LEADING JOURNAL FOR THE COATINGS INDUSTRY IN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST

VOL 207 – NO 4634 SEPTEMBER 2017

Inside: Core-shell acrylic polymers

Inside: Latest developments in linear abrasion testing

Keeping it bright TiO Buyers’ Guide 2

TEST & WEATHERING • ADDITIVES • SURFACTANTS • WATERBORNE• ADHESIVES & SEALANTS CREATING TOMORROW’S SOLUTIONS

NO COMPROMISE ON VOC – MAKE THE MOVE TO VAE

The future belongs to sustainable, high-performance products with an attractive cost-in-use ratio – products such as our VINNAPAS® vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) dispersions. With innovative VAE technology, you can go even further than the VOC cuts legislated in Europe, where VOC content in matt interior paints was reduced from 125 g/l in 2000 to 30 g/l in 2010*, saving 85,500 metric tons a year in VOC emissions. Our VAE dispersions, with their inherent coalescing properties, do not need any plasticizers or solvents, which means they are ideal for formulating interior paints with a VOC content of less than 1 g/l. The result: low-VOC, high-impact paints. Make up your mind – and make the move to VAE! www.wacker.com/move-coatings

Wacker Chemicals Middle East FZE, Dubai Silicon Oasis, Dubai Tel. +971 4 709-9999, [email protected], www.wacker.com/socialmedia

*Source: European Commission publication Cost and Benefi ts: “The Reduction of Volatile Organic Components from Paints” SECTIONCONTENTS REPORT

VOL 207 No 4634 September 2017

Test & Weathering 29 Glucamine takes centre stage A comprehensive assessment of Clariant’s novel sugar-based 18 Moving forward neutralising agent for ecolabel certified paints Q-Lab discusses the need for more up-to-date weathering testing in the automotive coatings industry Adhesives & Sealants

20 Scratching the surface 32 News Weighing up the applications and limitations of the latest A round up of the latest news and products developments in linear abrasion testing Surfactants Additives 34 Anionic versus non-ionic 24 Polymer additives PCC discusses the affect of different surfactants on the application The key drivers, challenges and opportunities in the polymer properties of polymeric dispersions additives market Titanium Dioxide Waterborne Coatings

39 TiO2 Buyers’ Guide 27 Achieving the perfect balance This year’s titanium dioxide grades directory, sponsored for The development of core-shell acrylic lattices suitable for wood, the third year by KRONOS, has been updated to provide a metal and plastic surfaces comprehensive listing for the formulator Water Repellents

45 Spotlight on silicone Regular Features A range of high performance silicone water repellents for the 03 From the Editor building and water-based paints sectors

04 News Environment

08 Diary 46 Zero VOC paints? Trevor Fielding of the British Coatings Federation, questions the 10 Letter from America benefits and validity of paints marketed as VOC-free

12 Business Matters

16 Powder Matters

COVER IMAGE CREDIT: www.akzonobel.com

1 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com FORTHCOMING EVENTS

Global links for coatings professionals

11 – 12 October 2017 CICC, Cairo, Egypt

19 – 21 March 2018 DWTC, Dubai UAE

29 – 31 May 2018 Sandton Convention Centre South Africa

13 – 14 September 2018 KLCC, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

17 – 18 October Hyatt Hotel, Casablanca Morocco

¨ +44 (0)1737 855021 FOR UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION ON  [email protected] ANY OF THE ABOVE EVENTS, PLEASE ¾ www.coatingsgroup.com CONTACT THE COATINGS GROUP – 'The CoatingsGroup' • @CoatingsGroup EDITORIALSECTION COMMENTREPORT

Headline news for all the wrong reasons

arvey is certainly going to be a digital issue, the 2017 European Adhesive name that people associate with and Sealant Conference & Expo will be H2017 for years to come. The first taking place in Sardinia, Italy, from 13-15 major hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic September 2017. hurricane season came ashore on August Yr-on-yr FEICA manages to attract 25 as the most powerful hurricane to a record number of industry leaders hit the state of Texas in more than 50 to discuss market drivers and trends, years, has killed an estimated 50 people, innovation, sustainability and technological displaced more than one million and advancements making it the premier event damaged some 200,000 homes in a path for Europe’s adhesive and sealant industry, of destruction stretching for more than providing essential insights into the key 300 miles. issues affecting the industry and great networking opportunities for formulators, „ Horrendous headlines customers and raw materials suppliers. This year’s conference continues the recent The Houston area is a major petrochemical- overall theme of the pursuit of growth with manufacturing centre and many well-known a particular focus on innovation. Chris Malthouse companies connected to the coatings You can read PPCJ’s exclusive report on Editor, Coatings Group industry were affected Including: BASF, the event in our December issue. christinemalthouse@ Covestro, Dow, Celanese and Hexion. dmgeventsme.com BASF alone operates 10 sites in Texas, „ Questioning zero VOC claims employing nearly 3000 people across the state, while Dow employs approximately In this month’s magazine Trevor Fielding, 12,000 in the state. But it was Arkema that from the British Coatings Federation, made headlines worldwide, as it dealt with questions the benefits and validity of paints the consequences of severe flooding at its marketed as VOC-free and discusses what Crosby facility in Texas. No-one expects to other options consumers will have when read headlines, such as ‘Texas chemical choosing a paint that will have minimal plant ‘poised to explode’ after flooding cuts impact on the environment. power’ or ‘No way to prevent volatile liquids

stored at Arkema plant in Crosby from „ TiO2 Buyers’ Guide sponsor blowing up without proper refrigeration,

company warns.’ This year’s TiO2 Buyers’ Guide, featured Our thoughts and best wishes go out to in this edition, is, once again, being all those affected. sponsored by KRONOS International. I would like to take this opportunity to „ Sealants in Sardinia… thank the company for its continued support and input into making this guide As this copy of PPCJ lands on your desk such an important point of reference for or you follow the link in your in-box to the the industry.

EDITORIAL Group Sales Director: SUBSCRIPTIONS: Editor: CHRISTINE MALTHOUSE KEZ CHEN An official journal of Tel: +44 (0)1737 855044 Tel: +44 (0)1737 855106 Agency/Agents & Corporate Enquiries the European Resin Fax: +44 (0)1737 855034 Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0)1737 855107 Manufacturers Association Email: [email protected]; Email: [email protected] [email protected] Deputy Editor: SALLY ROBERTS PUBLISHED BY: Address: Subscriptions, dmg events Tel: +44 (0)1737 855161 ADVERTISEMENT PRODUCTION dmg events (MEA) Ltd, Quartz House, (MEA) Ltd, Quartz House,20 Clarendon Road, Email: [email protected] Production Manager: 20 Clarendon Road, Redhill, Redhill, Surrey RH1 1QX, UK MELANIE CHILES Surrey RH1 1QX, UK ADVERTISEMENT SALES Tel: +44 (0)1737 855044 Tel: +44 (0)1737 855000 Printed by: RANJEET SANDHU Email: [email protected] Fax: +44 (0)1737 855034 Pensord Press, Tram Road Pontllanfraith, Europe & USA Website: www.coatingsgroup.com Blackwood Tel: +44 (0)1737 855105 MARKETING Gwent NP12 2YA, Wales Email: [email protected] Marketing Manager: ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: KIERAN PROVERBS UK £200.00/Outside UK £252.00 ISSN 1357-731X FAN LANDERS Tel: +44 (0)1737 855067 Single copies: £28.00 Vol 207; Number 4634; September 2017 Asia Email: [email protected] Polymers Paint Colour Journal Tel: +44 (0)1737 855078 is published 10 times a year Founded 1879 Email: [email protected] CORPORATE Vice President: twitter.com/CoatingsGroup JESSICA SZUTS-NARANJO IAN FAUX Middle East & Africa Email: [email protected] facebook.com/TheCoatingsGroup Tel: +44 (0)1737 855162 Email: [email protected] Search ‘The Coatings Group’ or [email protected] © dmg events (MEA) Ltd 2017 in LinkedIn

3 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com SECTIONNEWS REPORT

NEWS IN BRIEF Forty years of Wacker in Brazil

Sika acquires Turkey Last month, in São Paulo, -based ABC Sealants Wacker Chemie AG celebrated Sika has acquired ABC the 40th anniversary of its Sealants, a leading Turkey- Brazil-based South American based manufacturer of headquarters. Wacker sealants and adhesives. The Química do Brasil Ltda was acquisition will strengthen established in São Paulo, in Sika’s market position in 1977 – marking an important Turkey and further establish milestone in the Group’s South Sika as a comprehensive American expansion. In Jandira supplier of solutions for near São Paulo, Wacker now interior finishing applications. manufactures silicone products used, for example, in the AkzoNobel acquires textile, construction, paper, customers special support Board member Tobias Ohler Disa Technology agrochemical, personal care with the development of new highlighted the importance AkzoNobel has finalised and cosmetics industries. The products and applications of Wacker Brazil for the the acquisition of French company is currently building for the South American Group’s future success in manufacturer Disa a new multifunctional facility market. With in excess of 100 South America: “Our sales in Technology (Disatech). at the site for manufacturing employees, Wacker Brazil this region have grown at an Headquartered in Limoges, antifoam agents and functional generated sales of around average rate of more than nine Disatech is a leader in silicone fluids. Investments €90M in 2016. percent annually over the past aerospace technical marking for the expansion will total In his address to some 10 years. At the same time, systems and specialises in around €7M. Wacker’s Jandira 200 customers and business local production volumes have the manufacture of self- technical centre further offers partners, Wacker Executive increased five-fold.” adhesive vinyl, polyester and polycarbonate films used on aircraft, vehicles, AkzoNobel reaches agreement with Elliott agricultural machinery and AkzoNobel has reached an agreement with seek to suspend all ongoing litigation for at least other equipment. affiliates of Elliott Advisors (UK) Limited following three months. recent constructive dialogue, with the aim of AkzoNobel has announced two new BASF lifts force majeure normalising the relationship with its shareholders. nominations to its Supervisory Board. Elliott BASF has lifted, with The agreement includes alignment on the supports their appointment. Further, AkzoNobel immediate effect, the AkzoNobel strategy to fully separate Specialty intends to nominate a third Supervisory Board force majeure status that Chemicals. In addition, Elliott said it would member, which will be done in consultation was declared on October support the appointment of Mr Thierry Vanlancker with the Company’s major shareholders, 31, 2016 for dispersions, as a member of the Board of Management of including Elliott. dispersion powders and hot AkzoNobel at the Extraordinary General Meeting, This agreement follows a wide-ranging set of melts on acrylic monomer which took place on September 8, 2017. measures previously outlined by AkzoNobel on basis (Acronal, acResin, AkzoNobel and Elliott have also agreed, July 25, 2017 designed to strengthen and maintain Acrodur, ACROSOL E 20 subject to the terms of a standstill agreement, to a constructive dialogue with its shareholders. D, AQAGloss, Basonal, Col.9, Epotal and Luhydran) supplied from the Evonik to build speciality FEICA to run food Ludwigshafen, Germany and Tarragona, Spain sites. copolyester plant in Witten contact seminar Evonik Industries is building Mechanical Completion the To ensure the safety of Shin-Etsu expands a new production plant for commissioning phase will be packaging used for food silicone production in USA speciality copolyesters at its commenced and commercial applications, it is important Shin-Etsu Chemical has Witten site in Germany. As operation is planned to start in that stakeholders in the supply announced it is to expand binders for paints, speciality Q1, 2018. chain work together. In this the production capacity of copolyesters are used in coil Polyester-based coatings context, FEICA is running a the Akron Plant in Ohio of coatings and, increasingly, are perceived as a good seminar, on September 28, its group company Shin- in food can coatings. The alternative to substitute the specifically on migration testing Etsu Silicones of America company is investing a mid- standard epoxy-based coating of adhesives and especially (SESA), which is engaged double-digit million Euro sum systems to ensure a bisphenol the migration of mineral in the manufacturing and in the plant, which will have A free food packaging. Evonik oil hydrocarbons. sales of silicones in the USA annual production capacity of has early on anticipated this Registration is mandatory The amount of this facility several thousand metric tons. trend and decided at the end and free of charge. Venue: investment is ¥2.4bn and The project is on track to of 2015 to invest in additional Hotel Berlaymont, Boulevard the expansion work is aimed reach mechanical completion capacity to be well prepared to Charlemagne 11-19, 1000 for completion in the middle by end of November 2017. accompany further growth in Brussels. For more information, of 2019. Following the successful this market. visit www.feica.eu

4 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com SECTIONNEWS REPORT

Krahn Chemie to distribute Lanxess’ NEWS IN BRIEF biocides in Germany and Benelux Evonik invests in fumed silica capacities in Antwerp With immediate effect, the perfectly. Lanxess is one Evonik has announced that Krahn Chemie Group will be of the worldwide leading it is investing an amount distributing the biocides and manufacturers of biocides in the upper double-digit preservatives of the Lanxess and sets new standards million euro range in the speciality chemicals company in customer service with expansion of its fumed in Germany and Benelux. Core its technical application silica capacities in Antwerp, applications of these products laboratories and regulatory Belgium. The production are in industrial protection and expertise. With such a complex is scheduled to disinfection. The products, powerful partner, we will be become operational in the which are mainly known under with MIT (methylisothiazolinone) able to offer our customers summer of 2019. the brand name Preventol, as sensitising substances. flexible, effective and individual have been used for decades Some MIT applications will, solutions in the field of DuPont and ADM honoured for the preservation of paints thus, disappear completely. preservatives,” said Ibrahim DuPont Industrial and coatings, detergents, metal Lanxess consistently pursues Zidan, Business Segment Biosciences and Archer working fluids, adhesives, the development of MIT-free Manager Coatings and Daniels Midland (ADM) additives and wood protection. preservation systems and will, Construction Chemicals of have been named as Biocides are subject to many together with Krahn, support its Krahn Chemie GmbH. joint winners of the 2017 regulations. From mid-2019, it is customers in their transition to Krahn Chemie and Lanxess Innovation in Bioplastics proposed that a new regulation MIT-free systems. already work successfully Award. The Bioplastics will come into effect, which will “The Preventol biocides together in the field of additives Council – a division of the classify all products preserved complement our portfolio for industrial lubricants. Plastics Industry Association (PLASTICS) – honoured the companies with the second Axalta Coating Systems to acquire annual award for their groundbreaking process to Plascoat Systems Limited produce furan dicarboxylic Axalta Coating Systems, a leading global supplier of flexible, tough and highly durable plastic coating methyl ester (FDME), liquid and powder coatings, has acquired Plascoat used for a wide variety of outdoor applications, a biobased monomer, Systems Limited, a leading supplier of thermoplastic Talisman, a hard wearing, tough plastic coating from fructose. powder coatings, from its parent company, used extensively in the dishwasher basket International Process Technologies (IPT) Ltd. coating market and Plascoat PPA 571 Aqua, a Nagase acquires Fitz Chem Financial terms of the transaction were not disclosed. unique plastic coating for potable water pipes, in Nagase America has Established in 1952, Plascoat has addition to many other high performing coatings acquired USA-based pioneered the science behind the formulation, designed to meet the highest industry standards. speciality chemicals manufacturing and application of thermoplastic As part of the transaction, Axalta will acquire distributor Fitz Chem polyolefin coatings. Plascoat’s industry-leading both Plascoat manufacturing facilities in Farnham, Corporation. Fitz Chem will product portfolio includes Plascoat PPA 571, a England, UK and Zuidland, The Netherlands. continue to operate under the name Fitz Chem LLC. Fitz Chem Corporation PCR Group PPG opens automotive refinish is a successful speciality chemical distributor, on the move training centre in Argentina with more than US$60M The Powder Coating Research PPG has opened a 300m2 training resources in southern in revenue, focused on Group has relocated to a training centre for automotive Latin America, adding to the the coatings, adhesives, new facility in Columbus, refinish professionals in Pillar, automotive refinish training sealants, and elastomer Ohio, USA. PCR Group, an Argentina. The company centre it currently operates in (CASE) markets, as well as independent research and expects to train more than Sumaré, Brazil. the plastics and personal development company, 300 refinish technicians at “This facility ensures PPG care markets. recently moved to 1823 the state-of-the-art facility experts and refinish technicians O’Brien Rd on Columbus’ west annually, with 100 professionals have access to the most PPG Foundation donates side. The new facility boasts receiving training through the advanced tools and training, US$40,000 to US university a 3000ft2 operation including end of 2017. which ultimately ensure The PPG Foundation has an expanded processing area, PPG experts will train customer satisfaction. We are donated US$40,000 to two isolated spray rooms, a technicians from Argentina, very proud to open this world- the NDSU Foundation comprehensive testing lab and Chile and Uruguay on class facility for the region’s and Alumni Association conference room. all of PPG’s automotive automotive refinish industry,” to benefit the Coatings The PCR Group will host the refinish product lines and said Fabrício Vieira, PPG and Polymeric Materials 2017 PC Summit in October at colour modules, as well as Commercial and Marketing Department at North the Columbus Westin and in its application techniques. The Director, Automotive Refinish, Dakota State University. new lab. new facility expands PPG’s southern Latin America region.

