DOCSLIB.ORG

Contribution to the Knowledge of the Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) of the Syrian Coastal Region

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contribution to the Knowledge of the Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) of the Syrian Coastal Region Biodiversity Journal , 2015, 6 (2): 637–662 Contribution to the knowledge of the Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) of the Syrian Coastal Region Khaldoun Ali 1* , Pierpaolo Rapuzzi 2 & Sleiman Ihsan 1† 1Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria 2Via Cialla 48, 33040 Prepotto, Udine, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT 51 species including 10 subspecies belonging to 37 genera from 25 tribes are reported from the Syrian Coastal Region (SCR). Nine species were recorded for the first time in Syria. The status of 2 subspecies previously recorded was considered doubtful, and alternatives were suggested. Modern classification of the identified species is given; type species and some synonyms of taxa are also mentioned. A checklist of Cerambycidae fauna of the SCR is suggested.This knowledge of the Cerambycidae in SCR was a result of the study and exam- ination of a total of 1224 specimens collected from 173 sites distributed across the different areas of the SCR during the period from 2011 until 2014. Collected specimens were prepared, examined, and then identified. All specimens were curated and permanently preserved in Entomology Laboratory of Tishreen University. Available chorotypes, distribution ranges of the identified species are provided; relating remarks, personal observations, and, sometimes, suggestions are also supplied. KEY WORDS Syria; Syrian Costal Region; Cerambycidae; new data; faunistics. Received 19.05.2015; accepted 23.06.2015; printed 30.06.2015 INTRODUCTION status of biodiversity. Coleoptera, generally speaking, is the largest group of insects, including The Syrian Coastal Region (SCR) is considered families of worldwide distribution (Gillot, 2005). as the most important region of Syria, providing a Cerambycidae, more commonly known as “Long- narrow window to the Mediterranean Sea, and horn Beetles”, is considered as one of the largest featuring an ideal Mediterranean environment, and most diverse families in Coleoptera, with more with mildly cold winters, and relatively hot and dry than 35000 described species included in approx- summers. These environmental characteristics imately 4000 genera with global ranges of distri - combined with fertile plains that stretch from sea bution (Hanks, 1999; Alekseev, 2007; Evans et al., level and elevate gradually up to higher hills and, 2007). The distinctively high diversity of longhorn eventually, relatively high mountains, associated beetles is more accentuated by the great variance with a highly diversified flora, provide SCR with in their morphology, size, and coloration, which rather various ecological niches that host rich fauna implies a corresponding variance in life histories communities. and host plant preferences as well (Twinn & Among the Syrian fauna, insects comprise a Harding, 1999; Paulino-Neto et al., 2005; Teledo major component, with Coleoptera at a high-profile et al., 2007). 638 KHALDOUN ALI ET ALII Although Cerambycidae beetles reveal a primary In this study, which comes to be the first of its affinity to tropical and subtropical regions, they do, kind locally, we tried to deduce the biodiversity of in fact, inhabit almost all zoogeographical regions Cerambycidae in SCR as much thoroughly as of the planet (de Vaio et al., 1985; Awal, 2005). In possible, in an attempt to bridge some of the gaps general, climatic factors in association with the that hinder a broader knowledge of their taxonomy, availability of suitable host plants act as the main and status in addition to clarifying some vague factors that determine the distribution of this Family aspects about their biodiversity and zoogeograph- in the world today (Linsley, 1959). Furthermore, ical affinity as a stepping stone towards the know- behavior and reproductive strategies of the adults ledge of Cerambycidae in the whole of Syrian Arab are shaped by the host requirements of the larval Republic. stages, with which the host plant conditions are closely correlated (Hanks, 1999). All Family members are phytophagous, with MATERIAL AND METHODS different host plant preferences among species and genera (Bíly & Mehl, 1989). Larval Cerambycidae Study Area of most species (86%) are xylophagous (e.g. feeding inside living, moribund, or even decompo - The Syrian Arab Republic is situated on the sing wood),while, in some certain species (14%), eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by larvae feed in stems or roots of some herbaceous Turkey from the north, Iraq from the east, Palestine plants (Susana, 2009; Gnjatovic & Zikic, 2010). and Jordan from the south, and by Lebanon and the These feeding habits emphasize not only the Mediterranean from the west. economic importance of this family (e.g. being The Syrian Coastal Region (SCR), which is also pests of heavy damage) in agricultural ecosystems, commonly known as “The Coastal Strip”, is located but also their ecological importance (e.g. serving as along the Mediterranean Sea, occupying the wood decomposers) in natural ecosystems as well western portion of the country.It spans between 35°- (Paulino-Neto et al., 2005; Evans et al., 2007). 45° E, and 36°- 43° N with an estimated area of Furthermore, Cerambycidae are considered as 5100 km 2, representing less than 2.5% of the Syrian potentially significant indicators for the forest healt territory. hand biodiversity (Allison et al., 2004). In this ac - The Coastal Region is considered as one of the cord, the changes in some sylviculture pratices have scarce natural resources of Syria, providing a led to a sheer decline in the populations of some cer - narrow window to the Mediterranean Sea for such tain species, especially in Europe, which rendered a relatively large country, with only183 km of some species indangered, and, accordingly; many coastline. From an administrative point of view, the species were red-listed (Evans et al., 2007). Coastal Region is partitioned into two coastal gov- It is now established that taxonomy, biology, and ernorates (provinces), namely: Latakia and Tartus. biogeography of Cerambycidae are well studied in Each of which consists of areas, arranged in the Europe and North America (Allison, 2004); how- following order: ever, the knowledge of this family in the Eastern - Latakia Province: congregating four areas, Mediterranean, specifically the Far East, is still namely: Latakia Area; Jableh Area; Qardahah Area; inchoate, but more attention has been drawn towards Haffa Area. this diversity-rich region recently (Cowling et al., - Tartus Province: congregating five areas, namely: 1996; Sama, et al., 2010). In Syria, actually, the Tartus Area, Baniyas Area; Safita Area; Shayk-Badr knowledge of biology, taxonomy, and biodiversity Area; Draykish Area. of longhorn beetles is still not well established, and The climate in the Syrian Coastal Region is their complete fauna is far from fully known. In fact, typically Mediterranean, with dry summers, and there is a painful dearth in local studies, and the avail- wet and windy winters and springs. Annual precip- ability of pertinent resources is quite limited. Fur - itation ranges between 800-900 mm. The geo- thermore, most of the species recorded in Syria have graphy is quite heterogenous; the shoreline consists been collected, identified, and accounted for by of sandy bays, alternating with rocky headlands and researchers who come from abroad (Hariri, 1971). low cliffs. The coastal mountain chains separate Contribution to the knowledge of the Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) of the Syrian Coastal Region 639 Syria's interior from the Mediterranean coast, with closed when the trap is in-action, so that the open- slopes originally covered in forests of oaks ing could be used for the exratction of the speci - (Quercus sp.) and pines ( Pinus sp.). On the coastal mens. Different bait compositions were tried, in slopes of the mountains north to Latakia sprout some traps sweet wine was applied, in others a com - some of the best natural forests of the country. bination of ripe banana with non-alcoholic beer was South to Latakia, the coastal strip widens into fertile used (Chalumeau & Touroult, 2005). Coordin- plains (Plains of Jableh), to the east of the third ates and elevation were recorded for each collecting major coastal city, Jableh. The strip then narrows site using a GPS device. again and is interrupted by spurs of the mountains Some specimens were collected by chance, i.e. immediate to the east in the sector between Banyias, intercepting some samples in Tishreen University the fourth coastal city, and Tartous, the second Campus, or encuntered on walls near light sources major coastal city. South to Tartus, the narrow during visits to some country houses. coastal strip then widens into the fertile “Sahl After collection, specimens went through many 'Akkar” (Plain of 'Akkar), which continues south stages of preparation, identification and, eventually, across the Lebanese border. curation and preservation. First of all, specimens were killed using killing jars charged with NaCN Collection, preservation, and identification (big specimens), or ethyl acetate (small specimens). After killing, specimens were put in a sealed con - Specimens of adult Cerambycid beetles were tainer with a Styrofoam at the bottom to hold the collected, by the first author, from different sites and specimens, then frozen (0° Celsius) for 48-72 h, and localities scattered all across the different areas of sometimes even for a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Elytra Reduction May Affect the Evolution of Beetle Hind Wings
