Carniflora Australis Journal of the Australasian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. Number 2, October 2003

28 ISSN 1448-9570 PRICE $3.00 Free with Membership Subscription Notes to contributors

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duced without the author’s permission. Meeting are held on the second Friday of each month Time: 7.30pm—10.00pm Dedicated to Conservation and Education Venue: Woodstock Community Centre Church St, Burwood © Australasian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 2003

Contents Front Page: Nepenthes sanguinea, Near the summit of Gunung Ulu Kali. Do your carnivorous plants produce seed? Phot by Greg Bourke How about donating some to the societies seed bank! For the seed bank to Back Page: Utricularia reniformis, Grown and photographed by Dr. Chris work successfully it relies on donations. Any spare seed you have can be Schell forward to the societies address but it must be clean and labelled.

Title Author Page What do we mean by clean? Sometimes it Pays Kirk Hirsch 4 You must ensure the seed is separated from all other flower parts.

Notes on seed germination and viability Greg Bourke 5 How should it be labelled? With the full species name e.g. Drosera rotundfolia NOT D. rotundifolia. If Trip to Far North Queensland Greg Bourke 7 sending seed from outside Australia, it must also have a customs declaration stating what is in the package. This avoids delays with Australian customs. Cultivation and flower inducement of Dr. Chris Schell 17

Utricularia reniformis. If you wish to donate seed, it is advisable to contact the Seed Bank Manager [email protected] to ensure that it is OK to donate that particular Back to Basics. Sarracenia rhizome and Owen O’Neil 20 species, i.e. some species are protected by CITES while others are listed as root care potential weeds in Australia. Exploring the Genting Highlands Greg Bourke 23 Please donate seed and help others enjoy growing carnivorous plants!

2 27 to which tree you set your tripod up headed back. The feeling of being UPCOMING SPEAKERS AND EVENTS FOR in. I had set the tripod up approxi- completely lost came over us as we mately three metres above the for- followed the maze of paths around 2003/2004 est floor and was adjusting the cam- the mountain. I guess being lost Date Subject Speaker era to focus on a pitcher when I was here, surrounded by Nepenthes isn’t November Carnivorous plants in Greg Bourke set upon by dozens of angry ants. all that bad but we had a plane to Western Australia (Slide The bites really stung and it took catch! After an hour of searching, show) some time to pack the camera up we eventually found our way back before I could escape. Fortunately to the main trail and to the car. Un- November Plant Auction the pictures made it worth while. fortunately this left us no site see- December Christmas swap meet. ing time in Kuala Lumpur but we We thought that the trail we had were both completely satisfied and January Seed collection and storing Greg Bourke come up on ran right along the well and truly warmed up for the summit and when the afternoon was next leg of our journey, Sabah, Bor- February General discussion getting late had turned around and neo. March Sarracenia Greg Bourke

References: April General discussion

Clarke, C.M. (2001) Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, Natural History Publications (Borneo) Kota Kinibalu Christmas Swap Meet and Plant Show

Jones, D.L. and Clemesha, S.C. Australian Ferns and Fern Allies, Reed. (Australia) Frenches Forest 2003

Shivas, R. G. Nepenthes of Gunung Ulu Kali, Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Saturday 13 December, 2003 12 (3): 65 10am to 4pm Woodstock Community Centre, Burwood

►Come see the largest display of Carnivorous Plants on in Sydney! ►Demonstrations and advice from the experts ►Competitions and great prizes ►Bring your plants for sale, swap or show ►Plenty of off street parking ►BBQ facilities available in a relaxing park setting. A good day out for the whole family ►For more information contact the society [email protected] or phone (02) 4684 3478

26 3 the canopy was quite low, generally metre in length. This is essential as Sometimes it pays less than three metres. In this area the pitchers are quite large and Kirk (Fűzzy) Hirsch Nepenthes ramispina was the most heavy and need the support of the E-mail: [email protected] common Nepenthes species en- Sphagnum. Some of the lower countered. These plants scrambled pitchers seen would hold approxi- across the tops of the trees with mately 300 millilitres of fluid. This year my Drosera stolonifera ber was safe, no nibble marks on its their inviting pitchers hanging These lower pitchers are beautifully didn’t come up from dormancy. epidermal layer, just that base of above the track. Our liking for these coloured with dark maroon blotches Talking with a Drosera guru, he the shoot coming out instead. I soon changed as they emptied their on a lime green background. The told me not to worry, for sometimes planted the tuber some 3cm below contents onto our heads and down peristome is generally red though a tuberous one won’t for a year, the sand this time, in hopes that it our backs. We also found a few there was some variation with green taking a year off so to speak. Still, will re-sprout this spring season. plants that appeared to be hybrids striped peristomes seen on some I fretted. It’s the only WA tuberous with Nepenthes macfarlanei. The plants. There were mottled pitchers Drosera I have left after my D. er- I can wait if it doesn’t, making sure pitchers were similarly shaped to similar in colour to the lower ones hythrorhiza died, and it died be- the pot doesn’t completely dry out, those of Nepenthes ramispina but but there were also completely yel- cause the tuber was buried at the for the poor tuber was reduced in lighter in colour with some mottling low pitchers with yellow peris- bottom, came out the side of the size too, and may not have the en- inside the pitchers. tomes and every shade and combi- drainage hole, and didn’t like it. ergy for the long shoot that it pre- nation in between. There was very fers to sprout from. So, let this be a Deeper into the centre of the mossy little prey captured by these plants. Fearing perhaps another scenario of lesson to some people that it does- forest we came across more Nepen- The insects that were seen were similar fate, I meddled. GOOD n’t hurt to fiddle around sometimes thes macfarlanei plants as the can- quite small, mostly flying insects. I THING I DID! and fuss over plants and go against opy became higher. Light levels was surprised not too see more ants the advice of the experts. here were quite low, equivalent to in the pitchers as these were the My D. stolonifera WOULD have about 50% shade. Nepenthes only insects commonly seen by us come up if a bloody witchetty grub May your tuberous Drosera sprout macfarlanei was the most common in the mossy forest. didn’t eat the sprouting shoot all the greenly! Füzzy Nepenthes found growing only as way to the base of the tuber! It be- terrestrials while Nepenthes One plant of Nepenthes ramispina came plant food for some hungry ramispina plants were commonly plant was seen growing with no flytrap quite quickly. The poor tu- found growing on the trunks and root system at all! The three metre branches of the larger trees. The long stem growing completely sup- adult Nepenthes macfarlanei plants ported by the tendrils curled around here were large (up to one metre surrounding vegetation. This is across) with a short nodal distance. when the plant is truly reliant on its The infundibular lower pitchers of pitchers. Nepenthes macfarlanei are gener- ally placed on top of the Sphagnum. One thing I learned while photo- To achieve this, the plant produces graphing these plants in the canopy very long tendrils of almost one is that you must be very selective as

4 25 ground with lower pitchers over 30 most vertical sides of what ap- centimetres tall. All pitchers were peared to be an old quarry only 50 Notes on seed germination and viability copper coloured with light green metres from the summit. From Greg Bourke almost yellow peristomes. Grow- here the short walk to the summit E-mail: [email protected] ing beside this was what I initially was along a well-worn path. Large thought to be Nepenthes chunks of Sphagnum had fallen This article was inspired by a con- time of year as seed of the respec- macfarlanei. We soon realised it from above with N. macfarlanei versation with Richard Sullivan tive species would be germinating was a hybrid of Nepenthes plants amongst them. The sight of about his recent experiences with in the wild. This does make sense macfarlanei x sanguinea. The sur- these helped speed our ascent. The the beautiful small red form of as the seed could be responding to rounding vegetation consisted of transition from montane forest to Drosera Burmannii known as temperature changes but what about small ferns, grasses and a few Spi- mossy forest is immediate as you ‘Pilliga Red’. This form was dis- seed in tissue culture? A friend who ranthes orchids. near the summit. It’s like a differ- covered by Robert Gibson in the has been experimenting with tuber- ent world! Here N. macfarlanei Pilliga region of western New ous species in culture has reported Only a few meters from this dis- and N. ramispina are everywhere! South Wales. This distinct form similar experiences. What makes turbed area, the vegetation was Unfortunately we only had a short with red leaves, red scape and pink this so interesting is that this is a denser appearing natural. Here taste of this before we were out of petals was brought to Robert’s at- controlled environment where light- amongst the orchid covered trees light and had to return to our ac- tention as distinct when he com- ing and temperatures are fixed year we encountered a single Nepenthes commodation. pared it to typically pale green round. For the seed to be germinat- ramispina. This plant was over 2 populations 30 kilometres away. ing at this time it must have an in- metres in length, climbing through We were up at first light and re- ternal time clock! the surrounding shrubs. At the turned to the mossy forest. It must Richard Sullivan reports that he base of the stem was a basal ro- be said that before this trip, I had planted seed in October 2001 and The genus Drosera is incredibly sette with two 10centimetres tall only seen Nepenthes mirabilis in had seen no germination until Au- diverse and myths have been cre- lower pitchers. All pitchers on this Australia so I was quite excited to gust 2003. The seed had not been ated about the viability of seed plant were a beautiful dark green, see the plants I had spent years treated in any way and had been from some sections. William Dilapi almost black. trying to grow. The sphagnum kept damp for the duration. The pot of the USA reported germination of moss covered summit was unlike had not been moved so the only real Drosera montana seed after one With the daylight hours swiftly anything I had encountered before, changes experienced by the seed year recently which prompted me to disappearing, we hastened to the spongy and seemingly bottomless. were seasonal temperatures and try some Drosera graminifolia ssp nearby summit of an undisturbed I pushed the leg of the tripod al- light levels. Why they didn’t germi- spiralis seed that had been stored mountain. As far as I could tell most to it’s full length (almost 2 nate in 2002 is unknown but it had un-refrigerated for years. The seed from our inadequate map, this was metres) into the moss with little been a very dry year when not has recently begun germinating. Gunung Ulu Kali. Gunung Ulu resistance. The canopy species many of the local Drosera grew. Kali at 1772 meters above sea here consisted mostly of Orchid Some genus of carnivorous plants level is the highest peak in the covered Leptospermums and Rho- It is not uncommon for many tuber- seem to have very short seed viabil- Genting Highlands. Young plants dodendrons. On the southern side ous Drosera seed to take three ity. Genlisea, Heliamphora, Nepen- of N. ramispina and it’s hybrids of the summit, where the vegeta- years or more to germinate but thes, and Pinguicula seed viability could be seen growing on the al- tion was exposed to the elements, when it does, it is roughly the same is quite short but can be increased