5 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com SECTIONNEWS REPORT

NEWS IN BRIEF AkzoNobel powers Dutch students at Perstorp to upgrade its Bridgestone World Solar Challenge UK caprolactone plant Perstorp is securing the Students from Eindhoven University of future of its caprolactone Technology taking part in this year’s Bridgestone business through a significant World Solar Challenge in Australia will be investment to upgrade its aiming to blaze a winning trail in a new vehicle original monomer plant in featuring high performance coatings supplied Warrington. The project was by AkzoNobel. initiated at the beginning of Unveiled by Solar Team Eindhoven in June, 2017 and construction of the Stella Vie is a solar-powered family car the new parts of the plant capable of travelling 1000km on one full battery. will start in the new year. As well as offering technical advice to the team, is not easy. AkzoNobel gave us lots of advice on The plant upgrade consists AkzoNobel’s Specialty Coatings business also how to do the job and which materials to use – of installing a new peracetic provided a range of innovative products, including and the end result looks fantastic.” acid still and new reactors on sustainable primers, basecoat and clearcoat. The team describes the car as “a balance stream 1, which was originally “Working with talented engineers and between aerodynamic, aesthetic and practical built in 1998. The project is technicians is always a great experience, design.” It will provide a stern test for the expected to be complete in particularly when it involves a project, which is so company’s coatings as it travels under the the second half of 2019. closely related to our own efforts to create a more blistering sun of the Australian desert. sustainable future,” said Managing Director of However, it won’t be the first time AkzoNobel Krahn to distribute FP- Specialty Coatings, Alberto Slikta. products have been used in the competition. The Pigments in Germany “We pride ourselves on combining high company’s Sikkens brand has partnered with the Krahn Chemie GmbH and performance technology with world class colour Dutch Nuon Solar team in the Challenger class the Finnish company FP- expertise and our exclusive partnership with for many years – with the team claiming their Pigments Oy have started Solar Team Eindhoven is an exciting way to sixth victory the last time the event was staged to co-operate in the sales showcase our capabilities.” in 2015. This year, the Bridgestone World Solar and marketing of opacity Added Beatrix Bos, Public Relations Manager Challenge takes place in October and involves pigments for paint, coating for Solar Team Eindhoven: “Painting a solar car travelling 3000km from Darwin to Adelaide. and printing ink applications in Germany. The FP-Pigment series Ashland declares force majeure PPG publishes consists of TiO , which Ashland has declared a force majeure in Europe on 1.4 butanediol 2 architectural is fixed with calcium (BDO), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and formaldehyde as a result of a fire at carbonate. They have been its manufacturing facility in Marl, Germany, that led to the shutdown coatings guide manufactured since 1996 in of production operations on August 10. Finland, Germany and the Production has been suspended, while an investigation into the USA by using a patented cause and extent of the fire takes place. As a result, the Marl facility process. Because of their is currently unable to produce any 1.4 BDO, THF or formaldehyde, high opacity, the FP- and the availability of product is significantly reduced. Ashland Pigment grades enable a is working with affected customers to minimise the impact to partial substitution of TiO2 . their respective businesses and will continue to provide updates regarding supply capability. Merger complete DowDuPont has announced the successful completion DSM concludes acquisition of of the merger of equals between The Dow Chemical outstanding shares in DSM-AGI PPG’s coil and building Company and EI du Pont Royal DSM, the global 3, 2017. This process has products business has de Nemours & Company, science-based company, has now been completed and the published the Architectural effective August 31. The concluded the acquisition of company has been de-listed Powder Coatings Color combined entity is operating the outstanding 49% of shares from the Taipei stock exchange. Guide, a six-page brochure as a holding company under in its DSM-AGI joint venture, DSM originally acquired a featuring 60 commonly the name ‘DowDuPont’ with thereby gaining sole ownership 51% stake in DSM-AGI in specified Coraflon powder three divisions – Agriculture, of the Taiwan-based supplier July 2011 to strengthen the coatings colours. Materials Science and of innovative, high-quality UV-curing technology platform The booklet is organised into Specialty Products. The and environmentally friendly for DSM Resins & Functional three sections: 30 solid colours, new Board of Directors UV-curable resins and other Materials. Making DSM-AGI a 21 Coraflon Sunstorm mica comprises 16 members – speciality chemicals. wholly-owned subsidiary will colours and nine speciality eight directors formerly on DSM issued a public tender allow DSM to more effectively colours, including textured, the DuPont Board and eight offer to purchase the remaining integrate DSM-AGI’s operations multi-colour and anodic-look formerly on the Dow Board. shares of DSM-AGI Corporation and management within its own samples. To order the guide, via one of its affiliates on March global organisation. visit www.requestppg.com

6 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com SECTIONNEWS REPORT

Lanxess expects record earnings for NEWS IN BRIEF 2017 following strong Q2 results Evonik raises prices Evonik has raised prices for Following a good Q2 2017, was slightly below the high Chemtura acquisition and the its aliphatic diisocyanates speciality chemicals company value of 15.1% reported in the planned closure of chrome and derivatives, offered Lanxess continues to expect prior-year period. chemicals production at the under the brand names the highest earnings in the “Our growth strategy is Zárate site in Argentina in Vestanat and Vestagon up company’s history for the paying off. Our strong operating Q4 2017. Adjusted for these to 10% on a global basis current financial year. performance and our profitable effects, net income increased with immediate effect. Global sales of the company acquisitions are the basis for by around 75% to €141M, All existing contracts will increased by almost 30% to our strong results in the second compared with €80M yr-on-yr. be honoured. After many €2.5bn, up from €1.9bn a year quarter. The newly acquired “We are overall well on years of stable prices the earlier. EBITDA pre exceptionals Chemtura businesses are track and continue to expect price increase has become improved by around 25% to already making a significant record earnings for the full year. unavoidable to compensate €367M, compared with €293M earnings contribution and the However, compared with the higher costs for personnel, yr-on-yr. This increase was other areas of our speciality very strong prior year, we are maintenance, regulatory primarily due to the earnings chemicals portfolio are also anticipating a slightly weakened affairs and logistics. contribution from the newly developing positively,” said momentum for the second half acquired Chemtura businesses, Lanxess CEO Matthias Zachert. of 2017,” said Zachert. Dow pledges US$1M aid to as well as to higher volumes Due to one-time exceptional Lanxess continues Hurricane Harvey relief and selling prices. The EBITDA charges, net income was €3M, to forecast EBITDA pre In response to the margin pre exceptionals in the (€75M yr-on-yr). The one- exceptionals for FY2017 of widespread devastation Q2 2017 stood at 14.6%, which time effects resulted from the between €1.225bn and €1.3bn. caused by Hurricane Harvey in Texas, USA, The Dow Chemical Hoover Color and Ecoat develop coatings formulations Company and The Dow Hoover Color, a division Hoover Color is a pioneer Chemical Company of Cathay Industries, and in the field of sustainable Foundation announced Ecoat, the French developer pigments: The company is one the allocation of US$1M to of bio-based chemistry of the market leaders in naturally support immediate relief for the coatings industry, occurring semi-transparent and long-term recovery have started a collaborative raw and burnt umbers, as well and rebuilding efforts project to develop coatings as in eco-friendly transparent associated with the storm formulations on the basis iron oxides for the paints and and its aftermath, as well as of environmentally friendly coatings industries. support for the Company’s raw materials. In this project Ecoat pursues a strategy impacted employees. Hoover Color is responsible similar in order to develop for the pigments side, binders for waterborne Ashland increases prices whereas Ecoat contributes the coatings. By using bio-based for gelcoats in EMEA binder products. friendly applications. As highly raw materials and designing Ashland has increased “Our target for this innovative industry partners, production processes with the price of its complete collaboration is to actively Ecoat and Hoover Color significantly reduced energy portfolio of gelcoat products open up new markets for strengthen our performance consumption, the company in Europe, the Middle East Cathay’s product range in driven by the intention to act in develops and produces and Africa (EMEA) by €75/t. Europe and other regions an environmentally conscious bio-sourced emulsions for This increase took effect that have a strong tendency way,” said Axel Schneider, CEO architectural paints on the basis September 1, 2017 or as towards environmentally Cathay Industries Europe. of patented technologies. soon as possible thereafter, as contracts allow. This increase is primarily Sun Chemical acquires Joules Angstrom driven by continued Sun Chemical has acquired will benefit from the synergies satisfaction and we plan to escalation of costs in key Joules Angstrom UV between both companies. work together to provide raw materials including Printing Inks Corp, a leading “This partnership will customers with more exciting titanium dioxide, isophthalic manufacturer of UV printing give both Sun Chemical and and innovative UV printing acid and neopentyl glycol. inks for converters in the Joules Angstrom numerous ink solutions.” commercial, packaging and opportunities to provide “Joining the Sun Chemical Flexicon launches speciality markets. customers with expanded family will present our German language website By combining the product lines and services,” customers with numerous Flexicon has launched complementary portfolio of said Charles Murray, President opportunities for growth, a 157-page German products from the Pataskala, of North American Inks, Sun while allowing us to maintain language website, www. Ohio-based company with Chemical. “Joules Angstrom is current operations to meet their flexicondeutschland.de, to Sun Chemical’s full range of a company built on technical needs,” said Patrick Carlisle, support the its sales office in global resources, customers excellence and customer President, Joules Angstrom. Aschaffenburg, Germany.

7 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com SECTIONDIARY | REPORTNEWS

DIARY EU round up: EU regulators clamp

September 27-29, 2017 down on Chromium VI compounds CEPE Annual Conference & European Union (EU) ministers and MEPs have March 21, 2016. See also https://echa.europa. General Assembly struck a deal on introducing new workplace eu/support/dossier-submission-tools/reach-it/ Hilton Hotel, Athens, Greece exposure limits for chromium (VI) compounds downstream-user-authorised-use and https:// www.cepe.org within chromium-containing pigments, paints newsletter.echa.europa.eu/home/-/newsletter/ and metal (conversion) coatings. The chemical entry/4_15_downstream-users-notify-echa-if-you- October 3-5, 2017 is widely used in the industry, with compounds use-an-authorised-substance ABRAFATI 2017 including barium chromate, zinc chromate and • Paint and coatings companies have been São Paulo Expo, Brazil calcium chromate being used as basic primers told that there will be an additional chance to www.abrafati2017.com.br and top coats in the aerospace sector. Under comment on upcoming EU rules on deciding the agreed new regulation – an amendment to which endocrine disrupters in chemical products October 6-9, 2017 the EU’s carcinogens and mutagens directive have special controls. A public consultation will 17th International Paint, Resin, – EU-wide occupational exposure limits will be follow the approval by the EU Council of Ministers Coating & Composites Fair introduced of of 0.010mg/m3 for five years after the and European Parliament of criteria for assessing Tehran Permanent Fairground rule comes into force. After that, the limit will be disrupters. The consultation will be followed by Tehran, Iran lowered to 0.005mg/m3. A European Commission another decision endorsing a final draft of these www.ipcc.ir note said the chemical causes lung cancer and rules. A joint drafting group of scientists from the sinonasal cancer and the number of exposed European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and ECHA, October 11-12, 2017 workers is 916,000. The rule tells employers to with support from the EU Joint Research Centre, Egyptian Coatings Show identify and assess risks to exposed workers and has been developing guidance since January, with CICC, Cairo, Egypt prevent exposure where risks occur, using a less- a round of initial expert consultation ending on www.coatingsgroup.com hazardous alternative where possible. August 31, preceding the upcoming votes by MEPs • Meanwhile, the European Chemicals Agency and ministers. https://echa.europa.eu/-/work-on- October 12-13, 2017 (ECHA) has sought to ease concerns about a guidance-document-for-identifying-endocrine- UTECH Congress 2017 looming deadline of September 21, after which disruptors-proceeding Hotel Novotel, Amsterdam Chromium VI compound suppliers must have • The Central European Research Infrastructure The Netherlands a special authorisation from the European Consortium (CERIC-ERIC) has staged a meeting in www.utechcongress.com Commission to deliver products using these Trieste, Italy, bringing together researchers working chemicals to the EU market. ECHA has released under the EU-funded ACCELERATE project, which October 15-18, 2017 guidance saying: “Downstream users can continue is investigating using synchrotron light techniques Western Coatings using Chromium VI compounds after the sunset and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to perform Symposium 2017 (WCS 2017) [date] even if the Commission has not decided to quantitative and qualitative characterisation of Las Vegas, NV, USA grant or not to grant an authorisation”. But this is organic and inorganic materials within polymers. www.westerncoatings.org only if a supplier applied for an authorisation before http://www.accelerateproject.eu/

October 17-19, 2017 RadTech Europe 17 People Prague, Czech Republic www.radtech2017.com plant. He moved to the company’s speciality coatings November 15-17, 2017 and materials business, CHINACOAT 2017 holding assignments in optical Shanghai New International Expo products and silica products Centre, Shanghai, PR China before becoming Global Sales www.chinacoat.net and Marketing Development Director for Teslin substrate. March 8-10, 2018 Head of the Polyurethanes PAINTINDIA 2018 New segment heads segment, which he has held Bombay Exhibition Centre, announced at Covestro since the start of 2016. Plans Goregaon, Mumbai, India PPG appoints Covestro has announced call for him to succeed Patrick www.paintindia.in PPG has named Sam Millikin managerial changes in its Thomas as CEO of Covestro Global Platform Business Polyurethanes and Coatings, next year. The new Head of March 19-21, 2018 Director for aerospace Adhesives, Specialties the Polyurethanes segment Middle East Coatings Show sealants and packaging and a segments effective September will be Daniel Meyer, who DWTC, Dubai, UAE member of PPG’s aerospace 1, 2017. Dr Markus Steilemann has headed the Coatings, www.coatingsgroup.com business leadership team. (pictured left), who has Adhesives, Specialties Millikin succeeds John Sands, been CCO with Board of segment since 2011. He will be May 29-31, 2018 who retired after a 32yr Management responsibility succeeded by Michael Friede, Coatings for Africa career. Millikin began his PPG for Innovation, Marketing who currently manages the Johannesburg, South Africa career in 1989 at the former and Sales since April 2017, company’s global elastomers www.coatingsgroup.com La Porte, Texas, chemicals will relinquish his position as business from France.

8 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com BYK Additives Looking for a strong connection?

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Cynthia Challener discusses the use of multi-substrates in the automotive industry CAFE Standards are driving the NA automotive coatings market

egulatory restrictions on automotive emissions and requirements for Rpetrol mileage are rising as the US CAFE standards are implemented. Light-weighting of vehicles is the key response of automotive manufacturers. An increasingly greater percentage of the cars and trucks produced today are composed of disparate, light-weight materials that are bonded to one another using adhesives. Steel car bodies fastened together via welded joints are rapidly becoming a thing of the past. Car manufacturers are looking for coatings that not only adhere to the many different substrates found in their vehicles but provide high levels of protection and appearance at lower and lower applied film builds According to market research firm Global Market Insights, the North American automotive coatings market, which is wwwdurr.comImage: dominated by the USA, will generate sales The multi-substrate approach presents components or waxes generated during of more than US$5.5bn by 2022. The challenges to coating manufacturers. the cleaning of aluminium parts. Clogging volume of the global automotive coating Differing pretreatment processes, of existing filtration systems can, therefore, market is estimated by the firm to be corrosion potentials and thermal expansion be an issue, according to Jim Schafer, Lab increasing at a compound annual growth coefficients along with the poorer surface Manager with Durr Systems. Some new rate of 4.9% and will reach 5.51M tons by properties of these materials and the pretreatments for aluminium address the 2022. On a global basis, metal applications requirement for lower temperature curing wax issue and other solutions for multi- accounted for 70% of all automotive (composites and plastics) are issues that metal pretreatment are under development. coating usage in 2014 but plastic must be addressed in addition to the Automakers and their suppliers are still applications are growing at the fastest rate ability of coatings to adhere to multiple learning which technologies work best for (5.2% CAGR) to 2022. substrates, according to Bill Eibon, Director different combinations of newer substrates, of Technology Acquisition for Automotive however, Schafer notes. „ MULTI-SUBSTRATE APPROACH OEM Coatings with PPG Industries. Despite ongoing changes in the mix of materials „ FOCUS ON CORROSION Lightweight materials being used in used in the automotive industry, coatings RESISTANCE ISSUES automotives today include metals, such must continually provide uniform, high- as aluminium, ultra-high strength steel quality finishes across each entire vehicle. New corrosion issues have also arisen (UHSS) and magnesium, and new alloys The use of multiple substrates has as the result of bringing different metal made with them; composites, such as complicated the pretreatment process, substrates together. Coating manufacturers those consisting of carbon fibre reinforced according to Scott Clifford, Principal are, therefore, focused on optimising polymers; and various high-performance Engineer in the Paint Shop Automation corrosion resistance for mixed-metal car plastics. Because no one single material Group of FANUC America Inc. Existing bodies in order to achieve the level of can replace steel throughout an entire pretreatments have been optimised for corrosion protection required by current vehicle, many of these different materials the removal of welding debris from steel industry standards, according to Eibon. are typically found in the cars being substrates, not excess adhesive and Even UHSS, which is to hydrogen-induced manufactured today. sealant materials used to bond disparate cracking, presents new problems. 14

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In his column this month, Terry Knowles looks at the global TiO2 market and the factors affecting demand for silicones Prospects for titanium dioxide and silicones

t’s current and common knowledge Tayca Corporation (Japan), Huntsman

that the titanium dioxide (TiO2) industry Corporation (USA), Cabot Corp (USA), Iis experiencing many difficulties, with The Chemours Company (USA), Tronox supply tightening significantly (especially Limited (USA), Kronos Worldwide (USA), in China) and the recent unwelcome idea Cristal (Saudi Arabia), Evonik Industries that it might be a suspected carcinogen AG (Germany), Cinkarna Celje (Slovenia), (cat. 2) that has been suggested within Lomon Billions (China), and I S K (Japan), the European Chemicals Agency, much among others. to the dissatisfaction of titanium dioxide industry representatives. Consolidation „ SIMILAR DRIVERS UNDERPIN and jettisoning within the industry, such as SILICONE DEMAND that between Tronox and Cristal and then the Huntsman-Venator spin-off continues Worldwide demand for silicones is to change the shape and line-up of the abrasive to the papermaking machinery. forecast to climb by 5.1%/yr up until 2021 sector too. With these trials and tribulations Demand from the anatase segment is to reach a market valued at US$18.3bn, in mind, the publication of a new market expected to witness high growth rates according to a new report from the study that outlines the prospects for the during the forecast period because of Freedonia Group entitled Global Silicones

titanium dioxide sector is likely to be read the increasing demand for TiO2 in paints Market by Market, Product and Country, with some appetite. and coatings applications and from the 4th Edition. Consumption of silicone- construction industry. based consumer goods and construction

„ STRONG GROWTH FOR TIO2 On a regional basis, the global TiO2 materials will rise on the tide of the global market has been segmented into Asia emerging middle class. Rising personal

The global TiO2 market is projected Pacific, Europe, North America, Middle incomes will pave the way for greater to grow from US$10.64bn in 2016 to East & Africa, and South America. The demand in high-gloss architectural and US$14.12bn by 2021, at a CAGR of 5.8% Asia Pacific region is the largest market automotive coatings; larger and more

between 2016 and 2021, according to for TiO2 across the globe. Growing comfortable vehicles together with the new study Titanium Dioxide Market populations, coupled with increasing personal care products are other markets by Grade…, Application…, and Region - disposable incomes in the region, are that will continue to grow. The Asia Pacific

Global Forecast To 2021. The increase in expected to drive the demand for TiO2 in region, in particular, will see above- the per capita consumption of pigments the region. Perhaps the most interesting average demand gains.

in emerging economies and increasing outcome is that the South American TiO2 Light trucks and SUVs have long been

demand for TiO2 from the construction market is foreseen as the second-fastest popular in the North American vehicle and automotive industries will stimulate area of growth on the global playing field, market but they are now taking off all over

growth in the TiO2 market across the largely as a result of rapid expansion of its the world, particularly among the rising survey period. construction sector. middle class of the Asia Pacific region. As Based on grade (or more chemically, Paints and coatings uses are projected such, these trends toward larger vehicles

‘form’), the TiO2 market has been classified to grow at the highest CAGR during the will support demand for silicones in the into rutile and anatase. Rutile is the most forecast period. Rapid growth in the following applications:

stable form. Rutile TiO2 has a higher automotive and construction sectors is • Elastomers in lightweight, durable refractive index, higher specific gravity, expected to fuel the demand in this area of components and greater chemical stability and it better their use. • Fluids in high-performance lubricants suits the requirements of key applications Stringent environmental regulations and • Resins in high-shine coatings

of TiO2. The anatase grade type segment volatile raw material prices are the major Following on from fragments of the

of the TiO2 market is projected to grow factors that might potentially constrain CASE sector in the guise of elastomers and at the highest CAGR from 2016 to 2021. the growth of the titanium dioxide market. coatings above, adhesive uses are also Anatase grade titanium dioxide is preferred Some of the key players operating in highlighted as a major area of growth. The in the manufacturing of paper, as it is less the global titanium dioxide market are combination of slowing birth-rates globally

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• Fluids as lubricants • Gels as encapsulants Leading players in this market include Dow Corning, Wacker Chemie, Momentive Performance Materials, Shin- Etsu Chemical, Bluestar Silicones and Evonik Industries. PPCJ

Report details 1. Titanium Dioxide Market by Grade (Rutile, Anatase), Application (Paints & Coatings, Pulp & Paper, Plastics, Cosmetics, Ink), and Region - Global Forecast To 2021 was and longer lifetimes is envisaged as yielding silicone components and lubricants are published by marketsandmarkets.com in March 2017. A single-user licence for this title costs opportunities in the health and care sector, also utilised in wind turbines. As a result, US$5650. For more information email sales@ such as: the takeover of renewable energy in the marketsandmarkets.com • Elastomers in skin adhesives, power generation industry and energy- 2. Global Silicones Market by Market, Product and Country, 4th Edition was published by the prosthetics and disposables (tubing etc) efficient lighting in both public and private Freedonia Group in June 2017. A single-user • Fluids in pharmaceuticals and personal spaces will ensure market growth for licence for this study costs US$6500. For more care products silicones into the long term. information email [email protected] • Gels and foams in adhesives and Key opportunities in the green energy wound care segment include: Author: Terry Knowles, Freelance Writer Silicone is instrumental in the • Elastomers in wind turbine components [email protected] manufacture of solar panels and LEDs and and as encapsulants in vehicle LEDs

