors associated with the data used to generate this product or in the product itself, users of these data are advised that errors in the data may be present. COLUMBIA SCALE: 1:1,500,000 km 0255012.5 (All Locations Approximate) Blackpool McMurphy KP 709.9 3739 November 2005 FIGURE 1 5723900 KP 645 5723900

264600 314600 364600 414600 464600 514600 564600 614600

00_3739_TechRep_Fig_1.mxd Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

1.2.1 Proposed Route The Proposed Route originates in Alberta, approximately 8 km west of the Town of Hinton at KP/KL 310.1 and follows the Existing Route through forested provincial Crown land in Alberta (KP/KL 310.1 to KL 325.7). At KP/KL 324.3, the route diverges from the Existing Route and parallels Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16) into JNP.

The JNP portion of the Proposed Route (KL 325.7 to KP/KL 405.9) traverses federal Crown land. The Proposed Route and the Existing Route are generally coincident within JNP, with the exception of the following segments: x KL 325.7 to KL 336.3 where the route parallels Highway 16; x KL 336.3 to KL 337.5 where the route crosses the Athabasca River at a new location; x KL 349.6 to KL 349.9 where the route traverses Windy Point; x KL 377.8 to KL 379.0 where the route follows an existing power line, Highway 16 and a borrow pit; x KL 380.2 to KL 382.9 where the route parallels an existing access road (Wynd Road); x KL 388.1 to KL 391.0 where the route follows Highway 16; and x KL 396.3 to KP/KL 405.9 where the route follows the abandoned Canadian Northern Alberta (CNA) Railway grade before entering MRPP in BC.

1.2.2 Existing Route The Existing Route parallels the existing Trans Mountain system for its entire length. The Existing Route originates in Alberta, approximately 8 km west of the Town of Hinton at KP 310.1, and follows the Trans Mountain system through Alberta (KP 310.1 to KP 325.7), JNP (KP 325.7 to KP/KL 405.9), MRPP (KP/KL 405.9 to KP 466.3) and BC (KP 466.3 to KP 468.0).

2.0 METHODOLOGY The archaeological assessment was initiated with a site file search of the Site Visit Records from the Parks Canada Office and Site Data Inventory Forms held by Historic Sites Service of the Heritage Resource Management Branch of Alberta Community Development. These site file searches incorporated all sites within the Local Study Area (LSA) which consists of a 2 km buffer centred on the Proposed and Existing routes. In order to streamline the assessment and to focus the field investigation, only those sites within 100 m of the Project Footprint were considered. The two site file searches were combined and sites in proximity to the development footprint, which is that portion of the LSA directly disturbed by assessment, construction and clean-up activities, including associated physical works and activities (i.e., permanent easement, temporary construction workspace, temporary access route, temporary stockpile site, temporary staging area, facility sites), were plotted onto 1:10,000 air photo based maps and their relationship to the Project Footprint was assessed. To reduce the number of return visits, sites blocked from the Project by natural barriers (across a river, on a higher landform) or man- made barriers (across a highway) were deleted from the map and not included for testing or a return visit. Although Parks Canada maintains an independent database, many of the sites within JNP are cross- referenced with the Provincial Database. This database revealed the Project traverses Borden Blocks FfQm (n=168), FfQn (n=23), FfQo (n=27), FgQl (n=15), FgQm (n=76), and FhQl (n=29).

The assessed Project Footprint was approximately 40 m wide plus those areas designated for extra temporary workspace. Also assessed were 18 prospective Construction Sites that may be used during pipeline construction. Access to the Project during construction will, wherever practical, be obtained through existing access roads and trails. At the time of the assessment only minor widening of existing access routes was proposed within JNP.

Page 3 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

The field portion of the Archaeological Assessment commenced with a foot traverse and visual inspection of the Project Footprint. This included a visual inspection of all erosional surfaces and past disturbances, as well as ground surface inspection for cultural features and/or remains. Shovel tests (40 x 40 cm) were excavated in areas of medium and high archaeological potential, (i.e., areas with elevated terrain, near water sources, or where surficial features/artifacts were identified). Where profound deposits were identified, testing was done using a backhoe or the excavation of “telephone booths”. Backhoe testing resulted in a 1 m wide by 4 m long test pit, the depth of which varied and was determined by depositional environment, however, all tests were terminated when river cobbles were encountered. In locations where the topography precluded access with heavy machinery, deep testing was done by hand and included the excavation of a 1 m x 1 m pit to the point at which river cobbles were encountered. An attempt was made to relocate all previously recorded sites within or directly adjacent to the Proposed and Existing routes. Photographs of the general and specific terrain of the Project area, archaeological and historic sites, exposures and erosional surfaces, as well as past disturbances were taken.

Where archaeological sites were identified the following protocols were maintained: x artifacts were collected, catalogued and bagged in accordance with the Parks Canada Archaeology Manual (1977); x a sketch of the site area was produced, including the mapping of any features; x photographs of the site, site area and general area were taken; x a site visit form for each site was produced and sent to the Western Canada Service Centre of Parks Canada; and x sites were evaluated and assigned an “interpretive value” of either low, moderate, or high based on their ability to offer information and add to existing archaeological knowledge.

3.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

3.1 General Environment The Project is located within the Montane subregion of the Rocky Mountain Natural Region of Alberta. The Project traverses the most northerly outlier of the subregion, along the Athabasca River and adjacent valleys from Yellowhead Pass to Brule Lake (Alberta Environmental Protection 1994). The landforms of the major valleys are primarily fluvial and glaciofluvial terraces and fans with smaller areas of glaciolacustrine, aeolian and morainal deposits. Soils vary greatly within this subregion however the forest soils within the Project area include both Brunisols and Luvisols. Vegetation supported by these soils include Douglas-fir, limber pine and lodgepole pine on uplands, ridge tops and further north in the mountain valleys, as well as white spruce and aspen on fluvial fans and terraces. Common understory species include bearberry, junipers, snowberry and bluebunch wheat grass.

3.2 Project Specific Environment As the Project enters into JNP from the east, the terrain varies greatly. On the east end of the Project, between the JNP boundary and the Athabasca River crossing (Plate B1 in Appendix B), the line is located along low broad terraces above the Athabasca River. The area is typically covered with spruce and crosses, or is located adjacent to, a number of unnamed ponds and low-lying wet areas (Plate B2). Between the Athabasca and the Snaring rivers (Plate B3), the Project moves into areas of higher elevation, crossing areas of rugged terrain (Plate B4). Between the Snaring River and the Palisades Centre, the line moves back into lower elevations onto terraces above the Athabasca River. The area is typified by broad flat terraces covered with spruce and pine (Plate B5). From the Palisades Centre to the Jasper townsite, the Project moves closer to the Athabasca River, with the valley narrowing so that the Project is often located near the toe of the mountain slopes. Within this section, a number of grass- covered glades are crossed (Plate B6). From Jasper to the BC border, the Project lies within the Miette River valley (Plate B7). The Project is once again close to the toe of the slope, and on the extreme

Page 4 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 western end of the Project the line moves up onto the sideslope, crossing a number of bedrock outcrops (Plate B8).

Aside from the three main rivers crossed by the Project (i.e., Athabasca, Snaring and Miette rivers), there are several smaller unnamed creeks that drain into the Athabasca and Miette rivers (Plates B9 and B10) that are crossed. The Project parallels existing linear disturbances for the majority of its length. These disturbances include the existing Trans Mountain pipeline system (Plate B11), old rail beds (Plate B12) and areas disturbed by highway construction (Plate B13).

3.3 Archaeological Overview

3.3.1 Prehistoric Use of the Yellowhead Pass The Eastern Slopes area, stretching from the Continental Divide in the west to the Foothills Ecosystem in the east, represents a distinct ecotone, a transitional zone between the Rocky Mountain and the Boreal Forest natural regions. Culturally, the area can be seen as transitional, with typical Boreal Forest cultures exhibiting influences from the Interior Plateau Region. The archaeological record indicates that this ecotone was utilized in a similar manner as the Parklands at the edge of the Plains. The Parklands were utilized by plains people as an extension of the Plains, with interaction between Plains and Boreal Forest people occurring at the Parkland/Boreal Forest edge (Meyer and Epp 1990). The Eastern Slopes area shows a similar trend, with Boreal Forest cultures utilizing the ecotone as an extension of the Boreal Forest with evidence of influence showing up from the Plains and the Plateau.

The Yellowhead Pass has been a major transportation route through which Aboriginal groups have passed through since the end of the last glaciation. Evidence of past human occupation of JNP goes back 10,000 years. The area, which offers a low altitude corridor through the Rocky Mountains, has numerous prehistoric sites recorded within the corridor. The ethnographic record indicates that the Yellowhead and other passes were important corridors in moving trade goods across the mountains as part of the large North American trade network that existed throughout prehistory. The archaeological record and ethnographic reports indicate that materials from the interior and coastal regions were regularly traded to areas east of the Rocky Mountains. Items such as obsidian for tool making, salmon, candle fish and marine shells have all been recorded as being regular trade items moved over the mountains (Wood 1972, Galm 1994). Materials, such as hides from large game and high quality lithic materials such as Knife River Flint, are in turn traded into the coastal and interior regions.

Hirth (1978) called these areas “Gateway Communities” which acted to facilitate the passage of goods and ideas between distinct natural or cultural areas. The natural barrier created by the Rockies, separating the distinctive Interior and Forest cultures would have been a natural location for trade interactions to occur, as can be evidenced by materials such as the presence of obsidian sourced to Mount Edziza from the interior of BC found within sites in JNP (Pickard 1986a). The Montane ecoregion found predominantly east of the Jasper townsite may have been utilized seasonally by different groups depending on resource availability.

The area offers a variety of resources ranging from large ungulates (moose, elk, bison and caribou), small mammals (hare and beaver) and various plant resources. One of the most abundant and stable resources utilized in the forest are fish, especially whitefish. All of these resources fluctuate in abundance throughout the seasonal round. Fish were most abundant during the spring as this was the period when a number of species spawned in succession, providing a long period of high productivity (Smith and Walker 1991). Moose were more easily attained during the fall rut, while berries and other plant resources became harvestable during the late summer.

The fluctuation of resource availability and abundance necessitated a seasonal round for Boreal Forest Bands. This seasonal round saw the Bands splitting up for most of the year into smaller family groups to harvest highly dispersed resources, then reforming in the fall or spring during times of resource concentration such as during the time of fish runs. Even during the times when the majority of the Band was together utilizing these concentrated resources, populations were still relatively small when compared to populations on the plains during the same time. The Bands in the forest tend to be

Page 5 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 composed of roughly 100 to 200 people who would spend most of the year in smaller family groups of 10 to 20 people (Helm 1968).

3.3.2 Archaeological Record of Northern Alberta The archaeological record in northern Alberta has been divided into four distinct periods, similar to the system used for the Plains. These periods include the Early, Middle and Late periods, followed by the Historic Period. The Early Period in the Forest is believed to have occurred later than on the plains. The retreating ice mass would have left northern Alberta uninhabitable until around 10,000 Before Present (BP). At this time it is believed that large game hunters from the plains migrated north into what is now the Boreal Forest area. These Early Period hunters utilized a spear technology typified in the archaeological record by large lanceolate spear points. It is thought that groups would have followed the bison into the area and eventually incorporated moose and caribou into their diet. Within the Mountain Parks area, the earliest of these cultures, Clovis, have been found in Banff (Langemann and Perry 2001, Landals 2001). Later Cody Complex materials have also been recovered from the parks indicating a continual utilization of the Eastern Slopes in this time period. These sites can be found at Ya-Ha-Tinda (Elliot 1971), near the Palisades in Jasper (Pickard 1988) and within Banff National Park (Christensen 1971, Fedje 1988).

The Middle Period of the archaeological record was a time of changing climate and environment. The climate became warmer and drier, which resulted in vegetation patterns across the province similar to present day. It is at this time that a new technology is introduced, the atlatl or throwing stick. This tool is a small shaft with a small spear inserted on the end. The atlatl increases the velocity and force that a spear can be thrown, therefore extending the range of the projectile. In the archaeological record, smaller side- notched projectile points typify this period. The Mountain Parks have numerous Middle Period sites, spanning the Middle Period. These sites have been found along the Athabasca River in Jasper (Pickard 1988b), at Brule Lake (Ball 1983), Jasper Lake (Hudecek-Cuffe 2000), and the Cardinal River area southeast of Jasper (Kulle and Neal 1998).

The Late Period began around 2,000 BP with the introduction of two new technologies, the bow and arrow and pottery. The projectile points utilized with the bow tend to be short sided and corner-notched, and were used well into the Historic Period. Within the forest, slightly before the beginning of the period (3,000 BP), it is believed that Boreal Forest people were coming into contact with barren ground groups who were following the caribou herds into the forest during the winter. At this time, the Northern Forest people also began to show more influences coming from the tundra rather than the plains. The short sided and corner-notched points representative of the Late Period and are well represented in Mountain Parks. These include sites from along the Athabasca River (Pickard 1988) and Patricia Lake (Pickard 1986) within Jasper, and sites from the Cardinal River southeast of Jasper (Kulle and Neal 1998).

The last period is the Historic Period that was initiated with a short Proto-Historic period when there was no direct contact between European and Aboriginal populations, however, trade goods from the east were introduced into the Aboriginal trade network. With the expansion of the fur trade east, Aboriginal groups in Alberta came into direct contact with Europeans and the true Historic Period was begun.

3.3.3 Historic Period With a well-established North American trade network extending far back into the prehistory of the area, the coming of European fur traders can be seen as an augmentation of the Aboriginal trade, with the incorporation of the European trade into the existing Aboriginal structures. The European traders as they moved west from the original posts on Hudson’s Bay, utilized the existing trails, rivers and passes already established by Aboriginal groups. Placement of these western fur trading posts were often built in areas where aboriginal trade was established at trade fairs or in gathering centres (Meyer and Thistle 1995, Wondrasek 1997). The Jasper area saw the first structures erected at Henry House in 1811, when the North West Company built the post as a provisioning and rest stop to support David Thompson’s exploration of the Athabasca Pass (Glover 1962). It is believed that this post was utilized for a short period and was probably abandoned in 1814. A more permanent post was established by the North West Company in 1813 as part of the supply train moving materials across the pass. The North West Company also established Rocky Mountain House on Brule Lake. A new Chief Factor took over the post in 1817, Jasper Hawes, and the post became known as “Jasper’s House”.

Page 6 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

With the amalgamation of the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company in 1821, the post became an important hub of trade that saw furs from the New Caledonia district moving east across the pass and hides from the Saskatchewan District moving west into the interior. Due to the volume of hides being moved through the area into the interior, the Yellowhead Pass was called the Leather Pass for a time. In 1830, the post was relocated to the Athabasca River near Jasper Lake. The post remained in operation on a seasonal basis until 1884, when the Hudson’s Bay Company officially closed the post.

3.3.4 The Park and the Railways Initially, the Canadian Pacific (CP) Railway had contemplated using the Yellowhead Pass for its original routing, however, the Kicking Horse Pass was eventually selected. Shortly after the establishment of Jasper Forest Park in 1907, plans were made to establish a rail link through the Park. In 1911, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway was constructed through the Yellowhead Pass, followed by the CNA Railway in 1913 (Currie 1957). The construction of these two lines left numerous sites associated with their construction within the park. These sites include everything from storage sheds and stockpile sites of lumber, to construction camps and cabins. The difficult task of constructing the rail beds through the mountain pass is reflected in the Jasper Cemetery where 13 unnamed men are buried in unmarked graves listed in the registry as Railway Worker. Fitzhugh Station, at the present site of the Jasper townsite, was created for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. The growing town was eventually renamed Jasper after the early North West Company Factor.

With Canada’s entry into World War I and a shortage of manpower and increasing labour costs both railways encountered financial difficulty. The Canadian Government Railway was incorporated with the CNA Railway and a new company, the Canadian National (CN) Railway was formed in 1918 (Legget 1987). The next year CN Railway took over operations of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway as well, which was incorporated into CN Railway by 1923. In 1930, Jasper Forest Park becomes Jasper National Park.

Plans are ongoing to place the abandoned Grand Trunk and CNA railway beds as a Level 1 National Historic Site by the Historical Sites and Monuments Board. When this new designation is put in place the site will be managed under the Commemorative Integrity Plan which defines the health and wholeness of a National Historic Site. Recognizing the importance of the transportation route to the History of Canada, the Yellowhead Pass was declared a National Historic Site in 1971. National Historic Sites have been described as special places that demonstrate ”not only this country’s diversity of geography and cultures over the course of its history, but also express elements of our national identity and illustrate key aspects of our collective past” (Parks Canada 2000). In the case of the Yellowhead Pass the commemoration was due in part to the changing use of the pass through the Historic Period, from fur trade route, to railway route at the turn of the century, to the current modern highway.

A site is said to possess commemorative integrity when:

x resources that symbolize or represent its importance are not impaired or under threat;

x the reasons for its national significance are communicated to the public effectively; and

x all its heritage values are respected. (Parks Canada 2000)

This designation would therefore not just apply to the abandoned rail beds, but would also capture all of the ancillary sites, such as construction camps, cabins, historic can dumps, etc. that directly pertain to the building and operation of these early railroads. The majority of these sites have been recorded as separate sites associated with the railroads, but with the passing of the new designation, these sites would be reclassified and managed as portions of one large site.

3.4 Past Studies Past studies within the LSA are few. In 1981, the Archaeological Survey of Alberta conducted a survey under Permit 81-65 entitled the “Athabasca River Project”. As well, Permit 98-087 was issued in 1998 to conduct an Historical Resources Impact Assessment (HRIA) for the Northwestern Utilities Limited, Jasper Loop Pipeline Project. No previously unrecorded archaeological sites were encountered during the

Page 7 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 reconnaissance for Permit 98-087. Parks Canada Archaeologists have done numerous surveys within the park, including periodic monitoring of previously recorded sites within JNP (Head 1983, Pickard 1985, 1988, Francis 2002). Other surveys undertaken by Parks Canada were judgmental in nature, with only areas considered to have high potential for containing archaeological resources being investigated.

There have been three major inventory programs carried out within JNP, all of which intersected portions of the Project Footprint. These inventories looked at a wider area, commonly using the Athabasca and Miette river corridors as the investigation boundaries. The first inventory was conducted in 1970-71 by the University of Calgary under Jack Elliot (1971). This study recorded 48 prehistoric sites and 16 historic sites. A smaller survey of portions of the Athabasca River valley were undertaken by the Archaeological Survey of Alberta in 1981 which added eight new prehistoric sites and one historic site (Ball 1983). In 1983 Parks Canada Archaeologists began a multi-year program to inventory sites within JNP. In the survey’s first year the areas of the Yellowhead Pass between the east park gate and the Jasper townsite were investigated, with a total of 100 sites being identified within the Athabasca River valley. In 1986 the Miette River valley section from the Jasper townsite to the west gate of the park were examined (Pickard 1985). This portion of the inventory recorded 71 new sites, the majority of which were sites associated with the Grand Trunk and CNA Railway. The majority of the 30 previously recorded sites revisited during the assessment of the Project were from these three inventory program.

3.5 Site File Search As previously mentioned, the archaeological assessment was initiated with a site file search of the Site Visit Records from the Parks Canada Office and Site Data Inventory Forms held by Historic Sites Service of the Heritage Resource Management Branch of Alberta Community Development. The Project traverses Borden Blocks FfQm (n=168), FfQn (n=23), FfQo (n=27), FgQl (n=15), FgQm (n=76), and FhQl (n=29).

From these combined site file searches there were a total of 104 sites identified as being within or adjacent to the Project Footprint. There were 66 historic sites, 33 prehistoric sites and 5 multi-component sites with both historic and prehistoric components (Table 1 and Table 2). Most of the historic sites are associated with the railroads, represented by such sites as can dumps, construction camps and bridge features. The second most common historic sites are cabins and cellar depressions, many of which may be associated with railway construction. The remainder of the sites include: historic fences, a collapsed mine vent, a historic dairy and one grave. The prehistoric sites are comprised of isolated finds, lithic scatters and buried campsites.