24 5 slightly when stored in the fridge. germinate after storing for two There is speculation as to how long years. If planted out the season after Exploring the Genting Highlands you can keep it but my advice is to seed was collected more than half Greg Bourke spread it around and ensure that it is the seed will germinate. The fol- E-Mail: [email protected] planted out as soon as possible. lowing season some more will ger- minate and in the third season there On the 29th of March 2002, Richard seen was Nepenthes sanguinea at Utricularia species from the Iperua may be a few but after that the re- Riles and I embarked on a journey about 1500 meters above sea level. section produce green seed that ger- maining seed is generally not vi- to Malaysia. Our journey was to The pitchers were seen hanging minates almost immediately and if able. have one leg in peninsular Malaysia almost over the road as the plants not kept moist will die. Other and three legs in Borneo. The fol- scrambled over large ferns of the Utricularia species like many from Dionaea muscipula seed appears to lowing is a brief account of the car- genus Sticherus. These pitchers Australia can lie dormant for sev- have a good viability and can be nivorous plants encountered on the were quite small upper pitchers at eral seasons untreated. stored in a cool dry place for sev- first leg of the trip. about 15cm and orange/green in eral years. This is a slow species to colour. As we wound our way up Drosophyllum lusitanicum and By- grow from seed and will take at We had only allowed two full days the mountains we found more blis seed can be stored successfully least three years before plants will to explore both the city and the plants of this widespread species out of the fridge for many years flower. mountains. Our aim was to reach growing on a large exposed em- with no problems at all. It may still the summit of Gunung Ulu Kali in bankment. These plants were under take several seasons to germinate Darligtonia californica seed has a the Genting highlands in search of 50cm tall but quite broad with some after being planted out but can do short viability unless stored cold. A three Nepenthes species, Nepenthes interesting lower pitchers. There so without treatment. Gibberalic good way to store the seed for per- macfarlanei, Nepenthes ramispina were some with all green pitchers acid (GA3) will increase germina- sonal use is to place several seeds and Nepenthes sanguinea. We left with green peristomes and others tion in some species. There is a in each section of an ice cube tray our hotel early for the short 40km with deep burgundy pitchers with strange misconception about Dro- and store in the freezer. Ensure that journey to the Genting highlands, red peristomes. The largest of these sophyllum lusitanicum. It is said the tray is clearly labelled so as to which due to our navigational skills pitchers was almost 25cm tall! that plants should be separated as avoid drinking them in summer! took us almost three hours! We they inhibit the growth of others. The following winter the cubes can were lucky to drive past an amazing Once high in the mountains we This is not at all true! Plants grow be placed onto sphagnum and kept Nepenthes water feature which we were overwhelmed by the sight of in close proximity in their natural cool. This is an extremely slow would not have found if we weren’t the huge hotels, fun-park and Ca- habitat. I grow several plants in the growing species taking many years lost. It would be a pleasant drive up sino. A whole mountain basically same pot that adds to the visual ef- to mature. the mountains if it weren’t for the destroyed. I had no idea that this fect of growing this beautiful spe- crazy motorcyclists! They overtake place existed. We drove around the cies. The information given here is from on blind corners, up the inside, the summit for a short while then my experiences and some fellow outside or the wrong side of the parked near a roadside cutting, From my experiences with Sarrace- Carnivorous plant enthusiasts and road at ridiculous speeds! We soon which had some remnant vegetation nia seed it is possible to store seed by no means should it be taken as learned to fit in though, emulating and were rewarded immediately. A refrigerated for a few seasons but gospel! Be patient with your seeds. this style of driving. large Nepenthes sanguinea plant you’ll probably only get limited It may be well worth the wait. The first carnivorous plant species was growing amongst the disturbed 6 23 behind this is to guard against burn of early starts, potting up my plants off from late frosts that I experience then heading off to work from 4pm A visit to far north Queensland in my area. If you do grow Sarrace- until midnight I ran out of time and Greg Bourke nias in a green house then you have had to leave some rhizomes sitting E-mail: [email protected] to pay careful attention to air move- in a bucket of water. I had all the ment. In nature although the plants best intentions of returning to pot In June 2001 I had the opportunity ferent stages of development. This are sitting in water at the start of the up the left over pieces within a of visiting several carnivorous plant large free floating aquatic species growing season the temperature and week but one rolled on to two then sites in the Cairns area on the far has feather like leaves radiating humidity is still quite mild. In the three and finally a month had north east coast of Australia. I had around the central stem and modi- green house the humidity levels can passed leaving a bunch of Sarrace- hoped to see the three tropical Aus- fied hollow tubular leaves or floats climb quite high in a closed envi- nia rhizomes sitting outside in a tralian Drosera, Drosera schizan- at the base of the flower scape. ronment while the temperature is bucket full of stagnant water in all dra, Drosera adelae, and Drosera These floats compensate for the still too low for vigorous plant weather conditions. I felt for sure prolifera as well as visit the most weight of the flower scape and its growth. This can cause problems that I’d find an oozing black mess southern population of Nepenthes pollinators. This was the first time I with fugal growth around the crown of rotting vegetation but to my sur- mirabilis. Unfortunately various had seen this species in its natural of the rhizome especially on the prise although the water had a stink factors prevented me from finding habitat. Also found in the swamp stumps of dead pitchers that have like you couldn’t imagine there was the three Drosera but I was able to was the thread like Utricularia been trimmed back. To guard still visible signs of life left. I see some others that I had never gibba although it didn’t appear to against this potentially devastating rinsed off the rhizomes and put seen in their natural habitat. be in flower. Although there may problem ensure that the house is them in a fresh bucket of water then have been more species growing in opened up each morning to allow potted them up as usual. After two The first site was north west of Port this area I did not venture from the good air flow and that water levels weeks new growth is emerging and Douglas on the road to Jullaten. Boardwalk as I did not wish to dis- in the trays are kept to a bare mini- it seems the extended bath hasn’t Just before the town of Jullaten is turb and breeding birds (if there mum. Any plants displaying grey, done any permanent damage. Abattoir Nature Reserve. The park were any). fuzzy growths should be removed Whilst I wouldn’t recommend you was set up as a sanctuary for wet- from the main growing area and all try this with your most prized Sar- land bird species. There is a board- After leaving the Abattoir I headed the plants sprayed with a suitable racenias it just goes to show how walk set up over the swamp that back towards the coast in search of systemic fungicide. well these plants can handle being takes you to a hide with a good Pandanus species. There are two completely waterlogged for ex- view over the lake. Unfortunately I reasons for searching for this spe- Just to let you know how tough tended periods. only spotted one bird here that flew cies. One is that Drosera indica and these plants are let me tell you past so fast I was unable to make Byblis liniflora are commonly about a recent event with my plants. out what it was. I did however see found growing near them, and the Being a shift worker and a full time many bright yellow flowers poking second is that they are a lot bigger father can leave you wishing there through the beautiful red carpet of than their carnivorous neighbours were more hours in the day and Azolla pinnata. These flowers be- and so easier to locate! I found sev- even more hours in the night to longed to Utricularia Aurea. Plants eral colonies of Pandanus tectorius catch up on that most wonderful up to 80cm in length were found var. australianus but unfortunately thing called sleep! After four days with several scapes on them at dif- no carnivorous plants. It is possible