    Zoomorphology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-017-0388-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Elytra reduction may affect the evolution of beetle hind wings Jakub Goczał1 · Robert Rossa1 · Adam Tofilski2 Received: 21 July 2017 / Revised: 31 October 2017 / Accepted: 14 November 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Beetles are one of the largest and most diverse groups of animals in the world. Conversion of forewings into hardened shields is perceived as a key adaptation that has greatly supported the evolutionary success of this taxa. Beetle elytra play an essential role: they minimize the influence of unfavorable external factors and protect insects against predators. Therefore, it is particularly interesting why some beetles have reduced their shields. This rare phenomenon is called brachelytry and its evolution and implications remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we focused on rare group of brachelytrous beetles with exposed hind wings. We have investigated whether the elytra loss in different beetle taxa is accompanied with the hind wing shape modification, and whether these changes are similar among unrelated beetle taxa. We found that hind wings shape differ markedly between related brachelytrous and macroelytrous beetles. Moreover, we revealed that modifications of hind wings have followed similar patterns and resulted in homoplasy in this trait among some unrelated groups of wing-exposed brachelytrous beetles. Our results suggest that elytra reduction may affect the evolution of beetle hind wings. Keywords Beetle · Elytra · Evolution · Wings · Homoplasy · Brachelytry Introduction same mechanism determines wing modification in all other insects, including beetles. However, recent studies have The Coleoptera order encompasses almost the quarter of all provided evidence that formation of elytra in beetles is less currently known animal species (Grimaldi and Engel 2005; affected by Hox gene than previously expected (Tomoyasu Hunt et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated 02.03.2021 an Annotated List of Afghanistan Longhorn Beetles
    Updated 02.03.2021 An annotated list of Afghanistan Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) M.A. Lazarev The list is based on the publication by M. A. Lazarev, 2019: Catalogue of Afghanistan Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) with two descriptions of new Phytoecia (Parobereina Danilevsky, 2018) from Central Asia. - Humanity space. International almanac, 8 (2): 104-140.It is regularly updated as new taxa are described (marked with red). Family CERAMBYCIDAE Latreille, 1802 subfamily Prioninae Latreille, 1802 tribe Macrotomini J. Thomson, 1861 genus Anomophysis Quentin & Villiers, 1981: 374 type species Prionus spinosus Fabricius, 1787 inscripta C.O. Waterhouse, 1884: 380 (Macrotoma) Heyrovský, 1936: 211 - Wama; Tippmann, 1958: 41 - Kabul, Ost-Afghanistan, 1740; Sarobi, am Kabulflus, 900 m; Mangul, Bashgultal, Nuristan, Ost-Afghanistan, 1250 m; Fuchs, 1961: 259 - Sarobi 1100 m, O.- Afghanistan; Fuchs, 1967: 432 - Afghanistan, 25 km N von Barikot, 1800 m, Nuristan; Nimla, 40 km SW von Dschelalabad; Heyrovský, 1967: 156 - Zentral-Afghanistan, Prov. Kabul: Kabul; Kabul-Zahir; Ost- Afghanistan, Prov. Nengrahar: “Nuristan”, ohne näheren Fundort; Kamu; Löbl & Smetana, 2010: 90 - Afghanistan. plagiata C.O. Waterhouse, 1884: 381 (Macrotoma) vidua Lameere, 1903: 167 (Macrotoma) Quentin & Villiers, 1981: 361, 376, 383 - Afghanistan: Kaboul; Sairobi; Darah-i-Nour, Nangahar; Löbl & Smetana, 2010: 90 - Afghanistan; Kariyanna et al., 2017: 267 - Afghanistan: Kaboul; Rapuzzi et al., 2019: 64 - Afghanistan. tribe Prionini Latreille, 1802 genus Dorysthenes Vigors, 1826: 514 type species Prionus rostratus Fabricius, 1793 subgenus Lophosternus Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 209 type species Lophosternus buquetii Guérin- Méneville, 1844 Cyrtosternus Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 210 type species Lophosternus hopei Guérin-Méneville, 1844 huegelii L. Redtenbacher, 1844: 550 (Cyrtognathus) falco J.