TABLE 1

SITES IN PROXIMITY TO THE PROPOSED ROUTE

Both (Proposed Site Proposed and Existing Revisited During No. Route routes) Site Type Reconnaissance 186R --- Both Structural remains, rail grade No, outside Project Footprint 196R --- Both Rail bed and related features Yes, see Results 204R Proposed --- Historic rock alignment No, outside Project Footprint 205R Proposed --- Historic rock alignment No, outside Project Footprint 206R Proposed --- Historic isolated find No, outside Project Footprint 210R Proposed --- Historic refuse No, outside Project Footprint 219R Proposed --- Mine works and townsite (Pocohontas Yes, see Results Mine) 220R Proposed --- Lithic scatter No, outside Project Footprint 221R Proposed --- Lithic scatter No, outside Project Footprint 223R --- Both Rail spur, refuse No, outside Project Footprint 248R --- Both Historic depression No, outside Project Footprint 249R --- Both Cabin/root cellar Yes, see Results 250R --- Both Cabins and depressions Yes, see Results 253R Proposed --- Lithic scatter No, outside Project Footprint

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TABLE 1 Cont'd

Both (Proposed Site Proposed and Existing Revisited During No. Route routes) Site Type Reconnaissance 262R --- Both Historic scatter and cabin No, outside Project Footprint 264R --- Both Historic fence No, outside Project Footprint 265R --- Both Railway construction camp No, outside Project Footprint 272R --- Both Scatter (lithic) No, outside Project Footprint 273R --- Both Isolated find (lithic) No, outside Project Footprint 274R --- Both Campsite No, outside Project Footprint 278R --- Both Historic fenceline No, outside Project Footprint 279R --- Both Scatter (lithic) No, outside Project Footprint 281R --- Both Buried lithic site/metis homestead Yes, see Results 282R --- Both Buried lithic site Yes, see Results 321R --- Both Historic cabin No, outside Project Footprint 322R --- Both Cabin No, outside Project Footprint 323R --- Both Laroques house/barn Yes, see Results 345R --- Both Campsite or lithic scatter No, outside Project Footprint 383R --- Both Historic scatter No, outside Project Footprint 594R Proposed --- Beehive oven Yes, see Results 973R Proposed --- Survey marker No, outside Project Footprint 979R --- Both Paleoindian site, scatter Yes, see Results 982R Proposed --- Lithic scatter No, outside Project Footprint 995R --- Both Historic camp Yes, see Results 1002R --- Both Scatter No, outside Project Footprint 1003R --- Both Construction camp Yes, see Results 1004R --- Both Recent structure No, outside Project Footprint 1005R --- Both Prehistoric scatter No, outside Project Footprint 1007R --- Both Historic construction camp Yes, see Results 1009R --- Both Historic dump No, outside Project Footprint 1010R --- Both Historic cellar depression and dump No, outside Project Footprint 1011R --- Both Isolated find Yes, see Results 1014R --- Both Scatter Yes, see Results 1048R --- Both Isolated find No, outside Project Footprint 1058R --- Both Historic dump No, outside Project Footprint 1059R --- Both Historic scatter Yes, see Results 1060R --- Both Historic fence Yes, see Results 1136R --- Both Historic Tote Road and bridge Not relocated foundation 1137R --- Both Historic dairy No, outside Project Footprint 1145R Proposed --- Historic can dump No, outside Project Footprint 1146R --- Both Historic dump/isolated find Yes, see Results 1147R --- Both Combined with 1146 Yes, see Results 1152R Proposed --- Cabin Yes, see Results 1166R Proposed --- Refuse scatter No, outside Project Footprint 1168R --- Both Structural remains (log platform) No, outside Project Footprint 1169R Proposed --- Cabin Yes, see Results 1170R Proposed --- Structural remains (historic camp) No, outside Project Footprint 1177R Proposed --- Structural remains (cabin, refuse No, outside Project Footprint scatter) 1178R Proposed --- Campsite Tested, not relocated. 1181R Proposed --- Beehive oven Not relocated (destroyed)

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TABLE 1 Cont'd

Both (Proposed Site Proposed and Existing Revisited During No. Route routes) Site Type Reconnaissance 1183R Proposed --- Internment (grave and cross) Yes, see Results 1184R Proposed --- Cabins Yes, see Results 1219R Proposed --- Log cribbing berm No, outside Project Footprint 1302R Proposed --- Survey marker No, outside Project Footprint 1304R Proposed --- Blasting can dump Yes, see Results 1305R Proposed --- Blasting can dump Yes, see Results 1306R Proposed --- Refuse scatter (blasting powder tins) No, outside Project Footprint 1307R Proposed --- Structural remains No, outside Project Footprint (refuse, depressions, log cabin) 1313R --- Both Structural Remains (shelter) No, outside Project Footprint 1316R --- Both Blasting can dump Yes, see Results 1371R Proposed --- Structural remains (depression) No, outside Project Footprint 1373R --- Both Drive fence No, outside Project Footprint 1379R --- Both Scatter Tested, not relocated. 1380R --- Both Isolated find Tested, not relocated. 1381R --- Both Isolated find Tested, not relocated. 1382R --- Both Isolated find Tested, not relocated. 1383R --- Both Scatter combine with 979 1385R --- Both Isolated find Not relocated 1386R --- Both Isolated find Not relocated 1387R --- Both Scatter No, outside Project Footprint 1388R --- Both Scatter No, outside Project Footprint 1636R --- Both Campsite No, outside Project Footprint 1984R --- Both Summit City Yes, see Results 1999R --- Both Bridge No, outside Project Footprint 2040R --- Both Isolated finds (lithic) No, outside Project Footprint 2043R --- Both Workshop Yes, see Results 2144R Proposed --- Railway bed Yes, see Results 2168R --- Both Campsite No, outside Project Footprint 2169R --- Both Concrete culvert No, outside Project Footprint 89 29 60 Total Sites

TABLE 2

SITES IN PROXIMITY TO THE EXISTING ROUTE

Site # Existing Both Site Type Revisited During Reconnaissance 186R --- Both Structural remains, rail grade No, outside Project Footprint 196R --- Both Rail bed and related features Yes, see Results 218R Existing --- Cellar, depression, scatter No, outside Project Footprint 222R Existing --- Large sinkhole/mine shaft Yes, see Results 223R --- Both Rail spur, refuse No, outside Project Footprint 229R Existing --- Campsite and cabin No, outside Project Footprint 248R --- Both Historic depression No, outside Project Footprint 249R --- Both Cabin/root cellar Yes, see Results 250R --- Both Cabins and depressions Yes, see Results 260R Existing --- Isolated find No, outside Project Footprint 262R --- Both Historic scatter and cabin No, outside Project Footprint

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TABLE 2 Cont'd

Site # Existing Both Site Type Revisited During Reconnaissance 264R --- Both Historic fence No, outside Project Footprint 265R --- Both Railway construction camp No, outside Project Footprint 272R --- Both Scatter (lithic) No, outside Project Footprint 273R --- Both Isolated find (lithic) No, outside Project Footprint 274R --- Both Campsite No, outside Project Footprint 278R --- Both Historic fenceline No, outside Project Footprint 279R --- Both Scatter (lithic) No, outside Project Footprint 281R --- Both Buried lithic site/Métis homestead Yes, see Results 282R --- Both Buried lithic site Yes, see Results 321R --- Both Historic cabin No, outside Project Footprint 322R --- Both Cabin No, outside Project Footprint 323R --- Both Laroques house/barn Yes, see Results 345R --- Both Campsite or lithic scatter No, outside Project Footprint 383R --- Both Historic scatter No, outside Project Footprint 970R Existing --- Isolated find Yes, see Results 974R Existing --- Palisades springs road site No, outside Project Footprint 979R --- Both Paleoindian site, scatter Yes, see Results 995R --- Both Historic camp Yes, see Results 1009R --- Both Historic dump No, outside Project Footprint 1010R --- Both Historic cellar depression and dump No, outside Project Footprint 1011R --- Both Isolated find Yes, see Results 1014R --- Both Scatter Yes, see Results 1048R --- Both Isolated find No, outside Project Footprint 1058R --- Both Historic dump No, outside Project Footprint 1059R --- Both Historic scatter Yes, see Results 1060R --- Both Historic fence Yes, see Results Historic Tote Road and bridge 1136R --- Both foundation Not relocated 1137R --- Both Historic dairy No, outside Project Footprint 1143R Existing --- Historic isolated find No, outside Project Footprint 1144R Existing --- Railway bridge No, outside Project Footprint 1146R --- Both Historic dump/isolated find Yes, see Results 1147R --- Both Combined with 1146 Yes, see Results 1162R Existing --- Structural remains (cabin) No, outside Project Footprint Structural remains 1163R Existing --- (cabin berm, shelter and refuse) No, outside Project Footprint 1168R --- Both Structural remains (log platform) No, outside Project Footprint 1176R Existing --- Structural remains (cellar depression) No, outside Project Footprint 1179R Existing --- Corral Yes, see Results 1311R Existing --- Structural berm No, outside Project Footprint 1313R --- Both Structural remains (shelter) No, outside Project Footprint 1316R --- Both Blasting can dump Yes, see Results 1340R Existing --- Stratified campsite Not relocated 1372R Existing --- Refuse scatter No, outside Project Footprint 1373R --- Both Drive fence No, outside Project Footprint 1379R --- Both Scatter Tested, not relocated. 1380R --- Both Isolated find Tested, not relocated. 1381R --- Both Isolated find Tested, not relocated. 1382R --- Both Isolated find Tested, not relocated. 1383R --- Both Scatter combine with 979

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TABLE 2 Cont'd

Site # Existing Both Site Type Revisited During Reconnaissance 1385R --- Both Isolated find Not relocated 1386R --- Both Isolated find Not relocated 1387R --- Both Scatter No, outside Project Footprint 1388R --- Both Scatter No, outside Project Footprint 1636R --- Both Campsite No, outside Project Footprint 1984R --- Both Summit City Yes, see Results 1999R --- Both Bridge No, outside Project Footprint 2040R --- Both Isolated finds (lithic) No, outside Project Footprint 2043R --- Both Workshop Yes, see Results 2168R --- Both Campsite No, outside Project Footprint 2169R --- Both Concrete culvert No, outside Project Footprint 75 15 60 Total Sites

4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Ground Reconnaissance Fieldwork was carried out with a visual inspection of the Project Footprint and LSA as well as the implementation of a subsurface testing program. Most of the subsurface testing was carried out through standard shovel testing with a total of 1,166 shovel tests excavated. Areas identified along the Project as having potential for containing deeply buried sites were subject to deep testing with the use of backhoe or through the excavation by hand of 1m by 1 m “telephone booths”. There were a total of 64 deep tests excavated within the Project Footprint and LSA. Visual examination revealed that most of the Project parallels existing disturbance created by the existing pipeline alignment, the old abandoned rail beds and Highway 16. Soils varied throughout the Project from thin deposits of 4 cm on top of bedrock on the western end of the Project, to more than 5 m of sterile Holocene deposits near the Palisades Centre.

The Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed and Existing routes resulted in the assessment and identification of 50 archaeological sites (Table 3). All sites were assessed for their nature and proximity to the Project Footprint and given interpretive values of low, moderate or high based on their ability to offer information and add to existing archaeological knowledge (see Appendix A, Environmental Resource Maps for Heritage Resources at the end of the reports).

TABLE 3

HISTORICAL / ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ALONG THE EXISTING AND PROPOSED ROUTES IN JASPER NATIONAL PARK

Existing, Proposed Relation to Interpretive KP or KL or Both Site No. Site Type Project Footprint Value Comments 327 + 000 Existing 2200R Transportation; Bridge and Construction Camp Within High Field Verify Site Location 331 + 000 Existing 218R Habitation; Cabins, Depression, Scatter Outside High --- 331 + 200 Proposed 2206R Possible Graves Within High Field Verify Site Location 332 + 200 Existing 2199R Transportation; Wooden Survey Marker Within Low Field Verify Site Location 332 + 200 Both 219R Industrial; Pocahontas Mine Complex Outside High --- 335 + 500 Existing 222R Industrial; Mine Shaft Outside Low --- 342 + 050 Both 249R/250R Habitation; Cabin/Root Cellar Within High Field Verify Site Location

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TABLE 3 Cont'd

Existing, Proposed Relation to Interpretive KP or KL or Both Site No. Site Type Project Footprint Value Comments 345 + 300 Both 2195R Transportation; Wooden Survey Marker Within Low ---- 347+ 000 Both 2043R Precontact; Lithic Workshop Within High --- 354 + 000 Both 281R Multi-Component; Prehistoric Campsite, Historic Within High --- Homestead 354 + 150 Both 282R Prehistoric; Buried Campsite Within High ---- 360 + 300 Existing 970R Prehistoric; Isolated Find Within Low --- 363 + 100 Both 2190R Prehistoric; Surface Scatter Within Low ---- 364 + 200 Both 2209R Prehistoric; Surface Scatter Within Low --- 364 + 500 Both 2191R Prehistoric; Isolated Find Within Low --- 365 + 200 Both 979R Multi-Component; Paleoindian Campsite; Historic Within High ---- Lean-To 365 + 500 Both 1060R Historic; Fence Within Low --- 370 + 750 Both 995R Multi-Component; Historic Camp, Lithic Scatter Within High ---- 371 + 500 Both 1003R Multi-Component; Prehistoric Campsite, Outside High --- Construction Camp 371 + 780 Both 1007R Transportation; Cellar Depressions, Construction Outside High --- Camp 373 + 500 Both 1011R Prehistoric; Isolated Find Within Low ---- 373 + 700 Both 2194R Transportation; Wooden Survey Marker Within Low --- 374 + 871 Both 323R Habitation; Cabin, Laroque’s House Within High Field Verify Site Location 375 + 011 Both 1014R Multi-Component; Prehistoric Scatter, Historic Within High Field Verify Site Scatter Location 376 + 600 Both 1059R Transportation; Historic Scatter Within Low --- 377 + 798 Both 196R Transportation; Blasting Can Dump Outside Low --- 378 + 500 Existing 2189R Habitation; Depressions, Scatter Within Moderate Field Verify Site Location 379 + 220 Both 2188R Habitation; Cabin Within Mod-High Field Verify Site Location 381 + 100 Both 2208R Transportation, Habitation; Cellar Depressions Within High Field Verify Site Location 382 + 800 Both 1146R Multi-Component; Prehistoric Workshop, Historic Within High --- Scatter 387 + 850 Both 2187R Habitation; Cabin Depression Within Moderate Field Verify Site Location 388 + 120 Existing 2210R Habitation; Cellar Depression Within Moderate Field Verify Site Location 388 + 709 Proposed 1152R Habitation; Log Cabin Outside High Field Verify Site Location 390 + 470 Existing 1179R Historic; Corral, Trough Within Low --- 391 + 200 Existing 2198R Habitation; Cellar Depressions, Scatter Within Low --- 396 + 400 Proposed 594R Historic; Stone Oven Within High Field Verify Site Location 398 + 511 Proposed 2212R Prehistoric; Buried Campsite Within High --- 398 + 700 Proposed 2211R Multicomponent; Prehistoric Campsite, Historic Within High --- Ditch/Berm 398 + 818 Proposed 2192R Prehistoric; Workshop, Lithic Scatter Within High --- 398 + 836 Proposed 2193R Historic; Blasting Can Dump Within Low Field Verify Site Location 398 + 850 Proposed 1169R Habitation; Log Cabin Outside High --- 401 + 000 Existing 2201R Transportation; Wooden Survey Marker Outside Low --- 402 + 500 Proposed 1183R Historic; Grave Within High --- 402 + 933 Proposed 2197R Transportation; Blasting Can Dump Within Low Field Verify Site Location

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TABLE 3 Cont'd

Existing, Proposed Relation to Interpretive KP or KL or Both Site No. Site Type Project Footprint Value Comments 403 + 137 Proposed 1184R Habitation; Log Cabins Within High Field Verify Site Location 403 + 464 Both 1316R Historic; Blasting Can Dump Within Low Field Verify Site Location 403 + 865 Proposed 1304R Historic; Blasting Can Dump Within Low Field Verify Site Location 403 + 967 Proposed 1305R Historic; Blasting Can Dump Within Low --- 405 + 296 Proposed 2144R Transportation; Railway Bed Within High --- 405 + 500 Both 1984R Transportation, Habitation; Townsite Within High Field Verify Site Location Total No. of Sites Assessed 50 Total No. of New Sites Identified 21 Total No. of Sites along the Proposed Route 40 Total No. of New Sites Identified along the Proposed Route 14 Total No. of Sites along the Existing Route 36 Total No. of New Sites Identified along the Existing Route 6 4.2 Sites Along the Proposed Route

KL 331 + 200, Site 2206R, Site Type: Possible Graves This site is located on an upper terrace of the Athabasca River, 1.5 km from Pocahontas cabins, adjacent to Highway 16. The area is covered by spruce and pine with a thick understory of willows and grasses. Soils in the area consist of an upper A horizon extending to 10 centimetres below surface (cmbs) underlain by a sandy silt that extends to approximately 60 cmbs.

The site consists of two stone features, composed of approximately 150 cobbles each. The features both measure approximately 1 m x 2 m x 0.3 m, and are located between the highway ditch line to the northwest and an abandoned vehicle trail to the southeast. Stone Feature 2 has a piece of lumber approximately 40 cm in length partially covered by a thick moss on the south end of the feature. Given the size and shape of the stone features, they may be grave sites, possibly associated with site 218R located 150 m to the north. Site 218R is a rectangular depression that may be a historic cabin cellar. Both features are located just outside of the Project Footprint (~5 m). Since the size and composition of the features are consistent with historic burials from the area, there is high probability that the two features are graves.

KL 332 + 400 to 333 + 100, Site 219R, Site Type: Industrial; Pocahontas Mine Complex This site is located on upper terraces above the Athabasca River, on either side of the Miette Hot Springs Road, south of the Pocahontas Cabins. The area is covered by spruce with an understory of moss on the upper portions of the Pocahontas Mine Complex, while the lower portion of the site consists of open poplar stand with a grass understory.

This previously recorded site was originally identified in 1983 as the Pocahontas Mine Complex, consisting of an upper and lower townsite, and the actual mine site. Construction on the coal mine and associated town began in 1908 in anticipation of supplying the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway with coal. The mine operated from 1911 to 1921. The Proposed Route is located northwest of the site, but the Project Footprint was inspected to ensure no features or artifacts were present. All tests in the area produced negative results, confirming that site 219R does not extend into the Project Footprint. The site contains numerous features associated with 20th century coal mining activities and is considered to have high interpretive value.

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KP/KL 342 + 050, Sites 249R and 250R, Site Type: Habitation; Cabin/Root Cellar These two sites, which most likely represent portions of a larger site, are located on a bench above Jasper Lake approximately 1.5 km west of Jasper House (Plate B14). The area is covered by pine and poplar with an understory of thick moss and low ground juniper. Soils in the area consist of an upper duff layer extending to roughly 4 cmbs overlaying a dark black loam that extends to 15 cmbs. Under this is light grey silt that extends for over 1 m.

These two previously recorded historic sites most likely represent two components of the same site. Site 249R is a collapsed log structure and site 250R is a series of cellar and outbuilding depressions with an associated surface scatter. Both sites were originally recorded in 1983 as part of a survey of Devona Flats. The structure at site 249R most likely represents a cold cellar which has been dug into the side of a hill with five courses of poles forming the sides, front walls and roof of the structure. The structure measures 4 m x 5 m, with the cut into the bank of the hill being approximately 2 m in height. The roof has collapsed into the structure, but the side walls are still standing. Pulled wire nails used in construction indicate the site is early 20th century. This portion of the site lies approximately 100 m north of the Project Footprint.

Site 250R consists of a number of depressions, with the largest measuring 2 m x 4 m and approximately 1.4 m deep. The feature has a sloped trench on the southeast corner that measures 3 m x 1 m, which most likely represents remnants of a stairwell. On the south side of the largest depression is a rectangular outline of bermed soil measuring 2 m x 2.4 m of bermed soil. Associated with this feature are seven other smaller rectangular and circular depressions. The associated surface scatter consists of numerous folded seam tin cans, can fragments, and a metal bucket. One positive shovel test produced a roll of snare wire at a depth of 5 cmbs. The artifacts indicate that the site is contemporaneous with site 249R. The southern boundary of the Project Footprint bisects the large cellar depression, and four of the smaller depressions. This site (249/250) is located approximately 1 km away from Jasper House, with other cellar depressions reported to the southeast of the site. Given the location of the depressions, the features could be part of a larger habitation site, possibly associated with Jasper House. Based on the intact nature of the site, it is considered to have high interpretive value.

KP/KL 345 + 300, Site 2195R, Site Type: Transportation; Wooden Survey Marker This site is located on a high bench overlooking Jasper Lake to the east. The area is covered by aspen and pine with an understory of low-ground juniper, buffaloberry and moss (Plate B15). Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to approximately 4 cmbs, which is underlain by a light reddish-brown sand that terminates at approximately 15 cmbs. Under this is light brown sand that, as seen in backhoe tests excavated within the area, extends to a depth of over 5 m.

The site consists of a single feature, a hatchet carved wooden survey post cut from the stump of a tree. A number of these features have been recorded throughout the park, and are thought to be survey markers from the construction of the original rail lines through the park. Most of these features are a simple pyramidal point carved onto the top of a tree stump, with or without a wire nail driven into the apex of the pyramid. This feature is unique in that a square post measuring 66 cm tall has been carved out of the tree stump with a hatchet. The top 8 cm of the square post has been carved into the typical pyramid shape, with a wire nail driven into its apex. The feature is also unusual because a stylized “WP AUX” has been carved into its north face, and “BM 37203” on its west face.

The feature lies within the Project Footprint, along the western edge of the Proposed Route. While the site’s interpretive value is low, the feature is unique among the other wooden survey posts along the old rail lines.

KP/KL 347 + 000, Site 2043R, Site Type: Precontact; Lithic Workshop This site is located on a small ridge overlooking Jasper Lake, in an area covered by pine with an understory of grasses and low ground juniper. There is an unnamed drainage that empties into the lake, just to the west of the site. The landform is narrow and has been bisected by past pipeline construction.

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This site was originally recorded in 1999 as a buried workshop consisting of a number of siltstone, quartz and quartzite flakes, concentrated on the crest of the landform. Upon revisiting the site, two siltstone flakes were found eroding out of the original pipeline cut. A shovel testing program was implemented with four shovel tests placed across the site area. The original positive 50 cm x 50 m test pit was relocated and a shovel test in the same area recovered three siltstone flakes. The positive results of the testing program indicate that portions of the site are intact and have high interpretive value.

KP/KL 354 + 000, Site 281R, Site Type: Multi-Component; Prehistoric Campsite, Historic Homestead This site is located on a broad terrace overlooking a large pond associated with the Athabasca River to the southeast, and a small unnamed creek that drains into the pond to the southwest. The area has a few aspen, but is largely covered by grasses. The soils of the area consist of a thin A horizon that extends to approximately 10 cmbs, which is underlain by a light brown sand layer that extends more than 4 m in depth.