10 pillars in car bodies can make achieving Of course, new coatings must also On-line curing of new vehicles with full cure of the coatings on these pillars enable automakers to create the designs, plastic components requires coatings that difficult, according to Jim Pakkala, Senior effects and colour spaces that their can be cured at low temperature (80°C) in Engineering Manager for Paint and Final customers are looking for. Two-tone and order to avoid deformation of the plastics. Assembly Systems at Durr Systems. Some dissimilar colour designs, gloss and matte This need is driving the development of of the newer substrates being used also accent stripes and roof coatings with coating systems in which all layers can require reformulation of coatings to ensure different colours, geometric designs or be cured at low temperature. It can be good adhesion with retention of desired solar reflectance, for instance, allow for difficult, however, to achieve proper colour performance properties, according to David greater customisation and many car buyers matching and uniform levelling across Fischer, Vice President of Market Strategy are willing to pay extra for such premium entire vehicles when using low-temperature and Growth for Axalta Coating Systems. colours, according to Eibon. cured coatings, according to Schafer. One Application technologies may need to To achieve these designs currently, approach to overcoming this challenge be modified as well, given that different complex manual masking and de-masking is the use of two-component coating capacitances are required to achieve applications are required. Car makers formulations with decreased curing times paint adhesion on the different substrates. are, however, working with application and temperature. Another alternative is to Coatings must also adhere to the adhesives equipment manufacturers to develop paint plastic and composite parts rather and sealants used to bond disparate maskless spray techniques. Fisher notes than in the assembled body, according substrate and withstand any off-gassing that improvements in stone chip resistance, to Clifford. that occurs during curing, according appearance, scratch and mar resistance to Eibon. and resistance to chemical attack are „ ACHIEVING A UNIFORM COATING All of these issues must be addressed desired to reduce warranty claims and with cost-effective coating solutions that increase customer satisfaction. Another challenge in multi-material vehicles provide a high quality appearance and do PPCJ is achieving a uniform coating across the not negatively impact the environment. entire vehicle due to both differences in the Coating utilisation and efficiency and surface roughness of different materials and productivity of the application process must the residual mould lines that occur where also be considered, according to Pakkala. disparate materials are joined together, Elimination of materials of concern from Author: Cynthia A Challener, PhD, according to Eibon. Typically, additional automotive coating formulations is also a Principal Consultant, C & M Consulting sanding of the primer and sometimes of priority for coating manufacturers to meet 1325 Center Road, Montpelier the first clearcoat is necessary, which not only changing regulatory requirements VT 05602, USA requires additional labour and time. The but also expectations of automotive OEMS, Tel: +1 802 613 3139 use of lightweight polymeric materials their customers and non-governmental Email: [email protected] with high specific heat values inside organisations, according to Fischer.

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PPCJ’s columnist, Joe Powder, provides answers to readers questions on aspects of the powder coating process Ask Joe Powder ear Joe – Water Jet metal cutting there is an alternate surfactant that doesn’t however. Alvin Products has a product uses silica sand (silicon dioxide cause this problem but I would not expect called Lab-metal that works well as a high SiO ). Will this type of silicon this to be the case. Consequently, you temperature filler for parts to be powder D 2 cause adhesion problems and fish eyes? will need to identify a method that can coated. (See: http://www.alvinproducts. I have adhesion problems around edges aggressively remove residual surfactant com/Product-Line/aT/View/ProductID/3/ of steel that have been cut this way. The on the machined edges. Two paths are Lab-metal) It’s a one-part, aluminium filled flat areas are fine, no issues with cure possible: (1) use mechanical means to product that is easy to apply. Please note and adhesion; just the edges the steel abrade the edges (sanding, grinding, etc.) that they specify that Lab-metal is good to cut edges are 10mm thick and peeling or (2) use a strong acid to etch the edges. 350°F (177°C). Hence the powder coating off. The metal was washed with hot The mechanical approach is either you use will have to cure at a temperature iron phosphate water solution rinsed, labour intensive or costly to automate. below that. Low-temperature cure powders dried and primed before the top coat! It The chemical approach will cost money are fairly common so consult your coating was not rusty and came from the water and require the handling of a dangerous supplier for the powder that’s right for jet cutter clean and rust free and was material. No easy answers here. your application. powder coated the same day. Alternatively. you can consider using a Best regards, Joe David Beaver (aka Mr D_Henley) different cutting technique but you’re A. Hi David (or are you really Mr Don probably also aware that laser cutting Dear Joe – I would like to know why Henley?) – Thank you for your question can cause similar adhesive failures for a the paint is chipping on these fixtures. regarding abrasive waterjet cutting and its different reason. Please see the attached photos. effect on the surface of metal. It requires Good luck digging around for a solution. Regards, a bit of digging to understand what could Let me know if you have any other ideas Alex Perez be the cause of the adhesive failures and or questions. fish-eyes in your powder coating. On the Best regards, Joe surface (pun intended) what could be a problem? Water shouldn’t cause an issue Dear Joe Powder – I need to fill some with adhesion or cratering. In addition, gaps I have in a welded aluminium frame silicon dioxide is inert and is not known to and I was wondering what was the cause fish-eyes or craters. And you report best ‘bondo type’ of filler that wouldn’t that the surface is not corroded when you outgas too badly and ruin my finished apply the powder coatings. powder coat. I would prefer an epoxy Here’s where I would look for the root or something that wouldn’t necessarily cause and, hopefully, the eventual solution: need a preheat or super long cure time,

dispersion of the SiO2 in the water most but I do understand there are trade-offs probably requires the use of a surfactant, and I probably won’t be able to find a otherwise the silicon dioxide would not product that applies to metal, dries and mix well into the water and the process sands smooth and doesn’t outgas. Any would be ineffective. In addition, the use product recommendations would be of a surfactant to disperse the abrasive great. Thanks, Light fitting depicting adhesion loss failure may require a defoamer to minimise Matt K foaming. Surfactants and defoamers are A. Hi Matt – Sorry for the late response, A. Dear Alex – Thank you for your known to cause adhesion and cratering your query slipped through the cracks. message and the photos. From what issues in powder coatings. The use of a Your observation regarding fillers is right you are showing me, these appear to be high pressure stream of abrasive slurry on the money. Traditional auto body fillers outdoor lighting fixtures made from cast would only exacerbate the problem by based on polyester resin (eg Bondo®) work aluminium parts. You haven’t mentioned embedding the surfactant/defoamer into fine for room temperature cure applications, how the metal was cleaned or pretreated or the steel surface. such as refinish paint. They blister and what type of powder coating and process I would guess that the surfactant cannot outgas at elevated temperatures typical for conditions are being used to apply and be eliminated from the slurry. Perhaps powder coating cure. There is a solution cure the powder. Regardless, it is obvious

16 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com POWDERSECTION MATTERS REPORT

you have a serious coating adhesion issue. clean or discoloured? If discoloured it rinse water clean? Next determine if your Here is what I recommend you do: indicates the presence of a contaminant on pretreatment is the right chemistry and the 1. Ensure that the coating is completely the surface of the part. If clean, you may still process is in control. Some failures I see in cured. A quick and reasonable test is to have a problem with cleaning/pretreatment. the field occur because the pretreatment evaluate solvent resistance (ASTM D5402). 3. Look at the parts that are currently chemicals were not suited for the substrate. This is probably a polyester-based powder being processed. Are they adequately Check with your chemical supplier to so I would use a blend of 90% Xylene and cleaned in the first step of your cleaning/ ensure that the chemistry is designed for 10% MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) as the pretreatment process? A quick assessment your specific grade of metal. Too often I solvent. Both solvents are readily available on cleanliness is the ‘water break’ test. see people trying to pretreat aluminium at your local DIY. Follow the test method Does water sheet off the surface after the with a phosphate material designed for using a double thickness cotton cloth cleaning stage or does it bead up? If it ferrous metals. Traditional pretreatment saturated in this solvent blend. No coating beads up then an oily residue is present for aluminium entails a chromate process. should be transferred after 50 double rubs. on the surface. Unclean aluminium will Toxicity concerns have led to alternatives If the coating softens and transfers to the not pretreat sufficiently. Fixing a cleaning to Presenter chrome that are based cloth it is an indication of less than complete problem may entail increasing the on zirconium, silanes, trivalent chrome cure. Undercured powders have a tendency temperature of your cleaner, adjusting and nano-materials. You must have the to chip and lose adhesion. the pH to be more alkaline, changing the proper pretreatment chemistry to achieve 2. If the coating appears to be fully cured, solution in your system if it has become too adequate adhesion. then measure the film thickness and dirty or increasing the time of exposure of In summary, first check to ensure that perform adhesion tests per ASTM D3359. your part to the cleaner. Poor impingement the powder coating is fully cured then You can use a utility knife with a fresh blade of the solution could also be a problem. investigate if the cleaning and pretreatment to make the crosshatch described in the 4. If you are convinced that the cleaning is processes are suitable for this substrate test method. This test will probably correlate adequate, then investigate your rinsing and and in control. to the failures depicted in the photos. Under pretreatment stages. Do you adequately Good luck with your troubleshooting. magnification examine the underside of the remove the cleaner from the surface Best regards, Joe Powder film excised from your part. Is this surface prior to the pretreatment step? Is your PPCJ

17 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com TESTING AND WEATHERING

Mike Richwalsky, Q-Lab, discusses the need for more up-to-date weathering testing in the automotive coatings industry Testing automotive coatings

AE J2527 (Performance Based „ MODERNISATION OF other weathering test methods have been Standard for Accelerated Exposure THE STANDARD written and applied those methods to this Sof Automotive Exterior Materials standard. While this will not affect how the Using A Controlled Irradiance Xenon-Arc In order to make the standard more test method is run, it will improve the clarity Apparatus) has been the industry standard repeatable and reproducible, the proposed of the standard and will help labs meet the for testing automotive exterior coatings SAE J2527 has undergone some requirements set by ISO 17025 auditors. since its inception in 2004. Since then, the ‘modernisation’ to bring it more in line standard has gone unchanged despite with other weathering test standards. The „ WATER SPRAY VERIFICATION many of the advances in weathering testing committee reviewed the structure of how over the past decade. SAE J2527 now references ASTM D7869, In order to better predict how high- Figure 1 a standard that was released in 2013 and performance materials will perform is known as the first weathering standard outdoors, a revision of this standard is that evaluates the amount of water imperative. Technological advances in the delivered by a weathering tester. While the performance of weathering testers, control mechanisms of light and heat have been of conditions and general understanding well known for a while, precise control of the mechanisms of weathering can be of the volume of water delivery had been applied to make SAE J2527 a better test largely ignored by Xenon-Arc weathering method. These changes do not make the test methods until the development of standard more restrictive and anyone with ASTM D7869. This standard includes a a Xenon-Arc chamber capable of meeting method of evaluating the amount of water this test method, such as the Q-SUN Xe- delivered by weathering testers by using a 3-HBS from Q-Lab Corporation, will still be ‘sponge test’. This two part test ensures able to run this test (figure 1). that the sponge is capable of holding A recent ballot has revised this standard, sufficient water and then ensures that implementing some changes to reflect the tester can deliver a minimum amount these new advances. of water in order to correspond with the levels of water absorption experienced by „ REMOVAL OF REMAINING automotive coatings exposed outdoors in HARDWARE-SPECIFIC LANGUAGE South Florida. While SAE J2527 doesn’t require this water verification test, it does Early weathering test methods were often suggest running it to improve reproducibility written around specific test equipment, between testers running this standard. rather than specifying the requirements of a test. „ POLYSTYRENE TESTING Hardware-based standards tend AS OPTIONAL to stagnate the development of new Figure 2 technologies, which is why the industry When SAE J2527 (and SAE J1960) is working to ensure the hardware were originally released, precise control requirements are removed from industry of weathering test conditions was less standards. common than it is today. Instead of relying SAE J2527 was designed to be the on the tester to control the conditions, a performance-based replacement for polystyrene chip was used as a reference SAE J1960, which was a hardware- material and the amount of yellowing it specific standard. Even so, some of the experienced would tell you if you were hardware-specific language has lingered running the test correctly (figure 2). Now in these standards. The proposed version that most Xenon-Arc weathering testers of SAE J2527 removes some of the are capable of controlling the irradiance, hardware requirements that were in the black panel temperature, chamber air previous edition. temperature and relative humidity, the need

18 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com TESTING AND WEATHERING

for a weathering reference material is less the specification, so they will not need to important than it used to be. It’s still an replace their existing optical filters. important tool for identifying a major issue with a weathering tester but laboratories „ LOT 9 POLYSTYRENE are no longer required to follow the strict schedule for polystyrene testing that has In addition to updates to SAE J2527, the existed in previous versions of SAE J2527. SAE committee is currently working on certifying a new lot of the polystyrene „ BETTER OPTICAL FILTER weathering reference material. The SPECIFICATION current lot of polystyrene is practically unavailable at the moment, which has One of the biggest factors in Xenon-Arc driven investigations. testing is deciding which optical filter to A new lot of material, designated as use. These optical filters are designed to Lot 9, has been put through a round robin control the wavelength and intensity of the test with more than 10 test laboratories UV light to which materials are exposed. running SAE J2527 and its interior material Proper specification of these optical filters is counterpart, SAE J2412, in order to very important when trying to simulate real verify its performance under those test world conditions and ensure reproducibility conditions. The round robin has been between different manufacturers’ completed and the SAE committee is in equipment. In an effort to do so, the the process of reviewing the data and Standard provides more information on establishing performance limits on this new Author: Mike Richwalsky, Q-Lab how to specify the filters used in this test. lot of material. We are hopeful that it will be Corporation, Ohio, USA For users who are already running the test, approved shortly, so that it can be used in Website: www.q-lab.com the legacy optical filters used still meet test laboratories. PPCJ SD Sealants paves the way for UK’s first ‘super-prison’ A leading UK-based sealant reception buildings. They have company, SD Sealants, is also been carrying out sealant working on one of its biggest work on the house blocks 108A projects to date. HMP Berwyn and 108B, which require help with will be the largest prison in the floors, furniture and beds. UK, with the capacity to hold Mark Wheeler, West 2100 inmates and has enlisted Midlands Contract Manager for the team at SD Sealants to SD, has been overseeing the assist with the development of sealant work carried out on the its expansive building. prison for the past 10 months, The facility, which opened its and has been impressed by the doors in February, will become high standards and facilities on fully operational this autumn and offer at the site. will comprise of three wings, Mark said: “It’s been exciting “We couldn’t be happier with eight offices across England, each housing 702 men. These to work on such a unique the progress made already this Scotland and Wales. include Bala, which opened in project and this is definitely year. May saw us producing the In that time, SD Sealants has February, Alwen, which was going to be an impressive highest turnover to date, with extended its services to include set to open in May and Ceiriog, building once it’s fully up and the largest workforce under cosmetic building repairs, and which was scheduled to take running. The SD team has been our roof and, to top it off, we as of this year, has introduced a prisoners in July. doing a first-rate job so far and also have a number of great new tiling service to its portfolio. The prison also has new we’re really happy with the projects like the HMP Berwyn at Nick added: “We are an gyms, five-a-side pitches, a high standard of work being Wrexham ongoing.” ambitious company and we library and a visiting room with carried out.” Launched in 1973, SD intend to continue expanding a play area for children and SD Sealants, which provides Sealants and Cosmetic Repairs and taking on exciting new has been an elaborate and sealant application, cosmetic originated as a family run projects like these as the year extensive project. repairs and tiling for commercial business in Somerset that goes on. Wrexham super prison The SD Sealants team has businesses, homeowners and specialised in the supply and has been a fantastic opportunity been working on the ancillary house builders, celebrated application of sealant. Since for us to demonstrate our high buildings including the college, its most successful month of then, the business has gone standard of work on such a health care centre, kitchen, business this May. from strength to strength, unique building and we hope to workshops, multi-faith centre, the Managing Director of SD becoming one of the UK’s partner with Lendlease again in sports block, visitors building and Sealants, Nick Jones, said: largest sealant companies, with the future.”

19 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com TESTING AND WEATHERING

Ingrid Bloß, Zehntner GmbH Testing Instruments, discusses the applications and limitations of linear abrasion testing Latest developments in scratch tests

rocking and linear abrasion tests are in the automotive industry and on coated manual construction up to automatic applied in a wide range of industries wood surfaces of furniture. Mars are electronic machines (figures 2 and 3). Cand are conducted to test a variety light, shallow surface damages, whereas of parameters. medium to severe damages are referred to „ STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES One of the most prevalent tests is as scratches. Linear abrasion testers can colour fastness to rubbing (crocking), be used here to simulate the wear and tear There is a vast number of standards and which is conducted in the textile industry. of the coating, however, this method is fairly procedures for linear abrasion testing, This is especially prevalent in automotive controversial as microscopic comparison especially in the automotive industry where manufacturing as it is very important between real scratches and mars have manufacturers often have their own internal that textile materials incorporated in the quite a different appearance to the results standards and the testing procedures can interior of the vehicles do not rub colour after crocking (figure 1). vary considerably in detail. on materials, such as the clothing of Even though the linear abrasion test However, the basic procedure is always passengers. Crocking tests are carried out may not be an exact reproduction of reality the same: An abrasive medium is fixed on a with white cotton cloth to test for colour when it comes to mars and scratches, it holder tool, the so-called abrasive cylinder fastness to rubbing. is a reproducible and reliable test method or friction finger. The cylinder is loaded with In the printing industry linear abrasion for coated surfaces. It gives valuable a defined weight and a defined number of tests are used to test the amount of smear information on the durability of coatings double strokes is then applied to the testing and smudges on images generated and is therefore an accepted and significant surface. There are three types of abrasive by copiers or printers. In particular, the testing procedure. A test series with cylinders that are commonly used (figures readability of barcodes after wear and tear different coatings and different abrasive 4 and 5). is an important parameter and is often media would be desirable to establish When equipped with the same abrasive tested with linear abrasion testers. comparability to real life conditions. agent, the cylinders show different results. Mar and scratch resistance is a crucial A variety of linear abrasion testing The friction finger types A and B are property for the polymer topcoats used instruments is available, from simple suitable for flat samples, as they both have

Figure 1. Scanning probe microscope image of a real scratch (left) and a real mar (centre) opposed to a coated surface after linear abrasion test (right) (Kumar Sinha, 2006)

Figure 2. (left) Manual linear abrasion tester Figure 3. (above) Automatic linear abrasion tester with multiple testing lanes (Zehntner)

20 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com ABLE · EAT EP R ·

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E

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21 PPCJ - September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com TESTING AND WEATHERING

Friction finger type A Friction finger type B Friction finger type C

Figure 4. Abrasive cylinders (friction fingers) schematics as Abrasive Geometry Contact surface to test specimen Testing force defined in DIN 55654 / ISO cylinder A Cuboid Base surface 22mm x 22mm (22.0 ± 0.5) N B Cylinder Front surface (Ø 16 mm) (9.0 ± 0.2) N C Lateral surface (Ø 44mm × 25mm) Figure 5. Real abrasive cylinders types A (II), B (III) and C (I) as specified in DIN 55654