22 7 that due to the dry conditions, the the falls in two hours and frantic- all the remaining pitchers from the cially affected were my Venus Fly Drosera and Byblis here had al- ally searched the area. I found a previous season with the exception Traps (Dionaea muscipula) I know ready set seed and died. By this small terrestrial Utricularia of Sarracenia purpurea and Sarra- that growers in the Sydney area time the sun was getting low and (possibly Utricularia caerulea) cenia psittacenia species as these don’t seem to have a problem with it was time to head back to the which was not in flower. Unfortu- pitchers tend to over winter very their tap water and if your plants tourist town of Port Douglas for a nately there was no Drosera to be strongly. It’s at this time the plants are doing ok on your local supply few beers and a great feed of seen There appeared to be good are divided. I used to treat this then all well and good but for those Emu, Kangaroo and Crocodile. habitat on areas towards the top of process with surgical like precision, people who live outside the Sydney the cliff but there was no time to rubber gloves, scalpel, the lot! Then area just take note and try to give The next day saw me heading explore this so I left disappointed. I worked out that as long as your your plants the very best water north in search of Drosera prolif- not overly rough it’s far simpler to available to them. I use water from era. Roughly 30km north of Port After several days of relaxation I wiggle and snap growing points a dam situated on my parent’s rural Douglas lies the Daintree River. headed south to Edmonton to visit apart. I do keep a sharp heavy property. The water is collected This is crossed via a barge at a local Nepenthes grower Rod bladed knife on the bench to neaten from run off from the bush so it cost of $3. Another 20km through Kruger. Rod had some fantastic up the odd rough end or trim back doesn’t pick up any fertilizers or lowland rainforest and Crocodile lowland Nepenthes growing under dead brown rhizomes. lime spread about by farmers on territory takes you to Cape Tribu- shade cloth in the narrow strip open paddocks. lation. Here I met one of the between his house and fence. The Placing the growing point of the Rangers and asked about Drosera most beautiful being Nepenthes rhizome towards the centre of the A few observations. prolifera. After a lot of head rafflesiana. He also had Drosera pot place handfuls of medium into After plants have been potted up for scratching with the Ranger and indica, Drosera adelae, Drosera the pot until it’s nearly full. Give a week or two if you notice a dark some amateur Botanists, I came burmannii and Drosera lanata the pot a shake and a bit of a tap on green colour on the soil surface sur- up with two possible locations. from this region. the bench to settle the soil in around rounding the rhizome then it’s usu- One of these was simply going to the roots and continue to fill the pot ally time to remove this plant from be too far for me to get too so I After spending some time looking to the top. Firm the soil down until the tray and take it out of the soil headed for the second which was at Rod’s plants, Rod drove me it is level with the top of the rhi- for a closer inspection. What may accessible only by passing further south to Babinda to see the zome and a little lower than the lip be happening is the rhizome is rot- through private property. I asked most southern population of Ne- of the pot. Place the pot into a water ting, releasing nutrient into the soil the owner for permission to enter penthes mirabilis. This population tray; water in well with a soft spray that is feeding algal growth on the and for some further directions to is on private property. Rod had from the hose or watering can. Sim- soil surface. More often than not a waterfall. At this time I was told contacted the owner to gain per- ple! this is bad news but generally only that the walk in would take 6 mission prior to us arriving to happens to small pieces of rhizome hours return. I only had about 4 avoid complications. This small Another factor to consider is with- that may have already been brown hours till sun down! I proceeded population is now protected and out a doubt is water quality. Rain- and dead on the inside but you’ve to run up the almost dry riverbed survives only because the land water is by far the best for Sarrace- failed to notice and cut back while stopping from time to time to was too steep for farming of sugar nias. The tap water in my local area potting up. search the sandy banks for possi- cane. There has been some specu- is woeful and during the drought This year I’m growing my plants in ble sites. I made it to the base of lation as to whether this popula- killed many of my plants, espe- a tunnel house. The main reason

8 21 tion was introduced or a remnant of search for it or chase other species. Back to Basics. Sarracenia rhizome and root a much larger population. The I opted to search for Drosera Bur- care. Babinda site is several hundred mannii, Drosera indica, Drosera kilometres away from the main Ne- lanata and a yellow flowered Owen O’Neil penthes habitat. Rod explained that Utricularia species Rod had seen the rainfall at Babinda is more con- instead. The directions Rod gave I’ve been growing Sarracenia for peat the washing until the water sistent and higher than surrounding took me to Herberton in the Ather- years now and over time I’ve dab- coming out of the sand is as clear as areas creating the perfect habitat for ton Tablelands. From hear I headed bled with different potting mixtures the water going in. The perlite is Nepenthes and yes it was raining north along a gravel road. The and growing conditions. What I’ve not usually an issue as its purchased while we were there. vegetation here was open Eucalypt discovered is that to grow these in sealed bags from your supplier (Iron bark I think) with very little fantastic plants well you don’t have and shouldn’t contain any impuri- The soil at the Babinda site is red carnivorous plant habitat. I crossed to go to any great lengths. To grow ties. To combine the mix, place the clay with some gravel or decom- several ephemeral creeks before healthy Sarracenias just stick to the peat in to a clean bucket or wheel- posed granite in it. The majority of seeing one that was still flowing. I basics! barrow and add water. With your plants were to be found in open pulled over and headed for an open hands or a clean spade work the situations where it was difficult to section just off the road. I was im- There are three main potting medi- water through the peat until there negotiate without stepping on Ne- mediately rewarded by the sight of ums I would suggest. These are; 1) are no dry lumps left. Add the sand penthes seedlings. Grasses and Drosera indica. The white petalled pure live Sphagnum moss, 2) Peat and perlite and mix until you have ferns were the only competitors for golden/red coloured plants were a moss or 3) a mix of four parts peat an even mixture. You don’t want space. The common east coast car- beautiful. The plants themselves moss, two parts perlite and one part the mix to be overly wet as this nivorous plant companion the coral where beautifully scented. This fra- well washed coarse river sand. My makes potting up your plants a little fern (Gleichenia sp.) being the grant foliage is uncommon in personal favourite is the last mix more difficult when the mix can be dominant species. Also present was Drosera but common in the but care must be taken when pre- poured into the pot. Lycopodium cernuum. Large plants Drosera indica complex. paring this. Ensure you purchase of Nepenthes mirabilis scrambled good quality peat; you can buy this Potting up. over small trees and many were in As I scanned the area for more through produce stores and some In late August to early September flower. The paper thin pitchers Drosera indica, my attention was nurseries. There is NO SUBSTI- most Sarracenias grown in New were approximately 20cm tall and drawn to a bunch of violet flowers TUTE for sphagnum peat moss. South Wales, Australia are nearly at pinkish/yellow in colour with red- in a wash of sand. A form of Sand is another thing you must take the end of their winter resting dish peristomes. Where there were Utricularia caerulea with multi care with. Prepare your sand by phase. This is the optimum time to more trees, the canopy blocked the flowered scapes. The first scape placing an amount into a bucket get in and tidy up your collection majority of light and only a few seen had three flowers open with a then washing it with a hose on for the new season ahead. I like to Nepenthes plants were seen reach- tight cluster of buds waiting for fairly high pressure. You may no- take my plants from their pots, ing upwards with long internodes. their turn. It also had ripe seed tice just how dirty the sand is with shake off as much old medium as lower on the 30cm tall scape. I yellow brown water and froth being possible then dunk the rhizome in a Although Rod had given me some counted a total of 18 flowers on that produced as the sand is tossed bucket of water to give it a good good directions for Drosera adelae particular scape. From my field ob- about. Pour this water off and re- wash. At the same time I trim off sites, I had to decide whether to servations Utricularia caerulea

20 9 commonly produces scapes with I strolled further up the hill to a tural regimes. I feel that too many that Utricularia reniformis thrives less than 10 flowers spaced more or large seep where Drosera indica people grow this species too wet. with the regular application of fer- less evenly along a short scape. The was common. I searched the boggy This is likely to have two outcomes. tiliser, however, if this is to be con- characteristic seen in the plants at area and further up hill onto dryer The first is that the plant may rot, ducted, perfect drainage and regular Herberton is however well docu- land in search of Drosera lanata. and thus die. The second is that the flushing of the media should be mented and not uncommon. I have Once at the very top edge of the plant may grow quite well, however undertaken. since cultivated plants from this site seep I found Drosera auriculata. I it may not flower. It is likely that and under my cooler growing con- was amazed to see that the plant this is the primary reason for the Utricularia reniformis is one of the ditions they produced scapes less was almost as robust as the Drosera observations of Slack (1988) and largest members of the Utricularia than 15cm tall with only 5 flowers auriculata I am familiar with in the Pietropaolo and Pietropaolo (1999) genus. It is versatile, easy to grow, per scape. Sydney area. From my passed ex- along with many other enthusiasts. has among the most beautiful philo- perience, the form commonly found In addition, it seems likely that a dia of the Utricularia and has large Also found growing amongst the north of Port Macquarie was the period of drying during the winter and beautiful flowers. This species Utricularia caerulea was a small only form to be found in Queen- period is essential to initiate flower- thrives under conditions similar to yellow flowered species which sland. This form has long thin ing. A lack of suitable ventilation those enjoyed by Nepenthes and looked similar to Utricularia uligi- scrambling stems to 1 metre in is also likely to result in rot or fail- would make an interesting compan- nosa. With scapes of 10cm Utricu- length with small lamina and ovoid ure to thrive. It is commonly ion plant for such. It is unfortunate laria bifida is small but beautiful. I seeds. The 20cm erect growing known that plants (i.e. orchids) that that it is not more widely seen in had never even seen photos of this plants were not in flower and there receive too little light fail to flower, collections. species let alone a live plant. The was no seed present for comparison and to this extent, Utricularia reni- contrast of the orange/brown calyx with others. This is a plant that re- formis responds in a similar man- and the yellow flower is stunning. quires further study. ner. In my experience, these plants thrive under prolonged bright con- After some 20 minutes of explor- The following day took me to the ditions (not full sun). Finally, ing the roadside a four wheel drive beautiful Cairns Botanic Gardens. through my experience, I believe vehicle pulled up beside me and The balcony of the visitors centre two long bearded Aboriginal people has several hanging pots with low- References: got out. They were the owners of land Nepenthes hybrids! Nepenthes the land and were a little distressed ‘Wrigleyana (N. mirabilis x ((N. D’Amato, P. (1998). The Savage Garden. Ten Speed Press, California. that someone was on their property. rafflesiana x N. ampullaria)), Ne- When I explained that I was photo- penthes xhookeriana (N. rafflesiana Pietropaolo, J., and P. Pietropaolo. (1999). Carnivorous Plants of the World. graphing carnivorous plants they x N. ampullaria), and Nepenthes Timber Press, Hong Kong. raced over to see what the nut was xtrichocarpa (N. gracilis x N. am- talking about. “Oh those things!” pullaria) from memory. Slack, A. (1988). Carnivorous Plants. MIT Press, Cambridge. one of them said. He then pro- ceeded to point me in the direction In the Orchid house grows a huge of some other sites on the property specimen of Nepenthes truncate that I could explore. On this advice which had a 40 centimetre pitcher