The site was originally recorded in 1970 as a multi-component site consisting of a historic homestead and a buried prehistoric campsite. The historic component is composed of a foundation outline that is reported as the Adam Joachim family residence. Associated with the outline is a thin scatter of historic artifacts, including tin fragments and a few glass fragments. The historic component of the site does not extend into the Project Footprint. The prehistoric campsite consists of numerous flakes and fire broken rock recovered from the site. During the latest revisit to the site by Parks Canada Archaeologists in August 2005, a Pelican Lake projectile point of black chert and an ovoid biface of grey quartzite were recovered from the surface of the site (Francis pers. comm.). During the later assessment of the site for the Project, a visual inspection and a shovel testing program was implemented. There were numerous flakes and bone fragments noted on the surface of the site, and 4 of the 28 shovel tests produced cultural materials. Recovered from the shovel tests were three chert flakes and one quartzite flake. The recovery of the Pelican Lake point by Parks Archaeologists earlier in the spring places the site within the Mid-Historic Period, dating from 3,200 to 2,000 BP. Shovel tests at the site indicate that the prehistoric portion of the site consists of a single component. Given the intact prehistoric component and the diagnostic artefact, the site has very high interpretive value.

KP/KL 354 + 150, Site 282R, Site Type: Prehistoric; Buried Campsite This site is located on the upper terrace of a creek that empties into a small lake approximately 50 m to the east. The site is covered by spruce and aspen with an understory of grasses and low ground juniper. The soils of the area consist of a thin A horizon that extends to approximately 7 cmbs, which is underlain by a Band of reddish sand that extends to approximately 20 cmbs. Under this layer is a light brown sand layer that extends over 4 m in depth.

The site was originally recorded in 1970 as a lithic workshop with a number of flakes being recovered from the site. The existing pipeline runs through the centre of the site, with a deep cut through the terrace the site is located on. Upon revisiting the site, a chert end scraper and a fused shale side scraper were recovered from the original pipeline cut, both from approximately 20-30 cmbs from the face of the cut. A total of four shovel tests and two backhoe tests were excavated within the site area. These tests produced negative results for additional cultural materials, however, the backhoe tests showed a profile consistent with the recovered materials. The backhoe test showed an upper sod layer extending to roughly 20 cmbs, underlain by a light reddish coloured sand layer that extended to approximately 40 cmbs. This was followed by light brown sand that extended to over 3 m in depth, with only one break, a thin Band of light reddish sand at 80-85 cmbs. These reddish sand layers represent paleosols, with the upper paleosol from 20-40 cmbs corresponding to the collection of the artifacts. Based on the intact nature of the site it is considered to have high interpretive value.

KP/KL 363 + 100, Site 2190R, Site Type: Prehistoric; Surface Scatter This site is located on a low, broad knoll approximately 500 m south of the Henry House Ponds. The area is covered by pine and aspen with an understory of low ground juniper, buffaloberry and moss. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to approximately 4 cmbs, which is underlain by a light

Page 16 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 reddish-brown sand that terminates at approximately 15 cmbs. Under this is light brown sand that, as seen in backhoe tests excavated within the area, extends to a depth of over 5 m.

The site consists of a large, crude fused shale chopper and a quartzite flake recovered from the surface of the existing Trans Mountain alignment. An intensive visual inspection of the find area and the excavation of eight shovel tests failed to produce additional cultural materials. Based on the limited return of materials at the site, and given the negative results of the shovel testing program, it is recommended that the site’s interpretive potential is low.

KP/KL 364 + 200, Site 2209R, Site Type: Prehistoric; Surface Scatter This site is located along the upper southern edge of a broad, low knoll. The area is covered by pine and aspen with an understory of low-ground juniper, buffaloberry and moss. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to approximately 4 cmbs, which is underlain by a light reddish-brown sand that terminates at approximately 15 cmbs. Under this is light brown sand that, as seen in backhoe tests excavated within the area, extends to a depth of over 5 m.

The site consists of three quartzite secondary flakes recovered from the surface of the existing pipeline. A thorough visual examination of the area was made and eight subsurface shovel tests were excavated adjacent to the finds. All tests produced negative results for additional cultural materials and the site is considered to have low interpretive value.

KP/KL 364 + 500, Site 2191R, Site Type: Prehistoric; Isolated Find This site is located along the upper southern edge of a broad, low knoll. The area is covered by pine and aspen with an understory of low-ground juniper, buffaloberry and moss. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to approximately 4 cmbs, which is underlain by a light reddish-brown sand that terminates at approximately 15 cmbs. Under this is light brown sand that, as seen in backhoe tests excavated within the area, extends to a depth of over 5 m.

The site consists of a single quartzite secondary flake recovered from the surface of the existing Trans Mountain pipeline alignment. A thorough visual examination of the area was made and eight subsurface shovel tests were excavated adjacent to the find. All tests produced negative results for additional cultural materials. The site lies within the Project Footprint, however the site is considered to have low interpretive value.

KP/KL 365 + 200, Site 979R, Site Type: Multi-Component; Paleoindian Campsite; Historic Lean-To This site is located north of the Palisades Centre in an area covered by pine and aspen with an understory of low-ground juniper, buffaloberry and moss. The area consists of gently rolling topography with the main portion of the site located on a stabilized sand dune overlooking a beaver pond to the southwest. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to approximately 4 cmbs, which is underlain by a light reddish-brown sand that terminates at approximately 15 cmbs. Under this is light brown sand that, as seen in backhoe tests excavated within the area, extends to a depth of over 5 m.

The site was originally recorded in 1985 as a buried Paleoindian activity locus with a modern historic component in the area (recorded as site 442R). A Scottsbluff point was recovered from the surface of the dune and a number of positive shovel tests produced burnt bone fragments and quartzite, quartz and basalt flakes. The historic component of the site consists of a lean-to, a small rectangular outline of rocks and the remains of an old shack. A third site was recorded 40 m from 979R on the Trans Mountain pipeline alignment in 1987. Site 1383R was listed as prehistoric scatter of flakes within the existing alignment. Given the proximity of these two sites, it is suggested that the materials represent separate activity loci within the same site, and that the 1383R should be incorporated into the 979R site.

Upon revisiting the site in summer 2005, archaeologists recovered two quartzite flakes from the surface of the Existing Route in the same area where flakes were observed in 1987 at 1383R. Further visual inspection of the area identified one of the historic features, the roof of the “old shack” is now located within the beaver pond. The wood is still in good condition and painted green, supporting the hypothesis

Page 17 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 that the structure was of relatively recent age. The roof is more than 20 m from the edge of the Proposed Route. Eight shovel tests were excavated within the Proposed Route, all of which were negative for cultural materials. The shovel tests were excavated to a depth of 50 cmbs and revealed deep sand deposits, therefore four deep tests were hand excavated to a depth of 160 cmbs. These tests revealed that the sand deposits continue to this depth with no evidence of paleosols. Because this site is one of the oldest intact buried sites within JNP, with a diagnostic point placing the site within the Cody Complex dating back 9,000 years, it is considered to have high interpretive value.

KP/KL 365 + 500, Site 1060R, Site Type: Historic; Fence This previously recorded historic site is located on a low, broad knoll on an upper terrace of the Athabasca River. The area is covered by pine with an understory of buffaloberry and grasses. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to approximately 4 cmbs, which is underlain by a light reddish- brown sand that terminates at approximately 15 cmbs. Under this is light brown sand that, as seen in backhoe tests excavated within the area, extends to a depth of more than 5 m.

The site was originally recorded in 1985 as a historic fence. The fence consisted of logs nailed and wired to living trees. Upon revisiting the site, no intact portions of the site could be relocated. A number of hand- cut logs, one with a wire nail, were identified within the Project Footprint. No other artifacts or features were observed at the site. The remains of the fence feature are located within the Project Footprint, however, given the deteriorated nature of the feature and the lack of any associated artifacts, the site has low interpretive value.

KP/KL 370 + 750, Site 995R, Site Type: Multi-Component; Historic Camp, Lithic Scatter This previously recorded site is located on a high, wide bench above the Athabasca River, just south of the modern Jasper Transfer Station. The area is covered by pine with an understory of willow, buffaloberry and grasses. The soils in the area are thin, with an A horizon that extends to approximately 4 cmbs, underlain by cobbles.

The site was originally recorded in 1985 as a historic scatter of relatively recent materials thought to have been associated with original pipeline construction. Reassessment of the site in 1991 revealed that the site had a much older component represented by hole-in-top cans which date to 1850 to 1916, stoneware shards and a “Jack Daniel” whisky jug, which were manufactured between 1875 to 1885. Given these dates it was suggested that the site is contemporaneous with the Athabasca Depot site (320R) located across the Highway on the first terrace above the river. Site 320R was established in 1872 and abandoned by 1908. The depot was established by Walter Moberly, in charge of the Canadian Pacific Railroad survey crew that was inspecting the Yellowhead Pass as a possible route for the transcontinental railway. The site was thought to have been largely destroyed during highway construction, but the dates from the materials at site 995R indicate that this site may be part of the Athabasca Depot site. The site was revisited by Parks Canada Archaeologists in the spring of 2005, and a number of prehistoric artifacts were collected from the site as well. These include two grey quartzite projectile point fragments. The first is a triangular piece from the distal end of a biface. The thin cross section and intricate flaking and lack of substantial use wear indicate the artifacts usage as a projectile point. The second point fragment is a grey quartzite base from a projectile point. The base appears to have been crudely corner-notched, giving the point a stemmed appearance, indicating a Middle Period association. Also collected from the surface were a small ovoid knife of reddish quartzite and a secondary reduction flake of grey quartzite. While the site has been assigned to site 995R, there was an isolated lithic find consisting of a retouched flake recorded 100 m to the southwest (1048R) which these artifacts are likely associated with.

Upon revisiting site 995R for assessment of the Project, it was observed that the materials observed in 1991 were not present within the Project Footprint. The scatter of artifacts within the Project Footprint consisted of a few glass and tin can fragments. No prehistoric artifacts were noted within the Project Footprint. A rectangular cobble outline was noted along the southwest boundary of the site. The feature measures 2 m x 4 m and is composed of approximately 40 cobbles. This feature most likely represents an historic tent outline. The site is considered to have a high interpretive value due to the “antiquity and possible uniqueness of the cultural remains” (Pickard 1985).

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KP/KL 371 + 500, Site 1003R, Site Type: Multi-component; Prehistoric Campsite, Construction Camp This previously recorded site is located on the upper terrace above the Athabasca River, 600 m northeast of Pyramid Creek. The area is covered by a sparse stand of pine with an understory of grasses. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to 8 cmbs, overlaying a light brown sand that extends to between 40-50 cmbs, at which point large cobbles are encountered.

The site was originally recorded in 1985 as a buried campsite consisting of 2 flakes and 40 burnt bone fragments located 30 m from the west edge of the development. Upon revisiting the area, it was determined that the Project Footprint has been heavily disturbed by past railway, highway and pipeline construction. Ten shovel tests were excavated within the existing Trans Mountain pipeline alignment, all of which produced negative results. Any intact portions of the site will likely be found to the west of the pipeline. While no precontact materials were identified, an historic construction camp was identified. The site consists of a 1 m x 5 m trench approximately 50 cm deep, with a corresponding berm on the east side. Associated with the trench are three wooden troughs and a can dump of “Imperial Oil” cans. The troughs are constructed of milled lumber with machined nails. The artifacts suggest that the site dates to the 1950s and most likely represents a construction camp from highway construction. The site has a high interpretive value. However, neither the prehistoric or historic portions of the site extend into the Project Footprint.

KP/KL 371 + 780, Site 1007R, Site Type: Transportation; Cellar Depressions, Construction Camp This site is located on the second terrace above the Athabasca River, just north of Pyramid Creek. The site is covered by aspen and pine with an understory of grasses and buffaloberry. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to 8 cmbs, overlaying a light brown sand that extends to between 40-50 cm below surface, at which point large cobbles are encountered.

This site was originally recorded in 1985 as a construction camp associated with the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway construction. The site consists of a wooden survey marker carved from a tree stump, and six depressions and a large can dump. Feature 1, the survey marker, is similar to others within the park along the old railway beds, and most likely represents survey markers from original construction. Features 2,3,4,7 and 8 are cellar depressions ranging in size from 2-4 m in diameter and from 0.5-1.5 m deep. All of these features have an associated dump of folded seam cans within and/or adjacent to the features. Feature 5 is also a cellar depression, 3 m x 3 m in size and 1.5 m deep, with remains of a wooden floor collapsed inside the depression. Feature 6 is a surface dump of cans and other historic artifacts measuring 4 m in diameter. Local oral history suggests the site is a stopping place for freighters at “Mile 109”. The camp provided meals, stables and bunkhouses for the freighters moving equipment ahead of the construction crews.

The site has been partially disturbed by past railway, highway and pipeline construction. Feature 2, a 2 m x 2 m depression approximately 50 cm deep, is located within the Project Footprint. All of the other features at the site are located just outside of the Project Footprint. The site is considered to be of high interpretive value.

KP/KL 373 + 500, Site 1011R, Site Type: Prehistoric; Isolated Find This site is located on a terrace above the Athabasca River in an open glade covered by grasses. The terrace slopes to the east towards the river. The soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to 8 cmbs, overlaying a light brown sand that extends to between 40-50 cmbs, before large cobbles are encountered.

The site was originally recorded in 1985 as an isolated find consisting of a greenish quartzite biface fragment found on the surface. Upon revisiting of the site, an additional purple quartzite ovoid knife was found at the very edge of the road cut. Eight shovel tests were excavated around this isolated find, all of which produced negative results. As mentioned, the landform slopes towards the river in this area, making the location an unlikely camp spot. However, the landform levels out further to the northwest, closer to the railway (~100 m outside the Project Footprint). This higher terrace with a level surface would

Page 19 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 offer a much better camp location, and it is possible that the surface finds at the site may have been washed downslope from this terrace.

Given the negative results of the shovel testing program the site is considered to have low interpretative value.

KP/KL 373 + 700, Site 2194R, Site Type: Transportation; Wooden Survey Marker This site is located adjacent to the north side of Highway 16 along the ditch line, on a midlevel terrace of the Athabasca River. The area is covered by Douglas-fir and aspen with an understory of grasses. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending approximately 5 cmbs, which is underlain by a silty/sand slope wash deposits.

The site consists of a single wooden survey marker cut into a tree stump. The stump is approximately 50 cm high and 20 cm in diameter, with the top 20 cm cut into a pyramid shape. The marker is located 20 m to the south of a modern electrical cable box. Similar survey markers have been found within the park and are usually associated with the rail beds, indicating they were most likely made during railway construction. The site lies entirely within the Project Footprint, however, the site is considered to be of low interpretive value.

KP/KL 374 + 871, Site 323R, Site Type: Habitation; Cabin, Laroque’s House This site is located on the upper terrace above the Athabasca River, north of Cottonwood Creek. The site is located to the north of the Jasper interchange and east of the CN Railway. The area is covered by grasses with aspen, spruce and lodgepole pine on the outer northern and western peripheries of the site. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to 8 cmbs, underlain by a light brown sand which extends to 40 cmbs, at which point river cobbles were encountered.

The site was originally recorded in 1970 as the possible remains of Laroque’s House, also known as Henry House, located within the area of the Milner’s dairy, an early 20th century operation. A number of bone fragments and a clay pipe stem recovered from excavations from one of the depressions pointed to the site as a possible location of this early fur trade outpost. Besides the presence of the fur trade outpost and the dairy operation, local oral history also suggests that the area of Cottonwood Flats may have also been the location for a construction camp or a slaughterhouse associated with the building of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. There are a total of 43 Historic Period features recorded at the site, but as subsurface testing at the site has been limited, there is little information regarding the age of each of the features. Upon revisiting the site it was determined that the site remains intact as it was last reported on in 2002. No attempt was made to relocate all 43 historic features; instead, the boundaries of the site were identified in order to determine the sites relation to the Proposed Route. It was determined that the Proposed Route will parallel the Existing Route and utilize existing disturbance created by highway construction.

While initial testing of the site over the years has been limited and inconclusive as identifying the site as Laroque’s House, if testing conclusively identifies portions of the site as being this fur trade outpost, it would make the site the oldest historic site within the park. As such, the site is considered to have high interpretive value.

KP/KL 375 + 011, Site 1014R, Site Type: Multi-Component; Prehistoric Scatter, Historic Scatter This site is located on the upper terrace above the Athabasca River, along Cottonwood Creek. The site is located to the south of the Jasper interchange and east of the CN Railway. The area is covered by grasses with aspen, spruce and lodgepole pine on the outer peripheries of the site. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to 8 cmbs, underlain by a light brown sand which extends to 40 cmbs, at which point river cobbles are encountered.

This previously recorded site was originally recorded in 1985 as a multi-component site consisting of three lithic flakes collected from the creek bank (n=2) and from a positive shovel test (n=1), as well as from a scatter of historic materials on the surface. The historic materials are associated with site 323R located across the interchange. Upon revisiting the site, artifacts representing the prehistoric and historic

Page 20 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 occupations were observed. The historic component was represented by a sparse scatter of tin can fragments found within the development. The prehistoric component consisted of three quartzite flakes and two vitreous mudstone flakes were recovered from the south cut bank of Cottonwood Creek. These artifacts were recovered at depths ranging from 7-10 cmbs. A positive shovel test at the site resulted in the recovery of a black chert flake and a vitreous mudstone flake from 7 cmbs. Based on the intact nature of the prehistoric component of the site, it has a high interpretive value.

KP/KL 376 + 600, Site 1059R, Site Type: Transportation; Historic Scatter This previously recorded site is located on the terrace edge overlooking the Athabasca River to the east. The area has been heavily disturbed by past railroad construction activities and is now covered by grasses and buffaloberry. The soils of the area consist of a thin veneer of dark brown loam extending to an average depth of 2 cmbs. A dense river cobble layer is encountered under this thin soil.

The site consists of a shallow depression 1.5 m in diameter and a light scatter of modern refuse. The scatter includes small sections of rail, railway spikes, and modern juice cans, and a few tin can fragments. It appears that the site is of relatively recent age. Given the location of the site in the industrialized section of the Jasper townsite, and close proximity to the existing railway siding, the artifacts are most likely associated with the modern CN Railway than with the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Since the site is of relatively recent age, it is considered to have low interpretive value.

KP/KL 377 + 798, Site 196R, Site Type: Transportation; Blasting Can Dump This site is located in the northeast corner of the Junction of Highways 16 and 93A, at the edge of the Jasper townsite. The area is covered by mature pine with an understory of low ground juniper and moss. The site has been partially disturbed by highway construction, and there are several large boulders that have been distributed across the site from highway construction activities. Soils in the area are thin, with a 6 cm duff layer overlaying a thin A horizon that extends to approximately 12 cmbs, at which a dense cobble layer was encountered.

This previously recorded site was identified in 1983 as a part of the abandoned Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and associated borrow sources and refuse piles. A similar site was recorded across Highway 16, site 189R, which consists of another section of abandoned rail grade. Both of these sites are located outside the Project Footprint. However Parks Canada is considering amalgamating the two sites and incorporating the entire abandoned rail grade within JNP under these site numbers (Perry pers. comm.). While site 186R is well outside the Project Footprint, site 196R, which is closer to the Proposed Route was revisited while accessing the line. Two large piles of cans, (more than 100 cans in each pile) with a scatter of individual cans, can fragments and bottle shards were distributed over a 10 m radius. The cans are of various sizes, but all appear to be hole-in-top cans. There is evidence of past artifact scavenging of the area with a hole dug next to the one of the can dumps measuring 80 cm x 80 cm. The site most likely represents a dump associated with railway construction. The limited variety of artifacts identified at the site suggests it has low interpretive value.

KP/KL 379 + 220, Site 2188R, Site Type: Habitation; Cabin This site is located above the Miette River at the base of the existing railway berm. The area slopes gently to the south, and is covered by mature spruce, with an understory of moss and grasses. Soils in the area are composed of a thin duff layer extending approximately 4 cmbs, underlain by a dark black sod layer that extends to a depth of 12 cmbs. Under the sod is light brown sand that extends to a depth of approximately 40 cmbs, at which point a dense gravel deposit is encountered.

This small berm measuring 4 m x 4 m in size, with a raised outline approximately 5 cm high appears to be the remains of a log wall or footing now covered in moss. The inside of the berm is level with the surrounding ground surface. There were no artifacts observed at the site, but one of the four shovel tests excavated around the perimeter of the feature produced metal fragments from 5 cmbs (not collected). Given the intact nature of the site, it’s location within the Project Footprint, and the positive shovel test, the site is considered to have moderate to high interpretive value.

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KP/KL 382 + 800 to 383 + 000, Site 1146R, Site Type: Multi-Component; Prehistoric Workshop, Historic Scatter This site is located on the lower terrace above the Miette River, west of an unnamed drainage that empties into the Miette River. The area is covered by pine and aspen with an understory of buffaloberry and moss. The soils in the area consist of an A horizon that extends to 10 cmbs. This is underlain by light brown sand that extends to approximately 50 cmbs at which point river cobbles are encountered.