Figure 6. When equipped with the same abrasive agent, the Figure 7. Result with Friction finger type A, left without underlay, cylinders show different results right with felt cloth underlay a large flat testing area and, therefore, the friction finger, weight and abrasive medium of 45° inclination the samples are placed maximal area of the abrasive medium is will influence the test results greatly. next to the standardised grey scale and in contact with the testing surface. Type The abrasive material has to be mounted assessed comparatively (figure 8). A produces the most uniform abrasion, firmly to the friction fingers so that it is The disadvantage of visual assessment whereas the slightly rounded type B causes fixed and cannot shift during the testing is that it depends on the respective the most damage in the centre of the procedure. Trials have shown that the use person/s doing the assessment but as it is testing lane, decreasing towards the edges. of an underlay of felt cloth makes a great the only available option for the testing of Friction finger type C has a semi-circular difference on the outcome of the test. textiles it is important that the evaluation bearing surface and only a small part of For example, figure 7 shows the procedure is observed diligently to get the abrasive agent gets in contact with the difference between tests with and without reproducible results. surface. This shape is unsuitable for flat felt cloth underlay on friction finger type A. testing samples but gives very good results It becomes obvious that the use of a „ GLOSS MEASUREMENT on curved surfaces (figure 6). cloth or fleece underlay is crucial. Without underlay, abrasion is only happening on For linear abrasion tests on hard coated „ ABRASIVE MATERIAL the edges of the friction finger, resulting substrates, gloss or occasionally haze in an uneven distribution of the damage, or brightness measurement is the most Many materials can be used as abrasives: whereas using an underlay of felt results in common evaluation method. In the context cotton cloth, felt pads, emery paper, a homogenous lane of abrasion. of revising the DIN 5567, trials have been paper and many more. Additionally, water, Just as there are many ways to conduct carried out to validate the already specified solvents and/or additional media, such as the actual linear abrasion test, there are gloss measurement evaluation method for abrasive paste or powder can be used. also several ways of evaluation. linear abrasion testing. Table 1 gives an impression of the Coated samples have been subjected to diversity of materials and equipment that „ GREY SCALE linear abrasion with two different abrasive may be necessary for the conduction cylinders (friction fingers): of linear abrasion tests according to For colour fastness tests, the most • Sample coating: AkzoNobel Titanium different standards. common method is visual assessment 89232858 Without going into further detail on all of by comparison to a defined grey scale. • Abrasive agent: P2500 these standards, it can be concluded that The assessment should be done • Underlay: Felt cloth, 1.5mm thickness linear abrasion tests can be conducted in independently by at least two people to • Friction fingers used: Type A, type C many different ways. Competent consultancy minimise subjectivity. • Applied force (weight): 9N on the suitable equipment is recommended Under defined lighting (standard • Number of double strokes: 10 to achieve meaningful results. The choice of illuminant D65) and on a white background • Stroke speed: 200mm/s

22 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com TESTING AND WEATHERING

Table 1. An impression of the diversity of materials and equipment that may be necessary for the conduction of linear abrasion tests according to different standards

AATCC Test method 8-2007 ASTM D6279 BMW AA-0134 Colorfastness to crocking Rub Abrasion Mar Resistance Dry scratch resistance ACC1344 friction finger B with of high gloss coatings ACC1345 friction finger C diameter 16mm (0.63”) ACC1344 friction finger B with ACC1346 weight for test force 9N ACC1346 weight for test force 9N diameter 16mm (0.63”) Glossmeter ACC1353 cotton rubbing cloth ACC1346 weight for test force 9N Friction material according to AATCC Gray Scale or AATCC Friction pad made of felt or paper, agreement Chromatic Transference Scale, as such as eg: ACC1352 felt cloth To test clear paint: white AATCC textile blotting paper Sandpaper 3M type „281Q WetordryTM ProductionTM Polishing Figure 8. Grey scale assessment of colour Paper in qualities 9μm. staining of the rubbing cloth after wet rubbing Based on ASTM F1319 DIN EN 13523-11 EN ISO 105-X12 – testing Abrasion and smudge resistance Resistance to solvents of monochromic textiles and of images produced from coil coated metals large-scale prints business copy products ACC1344 friction finger B with Colour fastness ACC1344 friction finger B with diameter 16 mm (0.63“) ACC1344 friction finger B with diameter 16mm (0.63”) ACC1346 weight for test force 9N diameter 16 mm (0.63”) ACC1482 weight 50g ACC1353 cotton rubbing cloth ACC1346 weight for test force 9N ACC1484 weight 100g (other materials like textiles or felt ACC1353 cotton rubbing cloth ACC1353 cotton rubbing cloth washers are allowed, though lead Emery paper and a grey scale for Densitometer in accordance with to other results) assessing staining in accordance ANSI IT2.17 Solvent with ISO 105-A03. Emery paper DIN 55654 with friction finger Volkswagen PV 3906 DIN 55654 with friction finger Figure 9. Measuring template as defined in A (for flat test samples) (application standard) C (for curved test samples) DIN 55654 Scratch test using a linear Rubbing test Scratch test using a linear abrasion tester ACC1344 friction finger B with abrasion tester The test load (wear) onto the diameter 16 mm (0.63”) The test load (wear) onto the testing on hard coated surfaces. More tests coating is uniform over the whole ACC1346 weight for test force 9N coating is uniform over the whole with different coatings are recommended to cuboid in crocking direction. ACC1353 cotton rubbing cloth cylinder in crocking direction. substantiate the assumption. ACC1315 friction finger A (22mm Grey scale for assessing staining ACC1345 friction finger C x 22mm (0.87” x 0.87”)) in accordance with ISO 105-A03 ACC1346 weight for test force 9N ACC1347 weight for test force 22N „ CONCLUSION

Gloss has been measured on the an area is spared, which corresponds Linear abrasion testing is used in samples before and after the linear to the size of the abrasive cylinder. many fields of the industry and can be abrasion procedure. A template for the Measurements in the starting and considered a valid testing method for correct placement of the gloss meter has final position lead to incorrect results various parameters, such as scratch/ been used to ensure the following: (figure 9). mar resistance, colour fastness, • The measuring surface of the gloss meter Gloss is measured in three spots at smearing of print and many more. When lies within the (intended) scratch mark and right angle to the stroke direction and the the test is carried out diligently under is located in the centre across the direction average value is recorded. For each friction defined conditions it is a reliable and of scratching; finger, two sample plates have been used. reproducible test. • The measurements are carried out The results can be seen in Table 2. There is more capability in this testing pairwise in the same position before The results show that the values of each method than is exploited today and it leaves and after scratching; friction finger before and after the linear space for more research in many fields. • The gloss measurements can be abrasion on the two different samples To name a few, the detailed analysis of the carried out in three measuring positions are very similar. This suggests that the produced damages as compared to real life equally distributed on the (intended) gloss measurement is indeed a suitable damages could lead to recommendations scratch mark and on each of the ends evaluation method for linear abrasion for the optimal choice of abrasive material on different coatings and substrates. Table 2. Average values of gloss measurements for two samples Considering the high innovation rate in the field of coatings, there is a demand Finger A Finger C for flexible testing methods that can be Sample 1 Gloss units before Gloss units after Gloss units before Gloss units after adapted quickly to innovative coating Position 1 98.0 47.9 96.5 31.3 properties. The linear abrasion test offers a lot of potential for further development. Position 2 97.4 49.5 97.5 31.3 PPCJ Position 3 96.6 42.5 97.3 26.9 Average 97.3 46.6 97.1 29.8 Finger A Finger C Author: Ingrid Bloß, Zehntner GmbH Sample 2 Gloss units before Gloss units after Gloss units before Gloss units after Testing Instruments, Switzerland Website: www.zehntner.com Position 1 96.4 45.6 96.3 27.2 Zehntner will exhibit at ChinaCoat 2017, Position 2 96.4 46.2 95.5 25.0 stand No A07-08 (booked under its local Position 3 96.1 43.3 96.5 22.2 representative: Precisa International Average 96.3 45.1 96.1 24.8 (Shanghai) Co Ltd).

23 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com ADDITIVES

The key drivers, challenges and opportunities in the polymer additives market are described Polymer additives to witness high growth in Middle East and Africa

lastic goods play an important 2021, while smaller markets such as the largest consumer of polymer additives. The role in many day-to-day activities. Middle East and Africa (MEA) are expected major drivers that aid the growth of this PThese goods are made from to witness high growth during the forecast industry are rapid urbanisation, changing polymers mixed with a complex blend of period. The high growth in this region, in consumer lifestyle, economic trends and materials known as additives. Polymer particular, is mainly due to an increase development in packaging material and additives are low molecular or polymeric, in demand for packaging applications technology. The increase in the use of organic or inorganic substances added for food and non-food packaging. Also, polymers in heavy and light packaging to polymers to improve their strength, infrastructural development increases materials drives the demand for polymer durability and heat sensitivity. They also the demand for polymer additives for additives. The need for different polymer enhance processability, performance construction activities. additives, such as plasticisers, flame and appearance of the polymers. These Polymer additives are used in polymers retardant and stabilisers is growing with additives have widespread applications for various applications, such as electronic the increasing demand for polymers in in various end-use industries, such as goods, panels, packaging films, bottles, packaging materials (Table 2). construction, packaging, automotive, caps, containers, PVC pipes, floor covering, consumer goods, pharmaceutical, cables, household goods, toys, automotive „ KEY DRIVERS furniture, sporting goods and agriculture. parts, greenhouse films and textile fibres Consumption of polymer additives is (Table 1). 1. Replacement of conventional increasing with the growth in population, a Various properties of plastics, such as materials by plastics in rising disposable income and increase in durability, low cost, resistance to corrosion, many applications: Plastics, use of plastics. Europe is the mature market water and chemicals and low thermal especially engineering plastics, for polymer additives and is expected to conductivity make it suitable for various possess superior abrasion witness slower growth between 2016 and applications. The packaging industry is the resistance, chemical resistance, and mechanical and electrical Table 1. properties in comparison to End-Use Industry Application conventional materials such as metals, glass, paper and Packaging Bottles and tubes, caps and closures, synthetic cork, special films, ceramics. Continuous innovation containers and drums and transport crates and the need for lightweight Construction Profiles and sidings, pipes and fittings, roofing membrane, floor material in several applications coverings, wires and electrical component, panels, films, coated fabrics are encouraging the replacement and wood plastic composite of these conventional materials Consumer goods Appliances, flat panel displays, electrical profiles, personal care by plastics. For instance, in the products, carpets, household goods, toys and shoes automotive sector, the use of Automotive Bumper, car dashboard, interior components, wires and cables plastics has ensured higher safety, and coatings performance and fuel efficiency. Others Textiles, waste containers, green furniture, sports and leisure Seat belts made from durable and medical strands of polyester fibre have helped prevent many accidents. Table 2. 2. Increasing disposable income Type Description and rapid urbanisation: The increasing population in most Plasticisers Plasticisers are the most commonly used additive in the plastic industry. of the developing countries is They are soft, viscous, flexible and easy to handle driving the growth of end-use Stabilisers Stabilisers help in minimising the effect of oxidation in polymers industries of polymer additives such as packaging, construction, Flame retardants Flame retardants are additives used to inhibit flames and reduce the damage caused by fire mishaps automotive and consumer goods. A growing population, increasing Impact modifiers Impact modifiers are additives that enable plastic products to absorb disposable income, improving shocks and resist impact, without cracking or breaking living standards and the need Others Other types of polymer additives include anti-microbial, antistatic for improved infrastructure are agents, blowing agents, fillers and nucleating agents expected to drive the polymer

24 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com 11 – 12 October 2017 Cairo International Convention and Exhibition Centre, Egypt

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almost 28% of the global polymer additives market in 2016. The European market is mature and is projected to register a lower CAGR of 2.7% between 2016 and 2021. On the other hand, the MEA region is comparatively smaller and accounted for almost 10% share in the global polymer additive market in 2016. Although the market in this region is smaller, it has many untapped opportunities. Therefore, the market in the MEA is projected to register a CAGR of 5.3% between 2016 and 2021 (figure 1). In Europe, countries such as Germany, Italy and France have the major market share, followed by the UK and Spain. On the other hand, in the Middle East & Africa, Saudi Arabia and Iran account for a major market share. The consumption of polymer Figure 1. Middle East and Africa to be the second fastest-growing market for polymer additives is high in these countries mainly additives. Source: secondary research, expert interviews and MarketsandMarkets analysis because of the presence of major end-use industries such as packaging, automotive, additives market. Urbanisation is Some additives, such as prodegradant construction and consumer goods. expected to provide opportunities concentrate (PDC) and totally degradable for people to move in to tier I and plastic additives (TDPA) are used to „ CONCLUSION metro locations. This would create manufacture thin plastic shopping bags, ample demand for residential units disposable nappies, rubbish bags, landfill The demand for polymer additives is stock, packaging and automotives, covers and food containers. expected to witness high growth in Asia which in turn will drive plastic Pacific and the Middle East and Africa. consumption and increase the „ KEY OPPORTUNITIES Europe and North America are mature demand of polymer additives. markets and expected to witness lesser Emerging markets, such as Asia Pacific and growth between 2016 and 2021. Packaging „ KEY CHALLENGES the MEA have untapped opportunities for is the largest application of polymer packaging application of polymer additives. additives and is expected to continue the Stringent government regulations set for The packaging application is expected trend during forecast period (2016–2021). polymer additives is the major restraint for to witness significant growth because of The untapped opportunities in emerging the growth of the polymer additives market. increasing urban population and demand regions such as the Middle East and Several new regulations and proposed for plastic packaging from the food and Africa and South America are expected to bans on the usage of petroleum-based beverage industry. In Asia Pacific and increase the demand for polymer additives plastics are expected to affect the sale of the MEA, the fastest-growing markets for in the future. PPCJ polymer additives. Many scientific studies polymer additives are India, China, Saudi have supported the restrictions posed on Arabia and South Africa. polymer additives, such as flame retardants Increasing use of polymer additives and plasticisers. in agriculture also provides growth Recycling of non-degradable plastic opportunities to the manufacturers. Use of waste is another key challenge. Plastic additives in plastic sheets for packaging waste disposal may create concerns, applications in the agriculture sector especially when there is mixed waste has been increasing because of benefits material such as paper, metals and food. such as preservation of quality of the The recycling of non-degradable plastics agricultural produce and improvement in is a key challenge in the plastics industry. crop protection. The important agriculture For recycling individual polymer such as applications of plastic films include polyethylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl greenhouses, tunnels, reservoir and chloride, they need to be segregated as irrigation, silage and mulching. Additives remoulding different types of polymers may such as light stabilisers and UV absorbers affect the strength of the end-use product. prevent early degradation of agricultural To cope with such challenges, an plastics by making these plastic films and additive called compatibiliser can be used sheets resistant to sunlight and heat. to stick different waste plastics materials so that a reasonable amount of cross-blending „ POLYMER ADDITIVE can be accepted. Mixed plastic waste MARKET BY REGION can be remoulded and used in fencing, pallets and road markers. Additives are Asia Pacific is the largest and fastest- Author: MarketsandMarkets. vital for reprocessing plastic waste, which growing market for polymer additives Website: www.marketsandmarkets.com would otherwise be buried in a landfill site. worldwide. Europe accounted for a share of

26 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com WATERBORNE COATINGS

Jorge Moniz, Susana Carvalho, Bharat Odedra and David Graham, Resiquímica, discuss their research into the development of core-shell acrylic lattices suitable for wood, metal and plastic surfaces Core-shell acrylic polymers for multi-surface coatings

he development of binders for multi- Table 1. Data and results for VeoVa10 Table 2. Data and results for grit improved surface applications is a difficult acrylate core-shell compositions VeoVa10 acrylate core-shell compositions Ttask as the adhesion to surfaces of different energies is not straightforward. #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 In this work, we have studied acrylic Core Tg (ºC) 47 44 Core T (ºC) 47 50 50 48 core-shell lattices suitable for wood, metal g and plastic surfaces that exhibit high Shell Tg (ºC) -7 -1 -7 4 11 -2 Shell Tg (ºC) hydrophobicity for exterior applications. A careful balance of the core and shell MFFT (ºC) 0 0 MFFT (ºC) 0 0 10 0 polymers’ composition and a suitable self- Average particle size (nm) 132 119 Average particle 87 73 89 112 crosslinking system were key parameters size (nm) in achieving a low minimum film forming Viscosity (mPa.s) 58 66 temperature (MFFT) with excellent blocking Viscosity (mPa.s) 85 147 63 255 Solids content (%) 46.6 46.6 resistance, while keeping a good elasticity. Solids content (%) 49.0 47.7 48.3 47.9 High performance was thus achieved with Sieve residue (%) 0.020 0.030 low VOC requirement. The crosslinking Sieve residue (%) 0.006 0.018 0.012 0.0 system works in conjunction with wet Two different crosslinking mechanisms and adhesion functionality to give excellent a wet adhesion monomer were distributed properties to evaluate, in order to check multi-surface adhesion properties. in both stages of the polymerisation. if the low MFFT compositions are not Additionally, high hydrophobicity was also Both recipes produced products with detrimental. The results displayed on given by the use of VeoVa10 monomer. 0ºC MFFT and adequate particle size and figure 1 show that small variations in Interior and exterior construction areas viscosity. However, these VeoVa10 acrylate monomer composition have strong impact increasingly require hydrophobic products emulsions showed severe grit issues. After on the blocking resistance. Lattices #5 and in order to reduce water sensitivity to the filtration the products still exhibited high #6 show clear improvements compared coating materials. In particular, bathrooms sieve residues. Therefore, manufacturing to the pure acrylic core-shell, however #5 require water protection in shower conditions and recipes for the polymers having an MFFT of 10ºC is not an option. surroundings before painting or tiling. were reviewed and modified. Radical As a further screening test, gloss was Decks, balconies and exterior walls also initiation and residual monomer conversion measured as core-shell compositions can require waterproofing. were addressed to reduce grit formation. In lead to lower gloss levels due to the film The development of a waterborne binder addition, different emulsifier systems were forming process. Figure 2 shows all the capable of addressing these application screened to improve particle stability. A test formulations performed at least at the requirements is not straightforward. A new method was thus tested in formulation same level as the acrylic core-shell control. simple sum of crosslinking and adhesion #3 starting with monomer composition The best blocking formulation (#6) was promoting agents to the main polymer can from #1 and several monomer adjustments then chosen for application onto wood lead to severe stability issues or may not be were tested in #4 to #6 (Table 2). panels and tested in outdoor exposure for sufficient in terms of performance. Results show that the main monomer three years. Figure 3 clearly shows the In this work, we have studied a latex composition is also relevant to grit excellent ageing properties obtained with system based on an acrylic core-shell formation, as only emulsions #3 and #6 approach with a 0ºC MFFT. VeoVa10 show low sieve residue values. These Figure 1. Wood stain blocking resistance for grit improved VeoVa10 Acrylate binders monomer was used to impart hydrophobicity. results should be analysed together with the at 1kg/1h, 23ºC (ISO 4622) Wet adhesion and crosslinking monomers corresponding average particle sizes, since were added for multi-surface adhesion and smaller particles tend to cause higher grit. blocking resistance. „ WOOD STAIN „ POLYMER DEVELOPMENT The improved lattices #3 to #6 were tested The development of the required latex as binders in a wood stain formulation binder started with two VeoVa10 acrylate (Table 3) and compared to a low blocking core-shell compositions (Table 1). A pure acrylic core-shell latex. moderate hard acrylic core was followed by For this wood application, blocking a soft shell containing VeoVa10 monomer. resistance is one of most significant

