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Progesterone Induces Cell Apoptosis Via the CACNA2D3/Ca2+/P38 MAPK Pathway in Endometrial Cancer

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Progesterone Induces Cell Apoptosis Via the CACNA2D3/Ca2+/P38 MAPK Pathway in Endometrial Cancer ONCOLOGY REPORTS 43: 121-132, 2020 Progesterone induces cell apoptosis via the CACNA2D3/Ca2+/p38 MAPK pathway in endometrial cancer XIANGNAN KONG1*, MIN LI2*, KAI SHAO1,3, YINRONG YANG1, QIAN WANG1 and MEIJUAN CAI1 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, 2Department of Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012; 3Qingdao Key Lab of Mitochondrial Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China Received July 9, 2019; Accepted October 15, 2019 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7396 Abstract. Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most antitumor role of CACNA2D3 in EC, and revealed the mecha- common malignant gynecological tumors in women. The nism of P4 inhibition of EC progression, which provided a new main treatments for EC (surgery, chemotherapy and radiation target for EC therapy and new evidence for P4 in EC therapy. therapy) produce significant side effects. Thus, it is urgent to identify promising therapeutic targets and prognostic markers. Introduction CACNA2D3, as a member of the calcium channel regulatory α2δ subunit family, is reported to exert a tumor suppres- Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common malig- sive effect in numerous cancers. However, the function of nant gynecological tumors (1) and remains a major cause of CACNA2D3 in EC is not well known. In the present study, cancer-associated morbidity and mortality among women (2). CACNA2D3 was lowly expressed in EC tissues and cells. The With changes in western lifestyles and the rising prevalence overexpression of CACNA2D3 via lentiviral particle injection of obesity in developing counties, the incidence of EC has significantly blocked the tumor growth in anin vivo xenograft increased, and is becoming increasingly more common in model. In vitro, the overexpression of CACNA2D3 markedly younger individuals in China (3). Current treatments for EC inhibited cell proliferation and migration, and promoted primarily include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, cell apoptosis and calcium influx. These data revealed that which are associated with notable side effects (4). In addition, CACNA2D3 functions as a tumor suppressor in EC. It was in some young early-stage patients with EC, preserving their also revealed that the addition of progesterone (P4) blocked fertility is required. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular tumor growth in Ishikawa-injected nude mice. P4 induced mechanisms underlying EC may assist in identifying and devel- the expression of CACNA2D3 in vivo and in vitro, and the oping promising therapeutic targets and prognostic markers. silencing of CACNA2D3 affected P4-inhibited cell prolif- The ovarian steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone are eration and P4‑induced cell apoptosis and calcium influx. In essential regulators of uterine biology (5). The endometrium Ishikawa cells, P4 enhanced the expression of phosphorylated is particularly sensitive to steroid hormones, and long-term (p)-p38 MAPK and PTEN, but blocked the levels of p-PI3K exposure to estrogens, unopposed by progesterone, may be a and p-AKT. The knockdown of CACNA2D3 blocked the func- predisposing factor to EC (6). Progesterone is a well-studied tion of P4. These data revealed that P4 promoted cell apoptosis steroid, in response to changes in the physiological condi- via the activation of the CACNA2D3/Ca2+/p38 MAPK tions of the ovary and gonadotropin levels (7). Progesterone pathway, and blocked cell proliferation via suppression of the has been widely used in the patients who request to maintain PI3K/AKT pathway. Collectively, these findings indicated the their fertility and exhibit well-differentiated early-stage EC, or patients with recurrent or advanced-stage EC (8). However, the mechanism underlying progesterone therapy remains elusive. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are protein complexes composed of a main, pore-forming α1 subunit and auxiliary Correspondence to: Dr Meijuan Cai or Dr Qian Wang, Department α2δ and β subunits (9). α2δ subunits, encoded by one of the of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, four genes CACNA2D1-CACNA2D4, consist of a larger 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China extracellular glycosylated α2 peptide linked to a small E-mail: [email protected] δ E-mail: [email protected] membrane-anchored peptide (10). CACNA2D3, located at chromosome 3p21.1, has been reported to function in several *Contributed equally types of cancer (11). Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms of CACNA2D3 (rs589281 and rs6797113) have been associ- Key words: endometrial cancer, CACNA2D3, progesterone, cell ated with poor clinical outcomes in esophageal cancer (12). apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway Previous studies revealed that CACNA2D3 acts as a putative tumor suppressor in lung cancer (13), renal cell cancer (14) and esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) (15). Recently, it has 122 Kong et al: Progesterone activates the CACNA2D3/Ca2+/p38 MAPK pathway been reported that CACNA2D3 enhances the chemosensitivity Cell culture. Human endometrium epithelial cells (EEC) were of ESCC to cisplatin by inducing Ca2+-mediated apoptosis and purchased from BeNa Culture Collection (Beijing, China) blocking the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways (16). CACNA2D3 and cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium with CpG island is frequently methylated, and methylation-depen- 10% FBS. Human endometrial cancer Ishikawa and RL95-2 dent transcriptional silencing of CACNA2D3 may contribute to cells were purchased from Shanghai GeneChem Co., Ltd. a metastatic phenotype in breast cancer (17). In nasopharyngeal Cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS carcinoma, CACNA2D3 may mediate an increase in intracel- at 37̊C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. For siRNA lular Ca2+ to induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial-pathway, transfection, when confluence reached 80-90%, cells were thus reducing proliferation and invasion of cells (18). In addi- transfected with negative control siRNA, (5'-AGC AUG CAU tion, downregulation of CACNA2D3 is frequently detected in GAG UAC CCA GCC-3') or CACNA2D3 siRNA (5'-CUG CGU glioma (19). However, there are a few studies examining the UUG CAG ACA AUC UAA-3') using Lipofectamine® 3000 association between CACNA2D3 and development of EC. (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the The aim of the present study was to examine the role of manufacturer's protocol. After 48 h, transfected cells were CACNA2D3 in EC progression and determine the asso- prepared for subsequent experiments. ciation between CACNA2D3 and progesterone. Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-qPCR) and western blotting Lentiviral vector construction and packaging. The open were performed to examine the expression of CACNA2D3 in reading frame of CACNA2D3 was inserted into a GV492 EC, and its expression was revealed to be downregulated in plasmid (Ubi-MCS-3FLAG-CBh-gcGFP-IRES-puromycin; EC tissues and cells. In vivo, overexpression of CACNA2D3 Shanghai GeneChem Co., Ltd. 293T cells were purchased from significantly reduced tumor growth in Ishikawa and RL95‑2 BeNa Culture Collection (BNCC102182; Beijing, China) and xenograft mice models. In addition, overexpression of were incubated in 25-cm2 flasks in 4 ml DMEM containing CACNA2D3 reduced proliferation and migration, but increased 10% FBS. 293T cells were transfected with the GV492 vector apoptosis and Ca2+ influx in Ishikawa and RL95‑2 cells. These or CACNA2D3-GV492, and the lentivirus package plasmid results revealed that CACNA2D3 exhibited tumor suppressor mixture. After 4 days, the supernatant was collected and filtered functions in EC, and thus highlights a potential novel target for with a 0.45-µm membrane. Lentiviral particles [(LV-green treatment of patients with EC. In an in vivo xenograft model, fluorescent protein (GFP) and LV‑CACNA2D3‑GFP)] were the injection of progesterone (P4) into nude mice attenuated harvested for cell infection. Ishikawa-induced tumor growth and upregulated the expres- Ishikawa or RL95-2 cells were infected with LV-GFP or sion of CACNA2D3. In vitro, treatment of cells with P4 LV-CACNA2D3-GFP lentiviral particles according to the also induced the expression of CACNA2D3. Knockdown of manufacturer's protocol (Shanghai GeneChem Co., Ltd.). CACNA2D3 significantly reversed the P4‑mediated reduction Ishikawa or RL95-2 cells were seeded into 6-well plates and of proliferation and apoptosis. The addition of P4 increased infected with lentiviral particles under the optimum conditions the levels of intracellular Ca2+, phosphorylated (p)-p38 MAPK, of multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 20 or 30, respectively. phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and reduced the After infection for 2-3 days, Puromycin was added to the levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT. Silencing of CACNA2D3 cells to a final concentration of 2.5 µg/ml for clone selection. significantly attenuated P4 function. Collectively, these data Medium was replaced every 3-4 days and puromycin added revealed that progesterone induced cell apoptosis by activation each time, until >95% of the cells were GFP-positive. Western of the CACNA2D3/Ca2+/p38 MAPK pathway, but prevented blotting was used to examine the expression of target genes. cell proliferation and tumor growth through the inhibition of Cells expressing GFP or CACNA2D3-GFP were used for the PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings provide new evidence subsequent experiments. concerning the function of progesterone when used as a thera- peutic option for patients with EC. Nude
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