The site was originally recorded as a prehistoric isolated find consisting of a single quartzite flake recovered from a shovel test. A historic site (1146R) consisting of a hole-in-top can dump was recorded as being located approximately 100 m to the east of this isolated find. Upon revisiting the site it was discovered that the historic portion of the site was much larger than originally thought, and that it extends into the site location of 1147R. The site area was visually examined and a shovel testing program implemented. The visual inspection of the area resulted in the identification of a large scatter of historic artifacts along the Project Footprint for approximately 200 m. The shovel testing program consisted of 13 shovel tests, with Shovel Test 1 producing a folded seam can found directly underneath the moss. Also collected from the surface were two hole-in-top cans, a metal lamp base and a clear glass bottle. Observed on the surface of the site were numerous hole-in-top cans, wire cable, honey tins, and various can and bottle glass fragments. In the middle of the historic scatter a single quartzite core was observed on the surface. Six of the thirteen shovel tests were excavated near the find spot, all produced negative results for cultural materials.

The historic portion of the site was found to be much more extensive than originally recorded. The surface scatter of historic artifacts extended for 200 m along the Project Footprint. The shovel testing program produced limited results with one can being recovered from under the moss layer, indicating the site is a surface scatter. Due to the extensive scatter of artifacts the site has an interpretive value of high.

KP/KL 387 + 850, Site 2187R, Site Type: Habitation; Cabin Depression This site is located on a terrace above the Miette River in between Conifer Creek to the east and an unnamed drainage to the west. The area is covered by pine and spruce with an understory of moss and low ground juniper. The soils from the area consist of 6 cm of duff over a dark brown A horizon that extends to approximately 15 cmbs, which is underlain by a light brown sand.

The site consists of a single rectangular depression that measures 3 m x 2 m x 1 m. There are no other features or artifacts associated with the depression. Four shovel tests were excavated around the outer edges of the depression, all of which produced negative results for cultural materials. The feature is located within the Project Footprint and its interpretive value is moderate.

KL 388 + 709, Site 1152R, Site Type: Habitation; Log Cabin This previously recorded site is located on an upper terrace above the Miette River in an area covered by pine and willow, buffaloberry and wild rose. Soils in the area consist of a duff layer that extends to approximately 5 cmbs, underlain by a dark black sandy loam that extends to 12 cmbs. Under the loam is a light brown sand layer that extends more than 80 cmbs.

The site was originally recorded in 1986 as a large cabin site with an associated scatter of tin cans and blasting powder tins. The site was described as being associated with railway construction and it was indicated that several burials associated with the structure were exhumed in the 1930s and reburied in the Jasper Cemetery (Pickard and James 1991). During the revisit to the site it was determined that there are four courses of the cabin walls remaining, exhibiting sawn ends with axe cut notches. The cabin door is located on the north side of the structure. The light scatter of tin cans and blasting tins is still visible on the surface of the site. The site is located 10 m south of the Project Footprint and will not be disturbed. The site is intact and has one of the few partially standing buildings associated with the railroad construction camps, and is therefore considered to have high interpretive value.

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KL 396 + 400, Site 594R, Site Type: Historic; Stone Oven This previously recorded site is located on a bench above the Miette River in an area covered by spruce and pine with an understory of moss and buffaloberry (Plate B16). Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon that extends to 8 cmbs overlaying a light brown sand that extends to 16 cmbs, at which point a cobble layer was encountered and the shovel tests were terminated.

The site is an oval stone oven approximately 3 m in diameter and standing 1.2 m high. The feature is constructed of slabs of locally available slate and covered with a layer of soil. Although the soil has largely eroded away, the main structure of the oven is intact. Associated with this feature is a sparse scattering of hole-in top cans. The local historic society has placed a wooden covering over the door of the oven, and has been known to use the oven periodically during interpretive events. The site lies within the Project Footprint, located along the northern boundary of the Proposed Route. Because of the uniqueness of the feature it has a high interpretive value.

KL 398 + 511, Site 2212R, Site Type: Prehistoric; Buried Campsite This site is located on an upper terrace on the north side of the Miette River, in an area covered by pine and poplar with an understory of thick moss. The site is located south of the old rail bed which has cut through the bench. Soils in the undisturbed area consist of an upper duff layer extending to roughly 4 cmbs overlaying a dark black loam that extends to 15 cmbs. Under this is light brown sand that extends for over a metre.

This previously unrecorded prehistoric site is a buried campsite consisting of numerous flakes and one bone. From the four positive shovel tests a total of two basalt retouch flakes, one quartzite secondary flake, one piece of quartzite shatter and the distal end of a moose metatarsal. All the materials came from the upper soil level between 5-10 cmbs. All the positive shovel tests are located south of the rail bed cut, along the edge of the bench. It appears that original construction has disturbed the majority of the site. The positive results of the shovel testing program indicate that there is a large portion of the site that is still intact within the Project Footprint. Based on the intact nature of the site it is considered to be of high interpretive value.

KL 398 + 700, Site 2211R, Site Type: Multicomponent; Prehistoric Campsite, Historic Ditch/Berm This site is located on an upper terrace on the north side of the Miette River, in an area covered by pine and poplar with an understory of thick moss. The site is located north of the old rail bed which has cut through the bench. The bench is defined by seasonal drainages located on the west and east sides. Soils in the undisturbed area consist of an upper duff layer extending to roughly 4-6 cmbs overlaying a dark black loam that extends to 10 cmbs. Under this, is a thin reddish layer of sand that extends to 15 cmbs. This is followed by light brown sand that extends to approximately 60 cmbs, at which point river cobbles are encountered.

This previously unrecorded prehistoric site is a buried campsite consisting of numerous flakes, fire- cracked rock and bone fragments. From the five positive shovel tests conducted, a total of three quartzite primary flakes, five quartzite secondary flakes, two chert secondary flake, one basalt secondary flake, one burnt bone fragment, one bone fragment and four pieces of fire-broken rocks were recovered. A possible hearth feature (a concentration of fire-cracked rock and some charcoal) was evident in the northeast corner of Shovel Test 2 at approximately 10 cmbs. All the materials came from the red sand level between 10-15 cmbs. There are numerous quartzite flakes also present in the rail bed cut that bisects the landform, and one quartzite core and two quartzite flakes were collected from the surface of the cut. To the north of the positive shovel tests there is a large ditch dug across the landform, with the spoil being piled into a berm on the south (downslope) side of the ditch. It appears that this is a water runoff ditch to protect the rail grade from erosion. The excavation of this ditch and the original rail bed construction has destroyed a portion of the site. There is a large portion of the site that is intact, and this undisturbed section of the site is within the Project Footprint. Based on the intact nature of the site it is considered to be of high interpretive value.

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KL 398 + 818, Site 2192R, Site Type: Prehistoric; Workshop, Lithic Scatter This newly identified site is located on a small knoll overlooking the Miette River to the south. The area is covered by spruce and pine with an understory of buffaloberry, low ground juniper and moss. The knoll has been bisected by the abandoned Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. The soils consist of a thin duff layer and an A horizon that extends to 5 cmbs, with a reddish-brown sand under this layer that extends to approximately 11 cmbs, at which point a cobble layer was encountered.

The site consists of a low density scatter of primary reduction flakes eroding out of the old rail cut on the north exposure. The artifacts are located within the reddish-brown sand layer just below the sod. Three shovel tests were excavated above the rail bed cut, all of which produced negative results.

The site, located within the Project Footprint, has been partially disturbed by railroad construction, however the presence of the flakes within the cut indicate that portions of the site are still intact along the edge of the cut, indicating the site has a high interpretive value and materials to future researchers.

KL 398 + 836, Site 2193R, Site Type: Historic; Blasting Can Dump This newly identified site is located at the base of a small knoll overlooking the Miette River to the south. The area is covered by spruce and pine with an understory of buffaloberry, low ground juniper and moss. The knoll has been bisected by the old railway grade. The soils consist of a thin duff layer and an A horizon that extends to 5 cmbs, with a reddish-brown sand under this layer that extends to a cobble layer at approximately 11 cmbs.

The site consists of a small scatter of soldered seam cans on the south side of the railroad bed. There are no features associated with the cans, and were most likely deposited during rail road construction. While the site is within the Project Footprint, the site is considered to have low interpretive value.

KL 398 + 850, Site 1169R, Site Type: Habitation; Log Cabin This previously recorded site is located on a midlevel terrace above the Miette River covered by Douglas- fir, buffaloberry, wild rose and moss (Plate B17). Derr Creek lies 1.7 km to the west and there is an unnamed drainage that runs through the middle of the site. Soils in the area consist of a 6 cm duff layer, with an A horizon that extends to 12 cmbs.

The site consists of three features which include a log cabin, a rectangular, wood-lined cellar depression and a log structure. All three features were relocated and it was determined that all are outside the Project Footprint, with Feature 1, the wood-lined cellar depression located 2 m north of the northern boundary of the development. Four shovel tests were excavated adjacent to the site, all of which produced negative results for cultural materials.

This site, with its standing structures and intact cribbed cellar offers an excellent example of early 20th century construction techniques, not found at the other historic habitation sites encountered. As such, the site has a high interpretive value.

KL 402 + 500, Site 1183R, Site Type: Historic; Grave This previously recorded site is located on an upper terrace above the Miette River in an area covered by fir and some aspen with an understory of willow, buffaloberry and grasses. The soils in the area are thin with a 6 cm duff layer underlain by a dark black sandy loam that extends to approximately 18 cmbs. This is followed by light brown sand that extends to over 1 m.

The site is a grave mound originally recorded in 1986. At that time the site was described as a mound with a fallen cross. The cross had the name “Lion Woica” carved into the cross piece. The upright part of the cross looked to be more recent and it was suggested that the cross had been reconstructed. The grave had been identified by A. Berstrom, a Park Warden who also indicated there was a second grave in the area. Upon revisiting the site the grave was relocated by R & W archaeologists within the Project Footprint. Settling of the soils has reduced the mound, which is hard to discern now. As well the inscribed

Page 24 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 marker is no longer present, most likely removed by vandals. The sensitive nature of the site indicates it has a high interpretive potential.

KL 402 + 650, Site 1184R, Site Type: Habitation; Log Cabins This previously recorded site is located at the base of a hill above the Miette River. The area is covered by fir and some aspen with an understory of willow, buffaloberry and moss. The soils in the area are thin with a 6 cm duff layer underlain by a dark black sandy loam that extends to approximately 18 cmbs.

This site was originally recorded in 1986, as consisting of two cabins which have been subsequently relocated. The first cabin has collapsed and been partially covered during rail bed construction located at the base of the rail grade, within the Project Footprint. The second cabin is approximately 35 m to the north and is outside the Project Footprint. Cabin 1 still has the door on the south side, but the east wall has collapsed so that the window reported in 1986 is not visible. Adjacent to the northwest corner of the cabin is a telegraph pole that has been cut down. Between the two cabins is another telegraph cross piece nailed to a tree, indicating that the telegraph line was heading to the northwest. This line probably connected these cabins to a warden’s outpost to the north of the site (Dillon pers. comm.). Cabin 2 still has the walls and roof intact. On the surface of the site is a scatter of historic materials including metal barrels, tin can fragments and blasting powder tins with wooden ends. Two shovel tests were conducted at the site with Shovel Test 1 inside Cabin 1 producing the remains of a boot, and Shovel Test 2 outside the cabin producing brown bottle glass fragments. Based on the intact nature of the site, it’s location within the Project Footprint and the high density of artifacts, the site is considered to have high interpretive value.

KL 402 + 933, Site 2197R, Site Type: Transportation; Blasting Can Dump This newly identified site is located on a slate bench above the Miette River to the east of site 1304R (Plate B18). The area is covered by aspen and pine with an understory of willow, buffaloberry and moss. The soils in the area are thin with a 6 cm duff layer underlain by a dark brown sandy loam. Slate bedrock is encountered at roughly 10-12 cmbs.

This new site consists of 31 black powder tins associated with the original rail bed construction. The site is located on the same landform as site 1304R, within the Project Footprint, and is distinguished from this previously recorded site by the type of blasting tins observed. All the tins observed at site 1304R were stamped “Western Explosives Ltd.”, while all 31 of the tins observed at this site are stamped “Standard Explosives Ltd. Black Powder Blasting.” There is also a cut telegraph pole associated with this site, approximately 10 m east of the main concentration of tins. Due to the lack of other associated materials or features, the site has low interpretive value.

KP/KL 403 + 464, Site 1316R, Site Type: Transportation; Blasting Can Dump This previously recorded site is located on a terrace above the Miette River at the base of the abandoned Grand Trunk Pacific Railway bed. The site is located along the bank of the river, with a large marsh located to the west of the site. The area is covered by aspen and pine with an understory of willow, buffaloberry and moss. The soils in the area are thin with a 6 cm duff layer underlain by a dark brown sandy loam. Slate bedrock is encountered at approximately 10-12 cmbs.

This site was originally recorded in 1986, as a scatter of black powder tins associated with the original rail bed construction. All the tins observed in this area were stamped “Western Explosives Ltd. Black Blasting Powder.” The site is composed of the same blasting tins as 1304R and also has the cut telegraph poles associated with the can dump. This location and site 1304R most likely represent single activity loci. Although the site is within the Project Footprint, the lack of other associated materials or features at the site indicate it has low interpretive value.

KL 403 + 865, Site 1304R, Site Type: Transportation; Blasting Can Dump This previously recorded site is located on a slate bench above the Miette River to the east of a large unnamed tributary that drains into the Miette River. The area is covered by aspen and pine with an

Page 25 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 understory of willow, buffaloberry and moss. The soils in the area are thin with a 6 cm duff layer underlain by a dark brown sandy loam. Slate bedrock is encountered at approximately 10-12 cmbs.

This site was originally recorded in 1986, as a scatter of 20 black powder tins associated with rail bed construction. Upon revisiting the site an examination of the area determined that the site extends for approximately 200 m along both sides of the rail bed. More than 100 black powder tins were observed along the rail bed, as well as a number of telegraph poles which have all been cut down. All the tins observed in this area were stamped “Western Explosives Ltd.” Although the site is within the Project Footprint the lack of other associated materials or features at the site indicate it has low interpretive value.

KL 403 + 967, Site 1305R, Site Type: Transportation; Blasting Can Dump This site is located on the upper terrace above the Miette River, just west of an unnamed creek that drains into the Miette River. The site is located on a large bedrock outcrop over the river that has been bisected by the old rail bed. The area is covered with lodgepole pine and an understory of moss and low ground juniper. Soils in the area are quite shallow with only 2 cm of A horizon over bedrock.

This previously recorded site was first documented in 1986 as a blasting can dump located on the north side of the railway bed. Upon revisiting the site it was discovered that the site extends along both sides of the rail bed, with seven cans on the north side and six cans on the south side. All cans are labelled “Standard Explosives Ltd.” There are four other can dumps recorded along the old rail bed within a 2 km stretch from where the Proposed Route crosses the Miette River near the BC border. Upon revisiting these areas it appears that these five can dumps are really a near continuous scatter of blasting tins along this portion of the rail bed that transects numerous bedrock outcrops, with three different can styles from two different explosives companies. The site is located entirely within the Project Footprint, however, the site is considered to have low interpretive value.

KL 405 + 296, Site 2144R, Site Type: Transportation; Railway Bed This site is located along the rail bed at the crossing of the Miette River just east of the park boundary (Plate B19). The area is covered by pine and poplar with an understory of buffaloberry and low ground juniper bushes. The area has been heavily disturbed by railway construction, with most of the disturbance on the west side of the river where the bank of the river is lower. Soils in the undisturbed area consist of an upper duff layer extending to approximately 6 cmbs overlaying a dark black loam that extends to 12- 16 cmbs. Under this loam is thin, light grey regosol (4 cm thick) overlaying limestone bedrock.

This previously unrecorded site is part of the larger Grand Trunk Pacific Railway site. The site consists of the remains of the old bridge crossing. The bridge itself has been removed but the concrete footings on each bank of the river are still in place and a large footing is still evident in the river bed. The concrete footings are 8 m long and approximately 2 m high. The footing within the river consists of log cribbing 12 m long and 4 m wide. The interior of this cribbing is filled with large cobbles. Also associated with the bridge remains, is a check dam across the river approximately 20 m south of the bridge. This check dam consists of a number of large boulders spaced approximately 1 m apart extending across the river. The site, while partially disturbed during reclamation of the rail bed, lies within the Project Footprint and is considered to have high interpretive value.

KP/KL 405 + 500 to KP/KL 406 + 000, Site 1984R, Site Type: Transportation, Habitation; Townsite This site is located on the second terrace above the Miette River, in an area covered by spruce and pine with an understory of moss, buffaloberry, low ground juniper and willows. Soils in the area are thin with an upper A horizon extending to 10 cmbs underlain by a sandy silt that extends to roughly 30 cmbs, at which point large cobbles are encountered.

The site represents “Summit City” a large construction camp relating to railway construction. The site consists of a number of standing sheds, numerous cellar depressions and a number of concentrations of historic refuse. Also associated with Summit City is site 1995 R, a cairn marking the Continental Divide placed by A.O. Wheeler in 1911. The cairn held a 1.65 m tall spruce post, marking the divide and the Alberta – British Columbia border. Subsequently, the border was demarcated with a cut line in the 1920’s

Page 26 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 and it appears that the cairn was disturbed at this point. There is no evidence of the spruce post placed by Wheeler. The site is largely intact and given the size and density of artifacts at the site and it’s location within the Project Footprint, it is considered to have high interpretive value.

4.3 Sites Along The Existing Trans Mountain Pipeline Route A total of 36 archaeological sites have been recorded along the Existing Trans Mountain Pipeline Route. Twenty-six of these sites occur where the Proposed and Existing routes share the same Project Footprint. These 26 sites have been described above in Section 4.2. The following 10 sites are confined to the Existing Route and their descriptions are outlined below.

KP 327 + 000, Site 2200R, Site Type: Transportation; Bridge and Construction Camp This site is located on the first terrace above the Fiddle River, just south of where it enters the Athabasca River. The area is covered by spruce and willow with an understory of moss, buffaloberry and low ground juniper. The soils of the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to 8 cmbs which is underlain by a light brown sand that extends to approximately 60 cmbs where river cobbles are encountered.

The site consists of the remains of a bridge on the south side of the Existing Route, two cellar depressions and a beehive oven located on the north side. There is a thin scatter of historic artifacts found on both sides of the Existing Route. This scatter consists mostly of tin can fragments, with a few modern oil cans. Eight shovel tests were excavated at the site, all but one of which was negative for cultural materials. The positive shovel tests revealed the wooden decking of the bridge along the rail grade. Based on the intact nature of the site it is considered to have high interpretive value.

KP 331 + 000, Site 218R, Site Type: Habitation; Cellar Depression, Scatter This previously recorded site is located in a small clearing bound by an unnamed creek that circles the site and drains into the Athabasca River, located to the northeast. The area is covered by grasses, rose bushes and spruce. Soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon that extends to roughly 8 cmbs, underlain by a light brown silty sand that extends to approximately 40 cmbs.

The site was originally recorded in 1983 and was identified as the Ralph James’ cabin and vegetable garden. James supplied the Pocahontas mining community with vegetables. The site was documented as containing a cabin foundation, several dumps, an outhouse, a bridge and a scattering of debris. The site was revisited and it was determined that the site is located outside the Existing Route. The cabin foundation and remnants of the concrete footings was identified, with a metal barrel, tin stove and a collection of tin cans located within the depression. There are numerous cans and metal fragments scattered throughout the site are, as well as a number of small depressions that may be the remnants of the outhouse. The site has been well preserved, and is considered to be of high interpretive value for early 20th century mining activities.

KP 332 + 200, Site 2199R, Site Type: Transportation; Wooden Survey Marker This site is located on a midlevel terrace above the Athabasca River to the east of the Pocahontas Ponds. The area is covered by aspen and fir, with an understory of grasses, buffaloberry and moss. The soils in the area are composed of an upper A horizon that extends to 12 cmbs, underlain by a light brown sand that extends to over 60 cm.

The site consists of a wooden survey marker that has been carved out of a tree stump. The stump is approximately 60 cm high and 25 cm in diameter, with the top 20 cm cut into a pyramid shape. The marker is located adjacent to an old trail that leads down towards a braided channel of the Athabasca River. Similar survey markers have been found within the park, usually associated with the rail beds, indicating they were most likely made during railway construction. Although the site is located within the Project footprint, it has low interpretive value.

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KP 335 + 500, Site 222R, Site Type: Industrial; Mine Shaft This site is located on an area of sideslope between two unnamed drainages. The area is covered with mature spruce, with an understory of grasses and willow with poplar growing in the depression. The soils in the area consist of a thin A horizon extending to 8 cmbs underlain by a light brown sand that extends to 60 cmbs.

The site was originally recorded in 1983 as a possible historic depression. The feature measures 10 m across and 5 m deep. Upon revisiting the site four shovel tests were excavated to determine the nature of the site. A shovel test excavated in the centre of the depression proved inconclusive, as the test was taken down to over 60 cm with no soils reached and only a mixture of organic materials such as seeds, pinecones and twigs encountered. On the outer area of the depression there is no evidence of spoil piles, and the shovel tests show no mixing of soils one would expect at the edge of such a large depression. Based on these results, the depression is more likely a vent shaft from an abandoned coal mine. There are similar depressions found closer to the old Pocahontas Mine that are collapsed mine shafts or vent shafts (Porter pers. comm.). The site, located outside the Project Footprint, is most likely the remnants of a collapsed vent shaft associated with mining activities, and has low interpretive value.

KP 360 + 300, Site 970R, Site Type: Prehistoric; Isolated Find This site is located on the upper terrace edge of the Snaring River, on the south side. The area is covered by spruce with some poplar and aspen with an understory of wild rose, buffaloberry and grasses. The area has been disturbed by past pipeline construction and the construction of an abandoned vehicle trail. The soils in the area consist of an A horizon that extends to 8 cmbs, which is underlain by a light brown sand that extends to between 50-60 cmbs, before river cobbles are encountered.