    [Show full text]
  • Data on Cerambycidae and Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) from Bucureªti and Surroundings
    Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle © Novembre Vol. LI pp. 387–416 «Grigore Antipa» 2008 DATA ON CERAMBYCIDAE AND CHRYSOMELIDAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELOIDEA) FROM BUCUREªTI AND SURROUNDINGS RODICA SERAFIM, SANDA MAICAN Abstract. The paper presents a synthesis of the data refering to the presence of cerambycids and chrysomelids species of Bucharest and its surroundings, basing on bibliographical sources and the study of the collection material. A number of 365 species of superfamily Chrysomeloidea (140 cerambycids and 225 chrysomelids species), belonging to 125 genera of 16 subfamilies are listed. The species Chlorophorus herbstii, Clytus lama, Cortodera femorata, Phytoecia caerulea, Lema cyanella, Chrysolina varians, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllotreta undulata, Cassida prasina and Cassida vittata are reported for the first time in this area. Résumé. Ce travail présente une synthèse des données concernant la présence des espèces de cerambycides et de chrysomelides de Bucarest et de ses environs, la base en étant les sources bibliographiques ainsi que l’étude du matériel existant dans les collections du musée. La liste comprend 365 espèces appartenant à la supra-famille des Chrysomeloidea (140 espèces de cerambycides et 225 espèces de chrysomelides), encadrées en 125 genres et 16 sous-familles. Les espèces Chlorophorus herbstii, Clytus lama, Cortodera femorata, Phytoecia caerulea, Lema cyanella, Chrysolina varians, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllotreta undulata, Cassida prasina et Cassida vittata sont mentionnées pour la première fois dans cette zone Key words: Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Bucureºti (Bucharest) and surrounding areas. INTRODUCTION Data on the distribution of the cerambycids and chrysomelids species in Bucureºti (Bucharest) and the surrounding areas were published beginning with the end of the 19th century by: Jaquet (1898 a, b, 1899 a, b, 1900 a, b, 1901, 1902), Montandon (1880, 1906, 1908), Hurmuzachi (1901, 1902, 1904), Fleck (1905 a, b), Manolache (1930), Panin (1941, 1944), Eliescu et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Odour Traps for Population Monitoring and Dispersal Analysis of the Threatened Saproxylic Beetles Osmoderma Eremita and Elater Ferrugineus in Central Italy
    J Insect Conserv (2014) 18:801–813 DOI 10.1007/s10841-014-9687-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Using odour traps for population monitoring and dispersal analysis of the threatened saproxylic beetles Osmoderma eremita and Elater ferrugineus in central Italy Agnese Zauli • Stefano Chiari • Erik Hedenstro¨m • Glenn P. Svensson • Giuseppe M. Carpaneto Received: 7 March 2014 / Accepted: 8 August 2014 / Published online: 17 August 2014 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 Abstract Pheromone-based monitoring could be a very lure compared to racemic c-decalactone in detecting its efficient method to assess the conservation status of rare presence. The population size at the two sites were esti- and elusive insect species, but there are still few studies for mated to 520 and 1,369 individuals, respectively. Our which pheromone traps have been used to obtain infor- model suggests a sampling effort of ten traps checked for mation on presence, abundance, phenology and movements 3 days being sufficient to detect the presence of E. ferru- of such insects. We performed a mark-recapture study of gineus at a given site. The distribution of dispersal dis- two threatened saproxylic beetles, Osmoderma eremita tances for the predator was best described by the negative (Scarabaeidae) and its predator Elater ferrugineus (Ela- exponential function with 1 % of the individuals dispersing teridae), in two beech forests of central Italy using phero- farther than 1,600 m from their natal site. In contrast to mone baited window traps and unbaited pitfall traps. Two studies on these beetles in Northern Europe, the activity lures were used: (1) the male-produced sex pheromone of pattern of the two beetle species was not influenced by O.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkish Red List Categories of Longicorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part Viii – Subfamily Cerambycinae: Anaglyptini and Clytini