10 19 is suitable and I have observed that adequate ventilation of the area is on it! It appeared to be growing in a tralia and not seen carnivorous during periods of reduced humidity, maintained at all times. During fairly heavy Orchid mix in a 40cm plants! Another great habitat for the phyllodes (leaf like structures) winter (growth generally slows or pot. There was also a very interest- carnivorous plants is under power develop a waxy cuticle, presumably stops) I allow the plant to dry com- ing but small Orchid collection lines and there were power lines to reduce loss of moisture under pletely and water only once a week. though there was little in flower. crossing the road near the golf such conditions. My plants have course at Cairns! experienced a rage of humidity The application of fertilizers is a The large green house contained (20% to 80%) although they seem touchy topic when it comes to car- many different types of plants in- The Drosera burmannii plants here to grow adequately under approxi- nivorous plant enthusiasts. Some cluding (You guessed it) Nepen- are much smaller than the plants mately 60-70%. authors do not condone their use thes! Some very well grown Nepen- from northern New South Wales (Slack, 1988; Pietropaolo & thes ampullaria were of most inter- and pinkish in colour. This species In terms of potting, I use a wire Pietropaolo, 1999), yet others advo- est. These plants had the distinctive was not locally common even basket, lined with coconut husk. cate using acid fertilisers leafless rosettes of pitchers though conditions appeared perfect. Within this I use a mix of equal (D’Amato, 1998) and when using clumped in the centre of the basket. Perhaps many of the plants had fin- parts garden potting soil, sphagnum them, to use once monthly at very Other Nepenthes species here in- ished for the year. No plants were moss, orchid bark and sphagnum weak dilutions. As I mentioned clude Nepenthes alata, Nepenthes seen in flower but seed was present peatmoss. The result is a free- previously, I treat my U. reniformis rafflesiana, Nepenthes ventricosa, on old scapes. draining media that allows adequate as epiphytic orchids, and as such, I Nepenthes gracilis as well as some airflow to the developing stolon. fertilise them during the growing Nepenthes hybrids. The gardens Drosera indica could be seen from Once planted, I place living moss season fortnightly using Aquasol TM here are well worth the visit if only the car near a roadside ditch under (desiccation resistant, epiphytic at orchid strength (1 level measure for the pitcher plants. the power lines. These plants dif- varieties) onto the surface of the into 10 Litres of water). However, fered from those seen near Herber- medium to provide some protection coming out of dormancy (early The last site I was able to visit was ton in both colour and size. The to the plant, and to help stabilise the spring) I give my plants one dose of near the Cairns golf course. Robert robust gold/green plants grew pros- planting environment. I also be- full strength fertiliser (1 level meas- Gibson had recommended this site trate for half their length unable to lieve that this ‘companion planting’ ure in 5 Litres of water) followed for Drosera burmannii, Drosera support the weight of the crown. conveys benefits to the Utricularia by a flush of water four hours post indica, Drosera spatulate, Utricu- The leaves grow horizontally for (eg. protection from drought, pro- application of Aquasol TM. Within laria bifida, Utricularia gibba, and about half their length before bend- tection from heavy watering, 3 weeks of this process, developing Utricularia uliginosa. ing 90° upwards. This gives the etc…). This unit is then kept flower scapes may be observed. stem support while still enabling within the shade-house, in an area This year, one of my plants pro- Golf courses have always been a the ends of the leaves to catch prey. that receives as much light as possi- duced 12 flower scapes within 5 great place to see carnivorous The flower scapes grow to 15 centi- ble. The pot is not kept standing in weeks of breaking dormancy. plants for me. I don’t care much for metres long with an average of six water, but instead is watered from the game itself but I’m good at hit- to ten flowers per scape. After a above. Essentially, I treat the unit Although this plant is a versatile ting the ball into the rough which flower has been pollinated it turns as an epiphytic orchid. As such, I species, I believe that there are sev- seems to be the perfect habitat for downwards and by the time the allow the planting medium to dry eral reasons why this plant fails to carnivorous plants. In fact, I’ve seed is ripe it is very close to if not between watering, and ensure that thrive or flower under many cul- never been to a golf course in Aus- on the soil. The seed can sit wet for

18 11 some time without germinating in- The aquatic Utricularia gibba was stead waiting for the coming sea- found both in and out of the water Cultivation and flower inducement of son. with the stranded plants beginning As with Drosera burmannii, the to flower. Flowering of this species Utricularia reniformis. Drosera spatulata were quite small is easily induced in cultivation by and uncommon. These were found similar methods. Dr. Christopher B. Schell. growing away from Drosera indica E-mail: [email protected]. on less exposed ground. These The majority of flowers of Utricu- plants were not in flower. laria uliginosa were cleistogamous. Utricularia reniformis has been de- many plants will alter flowering The occasional purple flower was scribed as an epiphytic species by periods in response to alterations in Utricularia bifida was found grow- seen and was typically small of the some authorities however others hydroperiod / nutrient regimes. ing both above and below the water species. have observed that this species Given the diverse range of micro- level alongside Utricularia gibba grows terrestrially in sphagnum habitats that this species has been and Utricularia uliginosa. The Although I missed out on seeing the bogs. It is this versatility that al- observed to inhabit in nature (in flowers did not differ from those at three famous Drosera from the lows this species to thrive under a trees / in swamps / in bromeliads / Herberton. Scape height was ad- Cairns area I still managed to see wide range of conditions in cultiva- in full sun / in full shade) it is not justed on plants standing in shal- some very beautiful plants. I look tion. In this article, I will describe surprising that plasticity within life- low water to position the flowers forward to little more time here in the conditions under which I cur- history traits exists. just above water level. the future when I will get to see rently cultivate U. reniformis. these unique Drosera and others. These conditions have resulted in a I currently grow all of my U. reni- massed display of flowers. formis within a shade-house (50% References: shade) that receives at least 8 hours I have been growing U. reniformis of full sunlight throughout the year. Clarke, C.M. (2001) Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, for the past five years. During this I provide no heating during the Natural History Publications (Borneo) Kota Kinibalu period, flowering has only occurred cooler parts of the year and no cool- once (in the plant’s fifth year). ing throughout the summer months. Jones, D.L. and Clemesha, S.C. Australian Ferns and Fern Allies, Reed. Several authors have noted that this The temperature extremes experi- (Australia) Frenches Forest species may be shy to flower under enced by this species has ranged cultivation (Slack, 1988; from winter minimums of –5oC to Lowrie, A. Carnivorous Plants of Australia Vol. 3 (1998) University of Pietropaolo & Pietropaolo, 1999), summer maximums of 45oC. Ex- Western Australia Press. (Australia) Nedlands yet others (D’Amato, 1998) have tremes in temperature often result found it to be free flowering for in partial or complete loss of foli- Taylor, P. The Genus Utricularia– a taxonomic monograph, Royal Botanic extended periods, only to pause age, however, this is quickly re- Gardens, Kew. London throughout the coldest part of the placed upon the resumption of suit- year. In my opinion, this variation able thermal conditions. In estab- Wrigley, J. W. and Fagg, M. Australian Native Plants, Reed Books stems from the conditions under lished plants, this may take as little (Australia) Kew which the specimen in cultivated as two weeks. In addition to ambi- for it is a well known fact that ent temperature, ambient humidity

12 17

Nepenthes sanguinea , G. Ulu Kali Nepenthes sanguinea , G. Ulu Kali Drosera indica, Herberton Drosera indica, Cairns

Drosera burmannii ‘Pilliga Red’ Photo curtesy of Robert Gibson

Nepenthes macfarlanei, G. Ulu Kali Nepenthes ramispina , G. Ulu Kali Utricularia bifida, Herberton

16 13 The view south from G. Ulu Kali in the Genting Highlands.

Nepenthes fountain, Kuala Lumpur Nepenthes macfarlanei, G. Ulu Kali

Nepenthes macfarlanei, G. Ulu Kali Nepenthes macfarlanei, upper pitcher Nepenthes macfarlanei, lower pitcher Nepenthes macfarlanei x ramispina? 14 15 The view south from G. Ulu Kali in the Genting Highlands.