27 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com WATERBORNE COATINGS

Figure 2. Wood stain gloss levels for grit improved VeoVa10 acrylate binders (ISO2813) Figure 6. After three months there was no loss of water into the plasterboard Table 3. Wood stain formulation Figure 3. Wood stain outdoor exposure Water 24.65 after three years south facing: left, VeoVa10 Wetting agent (Surfynol 104E) 0.25 acrylate #6. Right, acrylic core-shell Defoamer (Xynburst 9615) 0.20 Biocide (Preventol A-14D) 0.20 Thickener (Acrysol RM 825) 0.24 Binder 68.36

Wax 2.30 Figure 7. 18% PVC white paints dry and wet Pigment (Hostafine Transoxide 2.30 pull-off adhesion after seven days drying Yellow R) (ISO 4624) Pigment (Hostafine Transoxide 1.50 Red B) Finally, a demonstration test on a Total 100.00 Figure 4. Barrier coating cyclic water plasterboard was performed using the absorption (DIN 53495) same barrier coating composition but blue Solids content 35 tinted for easier evaluation (figure 6). After two barrier coats were applied, plastic Table 4. Barrier coating formulation cylinders were stuck to the plasterboard Binder 56.90 and filled with tap water. After three Filler (Baryte) 42.65 months, no loss of water was observed into the plasterboard. Thickener (Xynpol AX 200R) 0.40 Defoamer (Xynburst 9615) 0.05 „ HIGH GLOSS COATING

Total 100.00 In order to address multi-surface adhesion Adjust to pH9.5 with Xyndisp 70.6 properties, latex #6 was evaluated in a high 4500AD Solids content (%) Figure 5. Barrier coating continuous water gloss paint formulation, with a PVC of 18% absorption (internal method) and a low VOC requirement (Table 5). Table 5. High gloss paint formulation The dry and wet pull-off adhesion tests this VeoVa10 acrylate binder compared to carried out confirmed the multi-surface Water 16.12 the pure acrylic control. properties of latex #6 (figure 7). Glass and Dispersing agent (Additol 0.64 old alkyd surfaces showed the biggest VXW 6200) „ BARRIER COATING improvement compared to the pure acrylic Biocide (Preventol D-12) 0.20 core-shell. Adhesion to iron and PVC Given the good results on blocking surfaces was also enhanced. Latex #6 Defoamer (Agitan E 256) 0.03 and ageing, latex #6 was tested as a can also improve adhesion performances barrier coating. A suitable formulation under both dry and wet conditions. The Propyleneglycol 2.00 to seal water-permeable substrates was crosslinking system gives highly coherent Pigment (Kemira RDI-S) 21.00 developed. As can be seen in Table 4, no films with intimate molecular contact to NaOH 10% 0.60 dispersant was used so that water sensitive surfaces with different energies. ingredients are avoided. Besides multi-surface adhesion, other Binder 57.00 Three different methods were used to high gloss paint properties were assessed. Thickener (Aquaflow NMS 450) 1.00 assess water barrier properties. First, cyclic The gloss levels obtained were similar to water absorption according to DIN 53495 the pure acrylic control values (figure 8), Texanol 1.50 was measured and the results clearly show while the hardness had a lower start but Total 100.00 a low water uptake (figure 4). similar figures after 14 days (figure 9). Next, a continuous water absorption test Blocking resistance needs to be Solids content (%) 50 was carried out where the test sample was evaluated. Results shown in figure 10 PVC (%) 18 not dried between measurements (figure show the chosen pure acrylic core-shell 5). Again, a much lower water absorption has an outstanding blocking resistance but VOC (%) 2.2 was obtained. the VeoVa10 acrylate latex 31

28 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com WATERBORNE COATINGS

Silvia Ziebold and Jörg Rüger, Clariant International, present a comprehensive assessment of the company’s latest speciality amine Novel sugar-based neutralising agent for ecolabel certified paints

here are various neutralising agents of suitable ingredients. To fully assess already exceed the limit of 1g/lit for indoor available to the paint industry. The a product’s sustainability profile, a paints or 2wt% for lacquers. Tmost common neutralising agents variety of aspects need to be taken into In the evaluation of the neutralising on the market are standard products, such consideration. Some of them are listed in agents’ suitability for ecolabels, glucamine as caustic soda (NaOH) and ammonia or Table 1. as a multifunctional neutralising agent stands the multifunctional additive 2-Amino-2- Due to their hazardous substance out as it is the only one that can be used in Methylpropan-1-ol (AMP). labelling and the VOC/SVOC content, unlimited amount in paints that are certified Clariant recently introduced a sugar- many common neutralising agents have based speciality amine (Glucamine) limitations when used in a modern and Table 1. Evaluation of neutralising agents based developed specifically for use as a environmentally conscious formulation. on environmental, health and safety aspects multifunctional performance additive in Moreover, regulatory factors are eco-friendly, water-based paints. In order important to take into account to ensure to create a comprehensive assessment freedom of operation and long-term use of of these neutralising agents, this article a raw material. considers environmental, health and Matters, such as labelling or VOCs safety aspects with the comparison of play an important role, especially in light performance characteristics. of eco-labels. It is no easy task for a paint formulator to develop a high-quality paint „ HOW SUSTAINABLE ARE that fulfills stringent ecolabel criteria. The NEUTRALISING AGENTS? VOC/SVOC limits of the German Blue Angel environmental label, for example, represent Environmental, health and safety attributes a real challenge. Even by using low VOC/ are increasing factors in the selection SVOC ingredients, the formulation might

Figure 1. Storage stability – syneresis, sedimentation, pH and viscosity

29 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com WATERBORNE COATINGS

Figure 2. Storage stability – frost resistance

Figure 4. Rust discolourations Discolouration rating: 1-5: 1 = no discolouration, 5 = severe discolouration

Figure 3. Flash rust rating according to ASTM D 610 Flash rust rating 1-5: 1 = no flash rust, 5 = severe flash rust Figure 5. Shift of shades with the German Blue Angel, Scandinavian liquid paint and on the dried paint film that Figure 2 shows that both glucamine Nordic Swan, French Décret, EU Ecoflower, was applied. and AMP have withstood the maximum US GreenSeal and the Chinese Ten Ring. number of five cycles and contributed Although the renewable content is not yet „ STORAGE STABILITY additional stabilising properties to the a criteria for ecolabels, another advantage paints. The coatings with the standard of glucamine is that it consists of up to 75% Figure 1 shows that it is possible neutralising agents NaOH and ammonia glucose and is, therefore, very much in line to formulate stable paints with all were unstable after three cycles. with the trend of renewable raw materials. neutralising agents. The multifunctional AMP, on the other When stored for 28 days at 50°C, „ FLASH RUST hand, is only allowed to be used at <1% which corresponds to two years’ shelf in lacquers and <0.07% in interior paints life at room temperature in the Central Regarding the drying behaviour on metallic labelled with the Blue Angel. European climate, none of the lacquers substrates, the neutralising agents show The standard neutralising agents showed the appearance of syneresis or different behaviour in the rust formation and present a varied picture. Ammonia cannot more pronounced sedimentation. Likewise, discolouration of the paint. be used at all in indoor paints with the Blue the pH level remained stable. With regards A 120μm thin wet film was applied Angel seal or is limited to <1% for lacquers. to rheology, there are clear differences, on a metal plate (Q-Panel type S-46) Caustic soda, on the other hand, can be especially in the semi-gloss system. and then immediately stored at 23°C used in unlimited concentrations for the EU Immediately after manufacturing and 50% relative humidity for 24hr for Ecoflower but is also limited for the Blue the lacquers, the viscosity remained drying. As shown in figures 3 and 4, the Angel lacquers to <1% and for the Nordic nearly the same between the different rust film appears as brown rust spots Swan to <2% due to the labelling. neutralisation agents. However, after 28 and the discolouration appears over the In addition to the environmental, health days warm storage, the viscosity of the entire paint film. Glucamine showed the and safety aspects, the performance of glucamine-containing lacquer increased lowest tendency to initiate rust and create the products was also evaluated. Hereby, only slightly compared to the other discolouration in the film. the neutralising agents were formulated neutralisation agents. into standard acrylic gloss and semi-gloss In addition to storage at room „ SHIFT OF SHADES IN lacquers, both low PVC paints, as well as in temperature and in heat, frost is a further TINTED SYSTEMS high PVC indoor and outdoor paints, and in factor that can affect paints and, in the pigment preparations. worst case, make them unusable. The effect of the neutralising agents on Figure 1 depicts the results for the low To assess the freeze-thaw stability, the colouring was evaluated in order to assess PVC acrylic lacquers, as it is here that the paints were first frozen for 12hrs at -18°C performance in tinted systems. influence of the various neutralising agents and then thawed at room temperature for Acrylic gloss coatings neutralised with is most pronounced. The influence of the 12hrs. Then it was evaluated whether the ammonia tinted in blue, green, red and neutralising agents was studied on both the paints were still technically flawless. black shades were set as a standard and

30 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com WATERBORNE COATINGS

compared to the alternatives. Figure 5 rust discolouration and enhance the shows that the multifunctional neutralising compatibility with pigments. These agents AMP and glucamine demonstrate properties can be achieved in low PVC a comparable shift of shades in the L and acrylic paints and high PVC indoor +b axis for all pigment pastes used and, and outdoor emulsion paints. Such therefore, allows these products to be multifunctionality can help to reduce interchangeable in mixing systems. (Note: a the number of components in the paint shift of shade of 0.1–0.2 is not evaluated as formulation and contribute to process and a significant deviation since it is still in the logistics cost savings. PPCJ measurement tolerance.) Authors: Jörg Rüger, „ PIGMENT COMPATIBILITY Global Application Development Manager Paints & Coatings, Business Unit Industrial & For this test, a standard low VOC emulsion Consumer Specialties paint with various neutralising agents Based at the Clariant Innovation Center in the was adjusted to a pH-value of 8.5 and industrial park Höchst/Frankfurt, Germany. subsequently tinted with a water-based Figure 6. Pigment compatibility in a water- Email: [email protected] iron oxide red pigment paste (3% each). based system After the homogenisation using a paint Silvia Ziebold shaker, the paints were stored for 24hrs; also interact with paint ingredients and Global Marketing Manager Industrial then 200μm was applied and subjected to a influence the stability of the paint during Applications, Business Unit Industrial & rub-out test. storage. This article compares the new Consumer Specialties As can be seen in figure 6, glucamine glucamine with the most frequently used Based at Clariant Headquarters in Muttenz, increases the tinting strength in the water- neutralising agents available to the paints Switzerland. based paint system by more than 50%. and coatings industry – caustic soda, Email: [email protected] ammonia and AMP. Glucamine consists of Website: www.clariant.com/genamingluco50 „ CONCLUSION up to 75% renewable raw materials, does Glucamine for paints and coatings features not require labelling and is VOC/SVOC free. at 2017 tradeshows: Abrafati, October Neutralising agents are only used in small In assessing the performance 3-5, Săo Paulo, Brazil; Western Coatings quantities in water-based paints. However, attributes, glucamine as a multifunctional Show, Oct 15-18, Las Vegas, USA; ChinaCoat their effect is of significant importance. Not additive is shown to improve the storage November 15-17, Shanghai, China. only do they regulate the pH-value, they and freeze-thaw stability, reduce flash-

Figure 8. 18% PVC white paints gloss levels Figure 10. 18% PVC white paints blocking Figure 11. 18% PVC white paints resistance at 1 kg/1h, 23 ºC (ISO 4622) elastomeric properties (ASTM D 2370)

elongation properties (figure 11). The absorption tests, as well as in a practical obtained value of 103% is high enough for plasterboard impregnation method. exterior wood applications. In addition, the core-shell approach could account for a high blocking „ CONCLUSIONS resistance while maintaining gloss levels. Overall, the results indicate that this A VeoVa10 acrylate latex with crosslinking product can be an excellent choice for and wet adhesion functionalities has interior and exterior coatings in cases Figure 9. 18% PVC white paints hardness been developed. where adhesion and barrier properties levels (ISO 1522) The performance of the latex was are necessary. PPCJ evaluated in a wood stain, a barrier coat 28 also exhibits a very good and a high gloss white paint. performance, as typical values for standard Results compared to a pure acrylic Contact Author: Jorge Moniz, Innovation acrylics with an average MFFT of ~13ºC control show improved adhesion to different Manager, Resinas Químicas, Portugal usually present blocking resistances above substrates, especially old alkyd and glass. Email: [email protected] 2 300g/cm . An interesting result was the Excellent water resistance properties Website: www.resiquimica.pt low blocking resistance did not imply low were found in cyclic and continuous water

31 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com ADHESIVES & SEALANTS NEWS

Henkel has produced a range of universal structural bonders that put health and safety at the forefront Hybrid adhesives for safe performance rotecting the workforce and the qualities of many adhesive technologies quickly achieved even at low temperatures environment through ever-tightening to achieve bond strength, fast fixture speed and when there is a relatively large gap Phealth and safety rules has a double and durability. between substrates. edge: for those whose job it is to evaluate The hybrid adhesives provide improved For those in maintenance and repair, the suitability of hazard-labelled products performance on a variety of substrates the new Loctite HY 4070 offers distinct against process needs and company and the versatility to solve many more advantages. It is ideal for engineers seeking policy, tougher legislation means a lot design, assembly, maintenance and repair methods to optimise efficiency and reduce more work. challenges. Structural bonding has become costs while keeping plants running smoothly The quick fix is to select products with the joining method of choice for many and safely. Although suitable for the lion’s minimal hazard labelling and this is a field companies as it allows different materials to share of applications where a 60 second in which Henkel continues to invest heavily. be combined. It also creates uniform stress fixture is required, it is particularly good Not only does its Loctite brand have the distribution over the bond face, which makes where variable gaps up to 5mm between most comprehensive choice of hazard a significant contribution to the durability and mixed substrates are involved. label-free products in the form of its Health reliability of the product or system. A variety of different technologies are and Safety range, the company is also The new Loctite HY 4090 provides a available for structural bonding, two-part developing adhesive technologies that good example of what these qualities mean methyl methacrylate adhesives (MMA) are extremely safe to use yet have unique to design engineers and its potential to epoxies and polyurethanes being the most application benefits too. improve assembly applications, streamline common. Each has its strengths but none The Loctite Universal Structural process steps and bond materials in have the safety credentials of the Loctite Bonders demonstrate how user and applications with difficult requirements. Universal Structural Bonders formulated environmental safety can be achieved This adhesive provides exceptional bond using hybrid technology. This quality makes without compromising performance. These strength of plastic/metal combinations them the ideal choice for all general-purpose products owe many of their attributes to and on rubber materials. Fast fixturing bonding applications where health and safety patented hybrid technology that combines reduces assembly time and a robust cure is is of paramount concern.

Wacker expands technical centre in Dubai Adhesives for electronics

Munich-based chemicals group Wacker is Delo Industrial Adhesives has developed strengthening its presence in Middle East a light-curing acrylate with excellent and Africa (MEA) by expanding the service peel resistance for seal-bonding. Delo portfolio of its technical centre in Dubai. The Photobond GB4033 has features that centre of excellence located at the Dubai make it suitable for universal use in Silicon Oasis (DSO) technology park now electronic applications. also includes a dedicated laboratory for Designed for service temperatures polymer dispersions needed as binders for ranging from -40°C to +120°C, it is adhesives and carpet applications. Further, particularly suited for material joints that a laboratory has been established and ISO- require adhesives not only to be strong but certified for developing and testing silicone also flexible and tight. The product provides elastomers for growing industries such as very good sealing properties against water, energy and mould making. (VAE) dispersions to meet the growing local humidity and dust, as is often required in The technical centre Dubai now demands of customers in the carpet and the world of consumer electronics. comprises five laboratories to support adhesives industries. VAE dispersions of the In addition, an elongation at tear of customers in the paints and coatings, Vinnapas brand are increasingly being used 400% allows it to equalise tensions to a construction, energy mould making, in place of traditional latexes as binders large extent. This elasticity contributes carpet and adhesives industries. With the for bonding carpet backing, as well as for to the good peel resistance on glass and expansion, Wacker is increasing its local high-quality wood glue and water-based plastic. Its average peel strength on PEEK, expertise in applications technology, know- flooring adhesives. PC, or PET is 14N/cm compared to 1-3 N/ how transfer and service, thereby meeting Both labs are equipped with cutting- cm for standard acrylates. its local customers’ needs for high-quality edge instrumentation and enable numerous Delo Photobond GB4033 is fluorescent silicone and polymer products in the tests with regard to locally available raw blue, which is useful for controlling precise strongly growing markets of the MEA region. materials, climatic and environmental application of the adhesive cures under The focus of the new polymers lab is on conditions, and regional requirements. both UV and visible light. The low viscous, providing technical support for formulations The silicones lab has further been certified one component adhesive is solvent-free with vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer according to the ISO 17025 standard. and can be stored at room temperature.

32 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com CONGRESS EXHIBITION 20-21 March 2018 22-24 March 2018 +PVGT%QPVKPGPVCNí*QVGNíòUVCPDWN òUVCPDWNí'ZRQí%GPVGTííHall 9-10-11-FOYER

CALL FOR PAPERS

“7th International Paint, Paint Raw Materials, Construction Chemicals, Adhesives and Raw Materials, Laboratory and Production Equipment Exhibition and Congress” Paintistanbul & Turkcoat 2018 will be held between 20-24 March 2018 in Istanbul.

Paintistanbul & Turkcoat 2018 Congress will take place between March 20 and 21 2018 in InterContinental Istanbul Hotel. On the other hand Paint Schools will be held one day before the start of the Congress, Monday, 19 March 2018. The Congress will provide a platform for the scientists and professionals from the academia and the coatings industry to come together and share their experience, establishing bridges between new concepts in science and technology on the one hand and applications in the industry on the other hand.

Abstracts of the articles and posters to be presented at the Congress should be sent to the Congress Secretariat [email protected] via e-mail in MS Word format by Friday, 01 December 2017. Abstracts should not exceed 300 words.

The Scientific Committee reserves the right to accept or reject presentations and to decide whether they should be oral or in the form of posters. The authors will be notified of the Committee’s decisions by Friday, 15 December 2017.

In every Congress we adopt one or more themes which we highlight either in keynote speeches or in presentations by eminent speakers who are globally identified with the selected themes. Two themes we will highlight in Paintistanbul & Turkcoat 2018 will be innovation and sustainability in our industry.

Presentations must be non-commercial in their outlook; they must instead be focused on scientific and technological content. The use of trade names and trademarks must be avoided wherever possible. Abstracts and full papers must be written in English. Optionally Turkish translations can be included.

Kindly observe the following rules in writing the papers which will help us format the Congress USB and/or CD as uniformly as possible. Full papers should be written in MS Word, with text body 12 pt, headlines 14 pt, Times New Roman fonts, 1,5 line spacing, 3 cm margins on the sides and at the bottom of the page. Full papers should not exceed 8 A4 pages including the text, illustrations, graphs, pictures, tables and references.

Oral presentations during the Congress will be 25 minutes long and together with 5 minutes long Q&A sessions, the total period for each talk will be limited to 30 minutes. Poster presentations should be arranged to fit into an area of 70x90 cm and the text should be legible from a distance of 2-3 meters. In case the size of the attachment is too big and creates difficulties in delivering the mail, please contact the Secretariat for support.

All accepted papers (oral or poster presentations) will be published in the Congress USB and/or CD.

Please visit the Congress website at www.turkcoat-paintistanbul.com for more details.

We are looking forward to see you at Paintistanbul & Turkcoat 2018 Congress in Istanbul between 20-21 March 2018.