    ____________Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2014_________ 687 TURKISH RED LIST CATEGORIES OF LONGICORN BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) PART VIII – SUBFAMILY CERAMBYCINAE: ANAGLYPTINI AND CLYTINI Hüseyin Özdikmen* * Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06500 Ankara, TURKEY. E- mail: [email protected] [Özdikmen, H. 2014. Turkish Red List Categories of Longicorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part VIII – Subfamily Cerambycinae: Anaglyptini and Clytini. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 9 (2): 687-712] ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to create a Turkish Red List of the longicorn beetles. Moreover, presence such a Red List is necessary for Turkey. Even governmental evaluations could cause some erroneous decisions due to absence such a Red List. Since, governmental evaluations at the present time are based on the works that are realized with respect to the European Red List. Furthernore, Turkey appears a continental property changeable in very short distances in terms of climatical features and field structures. So, the status of European fauna and the status of Turkish fauna are not the same. Clearly, there is no any work that subjected to create a Turkish Red List except Parts I-VII. Hence, a series work is planned with this purpose. This type of study is the eighth attempt for Turkey. KEY WORDS: Red List, Conservation, Cerambycidae, Turkey. The purpose of the current study was to create a Turkish Red List of longicorn beetles similarly to “European Red List of Saproxylic Beetles” that was compiled by Ana Nieto & Keith N. A. Alexander and published by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) in collaboration with the European Union in 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Start 2013.Qxd 31.05.15 13:27 Seite 173
    Monnerat et al_2.qxp_Start 2013.qxd 31.05.15 13:27 Seite 173 Mitteilungen der SchweizeriSchen entoMologiSchen geSellSchaft BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE SUISSE 88: 173–228, 2015 liste commentée des lucanidae, cetoniidae, Buprestidae et cerambycidae (coleoptera) de Suisse annotated checklist of the lucanidae, cetoniidae, Buprestidae and cerambycidae (coleoptera) of Switzerland chriStian Monnerat , Y annick chittaro , a ndreaS Sanchez & Y veS gonSeth info fauna – cScf, Passage Maximilien-de-Meuron 6, ch-2000 neuchâtel; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] a critical list of Swiss lucanidae, cetoniidae, Buprestidae and cerambycidae is presented. this work is based on an extensive survey conducted on specimens deposited in museums and private collec - tions or mentioned in the literature and notes available in the cScf database. Seven species of luca - nidae, 18 cetoniidae, 89 Buprestidae and 179 cerambycidae are considered as valid for Switzerland. one species of cetoniidae, one Buprestidae and 18 cerambycidae are considered as imported. finally, 74 species (three cetoniidae, 44 Buprestidae, and 30 cerambycidae) often misidentified in the litera - ture or for which available specimens are of doubtful origin, are listed and discussed. keywords: Buprestidae, cerambycidae, cetoniidae, lucanidae, checklist, Switzerland, faunistics, new records. introduction les quatre familles de coléoptères traitées dans cette liste correspondent aux groupes cibles du projet de liste rouge des coléoptères du bois. elles appartiennent aux superfamilles des Scarabaeoidea, Buprestoidea et chrysomeloidea et ne for - ment donc pas d’entité systématique homogène. comparativement à d’autres familles de coléoptères, elles ont de longue date suscité l’intérêt des coléoptéristes.