Nepenthes fountain, Kuala Lumpur Nepenthes macfarlanei, G. Ulu Kali

Nepenthes macfarlanei, G. Ulu Kali Nepenthes macfarlanei, upper pitcher Nepenthes macfarlanei, lower pitcher Nepenthes macfarlanei x ramispina? 14 15

Nepenthes sanguinea , G. Ulu Kali Nepenthes sanguinea , G. Ulu Kali Drosera indica, Herberton Drosera indica, Cairns

Drosera burmannii ‘Pilliga Red’ Photo curtesy of Robert Gibson

Nepenthes macfarlanei, G. Ulu Kali Nepenthes ramispina , G. Ulu Kali Utricularia bifida, Herberton

16 13 some time without germinating in- The aquatic Utricularia gibba was stead waiting for the coming sea- found both in and out of the water Cultivation and flower inducement of son. with the stranded plants beginning As with Drosera burmannii, the to flower. Flowering of this species Utricularia reniformis. Drosera spatulata were quite small is easily induced in cultivation by and uncommon. These were found similar methods. Dr. Christopher B. Schell. growing away from Drosera indica E-mail: [email protected]. on less exposed ground. These The majority of flowers of Utricu- plants were not in flower. laria uliginosa were cleistogamous. Utricularia reniformis has been de- many plants will alter flowering The occasional purple flower was scribed as an epiphytic species by periods in response to alterations in Utricularia bifida was found grow- seen and was typically small of the some authorities however others hydroperiod / nutrient regimes. ing both above and below the water species. have observed that this species Given the diverse range of micro- level alongside Utricularia gibba grows terrestrially in sphagnum habitats that this species has been and Utricularia uliginosa. The Although I missed out on seeing the bogs. It is this versatility that al- observed to inhabit in nature (in flowers did not differ from those at three famous Drosera from the lows this species to thrive under a trees / in swamps / in bromeliads / Herberton. Scape height was ad- Cairns area I still managed to see wide range of conditions in cultiva- in full sun / in full shade) it is not justed on plants standing in shal- some very beautiful plants. I look tion. In this article, I will describe surprising that plasticity within life- low water to position the flowers forward to little more time here in the conditions under which I cur- history traits exists. just above water level. the future when I will get to see rently cultivate U. reniformis. these unique Drosera and others. These conditions have resulted in a I currently grow all of my U. reni- massed display of flowers. formis within a shade-house (50% References: shade) that receives at least 8 hours I have been growing U. reniformis of full sunlight throughout the year. Clarke, C.M. (2001) Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, for the past five years. During this I provide no heating during the Natural History Publications (Borneo) Kota Kinibalu period, flowering has only occurred cooler parts of the year and no cool- once (in the plant’s fifth year). ing throughout the summer months. Jones, D.L. and Clemesha, S.C. Australian Ferns and Fern Allies, Reed. Several authors have noted that this The temperature extremes experi- (Australia) Frenches Forest species may be shy to flower under enced by this species has ranged cultivation (Slack, 1988; from winter minimums of –5oC to Lowrie, A. Carnivorous Plants of Australia Vol. 3 (1998) University of Pietropaolo & Pietropaolo, 1999), summer maximums of 45oC. Ex- Western Australia Press. (Australia) Nedlands yet others (D’Amato, 1998) have tremes in temperature often result found it to be free flowering for in partial or complete loss of foli- Taylor, P. The Genus Utricularia– a taxonomic monograph, Royal Botanic extended periods, only to pause age, however, this is quickly re- Gardens, Kew. London throughout the coldest part of the placed upon the resumption of suit- year. In my opinion, this variation able thermal conditions. In estab- Wrigley, J. W. and Fagg, M. Australian Native Plants, Reed Books stems from the conditions under lished plants, this may take as little (Australia) Kew which the specimen in cultivated as two weeks. In addition to ambi- for it is a well known fact that ent temperature, ambient humidity

12 17 is suitable and I have observed that adequate ventilation of the area is on it! It appeared to be growing in a tralia and not seen carnivorous during periods of reduced humidity, maintained at all times. During fairly heavy Orchid mix in a 40cm plants! Another great habitat for the phyllodes (leaf like structures) winter (growth generally slows or pot. There was also a very interest- carnivorous plants is under power develop a waxy cuticle, presumably stops) I allow the plant to dry com- ing but small Orchid collection lines and there were power lines to reduce loss of moisture under pletely and water only once a week. though there was little in flower. crossing the road near the golf such conditions. My plants have course at Cairns! experienced a rage of humidity The application of fertilizers is a The large green house contained (20% to 80%) although they seem touchy topic when it comes to car- many different types of plants in- The Drosera burmannii plants here to grow adequately under approxi- nivorous plant enthusiasts. Some cluding (You guessed it) Nepen- are much smaller than the plants mately 60-70%. authors do not condone their use thes! Some very well grown Nepen- from northern New South Wales (Slack, 1988; Pietropaolo & thes ampullaria were of most inter- and pinkish in colour. This species In terms of potting, I use a wire Pietropaolo, 1999), yet others advo- est. These plants had the distinctive was not locally common even basket, lined with coconut husk. cate using acid fertilisers leafless rosettes of pitchers though conditions appeared perfect. Within this I use a mix of equal (D’Amato, 1998) and when using clumped in the centre of the basket. Perhaps many of the plants had fin- parts garden potting soil, sphagnum them, to use once monthly at very Other Nepenthes species here in- ished for the year. No plants were moss, orchid bark and sphagnum weak dilutions. As I mentioned clude Nepenthes alata, Nepenthes seen in flower but seed was present peatmoss. The result is a free- previously, I treat my U. reniformis rafflesiana, Nepenthes ventricosa, on old scapes. draining media that allows adequate as epiphytic orchids, and as such, I Nepenthes gracilis as well as some airflow to the developing stolon. fertilise them during the growing Nepenthes hybrids. The gardens Drosera indica could be seen from Once planted, I place living moss season fortnightly using Aquasol TM here are well worth the visit if only the car near a roadside ditch under (desiccation resistant, epiphytic at orchid strength (1 level measure for the pitcher plants. the power lines. These plants dif- varieties) onto the surface of the into 10 Litres of water). However, fered from those seen near Herber- medium to provide some protection coming out of dormancy (early The last site I was able to visit was ton in both colour and size. The to the plant, and to help stabilise the spring) I give my plants one dose of near the Cairns golf course. Robert robust gold/green plants grew pros- planting environment. I also be- full strength fertiliser (1 level meas- Gibson had recommended this site trate for half their length unable to lieve that this ‘companion planting’ ure in 5 Litres of water) followed for Drosera burmannii, Drosera support the weight of the crown. conveys benefits to the Utricularia by a flush of water four hours post indica, Drosera spatulate, Utricu- The leaves grow horizontally for (eg. protection from drought, pro- application of Aquasol TM. Within laria bifida, Utricularia gibba, and about half their length before bend- tection from heavy watering, 3 weeks of this process, developing Utricularia uliginosa. ing 90° upwards. This gives the etc…). This unit is then kept flower scapes may be observed. stem support while still enabling within the shade-house, in an area This year, one of my plants pro- Golf courses have always been a the ends of the leaves to catch prey. that receives as much light as possi- duced 12 flower scapes within 5 great place to see carnivorous The flower scapes grow to 15 centi- ble. The pot is not kept standing in weeks of breaking dormancy. plants for me. I don’t care much for metres long with an average of six water, but instead is watered from the game itself but I’m good at hit- to ten flowers per scape. After a above. Essentially, I treat the unit Although this plant is a versatile ting the ball into the rough which flower has been pollinated it turns as an epiphytic orchid. As such, I species, I believe that there are sev- seems to be the perfect habitat for downwards and by the time the allow the planting medium to dry eral reasons why this plant fails to carnivorous plants. In fact, I’ve seed is ripe it is very close to if not between watering, and ensure that thrive or flower under many cul- never been to a golf course in Aus- on the soil. The seed can sit wet for