The site was originally recorded as a buried isolated find of a single chert flake recovered from a shovel test. The site was described as being located 50 m west of the Existing Route, at the top of a 10 m terrace. This would place the find outside of the Project Footprint, however upon revisiting the site area, a quartzite core was recovered from the surface of the Existing Route. A total of 12 shovel tests were excavated within the Existing Route near the surface find, all tests produced negative results for additional cultural materials. The negative results of the shovel testing program indicate the site has low interpretative value.

KP 378 + 500, Site 2189R, Site Type: Habitation; Depressions, Scatter This site is located on a terrace above the Miette River at the base of the old Grand Trunk Pacific Railway berm (Plate B20). The area slopes gently to the south, and is covered by mature spruce, with an understory of moss and grasses. Soils in the area are composed of a thin duff layer extending approximately 4 cmbs, underlain by a dark black sod layer that extends to a depth of 12 cmbs. Under the sod is light brown sand that extends to a depth of approximately 40 cmbs, at which point a dense gravel deposit is encountered.

There are four features at the site including a cribbed depression, a rectangular cellar depression, and two round pits. The cribbed depression measures 2 m x 2.5 m in size and approximately 1 m deep, with the cribbing of 10 cm x 15 cm timbers. Approximately 1 m to the southeast is a shallow depression roughly 1.5 m in diameter. Further to the southwest is a possible cellar depression approximately 2 m x 3 m in size and approximately 80 cm deep. North of this cellar depression is another round pit. The site has an associated surface scatter of metal fragments and folded seam cans. The site most likely represents a construction camp associated with the railway. The feature is located within the Project Footprint and has moderate interpretive value.

KP 381 + 100, Site 2208R, Site Type: Transportation, Habitation; Cellar Depressions This site is located on the first terrace above the Miette River just west of the Jasper townsite. The area is covered by pine and spruce with an understory of grass, willow and buffaloberry. The soils from the area consist of 6 cm of duff over a dark brown A horizon that extends to approximately 15-20 cmbs. This is underlain by light grey, silty clay that extends to depths between 40-60 cmbs across the site.

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The site is a large historic campsite, with three cellar depressions, a smaller rock-lined cache pits, and a loose rock foundation. The three cellar depressions are 3 m in diameter, and approximately 1.2 m deep. Two metres to the east of Cellar Depression 3 is a rock-lined cache pit that is 50 cm in diameter and 50 cm deep. Approximately 25 m north of the depressions is a partially collapsed foundation constructed of loose slabs of sandstone. The south and west walls are still standing, with three courses of sandstone slabs that measure 40 cm high. There is a second rock lined cache pit similar in size to the first one, located 15 m west of the foundation. Only Cellar Depressions 1 and 2 are within the Existing Route. Four shovel tests were excavated at the site, one within and one adjacent to each of the depressions within the Existing Route. Three of the four shovel tests produced cultural materials. The test from Cellar Depression 1 produced three tin can fragments, while the shovel test in Cellar Depression 2 produced 12 tin can fragments, two shards of green flat glass, and one piece of wire. The third test was placed between these two depressions, and it produced two bottle caps, one tin can fragment, and one piece of clear bottle glass. This site most likely represents a construction camp associated with the railway. Based on the positive results of the testing program, the site has high interpretive value.

KP 388 + 120, Site 2210R, Site Type: Habitation; Cellar Depression This site is located on the upper terrace above the Miette River, just east of an unnamed creek that drains into the Miette. The area is covered with spruce with an understory of buffaloberry and moss. The soils in the area are thin with a 6 cm duff layer underlain by a dark black sandy loam that extends to approximately 18 cmbs. Under this is light brown sand that extends to over a metre in depth.

The site consists of a single rectangular cellar depression measuring 2 m x 3 m x 1.5 m located within the Project Footprint. There is a shallow berm of soil around the outer edges of the depression. There are no artifacts visible on the surface of the site, and four shovel tests excavated produced negative results for cultural materials. With no artifacts recovered at the site it is difficult to estimate the age, however the size and style of the depression is indicative of remains associated with railway construction. Without diagnostic materials from the site it is difficult to determine the interpretive value of the site, however, at this time it’s interpretive value is considered moderate

KP 390 + 470, Site 1179R, Site Type: Historic; Corral, Trough This previously recorded site is located on a low terrace above the Miette River. The site is covered by pine and spruce with an understory of buffaloberry and moss. Soils in the area consist of a 6 cm duff layer underlain by a dark black sandy loam that extends to approximately 18 cmbs. Under this is light brown sand that extends to over 1 m in depth.

This site was originally recorded in 1986 as the old Geikie Warden Cabin. Also associated with the cabin was a corral. Upon revisiting the site it was determined that the corral and a wooden trough are 50 m north of the Existing Route. There was no evidence of the cabin remains. Also associated with the features was a light scatter of tin can fragments and a tobacco tin. Although the site is located within the Project Footprint, it has been heavily disturbed by the construction of the CN Railway and has low interpretive value.

KP 391 + 200, Site 2198R, Site Type: Habitation; Cellar Depressions, Scatter This site is located between Highway 16 and the CN Geikie Siding on a terrace above the Miette River. The area is covered by Douglas-fir and aspen with an understory of buffaloberry and moss. Soils in the area consist of a 6 cm duff layer underlain by a thin A horizon extending to 10 cmbs. The A horizon is followed by a light brown sand extending more than 60 cmbs.

This newly identified site consists of three features and a scattering of historic refuse. The features consist of a 1 m x 0.5 m rectangular pit approximately 50 cm deep and a small round depression approximately 50 cm in diameter. Located between these two features is a log watering trough and a light scattering of folded seam tin cans. The site is most likely associated with the Geikie Warden Station (1179R) recorded in 1986 at the other end of the Geikie Siding. Four shovel tests were excavated at the site, all of which produced negative results for cultural materials.

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The site lies entirely within the Project Footprint, however the size of the depressions indicate that they are not structural remains, and given the lack of associated artifacts besides the light scattering of folded seam cans, the site is considered to have low interpretive value.

KP 401 + 000, Site 2201R, Site Type: Transportation; Wooden Survey Marker This site is located on a midlevel terrace above the Miette River in a large glade surrounded by aspen and fir, with an understory of grasses buffaloberry and moss. The soils in the area are composed of an upper A horizon that extends to 12 cmbs, underlain by a light brown sand that extends more than 60 cm.

The site consists of a wooden survey marker that has been carved out of a tree stump. The stump is approximately 60 cm high and 25 cm in diameter, with the top 20 cm cut into a pyramid shape. The marker is located 20 m to the north of the old rail bed. Similar survey markers have been found within the park, usually associated with the rail beds, indicating they were most likely made during railway construction. The site is outside the Project Footprint and offers low interpretive value.

4.4 Proposed Construction Sites Also assessed during the reconnaissance were proposed Construction Sites to be used during pipeline construction (Table 4). These sites were generally disturbed however, some offered intact cultural materials for assessment. A total of six archaeological sites were identified or revisited during the assessment of the prospective Construction Sites, however, only sites 281R and 2202R were included in this Archaeological Assessment, the remaining sites are situated within locations that are no longer required for the Project.

TABLE 4

PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION SITES

Trans Mountain Interpretive Proposed Sites Pipeline KPs Area (ha) Testing Results Value Fiddle River Stockpile Site North 328.6 3 Visual Only Negative n/a CS 331 330.6 --- 8 Shovel Tests Negative n/a CS 336 336 5.6 8 Shovel Tests Negative n/a Devona Siding 341 1.3 24 Shovel Tests Negative n/a CS 354 354 to 354+040 1.3 18 Shovel Tests Site 281 High Snaring River Siding 358 2.9 8 Shovel Tests Site 2202 Low North Snaring Stockpile 359 --- Visual Only Negative n/a Snaring Campground Overflow 360 9.4 Visual Only Negative n/a Old Jasper Dump 365 11.9 Visual Only Negative n/a CN 366 366.7 5.3 8 Shovel Tests Negative n/a CS 369 368.8 2.5 Visual Only Negative n/a Jasper Siding 375+395 to 376+085 --- Visual Only Negative n/a CS 379 379+087 --- Visual Only Negative n/a Marmot Gravel Pit ------Visual Only Negative n/a CN 391 390.8 1.5 Visual Only Negative n/a CN 395 394.5 2.9 Visual Only Negative n/a CS 395-HWY 395.1 --- Visual Only Negative n/a CS 401 401 1.3 12 Shovel Tests Negative n/a

CS 354, Site 281R, Site Type: Multi-Component; Prehistoric Campsite, Historic Homestead This site is located on a broad terrace overlooking a large pond associated with the Athabasca River to the southeast, and a small unnamed creek that drains into the pond to the southwest. The area has a few aspen, but is largely covered by grasses. The soils of the area consist of a thin A horizon that extends to

Page 30 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 approximately 10 cmbs, which is underlain by a light brown sand layer that extends more than 4 m in depth.

The site was originally recorded in 1970 as a multi-component site consisting of a historic homestead and a buried prehistoric campsite. The historic component is composed of a foundation outline that is reported as the Adam Joachim family residence. Associated with the outline is a thin scatter of historic artifacts, including tin fragments and a few glass fragments. The entire historic component of the site is located within the Footprint of the CS 354 Stockpile site. The prehistoric campsite consists of numerous flakes and fire broken rock recovered from the site. During the latest revisit to the site by Parks Canada Archaeologists in August 2005, a Pelican Lake projectile point of black chert and an ovoid biface of grey quartzite were recovered from the surface of the site (Francis pers. comm.). The site was revisited during the assessment of the Proposed Route, at which time it was determined that the historic component of the site was outside, while the prehistoric component was inside the Proposed Route’s Footprint. The site was revisited by R & W and a wider area encompassing the proposed CS 354 Stockpile site was assessed. A visual inspection and a shovel testing program was implemented. There were numerous flakes and bone fragments noted on the surface of the site, and 4 of the 28 shovel tests produced cultural materials. Recovered from the shovel tests were three chert flakes and one quartzite flake. The recovery of the Pelican Lake point by Parks Archaeologists earlier in the spring places the site within the late Middle Historic Period, dating from 3,200 to 2,000 BP. Shovel tests at the site indicate that the prehistoric portion of the site consists of a single component that is within the footprint of the CS 354 Stockpile site. Given the intact prehistoric and historic component and the diagnostic artifact, the site has very high interpretive value.

Snaring River Siding Off Load; Site 2202R, Site Type: Historic Construction Camp The site is located on a midlevel terrace of the Athabasca River, along the existing CN Railway where the old highway crosses the railway. The area is covered by a few spruce with an understory of willow and grasses. The soils in the area consist of an A horizon that extends to 8 cmbs, underlain by a light brown silty sand that extends to 40 cmbs. At this point large cobbles were encountered.

This newly identified site is a multi-component historic site with a larger more substantial railway construction camp overlain by a scatter of modern artifacts from highway construction. The features at the site include the abandoned Grand Trunk Pacific Railway bed lying between the existing rail grade and the abandoned road. A 2 m x 4 m rectangular cellar depression is located 5 m to the east of the old rail grade. There are a number of smaller (~60 cm) circular depressions across the site area. The large cellar depression is filled with historic artifacts, with the older folded seam cans at the bottom of the feature and modern juice, oil and condensed milk tins on top. Across the surface of the site is a similar scatter of mixed artifacts of old folded seam tin cans and modern juice tins and oil cans. Based on the stratified nature of the can dump in the cellar depression, it appears the depressions at the site are associated with railway construction. The modern scatter of artifacts associated with highway construction has low interpretive value based on the recent age of the materials.

5.0 ROUTE COMPARISON The two potential route options were assessed for their proximity to cultural resources. A total of 50 archaeological sites were tested and assessed during the reconnaissance conducted for both the Proposed and Existing routes. Table 5 shows the majority of the sites are located on both routes. The Proposed Route has eight sites of Moderate and High interpretive value, while the Existing Route has only three sites listed as such within the Project Footprint. While the quantitative data on the sites suggests the existing Trans Mountain alignment provides a route that would encounter fewer archaeological sites than the Proposed Route, it is not possible to evaluate the significance of a site until the information has been extracted. Therefore, there is no preference between the two routes with regard to the TMX - Anchor Loop Project and archaeological resources within JNP.

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TABLE 5

ROUTE COMPARISONS FOR JNP

Proposed Existing Both Heritage Resources Route Route Routes Total Number of Sites Assessed 14 10 26 50 Number of Sites within Project Footprint 12 7 22 41 Number of Sites with Low Interpretive Value 4 4 9 16 Number of Sites with Moderate Interpretive Value 0 2 2 4 Number of Sites with High Interpretive Value 8 1 11 21

6.0 SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES With the completion of this phase of the Archaeological Assessment, some supplementary studies have been proposed for next field season. These include: x additional testing of unidentified depressions within the Project Footprint; x further work on minor alterations to the route; and x confirmation of site locations relative to the Project Footprint.

6.1.1 Testing of Depressions Within Project Footprint During the Archaeological Assessment, representatives of the Simpcw First Nation (Simpcw) participated in the field program for JNP. Valuable traditional environmental knowledge was provided and references to their Oral History of the general study area was beneficial in determining areas of high and medium potential to be assessed in the field. During the assessment, seven locations with visible depressions were identified by the representatives of the Simpcw. It is recommended these locations be further assessed and tested (Table 6). Representatives of the Simpcw suggested that these might be cultural depressions that represent remains of Pit Houses, as the Oral History of the Simpcw portrays. In addition to the cultural depressions, several Culturally Modified Trees (CMTs) were identified by Simpcw First Nation representatives. Although Alberta does not recognize CMTs as archaeological sites, these locations were recorded by Simpcw representatives and this information has been presented in the Traditional Land and Resource Use Study (TERA/Westland 2005) conducted for the TMX - Anchor Loop Project.

TABLE 6

CULTURAL DEPRESSIONS TO REVISIT IN THE FIELD

KP/KL Simpcw Description Relation to Footprint 332 + 600 Rectangular Depression Field Verify Site Location 339 + 830 Rectangular Depression Inside 349 + 100 Possible Cultural Depression Outside 366 + 150 Cache Pit Outside 369 + 500 Square Depression and Cache Pits Outside 380 + 580 Square Depression Field Verify Site Location 398 + 480 Cache Pit Field Verify Site Location

Pit Houses, which are a common winter structure built by Plateau Cultures in the interior of BC, are semi- subterranean structures with a shallow living floor dug into the ground. This living floor is then covered by a conical structure of logs and bark and then overlaid with dirt. The structure has a large opening on top, and it was through this hole that the structure was entered with the use of a ladder. In the archaeological record the remains of these structures appear as circular depressions, often with a shallow berm of soil around the outside, where the soil covering the outer portion of the house is deposited as the structure eventually collapses after abandonment.

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In forested environments, the remains of these structures can often be hard to distinguish from natural sinkholes or tree throws. These natural events leave large circular depressions which can be similar in size and shape to what one would expect to find at a Pit House site or an early historic cold cellar site. These historic features are most often deep, square features excavated beneath or beside a cabin. While these features are often excavated in a square or rectangular shape, after the feature is abandoned and the outer walls collapse these features leave a circular depression on the surface.

The best way to determine if a depression is a Pit House feature is through subsurface testing to determine distinguishing features or related artifacts. As the Pit Houses were occupied for long periods of time over the winter, this often resulted in a higher number of cultural materials being deposited within the features as opposed to short-term sites occupied in other seasons. Subsurface testing of Pit Houses should produce a relatively high return of buried precontact cultural materials as opposed to collapsed cellar depressions which would contain historic materials. One or a combination of the following pieces of evidence would likely determine that a depression is in fact a Pit House:

x an outer berm of subsoil surrounding the depression should be evident in the profile of the unit;

x an outer bench/sleeping platform should be evident in the profile of the unit;

x cache or storage pit features may be encountered; and

x precontact cultural remains should be present within the excavated unit.

All of the depressions encountered within the Project Footprint were tested with a subsurface shovel test to check for the factors described above, with all tests producing negative results. However, as part of the supplementary studies to be carried out in spring/summer 2007, it is recommended that these depressions be tested further in order to confirm the nature of these depressions.

6.1.2 Alterations to the Proposed Route There were 8 minor route refinements to the Proposed Route in late summer 2005 (Table 7), however most of these adjustments were moves to the Existing Route examined as part of the Archaeological Assessment. Only two locations totalling 1.2 km in length require confirmation visits next season.

TABLE 7

PROPOSED ROUTE ALTERATIONS

From To KL KL Description Status Recommendations 333.1 335.8 Proposed Route moved to north side of Route examined in No further study Highway 16 initial survey 336.2 336.8 Proposed Route changed to allow for pipe Route not examined Further investigation next stringing season 349.6 349.8 Proposed Route shifted from existing line for Area examined in No further study engineering purposes initial survey 359.9 360.4 Proposed Route shifts to the other side of the Area examined in No further study existing line initial survey 374.8 377.8 Proposed Route moved into the ditch of Area examined in No further study Highway 16 initial survey 377.8 379.0 Proposed Route parallels the highway and Area examined in No further study then crosses Highway 93 initial survey 379.0 382.9 Proposed Route now follows Wynd Road Area examined in No further study initial survey 390.2 391.0 Proposed Route crossing of Highway 16 Area not examined Further investigation next moved 800 m west season

Page 33 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

6.1.3 Field Verification of Site Locations Nineteen of the sites recorded or revisited during the Archaeological Assessment were located near the boundary of the Project Footprint and LSA. Since these sites are within close proximity to the edge of the Project Footprint of the either Proposed or Existing Routes, it is recommended that the sites proximity to the selected Project Footprint be verified in the field prior to developing any mitigative measures that would be unnecessary if they are located outside. This field verification would be carried out with legal land surveyors to ensure exact boundaries of the Project Footprint on the route to be constructed. Those sites requiring field verification are listed below in Table 8.

TABLE 8

SITES REQUIRING FIELD VERIFICATION

Existing / Relation Proposed to Project Interpretive KP or KL or Both Site No. Site Type Footprint Value 327 + 000 Existing 2200R Transportation; Bridge and Construction Camp Within High 331 + 200 Proposed 2206R Possible Graves Within High 332 + 200 Existing 2199R Transportation; Wooden Survey Marker Within Low 342 + 050 Both 249R/250R Habitation; Cabin/Root Cellar Within High 374 + 871 Both 323R Habitation; Cabin, Laroque’s House Within High 375 + 011 Both 1014R Multi-Component; Prehistoric Scatter, Historic Scatter Within High 378 + 500 Existing 2189R Habitation; Depressions, Scatter Within Moderate 379 + 220 Both 2188R Habitation; Cabin Within Mod-High 381 + 100 Both 2208R Transportation, Habitation; Cellar Depressions Within High 387 + 850 Both 2187R Habitation; Cabin Depression Within Moderate 388 + 120 Existing 2210R Habitation; Cellar Depression Within Moderate 388 + 709 Proposed 1152R Habitation; Log Cabin Outside High 396 + 400 Proposed 594R Historic; Stone Oven Within High 398 + 836 Proposed 2193R Historic; Blasting Can Dump Within Low 402 + 933 Proposed 2197R Transportation; Blasting Can Dump Within Low 403 + 137 Proposed 1184R Habitation; Log Cabins Within High 403 + 464 Both 1316R Historic; Blasting Can Dump Within Low 403 + 865 Proposed 1304R Historic; Blasting Can Dump Within Low 405 + 500 Both 1984R Transportation, Habitation; Townsite Within High Total No. of Sites requiring verification along the Proposed/Both Routes 15 Total No. of Sites requiring verification along the Existing Route 4

7.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Archaeological Assessment consisted of a ground reconnaissance and shovel testing program of the Project Footprint. This reconnaissance revealed the majority (~50%) of the Project utilizes existing disturbance from previous oil and gas activity, railway and highway construction. There were 50 archaeological sites evaluated during the assessment, 29 had been previously recorded and 21 of which were newly identified along both the Proposed and Existing routes. Of these 50 sites, there were 34 historic sites, 9 prehistoric sites and 7 multi-component sites with both historic and prehistoric components. Twenty-six of the sites are located along both routes. Of these 26 sites, 14 are historic sites, 6 prehistoric and 6 multi-component sites. Along the Proposed Route there are a total of 13 sites, 11 historic, 2 prehistoric and 1 multi-component sites. The remaining ten sites are along the Existing Route and consist of nine historic sites and one prehistoric site. All sites were tested for the presence of cultural materials and provided an interpretive value. Eight sites of moderate to high potential are located within the Proposed Route and three within the Existing Route. While it appears the Existing Route would be preferable, but until further site definition is conducted, this is difficult to assess. Therefore, there is no preference at this time with regard to the Proposed Route or Existing Route in JNP.

Page 34 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

8.0 REFERENCES

8.1 Personal Communications Dillon, M. Park Warden, Jasper National Park.

Francis, P. Parks Canada Archaeologist, Western Canada Service Centre.

Perry, B. Parks Canada Archaeologist Western Canada Service Centre.

Porter, J. Parks Canada Archaeologist, Western Canada Service Centre.

8.2 Literature Cited Alberta Environmental Protection. 1994. Natural Regions, Subregions and Natural History Regions, Subregions: A Classification of Protected Areas Management. Report 2. Edmonton.

Ball, Bruce. 1983. Archaeology of the Athabasca River Valley Between Jasper and Hinton, 1981: Final Report. Research Report, (ASA Permit 81-065), Bruce F. Ball for Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Copy on file, Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.

Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Parks Canada Agency, National Energy Board, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Transport Canada, Environment Canada, Canadian Transportation Agency and the BC Ministry of Environment (BC Parks). 2005. Scope and Requirements of the Environmental Assessment for the Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. TMX - Anchor Loop Project.

Christensen, Ole. 1971. Banff Prehistory: Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Technology in Banff National Park. National Historic Site Service, Manuscript Report No. 67, Ottawa.

Currie, A. W. 1957.The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

Elliot, Jack. 1971. Jasper National Park and Ya-Ha-Tinda Ranch Archaeological Survey. National Historic Site Service, Manuscript Report No. 44, Parks Canada, Ottawa.

Fedje, D. W. 1988. Banff Prehistory: A provisional Paleocultural Sequence. Manuscript Copy on file with Parks Canada Cultural Resource Services, Western Canada Services Centre, Calgary.

Francis, P. 2002. 1998 and 1999 Archaeological Resource Management Programme: Jasper National Park. Parks Canada Cultural Resource Services, Western Canada Services Centre, Calgary.

Galm, J. 1994. Prehistoric Trade and Exchange in the Interior Plateau of Northwestern North America. Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America. Pp. 275-306. Plenum Press, New York.

Glover, R. Ed. 1962. David Thompson’s Narrative, 1784-1812. Champlain Society, Toronto.

Head. T.H. 1983. Jasper National Park Historical Resources Impact Assessment. Microfiche Report Series 215. Parks Canada Cultural Resource Services, Western Canada Services Centre, Calgary.

Helm, J. 1968. The Nature of Dogrib Socio-territorial Groups. Man the Hunter. Edited by R.B. Lee and I. Devore, pp 118-125. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago.

Hirth, K.G. 1978. Interregional Trade and the Formation of Prehistoric Gateway Communities. American Antiquity 43: 35-45.

Hudecek-Cuffe, Caroline. 2000. Final Report Department of Anthropology University of Alberta Archaeological Field School, Jasper National Park. July 13-August 19, 1998. Report on file, Parks Canada, Western Region, Calgary.

Page 35 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

Kulle, B. and B. Neal. 1998. Historical Resource Impact Assessment and Mitigation Cardinal River Coals Ltd. Cheviot Mine Project 1996 Season, Volumes 1-3. Consultant’s Report, (ASA Permit 95-056), Fedirchuk McCullough & Associates Ltd. For Cardinal River Coals Ltd., Copy on file, Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.

Landals, A. J. 2001. Lake Minnewanka Site 2000 Mitigation Program. Interim Report. Copy on file with Parks Canada Cultural Resource Services, Western Canada Services Centre, Calgary.

Leggett, Robert F. 1987. Railways of Canada. Douglas & McIntyre, Vancouver, British Columbia.

Meyer, D and H. Epp. 1990. North-South Interaction in the Late Prehistory of Central Saskatchewan. Plains Anthropologist. 35 (132): 321-342.

Meyer, D and P. Thistle. 1995. Saskatchewan River Rendezvous Centres and Trading Posts: Continuity in Cree Social Geography. Ethnohistory 42(3): 403-444.

National Energy Board. 2004. Filing Manual.

Parks Canada Agency. 2000. State of Protected Heritage Areas 1999. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of CanadaParks Canada Agency. 1977. Parks Canada Archaeological Manual. Volume 1: Excavation Records System. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada

Pickard, R. 1985. 1983 Jasper National Park Archaeological Project. Research Bulletin No. 233, Archaeological Research Unit, Parks Canada, Western Region, Calgary.

Pickard, R. 1986a. Jasper National Park Field Program. Archaeological Survey of Alberta; Occasional Paper 31.Edmonton.

Pickard, R. 1986b. An Archaeological Assessment of the Patricia Lakes Site, Jasper National Park. Archaeological Survey of Alberta; Occasional Paper 30.Edmonton.

Pickard, R. 1988. Jasper National Park Archaeological Resource Description and Analysis. Report on file, Archaeological Research Unit, Parks Canada, Western Region, Calgary.

Smith, Brian J. and Ernest G. Walker. 1991. Evidence for Diverse Subsistence Strategies in an Avonlea Component, in Davis (ed.), Avonlea Yesterday and Today: Archaeology and Prehistory.

TERA/Westland. 2005. Traditional Land and Resource Use Study for the Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. TMX - Anchor Loop Project. November 2005.

Wondrasek, Robert J. 1997. Cultural Change as a Result of Trade Relations in the Parklands of Central Saskatchewan. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.

Wood, W. Raymond. 1972. Contrastive Features of North American Trade Systems. For the Chief: Essays in Honour of Luther S. Cressman. Ed. F. Voget and R.L Stephenson. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers No. 4, pp. 153-169.

Page 36 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

APPENDIX A

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE MAPS HERITAGE RESOURCES

(Located at back of report)

Page A1 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

APPENDIX B

PHOTOPLATES

Page B1 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

Plate B1 View southwest of the crossing of the Athabasca River.

Plate B2 Ponds on east end of the line, view east.

Page B2 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

Plate B3 View north of the Snaring River crossing.

Plate B4 Typical rugged terrain found between the Athabasca and Snaring rivers, view southwest.

Page B3 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

Plate B5 Flat, broad terrace above the Athabasca River near the Palisades Centre.

Plate B6 Open grass covered glade southwest of the Palisades Centre.

Page B4 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

Plate B7 View west of crossing of the Miette River.

Plate B8 Typical bedrock outcrop found on the extreme west end of the Project.

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Plate B9 View east of unnamed creek draining into the Miette River.

Plate B10 Unnamed creek that drains into the Athabasca River.

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Plate B11 View west of existing Trans Mountain Pipeline alignment.

Plate B12 View west of alignment paralleling the Grand Trunk Railroad bed on the west end of JNP.

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Plate B13 View northeast of Project Footprint located within/paralleling the ditch of Highway 16.

Plate B14 View north of large cellar depression at site 250R.

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Plate B15 View of Wooden Survey Marker that is site 2195R.

Plate B16 View north of stone oven that is site 594R.

Page B9 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

Plate B17 View northeast of cabin remains at 1169R.

Plate B18 View of embossed can lid, “STANDARD EXPLOSIVES LTD” at site 2197R.

Page B10 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - JNP TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

Plate B19 View northwest of wood cribbing at site 2144R.

Plate B20 Site 2189, view north of cribbed depression.

Page B11 Prepared for: ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT - Terasen Pipelines BRITISH COLUMBIA (Trans Mountain) Inc. Calgary, Alberta FOR THE TERASEN PIPELINES (TRANS MOUNTAIN) INC. TMX - ANCHOR LOOP PROJECT

Prepared by:

MADRONE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES LTD.

In Association with:

TERA Environmental Consultants Suite 1100, 815 - 8th Avenue S.W. Calgary, Alberta T2P 3P2

Westland Resource Group Inc. #203, 830 Shamrock Street Victoria, British Columbia V8X 2V1

November 2005 3739 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is for the British Columbia (BC) portion of the Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) and related historic site component of the TMX - Anchor Loop Project and will be submitted as part of the Environmental Assessment (EA) Report for the Terasen Pipelines Trans Mountain) Inc. TMX - Anchor Loop Project application to the National Energy Board (NEB) of Canada (TERA/Westland 2005).

Archaeological field investigations along the BC portion of the TMX - Anchor Loop Project were carried out in three stages, commencing on April 27, 2005, and extending to August 5, 2005.

The AIA carried out for the Mount Robson Provincial Park (MRPP)/BC section of the TMX - Anchor Loop Project found virtually no evidence of past land use and occupation of the area by First Nations people. No evidence of archaeological features or sites that might fall under the protective measures of the BC Heritage Conservation Act were found in the course of the archaeological field investigation component of the AIA and only three incidences of Culturally Modified Tree (CMT) features were recorded within or in close proximity to the Project Footprint. However, none of these features pre-date the year 1846, as required for automatic protection under the Act.

A number of refuse sites were documented within the Project Footprint of both the Proposed Route and the Existing Route. However, these sites were deemed to have a very low historic or archaeological significance. On the other hand, the poorly preserved remains of a substantial pre-Second World War historic settlement located at the Proposed Route pipeline crossing of the Fraser River at approximately KL 458+254 is considered to have a high historic significance. Site avoidance or protection is recommended. It is also recommended that BC Parks be consulted further regarding any future need to study or preserve any of the other historic period sites and features that have been described in this report since all are located within MRPP.

Virtually all of the 14 sites designated for Temporary Facilities for Construction have been so severely disturbed, the potential for finding any archaeological deposits or remains at these locations was considered as low to nil. This was later confirmed after a surface inspection of all proposed sites had been carried out.

The Chappel Pump Station was deemed to have a low to nil potential for containing subsurface archaeological deposits or remains. As a result, no subsurface shovel testing was deemed necessary. Although the pump station site would have had a medium to high potential for the presence of CMTs prior to being clear-cut sometime during the past 20 years, the site no longer supports any mature timber and has no potential for CMT features being found due to past logging and associated ground disturbances. Based on the above observations and the minimal amount of archaeological potential at the Chappel Pump Station site, no further archaeological investigation prior to construction is recommended.

In comparing the Proposed Route with the Existing Route in the context of which of these routes for the Project would cause the least impact on cultural heritage resources (whether these are archaeological in nature or of other historic value) the Existing Route is more favourable since only three locations along the footprint contain any evidence of past historic land use or occupation. This is compared to a total of seven such locations within the Proposed Route footprint. However, it is noted that none of these locations, whether on the Proposed Route or the Existing Route, contain any archaeological deposits, features or remains that are protected under the BC Heritage Conservation Act since none pre-date the year 1846 (see Section 1.2 on Regulatory Standards for clarification).

At present, it is concluded that no supplementary studies are warranted for the Project in BC.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... I 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Route Options ...... 1 1.1.1 Proposed Route ...... 3 1.1.2 Existing Route...... 3 1.2 Regulatory Standards ...... 3 1.3 Goals of the Report...... 4 2.0 METHODOLOGY...... 4 2.1 General Approach...... 4 2.2 Project Methodology ...... 5 2.2.1 Literature Review and Other Pre-field Tasks...... 5 2.2.2 Field Related Tasks ...... 6 3.0 SETTING...... 7 3.1 Overall Area ...... 7 3.2 Mount Robson Provincial Park/British Columbia ...... 7 3.2.1 History of Human Land use and Occupation ...... 8 3.2.1.1 First Nations Cultural Context...... 8 3.2.1.2 Archaeological and Historic Site Documentation...... 8 3.2.1.3 Non-Aboriginal Historical Context...... 9 3.2.1.4 Summary of Historical Context and Relevance to the Study...... 10 4.0 RESULTS...... 10 4.1 Proposed Route ...... 10 4.1.1 Mount Robson Provincial Park/British Columbia (KP/KL 406 to KP/KL 468)...... 10 4.2 Existing Trans Mountain Pipeline Route...... 12 4.2.1 Mount Robson Provincial Park/British Columbia (KP 406 to KP 468)...... 12 4.3 Permanent Facilities...... 13 4.3.1 Chappel Pump Station ...... 13 4.4 Temporary Facilities for Construction ...... 13 5.0 ROUTE COMPARISON AND EVALUATION ...... 16 6.0 SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES...... 17 7.0 CONCLUSIONS...... 17 8.0 REFERENCES...... 17 8.1 Personal Communications ...... 17 8.2 Literature Cited...... 17

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Environmental Resource Maps Heritage Resources...... A1

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 TMX - Anchor Loop Project...... 2

Page ii Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AIA Archaeological Impact Assessment BC British Columbia CMT culturally modified tree CNA Railway Canadian Northern Alberta Railway CN Railway Canadian National Railway EA Environmental Assessment HDD Horizontal Directional Drill JNP Jasper National Park KP Kilometre Post KL Kilometre Loop LSA Local Study Area MOE Ministry of Environment MRPP Mount Robson Provincial Park NEB National Energy Board RSA Regional Study Area TFC Temporary Facilities for Construction

Page iii Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

1.0 INTRODUCTION With the TMX - Anchor Loop Project (the “Project”) Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. (“Terasen Pipelines”) proposes to loop a portion of its existing National Energy Board (“NEB”) regulated oil pipeline system (the “Trans Mountain pipeline” or “Trans Mountain”) to increase the capacity of the Trans Mountain pipeline to meet growing shipper demand. The Project involves the construction of 158 km of 812 mm or 914 mm (32-inch or 36-inch) diameter pipe between a location west of Hinton, Alberta at Kilometre Post/Kilometre Loop (“KP/KL") 310.1 and a location near Rearguard, British Columbia (BC) (KP/KL 468.0). The Project also includes the installation of two new pump stations at locations along the Trans Mountain pipeline, one in Alberta at Wolf (KP 188.0) and one in BC, at Chappel (KP 555.5), and the installation of associated aboveground facilities including block valves at several locations and a receiving trap for pipeline cleaning and inspection tools at a location near Rearguard, BC (KP/KL 468.0). Construction of the Project will require temporary construction camps and other temporary work yards. The Project will traverse federal, provincial and private lands, including Jasper National Park (JNP) in Alberta and Mount Robson Provincial Park (MRPP) in BC.

The Project loops only a small portion of the Trans Mountain pipeline’s 1,146 km length (Figure 1). A pipeline “loop” is a common and widely-used term describing an additional segment of pipeline parallel to and interconnected with an existing pipeline system. The construction of a loop is a method of adding capacity and operational flexibility to an existing pipeline system. The Trans Mountain pipeline system was constructed in 1952-1953. Two loops were added to the system in 1957, bringing the configuration of the pipeline system (other than pump stations) to its present state.

Construction of the Project is scheduled to commence in mid-2007 and extend until the third quarter of 2008.

This report outlines the results of an archaeological and historic resources inventory and assessment study of only the BC portion of the Project. This study was carried out by Madrone Environmental Services Ltd. (Madrone) of Duncan, BC, under the general direction of Madrone Archaeologist and Senior Associate, Bjorn Simonsen. The main focus of the study was an Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) of the approximately 62 km section of the proposed pipeline loop between the Alberta-BC border (KP/KL 406) and a location just west of the MRPP boundary near Robson Ranch (KP/KL 468).

1.1 Route Options Two pipeline route options were assessed in detail for the TMX - Anchor Loop Project, namely the Proposed Route and the Existing Route (i.e., the Trans Mountain pipeline). Both route options are evaluated within this report.

Known reference points along the existing pipeline system are commonly referred to as a Kilometre Post or "KP". KP 0.0 is located at the Edmonton Terminal where the existing Trans Mountain system originates. KPs are approximately 1 km apart and are primarily used to describe features along the pipeline for operations and maintenance purposes. To delineate features along the Proposed Route, the symbol "KL" or Kilometre Loop has been applied throughout this report. In locations where the Existing Route and the Proposed Route parallel one another, the symbol "KP/KL" has been used to clearly indicate to the reader that the two route alignments abut one another. Where the Proposed Route diverges away from the Existing Route, the KL symbol is used on its own.

Page 1 264600 314600 364600 414600 464600 514600 564600 614600

R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R27 R26 R25 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 R19 R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6

T58 BRITISH ALBERTA COLUMBIA Fort McMurray T57

Dawson Creek 5973900 5973900 Grande Prairie T56

MAP EXTENT SIXTH MERIDIAN FIFTH MERIDIAN Prince George T55 Edmonton Willmore Hinton St ony Plain Valemount Jasper Wilderness Williams Lake Red Deer Area Obed Lake Niton Chip T54 Provincial Park KP 173.4 KP 147.1 Banf f Calgary Kamloops T53 Whistler Merritt Wolf Vancouver Surrey Kelowna Edson Nanaimo CANADA KP 188 T52 Abbotsford KP 228.7 Victoria USA Rock Lake - Solomon Creek T51 5923900 Wildland Park 5923900

Hinton T50 KP 317.7 T49 Jasper KP 310.1 National Park KP 468.0 T48 Mount Robson Provincial 93H 83E T47 Park 93A 83D Wildhorse Cariboo Rearguard T46 5873900 Mountains KP 476.8 Wildland 5873900 Provincial Jasper Park Park KP 369.5 T45

Mount Robson T44 Provincial Jasper Park National Park T43 Albreda ALBERTA KP 519.1 T42

T41

5823900 Wells Gray 5823900 Provincial Park Chappel KP 555.5 TMX - ANCHOR LOOP PROJECT

White Goat LEGEND Wilderness Area Proposed TMX - Anchor Loop Hydrology Existing Trans Mountain Park and Protected Areas Pipeline (TMPL) New Pump Station Provincial Boundary 5773900 5773900 93A 83D Banff Existing Pump Station 83D 83C 92P 82M National Park Projection: Zone 11 - Datum: NAD83

82M 82N Hillshade: Ministry of Natural Resources Canada 2005. Finn Hydrology/Provincial Boundary: Ensight Information Services Ltd. 2005; Siffleur Government of Canada 2003, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, The Atlas of Canada. KP 612.5 Wilderness Park and Protected Areas: Government of Alberta 2004; BC Parks Victoria 2004. BRITISH Area Although there is no reason to believe that there are any errors associated with the data used to generate this product or in the product itself, users of these data are advised that errors in the data may be present. COLUMBIA SCALE: 1:1,500,000 km 0255012.5 (All Locations Approximate) Blackpool McMurphy KP 709.9 3739 November 2005 FIGURE 1 5723900 KP 645 5723900

264600 314600 364600 414600 464600 514600 564600 614600

00_3739_TechRep_Fig_1.mxd Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

1.1.1 Proposed Route The Proposed Route originates in Alberta, approximately 8 km west of the Town of Hinton at KP/KL 310.1 and follows the Existing Route through forested provincial Crown land in Alberta (KP/KL 310.1 to KL 325.7). At KP/KL 324.3, the route diverges from the Existing Route and parallels Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16) into JNP.

Within MRPP (KP/KL 405.9 to KP/KL 466.3), the Proposed Route traverses provincial Crown land and diverges from the Existing Route for four segments: x KL 407.4 to KL 409.7 where the route follows the abandoned Canadian Northern Alberta (CNA) Railway grade; x KL 416.0 to KL 435.3 where the route parallels the Canadian National (CN) Railway and the abandoned CNA Railway grade; x KL 448.9 to KL 455.3 where the route follows the abandoned CNA Railway grade; and x KL 457.6 to KL 461.6 where the route parallels the CN Railway on the south side of the Fraser River.

The final portion of the Proposed Route lies within BC (KP/KL 466.3 to KP/KL 468.0), and traverses both provincial Crown land and private lands near the west boundary of MRPP.

1.1.2 Existing Route The Existing Route parallels the existing Trans Mountain system for its entire length. The Existing Route originates in Alberta, approximately 8 km west of the Town of Hinton at KP 310.1, and follows the Trans Mountain system through Alberta (KP 310.1 to KP 325.7), JNP (KP 325.7 to KP/KL 405.9), MRPP (KP/KL 405.9 to KP 466.3) and BC (KP 466.3 to KP 468.0).

1.2 Regulatory Standards Almost the entire BC portion of the TMX - Anchor Loop Project traverses lands that lie within MRPP (approximately 60 km of the route traverses MRPP), while only a short 2 km section of the Project crosses lands that are situated to the west of the park boundary. This latter section traverses both private lands and provincial Crown lands. The AIA also examined a number of other areas that are ancillary to the Project. These included a number of temporary facilities for construction, including proposed stockpile areas, camp sites, marshalling yards and access points.

Any land disturbances within a provincial Class A Park, such as MRPP, are regulated through a system of Park Use Permits issued under the BC Parks Act and administered through the BC Parks Branch of the Ministry of Environment (MOE). Park Use Permits are also used to regulate long-term stays within parks, as well as all commercial activity and scientific studies.

With regard to the AIA and related studies carried out within the BC portion of the Project (whether inside the park or not), these investigations were also subject to the terms and conditions of a “Heritage Inspection Permit” issued by the BC Archaeology and Registry Services Branch of the newly formed Ministry of Tourism, Sport and the Arts. This permit (Permit 2005-291 and 2005-311, issued under the authority of Section 14 of the BC Heritage Conservation Act) stipulates that all archaeological investigations are to conform to the methodology outlined in an “Application for Permit” submitted by Madrone Archaeologist, B. Simonsen on June 7, 2005, and to various other “General terms and Conditions of Permit” that accompany the permit document. AIA level projects carried out under permit in BC are also expected to adhere to a general set of standards that are outlined in a 1998 BC Government publication entitled British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines. BC Heritage Inspection Permit 2005-291 was issued to Bjorn Simonsen on July 14, 2005, with an expiry date of December 31, 2005.

Page 3 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

Regarding the scope of site protection that is provided by the BC Heritage Conservation Act, the Act only provides indirect archaeological site protection by means of a series of Permits issued under Sections 12 and 14 of the Act, by simply making it an offence to disturb or alter a heritage site or object where such sites or objects have been “Designated” by Order in Council (only a small number of sites have been given Designation status) or “… through automatic protection by virtue of being of particular or historic value…” as defined by Section 6 of the Act. Such sites (whether on provincial Crown land or privately owned land and whether previously documented or not) normally include areas containing surface or subsurface archaeological deposits or remains, burial sites and rock art sites – which are all presumed to be of archaeological significance under Section 6. However, historic-period sites, culturally modified trees (CMTs) and historic-period components of older archaeological sites are only afforded protection under the Act if they pre-date the year 1846. This latter stipulation means that most of the sites and features found in the course of the archaeological investigation of the BC portion of the Project have no protection under the BC Heritage Conservation Act. This means that except for restrictions that may be placed over identified sites and features under the BC Parks Act and related policies that may apply to lands within MRPP, there is no legislated protection for these areas and any alteration to these sites as a result of the construction of the Project would not be in contravention of the BC Heritage Act. It is noted that Section 32 of the Regulation pursuant to the BC Parks Act does stipulate that authorization from a park officer is required if damage or destruction of property may result.