    [Show full text]
  • Quaderni Del Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale Di Ferrara
    ISSN 2283-6918 Quaderni del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara Anno 2018 • Volume 6 Q 6 Quaderni del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara Periodico annuale ISSN. 2283-6918 Editor: STEFA N O MAZZOTT I Associate Editors: CARLA CORAZZA , EM A N UELA CAR I A ni , EN R ic O TREV is A ni Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara, Italia Comitato scientifico / Advisory board CE S ARE AN DREA PA P AZZO ni FI L ipp O Picc OL I Università di Modena Università di Ferrara CO S TA N ZA BO N AD im A N MAURO PELL I ZZAR I Università di Ferrara Ferrara ALE ss A N DRO Min ELL I LU ci O BO N ATO Università di Padova Università di Padova MAURO FA S OLA Mic HELE Mis TR I Università di Pavia Università di Ferrara CARLO FERRAR I VALER I A LE nci O ni Università di Bologna Museo delle Scienze di Trento PI ETRO BRA N D M AYR CORRADO BATT is T I Università della Calabria Università Roma Tre MAR C O BOLOG N A Nic KLA S JA nss O N Università di Roma Tre Linköping University, Sweden IRE N EO FERRAR I Università di Parma In copertina: Fusto fiorale di tornasole comune (Chrozophora tintoria), foto di Nicola Merloni; sezione sottile di Micrite a foraminiferi planctonici del Cretacico superiore (Maastrichtiano), foto di Enrico Trevisani; fiore di digitale purpurea (Digitalis purpurea), foto di Paolo Cortesi; cardo dei lanaioli (Dipsacus fullonum), foto di Paolo Cortesi; ala di macaone (Papilio machaon), foto di Paolo Cortesi; geco comune o tarantola (Tarentola mauritanica), foto di Maurizio Bonora; occhio della sfinge del gallio (Macroglossum stellatarum), foto di Nicola Merloni; bruco della farfalla Calliteara pudibonda, foto di Maurizio Bonora; piumaggio di pernice dei bambù cinese (Bambusicola toracica), foto dell’archivio del Museo Civico di Lentate sul Seveso (Monza).
    [Show full text]
  • “No One's Left” Summary Executions by Syrian Forces in Al-Bayda
    HUMAN RIGHTS “No One’s Left” Summary Executions by Syrian Forces in al-Bayda & Baniyas WATCH “No One’s Left” Summary Executions by Syrian Forces in al-Bayda and Baniyas Copyright © 2013 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-1-62313-0480 Printed in the United States of America Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org SEPTEMBER 2013 978-1-62313-0480 “No One’s Left” Summary Executions by Syrian Forces in al-Bayda and Baniyas Maps ................................................................................................................................... i Summary ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Salvaging Syria's Economy
    Research Paper David Butter Middle East and North Africa Programme | March 2016 Salvaging Syria’s Economy Contents Summary 2 Introduction 3 Institutional Survival 6 Government Reach 11 Resource Depletion 14 Property Rights and Finance 22 Prospects: Dependency and Decentralization 24 About the Author 27 Acknowledgments 27 1 | Chatham House Salvaging Syria’s Economy Summary • Economic activity under the continuing conflict conditions in Syria has been reduced to the imperatives of survival. The central government remains the most important state-like actor, paying salaries and pensions to an estimated 2 million people, but most Syrians depend in some measure on aid and