Congress Main Subjects Congress Venue đ Novel Raw Materials InterContinental Hotel İstanbul is conveniently located in đ Nano Particles and Nano Structures the Taksim District which is heart of the city. Hotel is located 20 km from İstanbul Ataturk Airport. đ Fundamental Studies on the Mechanisms of Film Formation, Curing, Aging of Organic Coatings InterContinental Istanbul đ Functional Coatings and Microencapsulation Address: Asker Ocağı Cad. No:1 Taksim 34435, İstanbul, Turkey đ Waterborne Coatings đ Architectural Paints đ Automotive Coatings đ Marine and Protective Coatings đ Industrial Coatings đ Adhesives, Sealants and Construction Chemicals đ Printing Inks đ Sustainable Technologies and Regulatory Issues đ Paint Manufacturing Technologies đ Testing and Analytical Methods SURFACTANTS

Łukasz Toma, PCC Exol SA, discusses the effect of different surfactants on the application properties of polymeric dispersions Influence of selection of surfactant system on application properties of polymeric dispersions

Anionic and non-ionic surfactants were evaluated in pure-acrylic and low MFFT (0°C) 1. Anionic surfactants styrene-acrylic dispersions. Synthesis of dispersions was conducted by seeded a) Rosulfan L – sodium lauryl sulfate emulsion polymerisation. Two types of pure-acrylic dispersions were synthetised – b) ABSNa – sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate conventional and core-shell type, obtained in two-stage emulsion polymerisation. In the c) Sulforokanol L170/1 - Sodium Laureth conventional dispersion influence of anionic emulsifier on particle size was evaluated. Sulfate (SLES) + 1 EO In the core-shell type impact of emulsifiers on water-resistance and chemical stability d) Sulforokanol L270/1 or L225/1 - Sodium of dispersion was tested. Non-ionic surfactants were used in low MFFT styrene-acrylic Laureth Sulfate + 2 EO dispersion in order to evaluate their influence on chemical and freeze-thaw stability of e) Sulforokanol L327 - Sodium Pareth Sulfate dispersion. Based on synthetised dispersions, samples of high PVC (75.94%) white + 3 EO paint were prepared and their wet-scrub resistance (40 cycles) was analysed. f) Sulforokanol L1230/1 - Sodium Laureth Sulfate + 12 EO mulsion polymerisation is a process Depending on the surfactant nature (ionic or g) Sulforokanol L3030/1 - Sodium Laureth of manufacturing of polymeric non-ionic) this barrier might operate in either Sulfate + 30 EO E dispersions, including acrylic, vinyl electrostatic or steric repulsion mode3. h) Sulfosuccinate L3/40 – Disodium Laureth acetate homo- and copolymers, styrene- Anionic and non-ionic surfactants are Sulfosuccinate acrylic and EVA, which are commonly commonly used in emulsion polymerisation i) Sulforsuccinate DOSS - Di(2ethylhexyl) used in the architectural coatings industry. as emulsifiers and latex stabilisers. Anionic sulfosuccinic acid, sodium salt These products, also known as latexes, emulsifiers are often used in combination 2. Nonionic and amphoteric surfactants are main components of waterborne paints with non-ionic surfactants. Due to a a) Rokanol L30A/65- Alcohols, C12-14 + 30 EO and varnishes, which are considered as presence of the charge, they create an b) Rokanol L10/80 - Alcohols, C12-14 + 10 EO environmentally friendly, due to their low electrostatic barrier, which is stronger than c) Rokanol IT12 - Alcohols, C13, branched + content of VOC. the steric repulsion created by non-ionic 12 EO In the emulsion polymerisation two surfactants. Thus, anionic surfactants d) Rokanol K18 - Alcohols, C16-18 unsaturated phases coexist – aqueous and organic provide fine particle size of a latex and + 18 EO (monomer) phases. Due to immiscibility ensure a good polymerisation rate. e) Rokanol O18 - Alcohols, C16-18 unsaturated of these two parts, it is necessary to use However, they are sensitive to a presence of + 18 EO surfactants, which allow the monomers electrolytes4 and generally are not freeze- f) Rokacet R70 - Castor oil + 70 EO to be emulsified in water. Therefore, thaw resistant. In order to improve these g) Rokamina K40 – Cocoamidopropyl Betaine, surfactants play an essential role in the properties non-ionic surfactants are used5. amphoteric surfactant emulsion polymerisation process. Apart Although surfactants are necessary The following commercially available from emulsification of monomers they to ensure appropriate stability of latex, monomers and initiators were used: methyl help to create reaction loci where the they have also a negative influence on methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl polymerisation occurs. According to Smith- some of the coating properties. Due to acrylate, butyl acrylate, styrene, acrylic Evans-Harkins1, 2 theory the rate of emulsion hydrophilic character they decrease the acid, acrylamide, ammonium persulfate, polymerisation and amount of particle size water resistance of a polymer film, which Peroxan t-BHP and Bruggolite FF6. depend on the surfactant concentration. contributes to its higher water permeability. These relationships are explained by the This is a serious problem, especially INFLUENCE ON PARTICLE SIZE following equations: in the case of materials dedicated to The influence of anionic surfactant type on protective coatings eg wood varnishes or particle size was evaluated in the MMA/EA anticorrosion enamels. Apart from this, dispersion. Concentration of the surfactant water resistance surfactants can have was adjusted to 1% active on monomer negative effects on adhesion, gloss and weight. Composition of the dispersion is hardness of the coating. shown in Table 1.

„ EXPERIMENT Synthesis of the MMA/EA dispersions

where Np is amount of polymer particles, MMA/EA dispersions were synthetised by Rp is a rate of polymerisation propagation MATERIALS seeded polymerisation. After heating of and S is a surfactant concentration. Anionic and nonionic surfactants the initial charge to 85ºC, 10 wt% of the After the process, surfactants create a produced by PCC Exol were used. A list of monomer mixture and the initiator solution layer surrounding the polymer particles, products, with their chemical description is I was added to the reaction vessel. Seed thus, preventing them from agglomeration. given below: latex was kept at 85°C for 15min. Aqueous

34 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com SURFACTANTS

dispersions have a potential application Reactor charge Mass [g] pphm [%] Reactor charge Mass [g] pphm [%] as binders for eg wood varnishes. In our Initial charge Initial charge work we have investigated the influence Water 262.76 61.55 Water 103.81 81.9 of the polyether chain length in the SLES Surfactant 4.31 0.3 Surfactant 0.84 0.2 molecule on water permeability of the Initiator solution 1 Initiator solution I polymer film and chemical stability of core- shell dispersions with soft core and hard Water 12.61 2.95 Water 12.05 9.5 Ammonium persulfate 0.36 0.05 Ammonium persulfate 0.255 0.2 shell. High molecular (with EO content >10 moles) SLES were compared to ammonium Monomer mixture Pre-emulsion I nonylphenol polyether sulphate with 30 Methyl methacrylate 176.67 41.58 Water 23.17 18.3 moles EO (NPES +30 EO). Concentration of Ethyl acrylate 241.74 56.62 Surfactant 8.16 1.9 the emulsifier was adjusted to 2.5% active Acrylic acid 6.52 1.53 Acrylic acid 0.88 0.7 on monomer weight. Composition of the Methyl methacrylate 32.49 25.6 Aqueous mixture 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate 55.32 43.7 core-shell latex is shown in Table 2. Water 273.27 8.4 Initiator solution II Ammonium persulfate 1.43 0.33 Synthesis of the acrylic Surfactant 9.98 0.7 Water 12.05 9.5 core-shell dispersion Ammonium persulfate 0.255 0.2 Chaser Core-shell acrylic dispersions were Pre-emulsion II synthetised by two-stage seeded-pre- Peroxan BHP-70 0.13 0.03 Water 2.52 0.59 Water 10.62 8.4 emulsion polymerisation. After heating Bruggolite FF6 0.13 0.03 Surfactant 1.55 0.4 of the initial charge to 85ºC, 5wt% of the Water 2.52 0.59 Acrylic acid 0.38 0.3 pre-emulsion I and the initiator solution I Methyl methacrylate 33.01 25.0 pH adjustment were added to the reaction vessel. Seed Butyl acrylate 4.61 3.6 latex was kept at 85ºC for 15min. The NH OH solution (25%) 5.58 1.31 4 Chaser initiator solution II was added over 210min Table 1. Composition of MMA/EA dispersion Peroxan BHP-70 0.24 0.1 and the rest of the pre-emulsion I was Water 3.00 2.3 added over 150min. After the pre-emulsion mixture and the remaining monomer Bruggolite FF6 0.17 0.1 I was completely fed, pre-emulsion II was mixture were added to the reaction over Water 3.00 2.3 charged over 60min. After completion of three hours. After completion of the feeds, pH adjustment the feeds, the reaction mixture was kept at the reaction mixture was kept at 85ºC for 85ºC for 60min, than cooled to 55ºC and NH OH solution (25%) 1.0 0.3 one hour, than cooled to 55ºC and solutions 4 solutions of Peroxan and Bruggolite were of Peroxan and Bruggolite were added Table 2. Composition of the acrylic core- added simultaneously over 30min. The simultaneously over 30min. The final pH shell dispersion pH was adjusted with ammonia solution was adjusted with ammonia solution after after cooling to the ambient temperature. cooling to the ambient temperature. (Rosulfan L, ABSNa, Sulforokanol L170/1, The measured MFFT value of received L270/1, L327). Increasing the EO content in dispersions was approximately 0ºC. Particle size evaluation the SLES molecule led to a larger particle size Particle size of received dispersions was of latex with low concentration of emulsifier. Determination of water uptake determined by dynamic light scattering Water permeability was determined by (DLS) method using Nicomp apparatus. The INFLUENCE ON CHEMICAL STABILITY water uptake test according to PN-EN d50 values of the particle size are presented OF DISPERSION AND WATER 927-5. Wood plates (made of spruce wood, in figure .1 PERMEABILITY OF COATING dimensions – 150×70×24mm) were coated

The lowest value of d50 particle size One of the most interesting dispersions are with water resistant lacquer on five sides. was obtained for dispersions containing core-shell latexes. Due to the multiphase Evaluated dispersions were applied on emulsifiers with relatively low molecular mass structure of polymeric particles it is the uncoated front side. The plates were – sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium alkylbenzyl possible to obtain latex with low MFFT and held at ambient temperature for 48hr. After 6, 7 sulfonate and SLES with low EO content relatively high Tg value . Thereby, such this time the plates were weighed and

Figure 1. Comparison of d50 particle size of the MMA/ Figure 2. Comparison of water uptake of the polymer film of the EA dispersions obtained core-shell dispersions

35 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com SURFACTANTS

immersed in distilled water for 72hr and Reactor charge Mass [g] pphm [%] adjusted with ammonia solution after then weighed once again. Water uptake cooling to the ambient temperature. Initial charge was calculated using the following equation: m m –m Water 262.68 54.55 Chemical stability WU= w = sp dp S S Initiator solution I Chemical stability was determined in the Where m is mass of soaked plate (after same manner as described previously. sp Water 3.95 0.82 72hr in water), mdp is mass of dry plate Ammonium persulfate 0.25 0.05 Results are shown in Table 5. (before immersion in water) and S is surface The high ethoxylated lauryl alcohol Pre-emulsion area of front side of plate [m2] (Rokanol L30A/65) provides a very good Comparison of water uptake of received Water 164.17 34.09 resistance against presence of electrolyte, dispersions is shown in figure 2. Nonionic surfactant 8.41 1.4 comparable to high ethoxyladed nonylphenol. Sulfosuccinate L3/40 11.98 1.0 The length of a polyether chain in SLES For nonionic surfactants with lower content Styrene 190.44 39.55 molecule, especially in range of 2 – 12moles Butyl acrylate 279.09 57.9 5 of EO (Rokanol L10/80, Rokanol IT12) the of EO, has a strong influence on the water Acrylamide 7.22 1.5 stability was worse but comparable with permeability of a polymer film. Better water- Acrylic acid 4.79 1.0 lower ethoxylated nonylphenol. resistance was obtained for SLES with EO Initiator solution II content higher than 10moles (Sulforokanol Wet-scrub resistance of Water 35.52 7.38 l230/1A and Sulforokanol L3030/1A). white matte paint Ammonium persulfate 2.28 0.47 Interestingly, there was only a slight Wet-scrub resistance was determined difference between 12 and 30moles of EO. Chaser according to PN- ISO-11998. The test High molecular SLES gave similar results as Peroxan BHP-70 0.66 0.14 was conducted for samples of high PVC highly-ethoxylated nonylphenol sulfate. Water 8.17 1.7 (75%) white interior paints, containing Bruggolite FF6 0.47 0.1 synthetised dispersions (8wt%). The paints Water 8.17 1.7 Chemical stability were coated on PVC foil by automatic film Chemical stability of the core-shell pH adjustment applicator (300μm gap size, 12.5mm/sec dispersions was determined by exposure speed). After 28 days of conditioning in NH4OH solution (25%) 6.07 1.26 to CaCl2 solutions. To 5ml of the CaCl2 ambient temperature the thickness loss solution, with varied concentration (in Table 4. Composition of the low-MFFT was analysed (after 40 cycles of wet-srub). range of 1.5% - 20%) two droplets of S/BA dispersion Results are shown in Table 6. evaluated dispersion were added. For each nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs). Additionally, The lowest value of thickness loss was concentration samples were evaluated for the influence of the addition of surfactants obtained for the highly ethoxylated lauryl the presence of coagulum. Results are on freeze-thaw stability of commercially alcohol (Rokanol L30A/65). The result was shown in Table 3. available latex was analysed. Concentration better than in the case of nonylphenols. A The increase in polyether chain length of the anionic and nonionic emulsifier lower degree of ethoxylation in lauryl alcohol clearly contributes to better stability of in the low MFFT S/BA was adjusted to contributes to lower wet-scrub resistance of the dispersion in presence of electrolytes. 1% and 1.4% active on monomer weight the paint film. Therefore, SLES-based surfactants with EO respectively. Composition of the low-MFFT content higher than 10moles have similar S/BA dispersion is shown in Table 4. Freeze-thaw stability of properties as the mixture of anonic and commercial SA latex nonionic surfactants. Synthesis of the low MFFT To the commercial styrene-acrylic latex styrene-acrylic dispersions (containing only anionic emulsifier) 1%wt of INFLUENCE OF NONIONIC SURFACTANT Low MFFT styrene-acrylic dispersions surfactant was added and initial viscosity ON DISPERSION PROPERTIES were synthetised by seeded pre-emulsion was measured. The sample, containing The influence of nonionic surfactants polymerisation. After heating of the initial emulsifier, was kept at -20°C for 16hr. on chemical stability of the low-MFFT charge to 85ºC, 7wt% of the pre-emulsion After 8hr thawing in ambient temperature (0°C) styrene-acrylic (S/BA) dispersions and the initiator solution I were added to viscosity of the sample was measured. The dedicated for low-VOC architectural the reaction vessel. Seed latex was kept procedure was repeated four times. The coatings was evaluated. Samples of highly at 85°C for 15min. Initiator solution II and results are presented in figure .3 filled (PVC=75%) white indoor paints were the remaining pre-emulsion were added Without additive latex coagulated prepared using synthetised dispersions. simultaneously to the reaction mixture over after the first cycle. Addition of nonionic Their wet-scrub resistance was measured 240min. After completion of the feeds, surfactant made the dispersion more and analysed. In these tests the nonionic, the reaction mixture was kept at 85ºC for resistant to freeze-thaw cycles. In the case non-APEO surfactants were compared with 90min, than cooled to 55°C and solutions of nonionic surfactants the best results were of Peroxan and Bruggolite were added obtained for lauryl alcohol with 30moles Table 3. The chemical stability of received simultaneously over 30min. The pH was of EO (Rokanol L30A/65). Interestingly, core-shell dispersions even better performance was exhibited by Table 5. Chemical stability of synthetised cocoamidopropyl betaine (Rokamina K40), CaCL Sulforokanol Sulforokanol Sulforokanol NPES 2 S/BA dispersions conc L225/1 L1230/1A L3030/1A (30EO) which is an amphoteric surfactant.

1.5% + + + + Rokanol Rokanol Rokanol NPE + NPE + CaCL2 Table 6. 2.5% –+++conc L10/80 IT12 L3065/1A 10EO 22EO Rokanol Rokanol NPE + NPE + 5% – + + + 10% + + + + + L10/80 L3065/1A 10EO 22EO 10% – + + + 20% – – + –+ Thickness 73.72 46.08 59.50 51.98 20% – – + + 30% – – + – + loss [μm]

36 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com SURFACTANTS

References 1. Harkins, W D. J Am Chem Soc 1947, 69, 1428. 2. Smith, W V; Ewart, R W J. Chem Phys 1948, 16, 592. 3. Showell M S. Handbook of Detergents; Part D: Formulation, 2006, rozdział 14: Polotti, G. Surfactant Formulations in Polymeryzation. 4. Oetwill, H; Shaw, J N. Discuss Faraday Soc 1966, 42, 154. 5. Ono, H; Elki, J; Fujli, A J. Chem Phys 1975, 79, 2020. 6. Chen, L; Wu, F; Zhuang, X; Yang, J; Li, R; Journal of Wuhan University of Technology- mater. Sci Ed 2008, 23, 65. 7. Schuler, B; Baumstark, R; Kirsch, S; Pfau, A; Sandor, M; Zosel, A. Progr Org Coat. 2000, 40, 139.

Figure 3. Comparison of freeze-thaw stability

CONCLUSIONS In the case of nonionic surfactants, „ This paper was presented at the Advances in Coatings highly ethoxylated (30 EO) lauryl alcohol Technology-ACT’16 conference, organised by the Several anionic and nonionic surfactants gave the best results for chemical stability Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, were tested in different dispersions. of dispersion and wet-scrub resistance of Paint and Plastics Department, Poland, October 2016. Results of the tests show that parts of the the highly filled paint. Nonionic surfactants dispersion’s properties can be adjusted can be added as a post-additive (after Author: Łukasz Toma by appropriate selection of a surfactant polymerisation) as well, in order to enhance R&D Specialist. PCC Exol SA system. Anionic surfactants with relatively some of the dispersion parameters. ul. Sienkiewicza 4 low molecular mass ensured fine polymer In the case of additives for improving 56-120, Brzeg Dolny particles, even at low concentration. Higher freeze-thaw stability the best performance Poland content of ethylene oxide (EO) in the SLES was shown by cocoamidopropyl betaine Email: [email protected] molecule provided better water resistance (amphoteric surfactant). Website: www.pcc-exol.pl of the acrylic core-shell dispersion. PPCJ

37 APCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com Quality. Preferred by painters and consumers everywhere. Our Ti-Pure™ experts at Chemours measure paint quality by looking at the Learn more about attributes that matter most to painters, building owners, and consumers. our approach to high quality. We then work with our partners to create high quality coatings, optimized for the markets where they operate. Because quality matters. Learn more at tipure.com/paintstudy

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Oilabsorption

treatment

Surface TiO ISO591 Class applications CHEMOURS Ti-Pure™ R-706 R2 94 Al, Si* 13.9~ 4.0 High gloss, easy wet-in, excellent durability, good Exterior architectural, durable industrial hiding, excellent dispersibility blue undertone. (coil and powder coatings), automotive top coats. Ti-Pure™ R-900 R2 94 Al 15.2~ 4.0 Good gloss, high hiding power and Interior architectural, non-durable excellent dispersibility. industrial, can coil coatings, e-coat. Ti-Pure™ R2 94 Al, Si,* 16.2~ 4.0 Excellent balance of chalk resistance, hiding and Architectural, industrial & R-902+ gloss with outstanding dispersion performance. powder coatings with moderate durability requirements. Ti-Pure™ R-960 R2 90 Al, Si 18.7~ 3.9 Outstanding exterior durability: excellent gloss & Premium grade for superdurable colour retention and chalk resistance. industrial, OEM, Refinish, Aerospace, powder and speciality coatings. Ti-Pure™ Select R2 93 Al, Si,* 16~ 4.0 Outstanding exterior durability: excellent gloss & Premium grade for superdurable TS-6200 colour retention, high gloss, good hiding, super industrial, OEM, Refinish, Aerospace, processability - all in one premium pigment. powder and speciality coatings. Ti-Pure™ Select R3 82 Al, Si 37~ 3.7 Maximum hiding power and exceptional brightness Premium grade for next generation TS-6300 in high quality flat paints. premium interior architectural paints offered in selected markets as Ti-Pure™ One Coat Systems Solution. Recommended grade for flat/laminated inks. CINKARNA RC 82 R2 94 Al, Si 20 4.0 Good light and weather resistance, high Industrial, decorative, road marking CELJE whiteness, hiding power, dispersibility. paints, inks and powder coatings. RC 84 R3 88 Al, Si 25 3.7 Better optical properties in aqueous systems by Highly pigmented emulsion paints, flat higher PVC range. ceiling and wall paints. RC 86 R3 80 Al, Si 38 3.5 High hiding power in high PVC formulations. Emulsion paints, flat coatings, wallpaper and printing inks, paper coatings. RC 813 R2 93 Al* 19 4.0 Excellent dispersibility, high gloss, tinting strength Decorative paints, industrial paints, wood and good hiding power. finishes especially for interior use. RC 818 R2 96 Al* 18 3.7 Micronised hydrophobic grade with good dispersibility. Masterbatches and indoor plastics. RC 823 R2 94 Al, Si* 20 4.1 Good light and weather stability, good gloss in Industrial paints, gloss emulsion paints, solvent-based systems, good optical properties, printing inks, masterbatches, house good dispersibility. paints and primers. RC 833 R2 94 Al, Zr* 19 4.1 Multi-purpose pigment with high durability, Interior and exterior architectural paints, weather and light resistance, good gloss. alkyd paints and powder coatings.