18 11 commonly produces scapes with I strolled further up the hill to a tural regimes. I feel that too many that Utricularia reniformis thrives less than 10 flowers spaced more or large seep where Drosera indica people grow this species too wet. with the regular application of fer- less evenly along a short scape. The was common. I searched the boggy This is likely to have two outcomes. tiliser, however, if this is to be con- characteristic seen in the plants at area and further up hill onto dryer The first is that the plant may rot, ducted, perfect drainage and regular Herberton is however well docu- land in search of Drosera lanata. and thus die. The second is that the flushing of the media should be mented and not uncommon. I have Once at the very top edge of the plant may grow quite well, however undertaken. since cultivated plants from this site seep I found Drosera auriculata. I it may not flower. It is likely that and under my cooler growing con- was amazed to see that the plant this is the primary reason for the Utricularia reniformis is one of the ditions they produced scapes less was almost as robust as the Drosera observations of Slack (1988) and largest members of the Utricularia than 15cm tall with only 5 flowers auriculata I am familiar with in the Pietropaolo and Pietropaolo (1999) genus. It is versatile, easy to grow, per scape. Sydney area. From my passed ex- along with many other enthusiasts. has among the most beautiful philo- perience, the form commonly found In addition, it seems likely that a dia of the Utricularia and has large Also found growing amongst the north of Port Macquarie was the period of drying during the winter and beautiful flowers. This species Utricularia caerulea was a small only form to be found in Queen- period is essential to initiate flower- thrives under conditions similar to yellow flowered species which sland. This form has long thin ing. A lack of suitable ventilation those enjoyed by Nepenthes and looked similar to Utricularia uligi- scrambling stems to 1 metre in is also likely to result in rot or fail- would make an interesting compan- nosa. With scapes of 10cm Utricu- length with small lamina and ovoid ure to thrive. It is commonly ion plant for such. It is unfortunate laria bifida is small but beautiful. I seeds. The 20cm erect growing known that plants (i.e. orchids) that that it is not more widely seen in had never even seen photos of this plants were not in flower and there receive too little light fail to flower, collections. species let alone a live plant. The was no seed present for comparison and to this extent, Utricularia reni- contrast of the orange/brown calyx with others. This is a plant that re- formis responds in a similar man- and the yellow flower is stunning. quires further study. ner. In my experience, these plants thrive under prolonged bright con- After some 20 minutes of explor- The following day took me to the ditions (not full sun). Finally, ing the roadside a four wheel drive beautiful Cairns Botanic Gardens. through my experience, I believe vehicle pulled up beside me and The balcony of the visitors centre two long bearded Aboriginal people has several hanging pots with low- References: got out. They were the owners of land Nepenthes hybrids! Nepenthes the land and were a little distressed ‘Wrigleyana (N. mirabilis x ((N. D’Amato, P. (1998). The Savage Garden. Ten Speed Press, California. that someone was on their property. rafflesiana x N. ampullaria)), Ne- When I explained that I was photo- penthes xhookeriana (N. rafflesiana Pietropaolo, J., and P. Pietropaolo. (1999). Carnivorous Plants of the World. graphing carnivorous plants they x N. ampullaria), and Nepenthes Timber Press, Hong Kong. raced over to see what the nut was xtrichocarpa (N. gracilis x N. am- talking about. “Oh those things!” pullaria) from memory. Slack, A. (1988). Carnivorous Plants. MIT Press, Cambridge. one of them said. He then pro- ceeded to point me in the direction In the Orchid house grows a huge of some other sites on the property specimen of Nepenthes truncate that I could explore. On this advice which had a 40 centimetre pitcher

10 19 tion was introduced or a remnant of search for it or chase other species. Back to Basics. Sarracenia rhizome and root a much larger population. The I opted to search for Drosera Bur- care. Babinda site is several hundred mannii, Drosera indica, Drosera kilometres away from the main Ne- lanata and a yellow flowered Owen O’Neil penthes habitat. Rod explained that Utricularia species Rod had seen the rainfall at Babinda is more con- instead. The directions Rod gave I’ve been growing Sarracenia for peat the washing until the water sistent and higher than surrounding took me to Herberton in the Ather- years now and over time I’ve dab- coming out of the sand is as clear as areas creating the perfect habitat for ton Tablelands. From hear I headed bled with different potting mixtures the water going in. The perlite is Nepenthes and yes it was raining north along a gravel road. The and growing conditions. What I’ve not usually an issue as its purchased while we were there. vegetation here was open Eucalypt discovered is that to grow these in sealed bags from your supplier (Iron bark I think) with very little fantastic plants well you don’t have and shouldn’t contain any impuri- The soil at the Babinda site is red carnivorous plant habitat. I crossed to go to any great lengths. To grow ties. To combine the mix, place the clay with some gravel or decom- several ephemeral creeks before healthy Sarracenias just stick to the peat in to a clean bucket or wheel- posed granite in it. The majority of seeing one that was still flowing. I basics! barrow and add water. With your plants were to be found in open pulled over and headed for an open hands or a clean spade work the situations where it was difficult to section just off the road. I was im- There are three main potting medi- water through the peat until there negotiate without stepping on Ne- mediately rewarded by the sight of ums I would suggest. These are; 1) are no dry lumps left. Add the sand penthes seedlings. Grasses and Drosera indica. The white petalled pure live Sphagnum moss, 2) Peat and perlite and mix until you have ferns were the only competitors for golden/red coloured plants were a moss or 3) a mix of four parts peat an even mixture. You don’t want space. The common east coast car- beautiful. The plants themselves moss, two parts perlite and one part the mix to be overly wet as this nivorous plant companion the coral where beautifully scented. This fra- well washed coarse river sand. My makes potting up your plants a little fern (Gleichenia sp.) being the grant foliage is uncommon in personal favourite is the last mix more difficult when the mix can be dominant species. Also present was Drosera but common in the but care must be taken when pre- poured into the pot. Lycopodium cernuum. Large plants Drosera indica complex. paring this. Ensure you purchase of Nepenthes mirabilis scrambled good quality peat; you can buy this Potting up. over small trees and many were in As I scanned the area for more through produce stores and some In late August to early September flower. The paper thin pitchers Drosera indica, my attention was nurseries. There is NO SUBSTI- most Sarracenias grown in New were approximately 20cm tall and drawn to a bunch of violet flowers TUTE for sphagnum peat moss. South Wales, Australia are nearly at pinkish/yellow in colour with red- in a wash of sand. A form of Sand is another thing you must take the end of their winter resting dish peristomes. Where there were Utricularia caerulea with multi care with. Prepare your sand by phase. This is the optimum time to more trees, the canopy blocked the flowered scapes. The first scape placing an amount into a bucket get in and tidy up your collection majority of light and only a few seen had three flowers open with a then washing it with a hose on for the new season ahead. I like to Nepenthes plants were seen reach- tight cluster of buds waiting for fairly high pressure. You may no- take my plants from their pots, ing upwards with long internodes. their turn. It also had ripe seed tice just how dirty the sand is with shake off as much old medium as lower on the 30cm tall scape. I yellow brown water and froth being possible then dunk the rhizome in a Although Rod had given me some counted a total of 18 flowers on that produced as the sand is tossed bucket of water to give it a good good directions for Drosera adelae particular scape. From my field ob- about. Pour this water off and re- wash. At the same time I trim off sites, I had to decide whether to servations Utricularia caerulea

20 9 that due to the dry conditions, the the falls in two hours and frantic- all the remaining pitchers from the cially affected were my Venus Fly Drosera and Byblis here had al- ally searched the area. I found a previous season with the exception Traps (Dionaea muscipula) I know ready set seed and died. By this small terrestrial Utricularia of Sarracenia purpurea and Sarra- that growers in the Sydney area time the sun was getting low and (possibly Utricularia caerulea) cenia psittacenia species as these don’t seem to have a problem with it was time to head back to the which was not in flower. Unfortu- pitchers tend to over winter very their tap water and if your plants tourist town of Port Douglas for a nately there was no Drosera to be strongly. It’s at this time the plants are doing ok on your local supply few beers and a great feed of seen There appeared to be good are divided. I used to treat this then all well and good but for those Emu, Kangaroo and Crocodile. habitat on areas towards the top of process with surgical like precision, people who live outside the Sydney the cliff but there was no time to rubber gloves, scalpel, the lot! Then area just take note and try to give The next day saw me heading explore this so I left disappointed. I worked out that as long as your your plants the very best water north in search of Drosera prolif- not overly rough it’s far simpler to available to them. I use water from era. Roughly 30km north of Port After several days of relaxation I wiggle and snap growing points a dam situated on my parent’s rural Douglas lies the Daintree River. headed south to Edmonton to visit apart. I do keep a sharp heavy property. The water is collected This is crossed via a barge at a local Nepenthes grower Rod bladed knife on the bench to neaten from run off from the bush so it cost of $3. Another 20km through Kruger. Rod had some fantastic up the odd rough end or trim back doesn’t pick up any fertilizers or lowland rainforest and Crocodile lowland Nepenthes growing under dead brown rhizomes. lime spread about by farmers on territory takes you to Cape Tribu- shade cloth in the narrow strip open paddocks. lation. Here I met one of the between his house and fence. The Placing the growing point of the Rangers and asked about Drosera most beautiful being Nepenthes rhizome towards the centre of the A few observations. prolifera. After a lot of head rafflesiana. He also had Drosera pot place handfuls of medium into After plants have been potted up for scratching with the Ranger and indica, Drosera adelae, Drosera the pot until it’s nearly full. Give a week or two if you notice a dark some amateur Botanists, I came burmannii and Drosera lanata the pot a shake and a bit of a tap on green colour on the soil surface sur- up with two possible locations. from this region. the bench to settle the soil in around rounding the rhizome then it’s usu- One of these was simply going to the roots and continue to fill the pot ally time to remove this plant from be too far for me to get too so I After spending some time looking to the top. Firm the soil down until the tray and take it out of the soil headed for the second which was at Rod’s plants, Rod drove me it is level with the top of the rhi- for a closer inspection. What may accessible only by passing further south to Babinda to see the zome and a little lower than the lip be happening is the rhizome is rot- through private property. I asked most southern population of Ne- of the pot. Place the pot into a water ting, releasing nutrient into the soil the owner for permission to enter penthes mirabilis. This population tray; water in well with a soft spray that is feeding algal growth on the and for some further directions to is on private property. Rod had from the hose or watering can. Sim- soil surface. More often than not a waterfall. At this time I was told contacted the owner to gain per- ple! this is bad news but generally only that the walk in would take 6 mission prior to us arriving to happens to small pieces of rhizome hours return. I only had about 4 avoid complications. This small Another factor to consider is with- that may have already been brown hours till sun down! I proceeded population is now protected and out a doubt is water quality. Rain- and dead on the inside but you’ve to run up the almost dry riverbed survives only because the land water is by far the best for Sarrace- failed to notice and cut back while stopping from time to time to was too steep for farming of sugar nias. The tap water in my local area potting up. search the sandy banks for possi- cane. There has been some specu- is woeful and during the drought This year I’m growing my plants in ble sites. I made it to the base of lation as to whether this popula- killed many of my plants, espe- a tunnel house. The main reason