1.3 Goals of the Report This report forms the Final Report for the BC portion of the AIA and related historic site component of the TMX - Anchor Loop Project and will be submitted as part of the Environmental Assessment (EA) Report for the Terasen Pipelines Trans Mountain) Inc. TMX - Anchor Loop Project application to the National Energy Board (NEB) of Canada (TERA Environmental Consultants and Westland Resource Group Inc. (TERA/Westland) 2005).

Although this report contains most of the content required for a Final Report submission by B. Simonsen to the BC Archaeology and Registry Services Branch, it is not intended to take the place of the latter report requirement. A separate report, which is a requirement of the Heritage Inspection Permit, will be submitted for that purpose on or before the December 31, 2005, deadline.

This report provides a general study context, including a summary of what is known about the history of human settlement and land use in the regional study area and presents a model for determining locations along the Proposed and Existing routes where archaeological evidence of such occupation and/or land use might be found. This information was then used to guide the nature and scope of archaeological field investigations along the pipeline route options, as well as an examination of the proposed Chappel Pump Station and areas of ancillary developments associated with the construction phase of the Project.

A description of the AIA project field methodology is also presented, followed by a detailed outline of the results of the overall archaeological and historic site component of the study. Locations of sites or features considered to be of archaeological or historic significance along the 62 km long BC portion of the Project are briefly described and their locations plotted on 1:20,000 scale Environmental Resource Maps provided for this purpose by TERA/Westland (Appendix A).

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 General Approach The AIA follows the requirements and standards outlined in the BC Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines, published by the Archaeology and Registry Services Branch of the BC Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management (Government of BC 1998). As indicated in the above publication, any archaeological field investigations carried out in conjunction with the Project – where subsurface testing or other activities that may disturb known or potential archaeological deposits or remains - must be carried out under the authority of a “Heritage Inspection Permit”, issued by the Archaeology and Registry Services Branch.

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In areas where the Project traverses portions of MRPP, a Park Use Permit was required to authorize any ground disturbance, such as archaeological subsurface testing. This also applied to investigations carried out along the Existing Route within the park. TERA/Westland obtained a “blanket” Park Use Permit from BC Parks to authorize the work (Park Use Permit #PG0510206).

Since the BC portion of the Project does not traverse any lands that come under the jurisdiction of Parks Canada, no permits were required from that or other federal agencies for the cultural resources impact assessment to proceed.

The archaeological investigations included a review and discussion of characteristics that are part of what is referred to as the Regional Study Area (RSA), Local Study Area (LSA) and the Project Footprint.

The Project Footprint is the land area directly disturbed by construction and clean-up activities, including associated physical works and activities (i.e., permanent right-of-way, temporary construction workspace, temporary access route, temporary stockpile site, temporary staging area, and facility sites.

The LSA is defined as a 2 km buffer centered on the Proposed Route. The LSA is based on the typical "indirect footprint" of pipeline facilities and activities.

The RSA includes the 9,319 km2 area comprised of ten 1:50,000 NTS map sheets within the Greater Yellowhead Ecosystem Working Group. This includes important montane and sub-boreal habitats within the Yellowhead.

Archaeological and heritage characteristics that are contextual and general in nature are described for the LSA and the RSA whereas the actual field investigations and shovel testing were conducted on the land contained in the Project Footprint.

2.2 Project Methodology A number of tasks and objectives were carried out in the course of the overall AIA, as described in the BC Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (Government of BC 1998) for archaeological assessment studies. The study also examined a number of reported and potential historic-period sites and features which are mostly related to the construction of the railways and early 20th century homesteading in the RSA. These areas were included in the archaeological assessment and were to be subjected to the same level of description and documentation as archaeological sites and features.

The archaeological assessment was carried out in several stages, as noted in the following subsection.

2.2.1 Literature Review and Other Pre-field Tasks Activities undertaken prior to the field assessment component of the study included the following: x A review of current knowledge of archaeological, ethnographic and historical sites and areas of significance that relate to past Aboriginal and historic period land use and occupation within the LSA was carried out at the beginning of the Project. x A review of the archaeological site records for the LSA was carried out to provide a comparative context and assist in determining site potential locations. x Consultations were carried out with the Simpcw First Nation. Inquiries were also made to the Shuswap Tribal Council. The Shuswap Tribal Council responded by requesting that the Simpcw First Nation take the lead role for this project. Attempts to contact and consult with the Lheidli-Tenneh Nation who are on record as having an interest in the RSA were unsuccessful. x Preparation and submission of a “Heritage Inspection Permit Application” to the BC Archaeology and Registry Services Branch. x Carried out a review and verification of the previously developed Heritage Resources Potential for the LSA.

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2.2.2 Field Related Tasks Activities undertaken as part of the field assessment component of the study included the following: x A limited field reconnaissance of the LSA within MRPP; this was accomplished by a combination of vehicle access and a brief helicopter over-flight to assist in determining areas of archaeological potential as well as assisting in locating features that may have historical significance. x Following the field reconnaissance, an impact assessment-level field investigation employing a crew of 3-4 individuals was carried out; this included a detailed examination of all areas deemed to have a potential for containing surface or subsurface evidence of past Aboriginal land use or occupation, as well as areas known or expected to contain physical evidence (in the form of structures or other remains) of historic-period use or occupation. x All areas found to contain archaeological and/or historical features, deposits or remains were shovel tested to determine if these locations contain buried archaeological deposits or remains; this process adhered to the following methodology:

- shovel tests were spaced at 5 to 10 m intervals along predetermined transects, where possible;

- fill from shovel tests were screened though 6 mm mesh;

- if artifacts or other archaeological remains were found, their in situ context was to be documented and each item collected for later curation and other disposition, as per local First Nations and BC government requirements and protocols;

- shovel test logs were maintained for each test unit; and

- any area found to contain archaeological or other evidence of past land use or occupation was mapped in the field, their location documented using a GPS unit and plotted on 1:10,000 scale airphoto-based maps provided by TERA/Westland. x Where surface or subsurface archaeological deposits and/or remains might be found, the archaeological significance of each site location was to be determined in accordance with the process outlined in the BC Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (Government of BC 1998) for AIA investigations; this will normally include a combination of systematic surface collection of archaeological remains, followed by “evaluative test excavation” of a limited number of 50 x 50 cm diameter units at each site. All work carried out in the course of the “evaluative excavation” program adhered to current standards and practices for archaeological excavation work in BC.

Archaeological field investigations along the BC portion of the Project were carried out in three stages, commencing on April 27, 2005. A a brief field reconnaissance of the Project Footprint was carried out in conjunction with an initial consultation meeting and field review of the Project Footprint with representatives of the Simpcw First Nation. The bulk of the AIA fieldwork was carried out over a 12 day period from July 25 to August 5, 2005, by a 3-4 person team under the general direction of Bjorn Simonsen. Vancouver based archaeologist Monty Mitchell acted as Field Supervisor for the Project, assisted by Lyle Joseph, Sid Jules and Harry Jules of the Simpcw First Nation. During this period, the Madrone and Simpcw Nation field crew carried out a foot traverse along the entire BC portion of the Project, examined numerous surface and subsurface exposures for the presence of archaeological deposits or remains, examined and documented several historic-period refuse areas, cabins and CMTs as well as other physical remains of past human presence. The crew also excavated numerous shovel test holes within areas deemed to have a potential for containing subsurface archaeological deposits. All areas where evidence of past human land use or occupation was encountered were described in field notes and their locations plotted on Project plans and their GPS fixes recorded.

The final field investigation stage took place over a two-day period on August 24 and 25, 2005, when Bjorn Simonsen of Madrone and Murray Jules of the Simpcw First Nation carried out a field examination of 14 prospective sites for use during construction in BC These sites are the ones that would be used for purposes such as pipe and material stockpiling, marshalling yards, field offices, work camps and other

Page 6 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 construction related uses. This latter field trip was also used to examine a proposed new pump station at Chappel (at KP 555.5) in the upper North Thompson River valley.

3.0 SETTING

3.1 Overall Area The Project will be constructed through portions of Alberta and BC that are dominated by mountainous terrain, numerous lakes and rivers and generally sparsely populated areas. The area is mostly known for its spectacular scenery and wilderness setting that draws large numbers of visitors, primarily in the summer months, to JNP and MRPP. Despite its wilderness setting, the RSA also supports two major east-west transportation routes, namely Highway 16 and the mainline of the CN Railway, created in 1918 by the amalgamation by the Government of Canada of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and the CNA Railway. Historically, the route through what became known as the Yellowhead Pass (also called “Leather Pass” due to its historic significance as a route for bringing tanned hide and fur from inland BC to Jasper House on the Alberta side of the Rockies) has been one of the main access points between what became the provinces of BC and Alberta. After serving as a fur trade and access route for early explorers and settlers from the east, it was only natural that the Yellowhead Pass should be chosen as one of the easier routes through the Rocky Mountains, including the route taken by the Trans Mountain Pipeline in the early 1950s.

The BC portion of the Project is situated in the transition zone between the northeastern reaches of the BC Interior Plateau which stretches into the Rocky Mountain Trench area as far as Tete Jaune Cache. However, most of the proposed BC portion of the Project traverses a broad valley dominated by steep mountain slopes, extensive wetlands, lakes and numerous rivers and smaller creeks. The Fraser River is the major drainage in the RSA. The Robson Valley at the west end of the TMX - Anchor Loop, (with Mount Robson as its most dominant feature) represents an area of wide seasonal temperature fluctuations, characterized by severe winter climatic conditions including large snowfalls and low temperatures. The more easterly portions of the route up to the Alberta-BC border tends to have less moisture, but colder temperatures in winter and warmer conditions in the summer months than areas to the immediate west. Climatic conditions have undoubtedly influenced patterns of human settlement in the area over time and can most likely be attributed to the lack of any substantial settlements being established there in the past. Another mitigating factor has been restrictions placed on human settlement as a consequence of the establishment of MRPP and JNP.

The RSA can best be characterized as a landscape that humans have used as a way of getting from east to west, or from west to east, without taking much time to linger or to put down roots.

3.2 Mount Robson Provincial Park/British Columbia The history of human occupation and land use within MRPP and other BC portions of the Project RSA seem quite different than the JNP section, especially if one looks at the presence or lack of archaeological evidence. Whereas the Alberta portion of the Project, at least for much of the route east of the Jasper townsite, contains much more evidence of both long and short-term human occupation in the form of archaeological sites and features, areas to the west of the provincial border are almost devoid of such evidence until Tete Jaune Cache, where numerous archaeological sites have been documented as a result of past archaeological investigations. The distribution of archaeological sites which represent occupational areas (i.e., villages, camps and gathering places) within the Alberta and BC portions of the Project RSA suggests that the Yellowhead Pass itself was not used as a major occupation area, but rather as a travel route between two nodes of more permanent occupation to the east (Jasper and areas immediately to the east) and Tete Jaune Cache to the west, with the latter also being the up-river limit for both river travel and for salmon as a readily available natural food resource for Aboriginal populations.

This pattern of human occupation seems to have persisted throughout both pre-historic times and into more recent times – with the notable exception of a number of “railway towns” that sprouted along the two competing railways in the Yellowhead Pass area during the early 1900s. However, these were short-lived and of little consequence in the context of centuries of human land use and settlement in the RSA.

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3.2.1 History of Human Land use and Occupation

3.2.1.1 First Nations Cultural Context Other than recently obtained oral history data collected by the Simpcw Nation, a Shuswap-speaking First Nation group presently located near Barriere on the North Thompson River north of Kamloops, there is not much documented information about the recent history and lifeways of Aboriginal people who occupied and traveled within what is now the Robson Valley and the area to the east as far as what is now the BC-Alberta border. What is generally known about the Shuswap people of BC is mostly based on groups who inhabited the dry Interior Plateau regions of BC in the vicinity of present day Kamloops (approximately 450 km from the Project), the Shuswap Lake country and much of the Cariboo region to the north (both approximately 550 km from the Project). Within these areas, the Shuswap people are known to have developed a thriving culture dating back to at least 5,000 years.

The dominant characteristics of this culture were a well developed economy based on the seasonal procurement of large stocks of salmon from major river systems such as the Fraser and the North and South Thompson rivers. Root crops and other plant resources also provided sustenance, as did hunting of big game such as deer, moose, sheep, mountain goat, elk and bear. Marmots were also extensively hunted and trapped at higher elevations. The Shuswap people developed a seasonal round of economic activity that required constant mobility of people during the spring and summer seasons, but a more sedentary existence at traditional fishing sites during the large salmon runs in late summer and early fall. The winter months were spent in large well organized communities, often consisting of numerous pithouse dwellings situated adjacent to large rivers or lakes. The pithouse type of winter dwelling, being a subsurface structure (often with several associated cache or food storage pits) that could accommodate a nuclear or even a small extended family unit, stands out as the single-most identifying feature of Shuswap culture. The archaeological remains of these structures, usually found in the form of pithouse depressions measuring up to 20 m in diameter, have been recorded by the hundreds throughout traditional Shuswap territory.

Although the Shuswap people of the upper Thompson River valley and east as far as the Robson Valley and Yellowhead Pass area are not as well known as those of the Interior Plateau Region, some knowledge about their way of life is known based on early historic and ethnographic accounts. Much of this information comes from a 1909 ethnographic account by James Teit who called them the Rocky Mountain Shuswap (Teit 1909). From Teit and other sources it is known that other Aboriginal groups also traveled through and possibly occupied the Project RSA. This included Beaver and Carrier First Nations people from the Rocky Mountain trench areas to the north of Tete Jaune Cache. Crees from the Alberta side of the Rocky Mountains also occupied and made use of the RSA and even Iroquois from eastern Canada are known to have traveled through here during the early to mid 1800s (Valemount Historical Society 1984, Rousseau and Muir 1990).

3.2.1.2 Archaeological and Historic Site Documentation Prior to undertaking the AIA for the BC portion of the Project, the BC Archaeological Site Registry (maintained in Victoria by the BC Archaeology and Registry Services Branch), contained only three previously recorded sites for the entire Yellowhead Pass-Robson Valley area. Two of these records are for sites containing pithouse and cache pit depressions, and thus associated with Aboriginal occupation (Sites FfQp-01 and FfQp-H3). The third site is an historic graveyard (Site FfQp-o2) that contains the graves of 21 children from the nearby town of Lucerne (long since abandoned) who died in a 1919 influenza epidemic. The graveyard (which was still being used until recently) lies on the north side of Highway 16, directly opposite the Existing Route at about KP/KL 413.25. Neither the graveyard nor the nearby pithouse village site (Site FfQp-H3, located at the east end of Whitney Lake, adjacent to the Highway 16 turn-off to Lucerne Station on the CN Railway) will be impacted by the Project.

A fourth recent historic settlement site which straddles the Alberta-BC border at the point where the Existing Route crosses this boundary (KP/KL 406.3) has been recorded by Parks Canada personnel as the site of Summit City. This was another railway construction-era instant town that was made up of tents and shacks, later becoming somewhat more substantial before eventual abandonment by the late 1930s.

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This site will be further discussed in Section 4 since portions of the Summit City settlement may be impacted by the Project.

The next cluster of previously recorded archaeological sites in the vicinity of the Project is at Tete Jaune Cache, where a total of seven sites (including both historic period and pre-historic period sites) are recorded. However, since all of these sites are located approximately 20 km west of the Project, they are only included here as part of the cultural and historic context for the RSA.

The apparent lack of previously documented archaeological sites and other sites and features associated with past First Nations occupation and land use within BC portion of the LSA could be an indicator that the Yellowhead Pass-Robson Valley area was not much utilized by local First Nations people (as suggested in an earlier report sub-section). However, the lack of known archaeological sites locations may also be a product of the lack of extensive archaeological field investigations in the area in the past. In this context, it is noted that based on present knowledge, there has only been two previous archaeological site inventory projects carried out within the BC portion of Project in the past and both of these focused on a narrow corridor along Highway 16 (Rafferty 1976, Arcas Associates 1989). The 1976 Rafferty project (carried out for the BC Provincial Archaeologist’s Office and BC Parks) recorded only three sites in the Yellowhead Lake area, while the Arcas project did not record any new sites for the entire 60 km section of the proposed BC Telephone Company’s (now Telus) fibre-optic cable line from the BC- Alberta border to Mount Robson Centre (Arcas Associates 1989; pp. 63-68).

3.2.1.3 Non-Aboriginal Historical Context The earliest documented presence of non-Aboriginal human occupation and land use in the Yellowhead Pass - Robson Valley areas is just prior to 1820 when what became known as the Yellowhead Pass was first used as an east-west route by Metis and French Canadian voyageurs (BC Parks n.d.; p. 21). In 1820, a Metis trapper and trader called Pierre Hatsination while in the employ of the Hudson’s Bay Company, traveled through the area, eventually settling at what is now Tete Jaune Cache. “Tete Jaune” – or “Yellowhead” due to his blond hair - was the name given to Hatsination by other French Canadian and Metis voyageurs who arrived soon after Tete Jaune had established a trading post at Tete Jaune Cache and the anglicized name “Yellowhead Pass” became widely used by travelers throughout the region. It is said that Tete Jaune, his brother and their families were murdered by Beaver Indians in retaliation for their loss of traditional hunting territory in the Tete Jaune Cache and Robson Valley area (BC Parks n.d.; p. 21).

Although the Yellowhead Pass route through the Rocky Mountains continued to be used by fur traders, explorers, settlers and various other travelers (the best known of these being the Overlanders who came this way in 1862) for the next half of a century, the route saw little other activity or settlement by non- natives until the late 1800s when the Jasper and Mount Robson areas became a mecca for mountaineers, hikers and naturalists. So began the intensive outdoor recreation and tourism activity that continues to this day. This pattern of minimal human presence and disruption to the natural landscape of the area was to come to a sudden halt with the arrival of surveyors from two competing railroad companies around the turn of the century. By the beginning of the First World War, track had been laid and trains were bringing visitors into the Robson Valley.

The simultaneous construction of two railways through the Yellowhead Pass and westward to Tete Jaune Cache, where the two diverged with the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway going north up the Rocky Mountain Trench and the CNA Railway going west, following the North Thompson River, not only caused a major disruption to the natural landscape, but also resulted in a large contingent of railway workers and others coming into the area and settling in instant towns which sprang up adjacent to the railways in such places as Summit City, Lucerne, Moose City, Red Pass, Resplendent, Morey and others farther down the line. Some of these settlements were little more than a gathering of a few shacks, while others such as Lucerne, became proper towns complete with schools, a bank and post office, bars, stores and residential areas.

At about the same time as the railways were being built, and due to a growing need for a road link between Alberta and BC, a “Tote Road” was constructed through the Yellowhead Pass and west to Tete- Jaune Cache at the head of riverboat navigation on the Fraser River. The route taken by the Tote Road followed much of the existing CNA Railway right-of-way (which by 1918 was mostly abandoned after the

Page 9 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 rails had been torn up and used in the war effort and the railroad company had been merged with the competing Grand Trunk Pacific Railway to create the Canadian National (CN) Railway Company). Most likely, both the previous CNA Railway route and the later Tote Road followed closely the route of the old Aboriginal trail through the LSA, thus making any future identification of the original trail problematic. The Tote Road remained in use until the Second World War when it was upgraded and expanded by Japanese-Canadian internees who were housed in several camps in the Mount Robson Valley area.

During the early 1950s, the construction of the Trans Mountain pipeline, another major linear development, resulted in further disturbances to the natural and cultural landscape of the LSA and by 1970, when BC Premier W.A.C. Bennett officiated at the opening of Highway 16, the landscape had again been transformed. The effect of all of these developments over a relatively short time period have made any future attempt to identify sections of the old Aboriginal trail almost impossible. At the same time, the construction of the railways, the Tote Road, the Trans Mountain pipeline and finally, Highway 16, undoubtedly resulted in major impacts to most archaeological sites and other evidence of Aboriginal occupation along these transportation routes since most pre-historic occupation sites would have been located along the old Aboriginal trail route that was followed by these more contemporary facilities.

3.2.1.4 Summary of Historical Context and Relevance to the Study The biggest benefit of the preceding historical and cultural information is being able to use it to establish a context for human occupation and land use in the LSA. From this, certain assumptions and predictions can be made about what physical evidence, in the form of archaeological or historical deposits or remains, can be expected to be found within a certain study area. Predictions as to where such evidence will not be found can also be made. For example, it is futile to spend much time in trying to locate portions of the old Aboriginal trail across the Yellowhead Pass given the probable impact of the railway, highway and other linear developments over the past century, nor would one expect to find much of anything of First Nations archaeological significance remaining at any of the railway settlements that are traversed by the Existing Route or the Project or in any of the previously disturbed areas being considered for pipeline construction marshalling or equipment storage locations.

On the other hand, having background knowledge about patterns of First Nations land use and occupation, and in particular, the actual locations of camps or villages, can be of great benefit since this knowledge can be used to construct predictive models about where sites and cultural features are most likely to be found along the Proposed or Existing routes. Finally, the use of so-called “traditional use” information obtained directly from contemporary First Nations people such as elders, can also greatly enhance the knowledge of past land use and occupation since their knowledge of fishing sites, hunting territory, camps, burial sites, ceremonial and sacred places can often be traced back in time and be used to predict where these and other similar sites may be located.