CCA 100 AS Waterborne ultrafine TiO 2 suspension with Degradation of organic pollutants and for photocatalytic properties, with acidic pH. easy to clean surfaces.

CCA 100 BS Waterborne ultrafine TiO 2 suspension Degradation of organic pollutants, with high photocatalytic properties for the DeNOx, purification of air and water outdoor applications. (concrete, coatings, roof tiles, concrete tiles).

CCR 200 N Waterborne ultrafine TiO 2 suspension with Indoor and outdoor applications, improved photocatalytic properties in UV and degradation of organic pollutants, visible light spectrum. DeNOx, purification of air and water (concrete products, coatings, roof tiles).

CCR 220 Mn Al Waterborne doped ultrafine rutile TiO 2 suspension UV absorber for long term protection for for long term UV protection with enhanced industrial and wood coatings. weather resistance.

CCR 150 Al, Fe Waterborne ultrafine TiO 2 suspension with Water-based wood lazures, excellent UV protection. industrial coatings.

CCR 200 Mn Waterborne doped ultrafine TiO 2 suspension for UV protecting cosmetic products. UV protection with good transparency. * Organically ** Information As measured by Chemours Titanium Technologies T4400.010.06.WP treated not available https://www.chemours.com/Titanium_Technologies/en_US/tech_info/test_methods/Determination_of_Oil_Absorption.pdf

39 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com BUYERS’ GUIDE Sponsored by www.kronostio2.com % Company Grade 2 Main properties Recommended uses/Main Surface treatment absorption Oil Density ISO 591 Class TiO applications

CCR 110 Si Waterborne ultrafine TiO2 suspension for UV UV protecting cosmetic products. protection with good transparency. CRISTAL TiONA® 113 R3 87 Al, Si* 38 3.9 Maximum dry hide in high PVC paints. Flat decorative paints for walls and ceilings. TiONA® 121 R2 94 Al, Si* 20 4.0 Multi-purpose product with good optical properties Exterior decorative and industrial and durability. coatings except those requiring a high level of durability. TiONA® 122 R2 92 Al, Si* 21 4.0 A pigment providing very high durability and good Solvent- and water-based industrial optical properties. applications and powder coatings where durability is required. TiONA® 128 R2 95 Al, Zr* 18 4.1 A universal product with excellent optical Interior and exterior decorative coatings; properties and good durability. some industrial coatings – refinish, powder, marine. TiONA® 595 R2 95 Al, Zr* 19 4.1 High gloss, multi-purpose pigment. Excellent Interior and exterior decorative and opacity, gloss, durability and colour stability. industrial coatings; refinish, powder and marine coatings. TiONA® 696 R2 92 Al, Si* 21 4.1 A super-durable product combined with high Exterior industrial applications including opacity and gloss. Excellent chalk retention. coil, powder, automotive, marine and protective coatings. TiKON™ TR-33 R2 94 Al, Zr* 21g/ 4.1 Provides exceptional dispersion in both water and General purpose coatings pigment 100g solvent based systems giving good opacity, high for can coatings, powder coatings, whiteness and moderate durability. general industrial coatings, architectural coatings, rubber and plastisols. TiKON™ TR-35 R2 94 Al, Zr* 21g/ 4.1 Combines good opacity, high whiteness, easy Designed for use as a general product 100g wetting and dispersion. for interior water and solvent- based coatings.

™ CristalACTiV N/A ~85 None N/A N/A High surface area and high purity ultrafine TiO2 Photocatalytic applications • Self- PC500 powder, having low sulphate content. cleaning; • De-pollution; • De-odourising. CristalACTiV™ N/A ~18 None N/A ~1.1 Stable aqueous alkaline dispersion (sol) of ultrafine Photocatalytic applications • Self-

S5-300B TiO2 particles. cleaning; • De-pollution; • De-odourising. ™ CristalACTiV N/A ~10 None N/A ~1.1 Stable aqueous dispersion (sol) of ultrafine TiO2 Can be used as a surface treatment PC-S7 particles with high surface area (dry) and neutral for de-pollution and self-cleaning on moderately alkaline pH. many types of substrates, as well as a component of coatings formulations. GRUPA AZOTY Tytanpol R-001 R2 95 Al* 21 4.1 Good optical properties, easily dispersed and Broad application; decorative paints ZAKLADY durable to weathering conditions. printing inks and industrial coatings. CHEMICZNE POLICE SA Tytanpol R-002 R2 92 Al* 23 4.0 Good optical properties, easily dispersed and High gloss paints, printing inks, stoving durable to weathering conditions. enamels, lacquers. Tytanpol R-003 R2 94 Al, Zr* 21 4.1 Good optical properties, easily dispersed and Multi-purpose pigment, industrial and higher resistance to weathering conditions decorative paints (interior and exterior) (low chalking). powder coatings, plastic, paper. Tytanpol R-210 R2 94 Al, Si* 24 4.0 Good optical properties, easily dispersed and Broad applications: coatings, interior and highly durable to weathering conditions. exterior paints, plastics. Tytanpol R-211 R2 92 Al, Si* 28 3.9 Good optical properties, easily dispersed and Semi-matte and matte applications, highly durable to weathering conditions. interior and exterior paints. Tytanpol R-213 R3 82 Al, Si* 35 3.7 Excellent hiding power, dry hiding effect, high Paints of high PVC – matte and silky whiteness, readily dispersible, resistant to gloss, paper, leather. weathering conditions. Tytanpol R-220 R2 92 Al, Si* 25 3,9 A chalk resistant pigment with high colour and Particularly recommended to gloss retention. polyvinyl chloride (flexible and rigid), engineering plastics and moderate filled masterbatches. Tytanpol RS R1 98 Al* 18 4.1 Good optical properties, does not cause lacing Masterbatches and broad palette of in plastic films, easy wetting and dispersing in plastics, rubber. polymer matrix. Tytanpol R-310 R3 88 Al* 21 3.8 Good optical properties and dispersibility. Laminated paper, decorative paper and Photostable. thermosetting plastics. * Organically ** Information treated not available

40 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com BUYERS’ GUIDE Sponsored by www.kronostio2.com % Company Grade 2 Main properties Recommended uses/Main Surface treatment absorption Oil Density ISO 591 Class TiO applications KRONOS KRONOS 2043 R3 84.0 Al, Si 35 3.7 High brightness and warm white tone combined High PVC emulsion paints and inks. with excellent opacity in heavily filled paints, good dispersibility. KRONOS 2044 R3 82.0 Al, Si 41 3.6 High brightness and neutral tone, maximum High PVC emulsion paints, matte opacity in heavily filled paints. flexographic inks and paper coatings. KRONOS 2047 R3 88.0 Al, Si 27 3.8 High brightness and neutral tone, improves wet Heavily filled systems, such as paper and dry opacity. coatings, matte emulsion paints and lamination printing inks. KRONOS 2056 R2 94.0 Al, Si 21 4.1 Warm white tone combined with good opacity, Air-drying coatings, silicate paints, good weather durability. plasters, silicone resin paints and impregnating baths for laminates. KRONOS 2066 R2 95.0 AI 17 4.1 Excellent opacity and dispersibility, high gloss and High gloss printing inks, can coating, low abrasivity, is in compliance as a colourant for interior industrial coatings and Indirect Food Contact (FDA 21 CFR.178.3297). wood finishes. KRONOS 2360 R2 92 Al, Si 19 4.1 Highest weathering durability, excellent optical Exterior heavy duty applications, properties, as well as very good dispersibility. automotive, marine, coil and powder coatings. KRONOS 2090 R2 95.0 AI 18 4.1 High opacity and gloss, easy to disperse. Universal pigment for interior applications, such as powder coatings, industrial coatings and architectural coatings. KRONOS 2101 R2 92.0 Al, Si 20 4.0 Good brightness, tinting strength and opacity, General-purpose pigment for neutral tone. architectural coatings and interior powder coatings. KRONOS 2160 R2 90.5 Al, Si 18 3.9 Very good opacity combined with superior weather OEM, refinish and aerospace coatings, resistance performance. industrial and powder coatings. KRONOS 2190 R2 94.0 Al, Zr 18 4.1 Superior dispersibility combined with high tinting Universal pigment for architectural strength and opacity, high gloss, low haze and coatings and industrial paints. good weather durability. KRONOS 2300 R2 94.0 AI 17 4.1 Good dispersibility, high opacity and brightness, Decorative and wood coatings, clean tone. packaging and industrial paints. KRONOS 2310 R2 92.5 Al, Si, 17 4.0 Very good weather durability, opacity and All-round pigment for high-end Zr dispersibility, clean tone. applications, such as refinish and marine paints, coil coatings, protective and powder coatings. KRONOS 2360 R2 92.0 Al, Si 19 3.9 Highest weather durability and brightness, neutral Premium universal grade for eg exterior tone, outstanding opacity, good dispersibility. heavy duty applications, automotive, marine, coil and powder coatings. KRONOS 2800 R3 89.0 AI 22 3.8 Excellent opacity and retention, high brightness Laminated paper and decor foils. and neutral tone, superior UV greying resistance and non-yellowing temperature stability.

KRONOCLEAN N/A >87.5 None 67 2.9 Ultra-fine TiO2 with no pigmentary properties for Optimised for high indoor photoactivity in 7000 the photocatalytic degradation of organic and coatings, plastic films, window profiles, visible light inorganic pollutants. fibres, for self cleaning of surfaces, photocatalyst reduction of pollutions of air and water.

KRONOCLEAN N/A 85.0 None 61 2.9 Ultra-fine TiO2 with no pigmentary properties. Optimised for photoactivity in UV 7050 UV-light radiation, for self-cleaning of surfaces, photocatalyst concrete, roofing concrete, roofing tiles, plastic films etc. PRECHEZA Pretiox AV01SF A1 99 – 20 3.9 Super-fine milled grade, high brightness. Interior air drying paints, primers, paper coatings and paper pulp. Pretiox AV01FG A1 99 – 20 3.9 Pure anatase Food/Pharma Grade (E-171, FDA, Foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, PhEur, JP, USP, Kosher, Halal). cigarette paper, pet food. Pretiox AVSL A1 65 –* – 1.9 High concentrated anatase pigment good Waterborne interior wall paints, coating slurry dispersibility, 66% solid content. pigment in paper industry.

Pretiox CG11 A1 99 24 3.9 Super-fine milled semi-pigmentary TiO2 with UV- Inert constituent for addition into cement, light photocatalytic properties. fresh concrete and paste-plasters based on silicates. * Organically ** Information treated not available

41 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com BUYERS’ GUIDE Sponsored by www.kronostio2.com % Company Grade 2 Main properties Recommended uses/Main Surface treatment absorption Oil Density ISO 591 Class TiO applications

Pretiox CG100 N/A >92 – 47 Super-fine no pigmentary anatase TiO2, for Addition into cement, fresh concrete and catalytic preparations. paste-plasters based on silicates. For photocatalytic functional paints.

Pretiox CG300 N/A >87 – Super-fine no pigmentary anatase TiO2, UV-light Preparation of Claus catalyst, photocatalytic grade. ceramic pigments preparation, photocatalytic application.

Pretiox PK20A N/A >92 – Super-fine no pigmentary anatase TiO2, UV-light Addition into cement, fresh concrete and photocatalytic grade. paste-plasters based on silicates. Pretiox R200M R1 99 * 16 4.2 Micronised grade, inorganic untreated. Primers, solvent-based road marking paints. Pretiox R200P R1 99 * 16 4.2 Micronised grade, inorganic untreated grade with Masterbatches, floor coverings, high opacity and good dispersion. thermoplastic road marking. Pretiox RGX R1 98 Al* ** 4.2 Micronised hydrophobic grade. Plastics, pigment concentrates. Pretiox RG18P R2 94 Al, SI* ** 4.0 Special hydrophobic grade with excellent Engineering plastics, masterbatches weathering resistance. powder coatings. Pretiox RGLP2 R2 91 Al, Si* – 4.0 Micronised high durable grade. Laminated paper production. Pretiox RGU R2 95 Al, Si* 20 4.1 Multi-purpose micronised grade with good tint- Industrial solvent paints, decorative reducing power. paint, paper coatings. Pretiox RGZW R2 95 Ai, Zr* 20 4.1 Micronised, high durable and good dispersed High quality waterborne paints, hydrophilic grade. powder coatings. Pretiox UVS30 N/A 90 Al, Si – 3.9 Ultra-fine rutile grade with excellent UV absorption. Sun protection creams and lotions with high SPF, lipsticks and make-up.

TOR Hitox R2 95 23 4.1 Cost-effective buff TiO2 (rutile) pigment for Interior and exterior paints, powder, SPECIALTY partial replacement of white TiO2 and other prime solvent waterborne coatings. MINERALS pigments. Easily dispersed.

Hitox Gray R2 91 24 4.1 Cost-effective gray TiO2 (rutile) pigment content Interior and exterior paints, powder, partial replacement of white TiO2 and other prime solvent waterborne coatings. pigments. Easily dispersed.

Tioprem 250 R2 95 ** 23 4.1 Beige TiO2 (rutile) pigment, heat stable to 250°C Powder coatings. Beige with good gloss and opacity. Easily dispersed.

Tioprem 250 R2 91 ** 24 4.1 Gray TiO2 (rutile) pigment, heat stable to 250°C Powder coatings. Gray with good gloss and opacity. Easily dispersed. TRONOX CR-813 R3 87 Al, Si* 37 3.7 Outstanding brightness, high tinting strength Water- and solvent-based flat and opacity in both water- and solvent-based architectural coatings. Low gloss flat finishes. flexographic inks. CR-822 R2 93 Al, Si* 19 4.0 Combines high durability, gloss retention and Interior and exterior industrial chalk resistance in exterior applications with coatings. Powder coatings, coil and excellent optical properties. marine finishes. Solvent- and water- based coatings. CR-826 R2 93 Al, Si* 18 4.0 Universal product combining very high durability, Industrial coatings. Interior and exterior gloss retention and chalk resistance in exterior architectural coatings. Powder coatings. applications with excellent optical performance. Coil and marine finishes. Solvent- and water-based coatings. CR-828 R2 95 Al, Zr* 17 4.1 High gloss, low haze, blue undertone, Interior and exterior, solvent- and multipurpose grade. Easy dispersing, outstanding water-based architectural coatings. opacity with good durability. Interior industrial. High resistivity version available for e-coat applications. CR-880 R2 91 Al, Si* 19 4.0 Ultra high durability. Exceptional chalk resistance, Automotive, aerospace and exterior gloss and tint retention. Good gloss, opacity industrial coatings, coil and powder and dispersibility. coatings. Marine coatings. VENATOR ALTIRIS® W400 V111 93 Al, Si 20 4.1 For white, bright and pastel exterior coatings White, bright and pastel shades of and plastic materials requiring enhanced solar reflective exterior coatings, coil solar reflectance, reduced heat build up coatings, composites, OPV inks and control of maximum surface temperature and exterior plastics. excellent durability. ALTIRIS® A550 V111 93 Al, Si 19 4.1 For light and mid coloured exterior coatings Light and mid colours of solar reflective and plastic materials requiring enhanced exterior coatings, coil coatings, solar reflectance, reduced heat build up composites, agricultural films and control of maximum surface temperature and exterior coloured plastics. excellent durability. * Organically ** Information treated not available

42 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com BUYERS’ GUIDE Sponsored by www.kronostio2.com % Company Grade 2 Main properties Recommended uses/Main Surface treatment absorption Oil Density ISO 591 Class TiO applications ALTIRIS® 800 VIII 93 Al, Si* 20 4.1 For mid and darker coloured exterior coatings Mid and darker colours of solar and plastic materials requiring enhanced reflective exterior coatings, coil coatings, solar reflectance, reduced heat build up composites, agricultural films and control of maximum surface temperature and exterior coloured plastics. excellent durability. DELTIO® 81X R2 93 Al, Zr* 17 4.1 Free flow pigment, excellent durability, blue tone, Industrial coatings, powder and good gloss and excellent dispersion. protective coatings. DELTIO® 90X R2 94 Al* 17 4.1 Free flow pigment, high gloss, blue tone, Interior and exterior decorative coatings strong opacity. including high gloss decorative coatings. Also used in can coatings and interior powder coatings. HOMBIKAT® N/A 98 – – 3.9 Nanocrystalline anatase titanium dioxide with high Photoactive concrete and cement- N100 reactivity, low sulphur content and surface area based coatings. ca 100m2/g. HOMBIKAT® N/A 90 – – 3.9 Nanocrystalline anatase titanium dioxide with Photoactive interior and exterior coatings. UV100 high purity and high reactivity. Also available as a waterborne paste. HOMBITAN® A1 99 – 20 3.9 Untreated anatase pigment with high brightness, Primers, fillers, road marking paints, AN blue tone, low abrasivity, good dispersibility but interior coatings. weak outdoor durability. HOMBITAN® A1 99 – 25 3.9 Untreated anatase pigment with high brightness, Primers, fillers, road marking paints, lime LW-S blue tone, low abrasivity, good dispersibility but paints and emulsion paints. weak outdoor durability. HOMBITEC® N/A 79 Al – 4.1 Inorganic nanocrystalline transparent rutile UV absorber for all industrial coatings, RM 110 titanium dioxide with alumina surface treatment wood protection. and crystal lattice doping. HOMBITEC® N/A 89 Al – 4.1 Inorganic nanocrystalline transparent, rutile titanium When used in combination with RM 220 dioxide with alumina surface treatment. aluminium flakes a visual Flip-Flop effect can be achieved. The finished coating appears bluish from one angle of view and yellowish from another. HOMBITEC® N/A 87 Al* – 4.1 Transparent rutile UV absorber offering excellent UV UV absorber for all industrial coatings, RM 300 protection. Also available in paste form RM 300 WP wood protection. water-based and RM 303 LP solvent-based. HOMBITEC® N/A 78 Al* – 4.1 Transparent rutile UV absorber offering excellent UV absorber for all industrial coatings, RM 400 UV protection. Modified with metal oxide to give wood protection. browner colour tone. Also available in paste form RM 400 WP and RM 402 WP water-based and RM 403 LP solvent-based. SACHTLEBEN® R2 94 Al* 21 4.1 Multi-purpose rutile pigment with warm Decorative coatings and R 210 undertone, high opacity, good exterior durability. industrial primers. SACHTLEBEN® R1 95.5 – 17 4.1 Untreated rutile pigment. Moisture sensitive and high temperature R320 speciality coatings. SACHTLEBEN® R2 94 Al, Si* 18 4.1 Multi-purpose rutile pigment with blueish Interior and exterior water-based and low R660 undertone, high opacity, high exterior durability. VOC decorative coatings. SACHTLEBEN® R2 94 Al, Zr* 20 4.1 Excellent exterior durability, blueish undertone, Decorative and industrial coatings. RD3 good dispersion. SACHTLEBEN® R2 94 Al, Zr* 18 4 Multi-purpose grade with excellent balance of Decorative coatings and RKB6 opacity, gloss and durability. industrial primers. TIOXIDE® R2 95 Al* 18 4.1 Good dispersion, neutral tone, high Electrodeposition primers, can coating R-HD2 tinting strength. and inks. TIOXIDE® R2 94 AI* 17 4.1 Multi-purpose grade with blue tone, excellent Interior and exterior decorative coatings R-TC90 balance of opacity, gloss and durability. including high gloss decorative coatings. Also used in can coatings. TIOXIDE® R-XL R3 82 Al, Si 40 3.5 Maximum opacity and tint reducing properties in High PVC emulsion paints, undercoats matte coatings. and inks. TIOXIDE® TR81 R2 93 Al, Zr* 17 4.1 Excellent durability, blue tone, good gloss and Industrial coatings, powder and excellent dispersion. protective coatings. TIOXIDE® TR85 R2 94 Al, Si, 19 4.1 Rapid wetting and dispersion with good colour Decorative tinting systems, water-based Zr* acceptance, opacity and durability. and low VOC coatings. * Organically ** Information treated not available