8 21 behind this is to guard against burn of early starts, potting up my plants off from late frosts that I experience then heading off to work from 4pm A visit to far north Queensland in my area. If you do grow Sarrace- until midnight I ran out of time and Greg Bourke nias in a green house then you have had to leave some rhizomes sitting E-mail: [email protected] to pay careful attention to air move- in a bucket of water. I had all the ment. In nature although the plants best intentions of returning to pot In June 2001 I had the opportunity ferent stages of development. This are sitting in water at the start of the up the left over pieces within a of visiting several carnivorous plant large free floating aquatic species growing season the temperature and week but one rolled on to two then sites in the Cairns area on the far has feather like leaves radiating humidity is still quite mild. In the three and finally a month had north east coast of Australia. I had around the central stem and modi- green house the humidity levels can passed leaving a bunch of Sarrace- hoped to see the three tropical Aus- fied hollow tubular leaves or floats climb quite high in a closed envi- nia rhizomes sitting outside in a tralian Drosera, Drosera schizan- at the base of the flower scape. ronment while the temperature is bucket full of stagnant water in all dra, Drosera adelae, and Drosera These floats compensate for the still too low for vigorous plant weather conditions. I felt for sure prolifera as well as visit the most weight of the flower scape and its growth. This can cause problems that I’d find an oozing black mess southern population of Nepenthes pollinators. This was the first time I with fugal growth around the crown of rotting vegetation but to my sur- mirabilis. Unfortunately various had seen this species in its natural of the rhizome especially on the prise although the water had a stink factors prevented me from finding habitat. Also found in the swamp stumps of dead pitchers that have like you couldn’t imagine there was the three Drosera but I was able to was the thread like Utricularia been trimmed back. To guard still visible signs of life left. I see some others that I had never gibba although it didn’t appear to against this potentially devastating rinsed off the rhizomes and put seen in their natural habitat. be in flower. Although there may problem ensure that the house is them in a fresh bucket of water then have been more species growing in opened up each morning to allow potted them up as usual. After two The first site was north west of Port this area I did not venture from the good air flow and that water levels weeks new growth is emerging and Douglas on the road to Jullaten. Boardwalk as I did not wish to dis- in the trays are kept to a bare mini- it seems the extended bath hasn’t Just before the town of Jullaten is turb and breeding birds (if there mum. Any plants displaying grey, done any permanent damage. Abattoir Nature Reserve. The park were any). fuzzy growths should be removed Whilst I wouldn’t recommend you was set up as a sanctuary for wet- from the main growing area and all try this with your most prized Sar- land bird species. There is a board- After leaving the Abattoir I headed the plants sprayed with a suitable racenias it just goes to show how walk set up over the swamp that back towards the coast in search of systemic fungicide. well these plants can handle being takes you to a hide with a good Pandanus species. There are two completely waterlogged for ex- view over the lake. Unfortunately I reasons for searching for this spe- Just to let you know how tough tended periods. only spotted one bird here that flew cies. One is that Drosera indica and these plants are let me tell you past so fast I was unable to make Byblis liniflora are commonly about a recent event with my plants. out what it was. I did however see found growing near them, and the Being a shift worker and a full time many bright yellow flowers poking second is that they are a lot bigger father can leave you wishing there through the beautiful red carpet of than their carnivorous neighbours were more hours in the day and Azolla pinnata. These flowers be- and so easier to locate! I found sev- even more hours in the night to longed to Utricularia Aurea. Plants eral colonies of Pandanus tectorius catch up on that most wonderful up to 80cm in length were found var. australianus but unfortunately thing called sleep! After four days with several scapes on them at dif- no carnivorous plants. It is possible

22 7 slightly when stored in the fridge. germinate after storing for two There is speculation as to how long years. If planted out the season after Exploring the Genting Highlands you can keep it but my advice is to seed was collected more than half Greg Bourke spread it around and ensure that it is the seed will germinate. The fol- E-Mail: [email protected] planted out as soon as possible. lowing season some more will ger- minate and in the third season there On the 29th of March 2002, Richard seen was Nepenthes sanguinea at Utricularia species from the Iperua may be a few but after that the re- Riles and I embarked on a journey about 1500 meters above sea level. section produce green seed that ger- maining seed is generally not vi- to Malaysia. Our journey was to The pitchers were seen hanging minates almost immediately and if able. have one leg in peninsular Malaysia almost over the road as the plants not kept moist will die. Other and three legs in Borneo. The fol- scrambled over large ferns of the Utricularia species like many from Dionaea muscipula seed appears to lowing is a brief account of the car- genus Sticherus. These pitchers Australia can lie dormant for sev- have a good viability and can be nivorous plants encountered on the were quite small upper pitchers at eral seasons untreated. stored in a cool dry place for sev- first leg of the trip. about 15cm and orange/green in eral years. This is a slow species to colour. As we wound our way up Drosophyllum lusitanicum and By- grow from seed and will take at We had only allowed two full days the mountains we found more blis seed can be stored successfully least three years before plants will to explore both the city and the plants of this widespread species out of the fridge for many years flower. mountains. Our aim was to reach growing on a large exposed em- with no problems at all. It may still the summit of Gunung Ulu Kali in bankment. These plants were under take several seasons to germinate Darligtonia californica seed has a the Genting highlands in search of 50cm tall but quite broad with some after being planted out but can do short viability unless stored cold. A three Nepenthes species, Nepenthes interesting lower pitchers. There so without treatment. Gibberalic good way to store the seed for per- macfarlanei, Nepenthes ramispina were some with all green pitchers acid (GA3) will increase germina- sonal use is to place several seeds and Nepenthes sanguinea. We left with green peristomes and others tion in some species. There is a in each section of an ice cube tray our hotel early for the short 40km with deep burgundy pitchers with strange misconception about Dro- and store in the freezer. Ensure that journey to the Genting highlands, red peristomes. The largest of these sophyllum lusitanicum. It is said the tray is clearly labelled so as to which due to our navigational skills pitchers was almost 25cm tall! that plants should be separated as avoid drinking them in summer! took us almost three hours! We they inhibit the growth of others. The following winter the cubes can were lucky to drive past an amazing Once high in the mountains we This is not at all true! Plants grow be placed onto sphagnum and kept Nepenthes water feature which we were overwhelmed by the sight of in close proximity in their natural cool. This is an extremely slow would not have found if we weren’t the huge hotels, fun-park and Ca- habitat. I grow several plants in the growing species taking many years lost. It would be a pleasant drive up sino. A whole mountain basically same pot that adds to the visual ef- to mature. the mountains if it weren’t for the destroyed. I had no idea that this fect of growing this beautiful spe- crazy motorcyclists! They overtake place existed. We drove around the cies. The information given here is from on blind corners, up the inside, the summit for a short while then my experiences and some fellow outside or the wrong side of the parked near a roadside cutting, From my experiences with Sarrace- Carnivorous plant enthusiasts and road at ridiculous speeds! We soon which had some remnant vegetation nia seed it is possible to store seed by no means should it be taken as learned to fit in though, emulating and were rewarded immediately. A refrigerated for a few seasons but gospel! Be patient with your seeds. this style of driving. large Nepenthes sanguinea plant you’ll probably only get limited It may be well worth the wait. The first carnivorous plant species was growing amongst the disturbed 6 23 ground with lower pitchers over 30 most vertical sides of what ap- centimetres tall. All pitchers were peared to be an old quarry only 50 Notes on seed germination and viability copper coloured with light green metres from the summit. From Greg Bourke almost yellow peristomes. Grow- here the short walk to the summit E-mail: [email protected] ing beside this was what I initially was along a well-worn path. Large thought to be Nepenthes chunks of Sphagnum had fallen This article was inspired by a con- time of year as seed of the respec- macfarlanei. We soon realised it from above with N. macfarlanei versation with Richard Sullivan tive species would be germinating was a hybrid of Nepenthes plants amongst them. The sight of about his recent experiences with in the wild. This does make sense macfarlanei x sanguinea. The sur- these helped speed our ascent. The the beautiful small red form of as the seed could be responding to rounding vegetation consisted of transition from montane forest to Drosera Burmannii known as temperature changes but what about small ferns, grasses and a few Spi- mossy forest is immediate as you ‘Pilliga Red’. This form was dis- seed in tissue culture? A friend who ranthes orchids. near the summit. It’s like a differ- covered by Robert Gibson in the has been experimenting with tuber- ent world! Here N. macfarlanei Pilliga region of western New ous species in culture has reported Only a few meters from this dis- and N. ramispina are everywhere! South Wales. This distinct form similar experiences. What makes turbed area, the vegetation was Unfortunately we only had a short with red leaves, red scape and pink this so interesting is that this is a denser appearing natural. Here taste of this before we were out of petals was brought to Robert’s at- controlled environment where light- amongst the orchid covered trees light and had to return to our ac- tention as distinct when he com- ing and temperatures are fixed year we encountered a single Nepenthes commodation. pared it to typically pale green round. For the seed to be germinat- ramispina. This plant was over 2 populations 30 kilometres away. ing at this time it must have an in- metres in length, climbing through We were up at first light and re- ternal time clock! the surrounding shrubs. At the turned to the mossy forest. It must Richard Sullivan reports that he base of the stem was a basal ro- be said that before this trip, I had planted seed in October 2001 and The genus Drosera is incredibly sette with two 10centimetres tall only seen Nepenthes mirabilis in had seen no germination until Au- diverse and myths have been cre- lower pitchers. All pitchers on this Australia so I was quite excited to gust 2003. The seed had not been ated about the viability of seed plant were a beautiful dark green, see the plants I had spent years treated in any way and had been from some sections. William Dilapi almost black. trying to grow. The sphagnum kept damp for the duration. The pot of the USA reported germination of moss covered summit was unlike had not been moved so the only real Drosera montana seed after one With the daylight hours swiftly anything I had encountered before, changes experienced by the seed year recently which prompted me to disappearing, we hastened to the spongy and seemingly bottomless. were seasonal temperatures and try some Drosera graminifolia ssp nearby summit of an undisturbed I pushed the leg of the tripod al- light levels. Why they didn’t germi- spiralis seed that had been stored mountain. As far as I could tell most to it’s full length (almost 2 nate in 2002 is unknown but it had un-refrigerated for years. The seed from our inadequate map, this was metres) into the moss with little been a very dry year when not has recently begun germinating. Gunung Ulu Kali. Gunung Ulu resistance. The canopy species many of the local Drosera grew. Kali at 1772 meters above sea here consisted mostly of Orchid Some genus of carnivorous plants level is the highest peak in the covered Leptospermums and Rho- It is not uncommon for many tuber- seem to have very short seed viabil- Genting Highlands. Young plants dodendrons. On the southern side ous Drosera seed to take three ity. Genlisea, Heliamphora, Nepen- of N. ramispina and it’s hybrids of the summit, where the vegeta- years or more to germinate but thes, and Pinguicula seed viability could be seen growing on the al- tion was exposed to the elements, when it does, it is roughly the same is quite short but can be increased

