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An Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Cauvery Delta Region and Palar Region, Tamil Nadu

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An Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Cauvery Delta Region and Palar Region, Tamil Nadu DOI: 10.19085/journal.sijmas031201 An Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Cauvery Delta Region and Palar Region, Tamil Nadu R. Sophia Porchelvi Associate Professor of Mathematics, A.D.M College for Women (Autonomous), Nagapattinam, India. P.Selvavathi Research Scholar, Department of Mathematics, A.D.M College for Women (Autonomous), Nagapattinam, India. ©Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary & Allied Studies (ISSN 2394-336X), Vol.03, Issue 12 (2016) pg238-254. Published by: Scholedge R&D Center [www.theSCHOLEDGE.org] [Email: [email protected]] Abstract Delta regions of the Cauvery River basin are one of the significant areas of rice production in India. In spite of large-scale utilization of the river basin for irrigation and drinking purposes, the lack of appropriate water management has seemingly deteriorated the water quality due to increasing anthropogenic activities. Vellore is the second most populous district of Tamil Nadu in India where the Palar River flowing towards east for about 295 Km. Vellore is surrounded by many leather tanneries and small scale dying industries and their effluents are discharged into the Palar river causing impact on the quality of the underground water. To assess the extent of deterioration, physicochemical characteristics of surface water were analyzed select regions of Cauvery Delta River basin and Palar region, Tamil Nadu, during March 2016 to May 2016. This study aimed to examine quality of drinking groundwater. The results represented whether the water was suitable or unsuitable for drinking purposes in this area. It was also observed that some areas like Tiruvarur, Needamangalam, Kamalapuram, Arcot, Soraiyur, Ranipet had low quality drinking water. It is suggested to take some necessary measures for supplying desirable water to the people living in these areas. Key words: Cauvery delta region, Palar region, water quality, physicochemical parameters 1.Introduction Water is an essential resource for all life on the planet. Presently there is only 1% water which is drinkable on our planet where as our planet is covered with water by 70%, which is salt water and not usable for human. Very soon we all are going to face complex and urgent water problems and the only way to create a healthier future is for everyone to do their part to save rivers from pollution. Whole Indian population is directly or indirectly depends upon these rives either these are big national level rivers or small rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Narmada, Cauvery, Palar etc. but sadly these all rivers face pollution from many sources: farming, industry and even tourism. Water pollution is a leading cause of death. It causes many a death every day. Facilities to treat waste water are not adequate in any city in Tamil Nadu. At present, only a very small portion of waste water is treated. The rest is discharged into our water bodies. Owing to this, pollutants enter groundwater, rivers and other water bodies. Such water, which ultimately ends up in our households, is often highly contaminated and carries disease-causing microbes. Agricultural runoff, or the water from the fields that drains into rivers, is another major water pollutant as it contains fertilisers and pesticides. Delta regions of the Cauvery River basin are one of the significant areas of rice production in India. In spite of large-scale utilization of the river basin for irrigation and drinking purposes, the lack of appropriate water management has seemingly deteriorated the water quality due to increasing anthropogenic activities. 238 http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmas031201 In the past 30 years, the ONGC was exploring oil and natural gas in the Cauvery Basin but its activities had spoiled the groundwater and other precious natural resources affecting farmers in a massive manner. Previously to explore crude oil, the ONGC was sinking wells to a depth of 500 to 1,000 feet but the depths of the new wells have sunk to 3.5 km now, speakers alleged adding that the chemical fracturing resorted to by the ONGC was spoiling the ecology of the zone. The Cauvery delta coal-bed methane extraction project is currently undertaken by Great Eastern Energy Corporation Ltd (GEECL), a private company based in Gurgaon, Haryana. The project aims to extract methane gas from coal-bed using hydraulic fracturing method of hydraulic fracturing in the Cauvery river basin. The company received licence to explore and extract CBM from Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and Thiruvarur districts which are the major rice cultivating area of Tamil Nadu. Farmers, environmentalist and experts are opposing the project and hence it is currently suspended by the Government of Tamil Nadu. They demanded that to protect the Cauvery basin in the delta region and to preserve the livelihood of the lakhs of farmers and farmer workers, the ONGC must be forced to leave the region by declaring the Cauvery delta as protected agriculture zone. Vellore is the second most populous district of Tamil Nadu in India where the Palar River flowing towards east for about 295 Km. The river sets as the major water source recharging the ground water nearby areas. Vellore is surrounded by many leather tanneries and small scale dying industries and their effluents are discharged into the Palar river causing impact on the quality of the underground water. Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain very high quality water for demanding purposes such as environmental discharge compliance. Factories are expected to treat its effluent wastes prior to discharge. Toxic material must be treated chemically and converted into harmless materials. If possible, factories should try to recycle the treated water. Now it becomes important to protect the ground water from pollution in order to save the water quality for our ourselves and future generations. Hence, it becomes necessary to study the quality of the groundwater of the Cauvery delta region and Palar region. 2. Experimental 2.1 Study Areas The present investigation was carried out on Tiruvarur, Thanjavur and Nagapattinam town and their adjacent areas in the Cauvery Delta region and Palar region in vellore district in Tamil Nadu. Table 1(a): Sampling Points of Cauvery delta region Sampling places Sampling Point number Nagore S1 Nagapattinam S2 Kizhvelur S3 Adiyakamangalam S4 Tiruvarur S5 Koradacherry S6 239 http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmas031201 Needamangalam S7 Kamalapuram S8 Thirumakottai S9 Thanjavur S10 Table 1(b): Sampling Points of Palar region Sampling places Sampling Point number Arcot S1 Soraiyur S2 Ranipet S3 Figure shows the location of the drinking water samples collected 2.2 Methodology This study was conducted to assess the quality of drinking water in cauvery delta region with Palar region in Tamil Nadu. Ten water samples were collected from cauvery delta region and three samples were collected in Palar region and also analyzed the physicochemical parameters in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The concentrations of the physicochemical parameters are discussed below. 240 http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmas031201 3. Results and Discussions The water samples were collected from various parts of Cauvery delta region and Palar region, and were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. The odour and taste of the samples were noted at the collection point immediately. The other physical parameters such as turbidity, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were determined by standard procedures. The pH of the water samples was measured using pH meter. The chemical parameters like chloride, calcium hardness, magnesium, iron, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, manganese, zinc, phosphate, copper and heavy metals like lead were estimated by various method ( table 1). The results were compared with B1Sdrinking water quality guideline. The estimated physicochemical parameters are reported in the Table number 3 and 4. Table 2: Methods used for estimation of various physicochemical parameters Parameters Method Reference pH pH –metric IS : 3025 (Part II) IS : 3025 (Part 8) Taste Taste Rating Odour IS : 3025 (Part 5) Olfactory method Turbidity IS : 3025 (Part 10) Nephelo metric method IS 3025 : 1964 Electrical Conductivity Conduct metric IS : 3025 (Part 16) Total Dissolved Solid Gravimetric method IS : 3025 (Part 32) Chloride Argento metric method IS : 3025 (Part 24) Sulphate Turbidity method 241 http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmas031201 IS : 3025 (Part 40) Calcium EDTA Titrimetric method IS : 3025 (Part 46) Magnesium EDTA Titrimetric method IS 3025 : 1964 Manganese Colour comparison IS : 3025 (Part 34) Nitrate Chromo tropic acid method IS : 3025 (Part 53) Iron 1,10-Phenanthroline method Nitrite IS : 3025 (Part 34) Spectrophotometric method Copper IS : 3025 (Part 42) Neocuprine method IS 3025 : 1964 Phosphate Spectrophotometric method IS 3025 : 1964 Zinc Spectrophotometric method IS 3025 : 1964 Lead Spectrophotometric method 3.1 Discussions of the physicochemical parameters in the study area Taste and odour The primary sources of taste and odour problems in drinking water are algae and bacteria. Man-made chemicals are another source of taste and odour-causing chemicals in drinking water. However, other anthropogenic sources such as wastewater discharges, industrial phenols and chemical spills also act as sources of chemicals that cause off tastes and odours. Such chemicals can affect both groundwater and surface water. However, all the ground water samples having agreeable odour and in Cauvery delta
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