the war economy. • In the continued absence of a political solution to the conflict, ensuring that refugees and people in need within Syria are given adequate humanitarian support, including education, training and possibilities of employment, should be the priority for the international community. • The majority of Syrians still living in the country reside in areas under the control of President Bashar al-Assad’s regime, which means that a significant portion of donor assistance goes through Damascus channels. • Similarly, any meaningful post-conflict reconstruction programme will need to involve considerable external financial support to the Syrian government. Some of this could be forthcoming from Iran, Russia, the UN and, perhaps, China; but, for a genuine economic recovery to take hold, Western and Arab aid will be essential. While this provides leverage, the military intervention of Russia and the reluctance of Western powers to challenge Assad mean that his regime remains in a strong position to dictate terms for any reconstruction programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Unjlc LBN ISR 001 Port A1 0
    350’0"E ErcanErcan TymbouTymbou ArAr Rabi’ahRabi’ah Akdogan AkdoganAkdogan KoukliaKouklia FAMAGUSTA Ta rto us Akdogan Hama AqarebAqareb eses SSfifi Nicosia LysiLysi LysiLysi Al Qadmus Pyroi FamagostaFamagostaGazimagusa Al Qadmus Al Kafat Pyroi Kondea Gazimagusa MasyafMasyaf Al Kafat ArsosArsos Kondea KafrKafr BuhumBuhum AthienouAthienou AkhanaAkhana AthnaAthna ParalimniParalimni Troulli Troulli AsAs SaiamiyahSaiamiyah PeraPera MarkiMarki PerakhorioPerakhorio Famgusta KlirouKlirou SelemiyeSelemiye AlAl MufqarMufqar ashash SharqiSharqi 350’0"N KochatiKochati 350’0"N ShaSha KsilofaguKsilofagu AyiaAyia NapaNapa BirinBirin PolitikoPolitiko CyprusCyprus Lythrodhonda DHEKELIA Lythrodhonda TallTall NafkhinNafkhin ArAr RastanRastan TallTall alal QataQata Khorno LarnacaLarnaca TallafTallaf Khorno LARNACA TARTOUS ElEl GhajarGhajar OraOra Scala TaTa rt rt us us Juwaykhat Scala LARNACA Juwaykhat Layia TØlil TalbisahTalbisah Layia Larnaca TØlil JubbJubb alal JarrahJarrah SafitaSafita MashrafahMashrafah Pana Kophinou UmmUmm alal ’Amad’Amad Pana Kophinou KitiKiti AsgataAsgata KophinouKophinou Qal’atQal’at alal HisnHisn ShinShin Al-MukharramAl-Mukharram FokaniFokani LouaLouabdØbdØ Joubb Aabb s Limassol ZyyiZyyi HimsHims Joubb Aabb s Dalaboz Homs Narraki MoniMoni MarlMarl AlAl HamidiyahHamidiyah Dalaboz Homs ZaZadaldal Narraki VASSILIKO SukkarahSukkarah MONI ANCHORAGE TallTall KalakhKalakh AbouAbou DaliDali Dardariyah Buhayrat Qattinah AaridaAarida Dardariyah KattinØKattinØ FatimFatim alal ’Arnuq’Arnuq ShansharShanshar FurglusFurglus AlAl QubayyatQubayyat
    [Show full text]
  • Xylotrechus Stebbingi Gahan, 1906 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) En Navarra (Norte De España), Y Otras Especies Saproxílicas Del Desfiladero De Gallipienzo