24 5 the canopy was quite low, generally metre in length. This is essential as Sometimes it pays less than three metres. In this area the pitchers are quite large and Kirk (Fűzzy) Hirsch Nepenthes ramispina was the most heavy and need the support of the E-mail: [email protected] common Nepenthes species en- Sphagnum. Some of the lower countered. These plants scrambled pitchers seen would hold approxi- across the tops of the trees with mately 300 millilitres of fluid. This year my Drosera stolonifera ber was safe, no nibble marks on its their inviting pitchers hanging These lower pitchers are beautifully didn’t come up from dormancy. epidermal layer, just that base of above the track. Our liking for these coloured with dark maroon blotches Talking with a Drosera guru, he the shoot coming out instead. I soon changed as they emptied their on a lime green background. The told me not to worry, for sometimes planted the tuber some 3cm below contents onto our heads and down peristome is generally red though a tuberous one won’t for a year, the sand this time, in hopes that it our backs. We also found a few there was some variation with green taking a year off so to speak. Still, will re-sprout this spring season. plants that appeared to be hybrids striped peristomes seen on some I fretted. It’s the only WA tuberous with Nepenthes macfarlanei. The plants. There were mottled pitchers Drosera I have left after my D. er- I can wait if it doesn’t, making sure pitchers were similarly shaped to similar in colour to the lower ones hythrorhiza died, and it died be- the pot doesn’t completely dry out, those of Nepenthes ramispina but but there were also completely yel- cause the tuber was buried at the for the poor tuber was reduced in lighter in colour with some mottling low pitchers with yellow peris- bottom, came out the side of the size too, and may not have the en- inside the pitchers. tomes and every shade and combi- drainage hole, and didn’t like it. ergy for the long shoot that it pre- nation in between. There was very fers to sprout from. So, let this be a Deeper into the centre of the mossy little prey captured by these plants. Fearing perhaps another scenario of lesson to some people that it does- forest we came across more Nepen- The insects that were seen were similar fate, I meddled. GOOD n’t hurt to fiddle around sometimes thes macfarlanei plants as the can- quite small, mostly flying insects. I THING I DID! and fuss over plants and go against opy became higher. Light levels was surprised not too see more ants the advice of the experts. here were quite low, equivalent to in the pitchers as these were the My D. stolonifera WOULD have about 50% shade. Nepenthes only insects commonly seen by us come up if a bloody witchetty grub May your tuberous Drosera sprout macfarlanei was the most common in the mossy forest. didn’t eat the sprouting shoot all the greenly! Füzzy Nepenthes found growing only as way to the base of the tuber! It be- terrestrials while Nepenthes One plant of Nepenthes ramispina came plant food for some hungry ramispina plants were commonly plant was seen growing with no flytrap quite quickly. The poor tu- found growing on the trunks and root system at all! The three metre branches of the larger trees. The long stem growing completely sup- adult Nepenthes macfarlanei plants ported by the tendrils curled around here were large (up to one metre surrounding vegetation. This is across) with a short nodal distance. when the plant is truly reliant on its The infundibular lower pitchers of pitchers. Nepenthes macfarlanei are gener- ally placed on top of the Sphagnum. One thing I learned while photo- To achieve this, the plant produces graphing these plants in the canopy very long tendrils of almost one is that you must be very selective as

4 25 to which tree you set your tripod up headed back. The feeling of being UPCOMING SPEAKERS AND EVENTS FOR in. I had set the tripod up approxi- completely lost came over us as we mately three metres above the for- followed the maze of paths around 2003/2004 est floor and was adjusting the cam- the mountain. I guess being lost Date Subject Speaker era to focus on a pitcher when I was here, surrounded by Nepenthes isn’t November Carnivorous plants in Greg Bourke set upon by dozens of angry ants. all that bad but we had a plane to Western Australia (Slide The bites really stung and it took catch! After an hour of searching, show) some time to pack the camera up we eventually found our way back before I could escape. Fortunately to the main trail and to the car. Un- November Plant Auction the pictures made it worth while. fortunately this left us no site see- December Christmas swap meet. ing time in Kuala Lumpur but we We thought that the trail we had were both completely satisfied and January Seed collection and storing Greg Bourke come up on ran right along the well and truly warmed up for the summit and when the afternoon was next leg of our journey, Sabah, Bor- February General discussion getting late had turned around and neo. March Sarracenia Greg Bourke

References: April General discussion

Clarke, C.M. (2001) Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, Natural History Publications (Borneo) Kota Kinibalu Christmas Swap Meet and Plant Show

Jones, D.L. and Clemesha, S.C. Australian Ferns and Fern Allies, Reed. (Australia) Frenches Forest 2003

Shivas, R. G. Nepenthes of Gunung Ulu Kali, Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Saturday 13 December, 2003 12 (3): 65 10am to 4pm Woodstock Community Centre, Burwood

►Come see the largest display of Carnivorous Plants on in Sydney! ►Demonstrations and advice from the experts ►Competitions and great prizes ►Bring your plants for sale, swap or show ►Plenty of off street parking ►BBQ facilities available in a relaxing park setting. A good day out for the whole family ►For more information contact the society [email protected] or phone (02) 4684 3478

26 3 Subscription Notes to contributors

All members, single, family and overseas $AU25.00 Contributions including articles, letters, photographs and drawings to the journal are greatly appreciated and may be forwarded to the societies postal Please make cheques or money orders payable to the Australasian address or online. The views expressed in this journal are of the authors not Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. Membership and correspondence necessarily those of the Australasian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc.

should be forwarded to the Secretary at Contributions to the journal may be submitted on 3.5inch (PC) disc, CD or by email. Use Microsoft Word whenever possible. For instructions on sub- www.carniflora.com mitting photographs and diagrams please contact the editor. Contact details are preferred for publication but may be excluded by the authors request. PO BOX 4009 Articles may be reproduced with written permission from the society. Photo- Kingsway West NSW 2208 (Australia) graphs and drawings remain copyright of the author and may not be repro-

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Contents Front Page: Nepenthes sanguinea, Near the summit of Gunung Ulu Kali. Do your carnivorous plants produce seed? Phot by Greg Bourke How about donating some to the societies seed bank! For the seed bank to Back Page: Utricularia reniformis, Grown and photographed by Dr. Chris work successfully it relies on donations. Any spare seed you have can be Schell forward to the societies address but it must be clean and labelled.

Title Author Page What do we mean by clean? Sometimes it Pays Kirk Hirsch 4 You must ensure the seed is separated from all other flower parts.

Notes on seed germination and viability Greg Bourke 5 How should it be labelled? With the full species name e.g. Drosera rotundfolia NOT D. rotundifolia. If Trip to Far North Queensland Greg Bourke 7 sending seed from outside Australia, it must also have a customs declaration stating what is in the package. This avoids delays with Australian customs. Cultivation and flower inducement of Dr. Chris Schell 17

Utricularia reniformis. If you wish to donate seed, it is advisable to contact the Seed Bank Manager [email protected] to ensure that it is OK to donate that particular Back to Basics. Sarracenia rhizome and Owen O’Neil 20 species, i.e. some species are protected by CITES while others are listed as root care potential weeds in Australia. Exploring the Genting Highlands Greg Bourke 23 Please donate seed and help others enjoy growing carnivorous plants!

2 27 Carniflora Australis Journal of the Australasian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. Number 2, October 2003

28 ISSN 1448-9570 PRICE $3.00 Free with Membership