4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Proposed Route

4.1.1 Mount Robson Provincial Park/British Columbia (KP/KL 406 to KP/KL 468) This subsection of the report provides a summary of the scope of the field examinations along the 62 km length of the BC portion of the TMX - Anchor Loop Project, beginning in the east at the Alberta/BC border and continuing west to KL/KP 468 just west of the Robson Ranch. As noted earlier, the Madrone-Simpcw Nation field crew traversed the Proposed Route on foot since this was felt to provide the most intensive coverage of the Project Footprint. What follows provides locational information and a brief description of what was found at various locations along the Proposed Route, based on specific KP/KLs as these were encountered along the way. These locations are marked on the 1:20,000 scale Environmental Resource Maps that accompany this report.

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KL/KP 406+450 – Summit City This location coincides with the now abandoned location of Summit City at Yellowhead Pass. Although the site straddles the Alberta-BC border, the record provided only relates to what was found on the BC side.

This location (which spans a linear extent of approximately 200 m, running westward from the Alberta-BC border) contains various recent historic period (post 1900) refuse areas with tin cans, broken bottles and glass, bits of crockery as well as three small rectangular depressions found just north of the Existing Route. Although some historic debris was observed inside the pipeline alignment, most of this was observed along its northern edge and within the forested northern fringe. The south side of the present alignment contains some railway-related debris (including old wooden ties).

The three depression features were interpreted to be evidence of old cellars or building foundations associated with the 1913 settlement of Summit City, a Grand Trunk Pacific Railway work camp. This site was recorded in 1999 by Parks Canada staff as Site 1984R and designated as a “Level 1” cultural resource and recommended for further detailed recording and study. A single shovel test unit excavated within the fringe area to the north of the existing alignment found only clay and gravel deposits to a depth of 40 cm, but no evidence of subsurface archaeological deposits.

The evaluation of the BC portion of the Summit City site is that the minimal amounts of historic refuse and associated depression features have a low historical value. It is also noted that the site is not protected under the BC Heritage Conservation Act. However, most, if not all of the BC portion of this site would be preserved if clearing and placement of the Proposed Route is restricted to the south side of the existing pipeline alignment. No further archaeological work is recommended.

KL 409+010 – Historic Camp Site This location along the Proposed Route was found to contain a number of historic camp or related use- areas within the Project Footprint. These included three small ground depressions (two rectangular and one round in outline), various items of historical debris such as oil cans, a bucket, a tin tub and bits of broken glass. A blazed tree dating to approximately 50 years was also observed. A total of three shovel test holes were excavated to depths of up to 50 cm. However, no evidence of subsurface archaeological deposits or remains was found, only natural fill.

This site is interpreted to have been the location of a temporary camp for construction workers associated with the construction of the Trans Mountain pipeline in the early 1950s, or possibly the Highway 16 construction during the late 1960s.

No historical value was ascribed to the historic debris or features found at this site and no further study at this location is recommended.

KL 416+810 – CMT A single axe-cut blaze mark was observed on a fir tree at 26 m north of the Proposed Route centerline. The blaze appears to be recent (within 50 years) and is not considered to be associated with past First Nations use of the area, but most likely related to the early 1950s construction of the adjacent Existing Route.

The tree blaze is not considered to have any historic value and the Project can be constructed as planned and without any restrictions being imposed. No further archaeological work is recommended.

KL 418+680 – CMT A fir tree with its lower branches intentionally removed at some time in the recent past (30-40 years) was found at this location. The tree may have functioned as a tree from which game was hung by hunters (Jules pers. comm.). There is no indication that this event or the limbed tree feature is associated with First Nations use of the area.

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No cultural or historical importance to the tree feature was interpreted and, therefore, no further archaeological work is recommended.

KL/KP 446+600 – CMT Two bark-stripped birch trees were found and documented at a point 15 m north of the Proposed Route centerline. Both trees are in good condition and the modification scars appear to be fairly old (possible 75 to 100 years). Their age predates both highway and pipeline construction activity in the area, but the CMT features could be associated with the construction and/or use of the old Tote Road. Although there is no certain way to know, the procurement of birch bark was most likely associated with First Nations occupation and use of the Moose Lake area.

Since the two CMT features are most likely associated with First Nations cultural activity and given the minimal amount of similar sites in the LSA, the two birch CMTs should be protected from future pipeline clearing and construction activity. Following from this, both CMT features were flagged in the field to facilitate future ease of identification by pipeline survey crews. No further archaeological work is recommended.

KP/KL 448+400 – Historic Refuse Dump This location (found at 25 m north of the edge of the Proposed Route contains an historic refuse dump containing tin cans, liquor bottles (whole and broken), oil cans and other garbage. No historical value has been ascribed to the refuse site and no further action or construction avoidance is recommended at this location.

KL 458 – Historic Cabins The general vicinity of station KL 458 contains the remains of a number of log buildings, including a barn and three cabins, two storage cellars or caches, an old cook stove, the remnants of an old trail system, including a ramp leading down to the adjacent Fraser River, as well as various bits of historic refuse such as buckets, tin cans, cooking pots, etc.

This is undoubtedly the most significant historic site and cluster of features found in the course of the Proposed Route field investigation. The site has the appearance of a small settlement, rather than a single homestead, due to the number of cabins and other features. Attempts to find any archival documentation (e.g., through the Valemount Museum or MRPP staff) did not come up with any information that might help to shed light on the history of this site. The Madrone and Simpcw Nation field crew produced a plan of the various buildings and associated features at this site, including measurements of each structure and a general site description.

The Proposed Route passes through the centre of this site prior to crossing the Fraser River at this point. Due to the historic significance of the site, it is recommended that the pipeline crossing point be moved eastward (upriver) by 50-100 m, since this will ensure that none of the site features are disturbed. Should this not be feasible, it is recommended that the site be documented. An effort should also be made to obtain archival and oral history documentation about the site. The pipeline Construction Footprint should be narrowed sufficiently in this area such that the building features are left intact. Furthermore, if geotechnically feasible, a horizontal directional drill (HDD) crossing of the Fraser River would likely avoid these features.

4.2 Existing Trans Mountain Pipeline Route

4.2.1 Mount Robson Provincial Park/British Columbia (KP 406 to KP 468) The MRPP/BC Existing Route portion of the Project varies somewhat from the earlier described Proposed Route (Section 4.1), in that some additional cultural features were found along the Proposed Route. However, since the Existing Route shares some of these locations, the following report subsection refers to these common locations by simply referencing the equivalent site or feature discussed in the Section 4.1 above.

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KL/KP 406+450 – Summit City This location in the vicinity of the Alberta-BC border is the same as that referenced as KL/KP 406+450 for the Proposed Route (see Section 4.1.1).

KL/KP 446+600 – CMT This location on the north side of Moose Lake corresponds with the same location and cultural feature as that described for the Proposed Route (see Section 4.1.1).

KL/KP 448+400 – Historic Refuse Dump This location at the west end of Moose Lake corresponds with the same location and cultural feature as that described for the Proposed Route (see Section 4.1.1).

As indicated above, the Existing Route for the MRPP/BC portion of the TMX - Anchor Loop Project contains only three locations where evidence of past human activity had occurred. Only one of the three recorded cultural features, namely the location of Summit City at location KL/KP 406+450, is considered to have any historical significance. However, neither of the other two locations are considered to require any further study or restrictions with regard to future construction activity.

4.3 Permanent Facilities

4.3.1 Chappel Pump Station The Chappel Pump Station site is located along the Existing Trans Mountain pipeline west and south of the RSA in the North Thompson River valley. The site is approximately 40 km south of Valemount in a previously logged area, just east of Highway 5 at KP 555.5.

The pump station site is easily accessed from Highway 16 and is situated within a previously logged area. The site was examined in the field by Bjorn Simonsen and Murray Jules on August 23, 2005. The site was deemed to have a low to nil potential for containing subsurface archaeological deposits or remains. As a result, no subsurface shovel testing was deemed necessary. Although the pump station site would have had a medium to high potential for the presence of CMTs prior to being clear-cut sometime during the past 20 years, the site no longer supports any mature timber and has no potential for CMT features being found due to past logging and associated ground disturbances.

Based on the above observations and the minimal amount of archaeological potential at the Chappel Pump Station site, no further archaeological investigations prior to construction is recommended.

4.4 Temporary Facilities for Construction A total of 14 locations that have been designated as “Temporary Facilities for Construction” (TFC) were visited and assessed for their archaeological and historic resource potential. This component of the overall TMX - Anchor Loop Project within the BC portion of the AIA study was carried out over a two-day period in late August 2005, by Archaeologist, Bjorn Simonsen of Madrone, assisted by Murray Jules of the Simpcw First Nation. The 14 TFC locations are being considered for use as stockpiles, marshalling yards, work camps and trailer parks. Almost all of these sites have been severely impacted by past use as gravel borrow pits by either the CN Railway or during the construction of Highway 16 throughout the LSA. In two cases, the proposed TFC sites have been used as camp sites and in one instance, a proposed “off load” site was a former railroad town (the site of Red Pass at the west end of Moose lake).

In virtually all of the 14 locations examined, past disturbances have been so severe that the potential for finding any archaeological deposits or remains at these locations was considered as low to nil. This was later confirmed after a surface inspection of all proposed sites had been carried out.

The following section of the report provides a summary of the results of the AIA of the 14 TFC locations. The name or numerical designation given to each site was based on a Terasen Pipelines July 22, 2005,

Page 13 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 list of the 14 sites located within the MRPP/BC portion of the TMX - Anchor Loop Project. The listing of locations begins at the Alberta-BC border and proceeds west.

KP/KL 406+450 to 406+580: Terasen Pipelines Pump Stn. 406 This site is proposed as a Stockpile facility and is centered on an existing clearing immediately south of the CN Railway mainline. A portion of the proposed site supported a Trans Mountain pipeline pump station in the past.

The field examination of this site found no evidence of archaeological deposits or remains and a low to nil potential for any subsurface archaeological deposits has been ascribed to this site. The site has been heavily disturbed in the past as a result of both pipeline construction and maintenance activity, as well as by past land altering activity by the CN Railway.

Although the site is situated near the site of Summit City, a Grand Truck Pacific Railway construction camp, no evidence at the site of any historic features or remains of this settlement were found. No further archaeological investigations are recommended for this site.

KP/KL 410+720 to 411+180: Fitzwilliam Pit This location is the site of a previous gravel borrow pit and construction yard associated with the building of Highway 16 during the late 1960s. The site lies immediately adjacent to the Trans Mountain pipeline at KP/KL 411. The entire Fitzwilliam Pit location has been severely disturbed as a result of past use as a borrow pit and the area contains no archaeological potential.

Following from the above, no additional archaeological examination at this site is recommended.

R-CS 411: RV Park This site is the location of an abandoned camp site and park located on the south shore of Yellowhead Lake. Various remains of the old camp site facility remains, such as the road network, water tower and piping system, the remains of pit toilets and individual camp sites. The original construction of these facilities caused a considerable amount of disturbance to the ground throughout the area and this would have impacted any archaeological sites or features that may have existed there in the past.

Due to the location of this site on Yellowhead Lake, the presence of well-developed terraced land and a creek flowing through the site providing a fresh water source, this location was initially considered to have a high potential for containing archaeological evidence of past Aboriginal occupation. One of only two previous archaeological investigations within the proposed TFC (carried out in 1976 by a two-person crew working for the BC Provincial Archaeologist’s Office) carried out a systematic archaeological survey of the shorelines of Yellowhead Lake (Rafferty 1976). Although the report of this work does not specifically mention the proposed RV Park location, this would undoubtedly have been included in their investigation. However, no sites were recorded at the now abandoned camp site.

Field examination of this location, including a detailed examination of numerous existing exposures within the lakeshore terrace feature, found no evidence of archaeological deposits or remains. The natural surface and subsurface deposits (as observed in stream banks, lakeshore erosional banks and in numerous other subsurface exposures) indicated that these deposits are made up mostly of coarse gravels with very little soil development. No lithic detritus was observed and no evidence of cultural depressions such as house pits or cache pits were found, nor did the examination of mature trees throughout the site find any evidence of cultural modification such as bark-stripping or pitch collection.

Based on the above observations, the previous archaeological potential rating for this location has been down-graded to low. Since the proposed RV site does have some potential for the presence of archaeological resources, it is recommended that any future development of this site be subjected to a follow-up archaeological investigation in the form of monitoring during site development under the supervision of a qualified archaeologist.

Page 14 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

KP 416.6: R-CS 416 Off-Load and Stockpile This location is the site of an active gravel borrow pit operated by CN Railway. The entire site has been severely disturbed and is not considered to have any potential for containing archaeological remains or deposits. No further archaeological investigations are recommended.

KP 417: R-CS 417 Stockpile/Camp Site – West Pit This is another active CN Railway gravel borrow pit where the original surface and landscape has been severely disturbed, resulting in the location having virtually no potential for containing any archaeological evidence of past occupation or land use by local First Nations people. No evidence of archaeological sites or features was found and no additional investigations are recommended.

KP 426.2: R-CS 426 Undetermined Use The site is in an existing clearing and fill borrow area located immediately north of the CN Railway tracks. The site has been previously disturbed and its archaeological potential is considered to be low to nil. No evidence of archaeological deposits or remains was found and no additional archaeological investigation is recommended.

KP 427+880: R-CS 428 Off-Load and Stockpile The site has been used as a gravel borrow pit by CN Railway and is situated on both sides of the CN Railway tracks. The location of the borrow area has been severely disturbed as a result of past and ongoing CN Railway use. No evidence of archaeological deposits, remains or features were found in the course of the field examination and no additional archaeological investigation is recommended.

KP 431+060: R-CS 431 Clearing North of the CN Railway and Proposed Route The site appears to have functioned as a gravel borrow in the past. The site has been cleared of vegetation and the field examination found no evidence or potential for archaeological deposits or remains at this location. No further archaeological investigations are recommended.

KP 431.2-431.5: R-CS 431 Undetermined Use This is a large previously cleared and heavily disturbed area lying between Highway 16 (on the north) and the Existing Route (to the south). The site has been totally cleared and levelled and the field examination found no evidence of, or potential for, archaeological deposits or remains at this site. No further archaeological investigation is recommended.

KP 432+090: R-CS 432 Undetermined Use This site is another active gravel borrow pit where the original surface and surrounding area have been heavily disturbed and altered. The field examination of this site found no evidence of archaeological deposits or remains and the site has no potential for the presence of such deposits or remains. No additional archaeological investigation is recommended.

KP 433.3: R-CS 433 RV Park This site is situated on a broad riverside terrace system near the confluence of the Moose and Fraser rivers. The area has been used as a camp site in the recent past, as evidenced by the presence of an access road system, pit toilets, individual camp sites, fire pits, etc. The location of the proposed RV site was examined as part of the 1976 archaeological project carried out by the BC Provincial Archaeologist’s Office. The report from this project indicates that “…no sites were located here…” and that there was evidence of past flooding throughout the area (Rafferty 1976).

The examination of the proposed RV site found no evidence of archaeological deposits or remains at this location despite it being situated along a major river course, within a well developed and seemingly stable terrace system with considerable soil development, criteria that would normally suggest a high potential

Page 15 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 for archaeological resources. Likewise, the examination of numerous mature trees throughout the site found no CMT features or other evidence of past forest exploitation.

Despite the lack of any evidence of archaeological resources being found at this location, the area was deemed to have some potential for archaeological resources. Therefore, it is recommended that a follow- up archaeological investigation, in the form of construction monitoring, be carried out under the supervision of a qualified archaeologist in conjunction with the development of this site as an RV Park.

KP 448.8: R-CS 449 Off-Load The proposed off-load site is situated within the old CNR townsite of Red Pass. Nothing remains of the old Red Pass settlement and the location of the proposed off-load site has been heavily disturbed as a result of past and continuing use by the railroad.

The examination of the off-load site found no evidence or potential for archaeological deposits or remains and no further archaeological investigation is recommended.

KP 452: R-CS 452 Access Point-Staging Area The site is situated within an abandoned gravel borrow location that has been heavily impacted in the past. The field examination of this area found no evidence of archaeological deposits or remains and no potential for such resources has been ascribed to the site. No further archaeological investigation is recommended.

KP 458: R-CS 458 HDD The location of a proposed HDD site is within 100 m of an extensive historic settlement site situated at approximately KP 458 that has been recommended for protection elsewhere in this report. However, development of the proposed HDD site will not impact the historic site area, as long as this occurs to the north of an existing power line access road that parallels the existing Trans Mountain pipeline alignment.

The actual HDD site was examined in the field and deemed to have no potential for the presence of archaeological resources.

5.0 ROUTE COMPARISON AND EVALUATION In comparing the Proposed Route with the Existing Route in the context of which of these routes for the TMX - Anchor Loop Project would cause the least impact on cultural heritage resources (whether these are archaeological in nature or of other historic value) the Existing Route is more favourable since only three locations along the Project Footprint contain any evidence of past historic land use or occupation. This is compared to a total of seven such locations within the Proposed Route Footprint. However, it is noted that none of these locations, whether on the Proposed Route or the Existing Route, contain any archaeological deposits, features or remains that are protected under the BC Heritage Conservation Act since none pre-date the year 1846 (Section 1.2 Regulatory Standards). It is also noted that only three of the sites encountered along either of the two route options may contain evidence that could be associated with historic-period Aboriginal land use within the Project Footprint. These are at locations KL 416+810; KL 418+680; and KL/KP 446+600 where trees bearing some evidence of cultural modification were observed and documented. However, this association is tenuous at best since these modifications (which include a branched tree, two bark-stripped birch trees and a blazed tree) could also be associated with non-Aboriginal activity at some time during the past 100 years or less.

The only site of any historical significance along either of the two route options is the remains of a sizeable historic settlement, probably dating to the 1920s or somewhat later, found at the proposed crossing of the Fraser River at approximately KL 458, located on the north bank of the Fraser. This site is situated within the Project Footprint of the Proposed Route and would be encountered by the construction of the pipeline loop if mitigative measures to protect the site are not taken. Given that the remains of an historic period settlement site at KL 458+254 might be impacted if the Proposed Route option is chosen,

Page 16 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005 the Existing Route through this portion of the Project would cause the least damage to cultural heritage resources, unless an HDD can be completed.

6.0 SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES None of the cultural heritage resources that were documented along either of the two route alignments for the TMX - Anchor Loop Project are afforded any protection under the BC Heritage Conservation Act, by virtue of not pre-dating the year 1846, there is no legal requirement for Terasen Pipelines to preserve any of these sites or features. This also applies to all of the 14 TFC areas examined as well as the site of the proposed Chappel Pump Station in the upper North Thompson River valley. However, it is also noted that all of the documented locations along the two routes that contained evidence of historic use and/or occupation are situated within MRPP and the future disposition of any of these sites will be subject to the policies of BC Parks.

At present, it is concluded that no supplementary studies are warranted for the Project.

7.0 CONCLUSIONS The AIA carried out for the MRPP/BC section of the Project found virtually no evidence of past land use and occupation of the area by First Nations people. No evidence of archaeological features or sites that might fall under the protective measures of the BC Heritage Conservation Act were found in the course of the archaeological field investigation component of the AIA and only three incidences of CMT features were recorded within or in close proximity to the Project Footprint. However, none of these features pre- date the year 1846, as required for automatic protection under the Act.

A number of refuse sites were documented within both the Project Footprint of the Proposed Route and the Existing Route. However, these sites were deemed to have a very low historic or archaeological significance. On the other hand, the poorly preserved remains of a substantial pre-Second World War historic settlement located at the Proposed Route pipeline crossing of the Fraser River at approximately KL 458+254 is considered to have a high historic significance. It is also recommended that BC Parks be consulted further regarding any future need to study or preserve any of the other historic period sites and features that have been described in this report since all are located within MRPP.

8.0 REFERENCES

8.1 Personal Communications Jules, S. Personal Communication. Simpcw First Nation

8.2 Literature Cited Arcas Associates. 1989. Lightguide Transmission System Project, Vancouver to Yellowhead, BC, Heritage Resource Study Permit Report 1988-025; prepared for BC Telephone Company and BC Archaeology Branch, Victoria.

BC Parks. n.d. Mt. Robson Park Master Plan Background Report. BC Ministry of Parks, Northern BC Region, Prince George (prepared by J.S. Peepre and Assoc.).

Government of BC. 1998. British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines. Archaeology and Registry Service Branch, Ministry of Tourism, Sports and the Arts, Victoria.

Rafferty, Pauline. 1976. Northwest Regional Survey; Cariboo Skeena Region, Summer 1976. Permit Report 1976; report prepared for the Provincial Archaeologist’s Office – on file with the Archaeology and Registry Services Branch, Victoria

Page 17 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

Rousseau, M.A. and Robert J. Muir. 1990. A Heritage Resource Inventory and Impact Assessment for Ten. Ministry of Transportation and Highways Development Projects (1991-1992) in the Kootenay, Cariboo/Omineca-Peace and Thompson-Okanogan Highway Regions Prepared for the Archaeology Branch, Victoria; report on file with the Archaeology and Registry Services Branch, Victoria.

Teit, James. 1909. The Shuswap. American Museum of natural History, Memoirs 4:7, New York

Valemount Historical Society. 1984. Yellowhead Pass and Its People. Printed by D.W. Friesen and Sond Ltd., Cloverdale (out of print).

Page 18 Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Archaeological Assessment - BC TMX - Anchor Loop Project November 2005

APPENDIX A

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE MAPS HERITAGE RESOURCES

Page A1