    ISSN: 1989-6581 Recalde Irurzun & San Martín Moreno (2015) www.aegaweb.com/arquivos_entomoloxicos ARQUIVOS ENTOMOLÓXICOS, 13: 347-350 ARTIGO / ARTÍCULO / ARTICLE Descubrimiento de Xylotrechus stebbingi Gahan, 1906 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) en Navarra (norte de España), y otras especies saproxílicas del desfiladero de Gallipienzo. José Ignacio Recalde Irurzun 1 & Antonio Fermín San Martín Moreno 2 1 c/Andreszar, 21. E-31610 Villava-Atarrabia (Navarra). e-mail: [email protected] 2 Travesía Jesús Guridi, 3 – 4º Izqda. E-31005 Pamplona-Iruña (Navarra). e-mail: [email protected] Resumen: Se notifica el descubrimiento del cerambícido Xylotrechus stebbingi Gahan, 1906, especie invasora originaria de Asia Central, en una localidad navarra (norte de España) de clima mediterráneo. Los imagos emergieron de ramas muertas de Ficus carica y Pistacia lentiscus. Este registro pone de manifiesto que esta especie continúa su expansión por el sur y occidente europeos y ha alcanzado la Península Ibérica. Se presenta también una relación de coleópteros saproxílicos o asociados a arbustos y vegetales sufruticosos de la misma localidad. Palabras clave: Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, escarabajos saproxílicos, especies invasoras, Xylotrechus stebbingi, Navarra, España, Península Ibérica. Abstract: Discovery of Xylotrechus stebbingi Gahan, 1906 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Navarre (North Spain), and other saproxylic species from the canyon of Gallipienzo. The discovery of the longhorn beetle Xylotrechus stebbingi Gahan, 1906, an invasive species native from Central Asia, in a locality of mediterranean climate of Navarre (North Spain) is presented. The imagines emerged from dead branches of Ficus carica and Pistacia lentiscus. This record shows that this species continues its expansion throughout South and Western Europe and has reached the Iberian Peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • Notizie Biologiche E Corologiche Su Alcuni Coleotteri Cerambicidi D'italia, Specialmente Delle Regioni Settentrionali, Insulari E Limitrofe ':'
    RIV. PIEM. ST. NAT., 2, 1981: 17-54 CARLO STURANI NOTIZIE BIOLOGICHE E COROLOGICHE SU ALCUNI COLEOTTERI CERAMBICIDI D'ITALIA, SPECIALMENTE DELLE REGIONI SETTENTRIONALI, INSULARI E LIMITROFE ':' La « Fauna Coleopterorum Italica» di A. Porta elenca 265 specie di Ceram­ bicidi per il nostro Paese. Nel corso di ricerche iniziate una ventina di anni or sono e condotte in collaborazione con mio fratello Enrico, ne abbiamo raccolte in natura 182 e 126 sono state ottenute da allevamento.! " L'unica parte di questo lavoro scritta in modo definitivo e compiuto è l'introdu­ zione redatta a Londra nel novembre 1975. Fu il Prof. K. Hellrigl, conosciuto da Carlo nell'estate dello stesso anno, e con cui Carlo avrebbe dovuto compilare il volume sui Longicorni per la « Fauna d'Italia », a consigliarlo di far precedere a quest'ultimo lavoro la pubblicazione di tutte le più interessanti osservazioni di caccia e di allevamento, com­ piute sin dal 1953. Queste osservazioni erano di volta in volta annotate in agende e quaderni; ma solo per le scoperte più nuove e interessanti esse erano scritte in modo più compiuto e arti­ colato; e solo per il Saphanus e Drymochares, consigliato dall'amico e collega A. Simon, Carlo si decise alla pubblicazione (su « L'Entomologiste » nel 1958). Le interessanti osser­ vazioni sull'Agapanthia asphodeli (1959), Phytoecia icterica (1969), e più di recente quelle sul Semanotus russicus, Oberea pupillata, Phytoecia rubropunctata (1971-1975), benché sufficientemente compiute, rimasero inedite. A più riprese, Carlo aveva raccolto le osser­ vazioni su queste ed altre specie interessanti sotto vari aspetti; ma il lavoro era solo pre­ paratorio, quindi non equilibrato né completo.
    [Show full text]