43 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com BUYERS’ GUIDE Sponsored by www.kronostio2.com % Company Grade 2 Main properties Recommended uses/Main Surface treatment absorption Oil Density ISO 591 Class TiO applications TIOXIDE® TR88 R2 93 Al, Si* 18 4.1 Rapid wetting and dispersion with blue tone, good Decorative tinting systems, water-based colour acceptance, opacity and durability. and low VOC coatings. TIOXIDE® TR92 R2 94 Al, Zr* 18 4.1 Multi-purpose grade with excellent balance of Decorative coatings and opacity, gloss and durability. industrial primers. UV-TITAN® N/A 89 Al, Si, – 4.1 Nanocrystalline transparent rutile titanium dioxide Metallic effect coatings and automotive L530 Zr* with exterior durability and UV protection for base coats. industrial finishes. TIOXIDE® RDIS R2 95 Al* 20 4.1 Premium, durable, rutile pigment with a narrow A high quality all-rounder across the particle size distribution, excellent gloss, opacity printing ink field. Solvent-based and and dispersibility, warm undertone, low abrasion. waterborne high quality decorative and industrial coatings, including can coatings. TIOXIDE® RDO R2 95.5 Al, Si* 19 4.1 Optimum gloss/opacity balance, excellent Printing Inks, similar to RDIS with the dispersion and low abrasivity, similar to RDIS with potential for a higher opacity due to an optimised crystal size. optimised crystal size for maximum light scattering power. High quality decorative and industrial coatings, can coatings. TIOXIDE® RDE2 R3 90 Al, Si* 27 3.9 Strongly surface treated rutile grade for semi- High opacity lamination and reverse gloss and matte applications, good dispersibility, printing inks. low abrasion. TIOXIDE® TR50 R3 88 Al, Si* 36 3.8 Strongly surface treated rutile grade for semi- Reverse laminated inks and waterborne gloss and matte applications, high opacity, low high opacity inks. abrasion, different surface chemistry to RDE2. TIOXIDE® RDDI R3 83 Al, Si* 45 3.7 Heavily surface treated rutile pigment with Full flat surface and reverse printing good dispersibility, excellent dry hiding and inks when excellent hiding power at low abrasion. higher PVC systems is required. Matte high PVC waterborne and solvent based coatings. HOMBITAN® A2 97 Al* 20 4.0 Premium anatase pigment with a fine particle Printing Inks, especially UV curing and A300 size, good dispersibility and good gloss, very low abrasion inks. low abrasion. * Organically ** Information treated not available

Chemours International Cristal 253 830; [email protected] Operations Sarl, Chemin du Pavillon 2, CH-1218 CristalACTiV™ Sales Office, 24 Rue du Sentier, Le Grand Saconnex, Switzerland. 75002 Paris, France. Tel: +33 1 55 04 89 30; TOR Specialty Minerals Philipp Mueller; [email protected] [email protected]; www.cristal.com TP&T Division, Burg. Moslaan 13, 8051 CP Hattem The Netherlands. Cinkarna Celje, Kidriceva Grupa Azoty Zakłady Chemiczne ÔPoliceÕ SA Tel: +31 38 33 88 657; Fax: +31 38 44 46 207; 26, SI-3001 Celje, PO Box 1032, Slovenia. ul. Kuznicka 1, 72-010 Police, Poland. [email protected]; www.torminerals.com Tel: +386 3 427 6000; Fax: +386 3 427 6298; Tel: +48 91 317 30 12; Fax: +48 91 317 33 99; [email protected]; www.cinkarna.si [email protected] Tronox Technical Sales Service Laboratory, 3301 NW 150th Street, Oklahoma City, OK Cristal KRONOS 73134, USA.

Europe TiO2 Sales Office, Brielen 9, Peschstrasse 5, D-51373 Leverkusen, Germany. Contact: Tahlee Wallace; Tel: +1 405 775 5020 2830 Willebroek, Belgium. Tel: +44 1469 55 3459; Contact: Jürgen Bender; Tel: +49 214 356 2542; [email protected]; www.tronox.com [email protected]; www.cristal.com Fax: +49 214 42150; [email protected]; www.kronostio2.com Venator Cristal Titanium House, Hanzard Drive, Wynyard Park,

MEAI TiO2 Sales Office, PO Box 13586, Jeddah 21414, Precheza Stockton on Tees TS22 5FD, UK. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tel: +966 2 224 8000; Nabr Dr E Benese 1170/24, CZ-750 02 Prerov, Czech Tel: +44 1740 608001; Fax: +44 1740 60824; [email protected]; www.cristal.com Republic. Tel: +42 0 581 253 837; Fax: +42 0 581 [email protected]; www.venatorcorp.com

44 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com WATER REPELLENTS

Siliconi Commerciale has developed a range of high performance silicone water repellents for the building and water-based paints sectors Silicone water repellents

iliconi Commerciale’s water repellent resistance. Usually Esasil 505 will be used hydrophobic effect can be achieved by line is called Esasil, which consists in combination with acrylic-based binders. adding Esasil 600 Silicone Emulsion. Sof products to be applied on the Coatings with Esasil 505 will bond with Esasil 600 is employed as an additive in surface and products to be used in the strength at the substrate without modifying silicone resin emulsion paint and plasters, formulation of coatings. the porosity of the building materials, water-based paints based on acrylic resins, so it grants both air and water vapour styrene-acrylic and vinyl resins etc, as it „ PRODUCTS TO BE APPLIED permeability. At the same time, thanks increases the water-repellent properties ON THE SURFACE to the silicone resin links, it will have an and leaves an excellent permeability at excellent water repellent, beading and the vapour. The silicate paints also have Esasil 100 is a modified siloxane polymer hydrophobic effect. a relatively high capacity for absorbing ideal for formulating solvent-based water- The water paint and coating, water. With the addition of Esasil 600 the repellents and for waterproofing walls, formulated with Esasil 505, has the absorption of the water decreases, which cement, slides and rocks. following advantages: makes the silicate paints water-repellent Esasil 200 is the water emulsion of Esasil • Excellent water-repellency, beading and without any influence on the permeability of 100. It is used as water-repellent protection hydrophobic effect and maintenance of the support. for adsorbent construction materials, the colour for at least 10 years; Esasil 600 is intended for: silicone resin such as: concrete masonry, fibre concrete • High water vapour permeability; emulsion paints and plasters, water-based panels, brick masonry, silico-calcareous • Increased resistance towards mineral paints (silicate and lime paints), bricks, natural or artificial stones, cellular water, acid rain, pollution, and UV washable white paints (plaster), interior piling, plastering and mineral paintings, etc. ray degradation; paints, stoppers, insulating materials and It can also be used as a primer for • Excellent adherence, thanks to the low cementitious formulations. external paints, which are based on silicone molecular weight of the silicon resin The water-based paint and coating and synthetic resins and it is also effective compared to organic resins; formulated with Esasil 600 presents the for wet substrates. • It is compatible with the different raw following advantages: Esasil 250 is used as water-repellent materials that are used to formulate • Excellent water-repellency and superior protection for adsorbent construction water paint and coating, such as acrylic beading and hydrophobic effect (drop materials, usually immediately after they resins, VAOC, Styrene-Acrylic, additive effect and pearl effect); have been made, such as: bricks, facing and pigments. • High water vapour permeability; bricks, silico-calcareous bricks, floor tiles, Silicone Resin Emulsion Esasil 505 • Increased resistance towards roof tiles, slate-tile, sandstone, limestone reinforces and binds inorganic material, water, acid rain, pollution and UV and ceramics, gypsum and gypsum-based providing good binding properties for fillers ray degradation. fibre boards. It is also damp proof and used and pigments. An improved beading and Esasil 600 is also used as an additive in to prevent humidity rising from walls and cement formulations to provide liquid water- exterior plaster when injected into walls. repellency to cured mortar, as the siloxane chemically reacts with the aggregate or „ PRODUCTS TO BE USED IN cement to give an hydrophobic effect. PAINT FORMULATIONS All products formulated by Siliconi Commerciale are VOC free and give a Esasil 505 is a silicone resin emulsion high permeability and breathability to used as a binder for formulating plaster, treated materials. PPCJ water-based coatings, water-based paints and silicone resin emulsion paints. It has excellent water repellent properties, high Website: www.siliconi.it permeability at vapour and excellent UV

45 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com ENVIRONMENT

Trevor Fielding of the British Coatings Federation questions the benefits and validity of paints marketed as VOC-free Zero VOC paints – are they really better for the environment?

n an ever more competitive marketplace paint companies are looking for new and The use of these Idifferent ways to stand out, including claims for paints is, promoting the green credentials of their products. One criteria that has been used therefore, both incorrect and (or perhaps more accurately mis-used) as unjustifiable - there is no a differentiator in recent years is Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) content. VOC “definition for ‘VOC-free’, nor is a general term referring to any organic recognised analytical test that substance with an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degrees Centigrade can be used to demonstrate (European Union definition) that can be a paint as having zero released from the paint into the air and, thus, may cause atmospheric pollution. VOC content. VOCs are volatile organic compounds that can be naturally occurring (such as ethanol) or can be synthesised chemically. Trevor Fielding, Regulatory Affairs The VOC content in water-based paints Manager of the British Coatings Federation may be a very small amount of solvent or has a maximum VOC” content/limit of 30g/ trace levels of additive in the paint that are lit. Paint manufacturers demonstrate their use of different process aids, including needed to enhance its performance – for compliance by showing the VOC content substances that are classed as VOCs. example, to help the paint flow out and of their paint on the product label, referring Although every effort is made to remove give an even surface. It is important for the to the appropriate category and limit. Many these VOCs through drying and purifying, consumer to be aware of the true impact matte wall paints on the UK market now there will still be trace amounts in the of painting on the environment, what VOC have less than 10g/lit or even lower levels finished raw materials that are used to content actually means and especially the – these are measured according to agreed make the paint and the tinting pastes that questionable use of terms such as ‘Zero international standards using appropriate are needed to be used. Therefore, there is VOC’ and ‘VOC-free’ by certain decorative analytical methods. These types of paints, no such thing as a truly 100% VOC-free or paint suppliers in the UK. therefore, have a very minimal impact on air Zero VOC paint, as all paints will contain pollution and the environment. However, it very small (trace) amounts of VOCs through „ VOC CONTENT – is important to note that there is no mention their raw materials. FOLLOWING THE LAW whatsoever of the term ‘Zero VOC’ or Given that no paint is truly VOC-free, the ‘VOC-free’ in the Directive, in any related paint industry across Europe (as represented In terms of VOC content, the decorative legislation, or in the standards used to through its trade association CEPE) agreed paint industry across Europe is required to determine the VOC content of paints. in March 2013 not to use Zero VOC claims in follow its own national legislation, based the promotion of its products. on the European Paints Directive 2004/42/ „ ZERO VOC CLAIMS – WHAT’S Similarly, all the major UK EC. This directive controls the VOC WRONG WITH THEM? manufacturers of decorative paints, who content in decorative paints (and paints are members of the British Coatings for vehicle refinishing), thus reducing their Paint is made up of a number of Federation (BCF), confirmed the same environmental impact. This had a major components. Some of these may be of position in November 2015. The BCF impact on the paint industry, accelerating natural origin (such as minerals, chalk, statement also emphasised the point that the move to water-based paints and the clays or natural oils), other components companies using Zero VOC claims are not development of new materials that would (such as binders, pigments and additives) following the UK Government’s guidance permit lower VOCs to be used in paint are more often synthetically-derived from on green claims, which refers to the need without compromising its performance. different industrial chemical processes. for companies to make ‘clear, accurate, The Directive revolves around a series All these components need to undergo relevant and substantiated claims’ to avoid of limits (maximum VOC content) for each some degree of washing, refinement, misleading consumers. category of paint, according to its type processing or chemical treatment, so they Unfortunately, there are several paint and application. For example, a typical can be successfully used to make paint. suppliers in the UK that are persisting with interior matte paint for walls or ceilings These production steps necessitate the the use of Zero VOC/VOC-free claims for

46 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com ENVIRONMENT

their products, despite the industry’s best select an environmentally-friendly product? the paint film is. This last aspect is of efforts to bring the issue to their attention. The paint industry, along with 26 other particular interest – a durable longer-lasting Several media articles have referred to paint piloted sectors, is currently working with paint is better for the environment. Many below a certain VOC content (eg paints the European Commission on a project paints which claim ‘Zero VOC/VOC-free’ containing less than 0.2% VOC), being to determine the overall environmental credentials are based on natural clays and regarded as VOC-free, however this is impact of consumer products, from the oils rather than synthetic binders, such incorrect and is certainly not a recognised start of their production to the end of as vinyl or acrylic. This has an impact on approach within the UK paint industry their lifetime (so-called cradle-to-grave how resistant the paint film is to water or or in Europe. The mis-use of Zero VOC approach). This project, called the Product to damage. Generally, synthetic-binder terminology in the USA is also having an Environmental Footprinting or PEF project, based paints will provide a much more impact on the UK coatings sector, as they is due to be completed within the next durable and resistant paint film, so would commonly label any paints with less than two years and should lead to a better way be expected to last longer than a clay 5g/lit as ‘Zero VOC’ products and some to inform consumers, probably through a paint. Thus, walls with these clay paints on companies are importing such paints into new simple labelling system and possibly may need repainting more often and the the UK market. The use of these claims supported by legislation. This should clay paints would not score so well when for paints is, therefore, both incorrect and represent the culmination of the past two viewed from an overall environmental- unjustifiable – there is no definition for decades of focus on sustainability and footprint approach. Thus, perversely, ‘Zero ‘VOC-free’, nor recognised analytical test measuring environmental impacts, not VOC’ clay paints may actually be more that can be used to demonstrate a paint just in terms of VOCs causing air pollution harmful to the environment than standard as having zero VOC content. Therefore, but also in terms of water usage, ozone synthetic-binder based paints, due to this members of the public continue to be depletion, toxicity to soil and water and a increased maintenance cycle. misled when purchasing their ‘Zero VOC’ host of other parameters. This is still a few In conclusion, the message to paint, which is not free of VOCs and, years away but it is clearly a much more consumers is to take a minute to consider consequently, is not proven to be any better comprehensive and holistic approach whether they’ve chosen the right paint for the environment than other decorative to judging the environmental impact of for the job and that whatever claims paints on the market. consumer products, rather than using associated with the product, especially selected single criteria, such as VOC. regarding the impact on the environment, „ ENVIRONMENTAL FOOT- There are several key contributors to are accurate and can be justified. PPCJ PRINTING AND PAINTS the environmental footprint of household paint: The extraction/production of the raw Author: Trevor Fielding, Regulatory Affairs So where do we go from here? How can materials; the cost of transporting paint Manager, British Coatings Federation consumers choose a paint that will have a from factory to retail outlet to your home; Email: [email protected] minimal impact on the environment? What and how long the painted surface will last Website: www.coatings.org.uk criteria can be used instead of VOC to until it needs repainting, ie how durable Cement-based technology used at Lynemouth Power Station Cement-based technology has been used A 1mm stripe coat of Cemprotec E942 to provide anti-corrosion protection to steel was then applied over welds, flanges, at a new materials handling facility under cut edges, plates and all fixings including construction at Lynemouth Power Station in nuts and bolt heads. Cemprotec E942 is Northumberland, UK. a waterborne, epoxy and cementitious Cemprotec E942, a high performance, modified polymer coating, which provides anti-corrosion cementitious coating, has innovative stand-alone, anti-corrosion been specified by Sir Robert McAlpine protection. It can be applied to damp to protect new steel piling totalling substrates and achieves bond when just 1500m2 to ensure that the 20yr design carbon electricity, supplying enough power surface rusting has been removed. By life of the steelwork is achieved. E942 is for almost half a million residential homes. comparison, alternative products require manufactured by Flexcrete Technologies The biomass conversion will save 1.5 tonnes removal of all surface contaminants and Limited, part of the AkzoNobel group of of carbon dioxide in comparison to coal. corrosion by-products back to bright metal. companies. Cementitious technology was Sir Robert McAlpine is constructing the With a water-based composition, chosen for this project due to the ability materials handling facility at the power plant Cemprotec E942 releases no strong odour of Cemprotec E942 to provide enhanced and an anti-corrosion coating was needed or hazardous solvents during application and chemical and abrasion resistance, for protection of the sheet piling in the new is non-toxic, so can be applied in enclosed whilst ensuring rapid completion of the rail offload areas. CSC Services UK Ltd, a locations. Cemprotec Edge Scrim was coatings work due to limited preparation specialist repair and coatings contractor to the embedded on all welds and cut edges before requirements of the steelwork. power and water industries, was appointed to a 1mm coat was Cemprotec E942 was spray Originally constructed in 1972 to generate carry out the application work. The interlocks applied to the complete surface area of the electricity from coal, Lynemouth Power between the sheet piles and any voids were sheet piles. Just 30-60min later a second Station is currently under conversion to a first filled with Cemprotec Clutch Filler, a 1mm coat was applied to provide excellent biomass-fuelled power plant. The Power uniquely formulated cementitious material for anti-corrosion protection. Cemprotec E942 is Station is being converted from coal burn sealing the surface gaps between piles prior CE-marked in compliance with the demands generation to biomass in order to supply to the application of a Flexcrete cementitious of BS EN 1504. the National Grid with up to 390MW of low anti-corrosion coating. www.flexcrete.com

47 PPCJ • September 2017 www.coatingsgroup.com CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

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