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The New Alchemy: Online Networking, Data Sharing And F1000Research 2017, 6:1315 Last updated: 20 SEP 2021 OPINION ARTICLE The new alchemy: Online networking, data sharing and research activity distribution tools for scientists [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Antony J. Williams 1, Lou Peck 2, Sean Ekins 3 1National Center for Computational Toxicology, Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, 27711, USA 2Lou Peck Consulting, Swansea, SA4 3JQ, UK 3Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA v1 First published: 03 Aug 2017, 6:1315 Open Peer Review https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12185.1 Latest published: 03 Aug 2017, 6:1315 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12185.1 Reviewer Status Invited Reviewers Abstract There is an abundance of free online tools accessible to scientists and 1 2 3 others that can be used for online networking, data sharing and measuring research impact. Despite this, few scientists know how version 1 these tools can be used or fail to take advantage of using them as an 03 Aug 2017 report report report integrated pipeline to raise awareness of their research outputs. In this article, the authors describe their experiences with these tools 1. Alice Meadows , ORCID Inc., Brookline, and how they can make best use of them to make their scientific research generally more accessible, extending its reach beyond their USA own direct networks, and communicating their ideas to new 2. Matthew R. Hartings, American University, audiences. These efforts have the potential to drive science by sparking new collaborations and interdisciplinary research projects Washington, USA that may lead to future publications, funding and commercial opportunities. The intent of this article is to: describe some of these 3. Stacy R. Konkiel , Altmetric, London, UK freely accessible networking tools and affiliated products; Any reports and responses or comments on the demonstrate from our own experiences how they can be utilized effectively; and, inspire their adoption by new users for the benefit of article can be found at the end of the article. science. Keywords Online networking, Social networking, Research data sharing, altmetrics, Alternative metrics This article is included in the Research on Research, Policy & Culture gateway. Page 1 of 23 F1000Research 2017, 6:1315 Last updated: 20 SEP 2021 Corresponding author: Antony J. Williams ([email protected]) Author roles: Williams AJ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing; Peck L: Writing – Review & Editing; Ekins S: Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests: LP was previously an employee for Kudos, but is now an independent consultant. SE is an employee of Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Phoenix Nest, Inc. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2017 Williams AJ et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite this article: Williams AJ, Peck L and Ekins S. The new alchemy: Online networking, data sharing and research activity distribution tools for scientists [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] F1000Research 2017, 6:1315 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12185.1 First published: 03 Aug 2017, 6:1315 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12185.1 Page 2 of 23 F1000Research 2017, 6:1315 Last updated: 20 SEP 2021 Introduction can unfortunately extend to the use of online networking and sharing In the past 40 years, society has undergone considerable changes tools to boost online profiles and game altmetric scores vide( infra). driven by the development of affordable personal computers, the internet and most recently, mobile devices, which allow wide- With such a large quantity of scientific research finding its way spread connection to the internet. In turn, these technologies have into published works, it is hard for scientists of any description, shaped how we interact with each other and form online networks. whether chemists, biologists or physicists to make sure their work Since 2000 there has been an almost 800% increase in the number rises above the ‘noise’. This is of course important if it is to be of people using the internet, with over 3.5 billion people online. seen by peers and in turn used by them and cited, to ultimately Online sharing now ranges from posting opinions, 140 character be captured and further used to infer the importance for any given nuggets on Twitter, updates and discussions on LinkedIn, photos publication through various citation metrics. Historically, publish- or videos via free platforms such as YouTube or Vimeo, presen- ing was seen as the end result of the scientific endeavor, which one tation slides on SlideShare and so on. The specific online media might consider as a simplistic linear process from hypothesis – sites preferred in each country across the world differs. Despite experiment – publication (Figure 1). However, the traditional the prevalence of social media tools, the vast majority of scientists approach of a particular piece of research dissemination reaching do not use these tools to help share, evidence and amplify their its conclusion once it has been published was a limitation of printed scientific research1. We believe there are a number of reasons journals and should not pose such limitations in an electronic that most scientists do not use these tools. It could be because online world. Now, with the advent of internet-based technologies, few people would even think of using online media tools for their the last decade has seen an explosive growth in additional forms of scientific research, or because they do not understand the poten- media for the dissemination of publications and associated research tial value. The lack of credit for sharing pre-published data, code data, analyses and results, including wikis, blogs and code-shar- or other forms of research outputs, especially in terms of citations ing platforms (e.g. GitHub). The process of research publication that can contribute to career progression, may also be an issue. is now non-linear, with a potentially infinite variety of dissemina- Maybe scientists do not see this activity as a valuable use of their tion steps that could be taken between hypothesis to publication and time or they require initial guidance to help navigate use of these beyond (Figure 1). This could include early release of data and tools. Other issues include fear of being scooped, and the idea that scientific manuscripts as preprints. Sharing details regarding a if your work is solid, it should be able to stand on its own merits research study and associated data offers a number of potential pos- without needing to be “amplified.” itive effects that can contribute to the quality of science. The his- torical approach of peer review was to hopefully both improve and With new tools being developed, it is difficult to keep track, deter- ensure the quality of the science and the published output. Sharing mine what works, and optimize their use, especially in the con- research data and preprints allows for early feedback on both the text of science. For example, Kramer and Bosman (2017) manage results and preliminary findings from peer groups and reviewers. a growing list containing over 400 tools and innovations in scholarly communications, and some of these can be used for This has many potential implications, one being a way to extend online sharing. This list reinforces the breadth of software tools the life of a scientific publication and its enmeshing in a network available, and demonstrates how this can be confusing for any of other electronic outputs. Another is the considerable effort that scientist to know where to start. would be required to fulfill even a sampling of these approaches. Examples of the increasing importance of these non-traditional As the world has changed in the past three decades, scientific pub- sources of scientific information is the increasing prevalence of lishing, seen increasingly as the currency of science for at least links to Wikipedia, blog posts and code-sharing in reference lists 50 years, has also seen a dramatic shift. Since publishing of the associated with references in scientific publications ~35,000( first modern journal in 1665 (Le Journal des Sçavans), a stagger- citations to Wikipedia, ~11,000 for YouTube, ~10,500 for ing number of scholarly articles have been published, reaching Facebook, and ~7000 for Twitter). This will increase in the future. the milestone of 50 million by 20092. Recently Ware and Mabe3 projected between 1.8–1.9 million scientific articles are now being The vast majority of researchers depend on research funding in published every year, while contributing one aspect of Big Data for order to progress their science. However, acquiring research fund- science4. In recent years, there has also been an explosion in the ing continues to be a challenge, with only 20.7% (14,457/69,973) number of new Open Access publishers, a number of which seem of NIH Research project grants funded in 2015. This increased to be focused on the profit potential of this new marketplace as competition drives requirements to assess the quality and volume of predatory open access publishers. This exploitative open-access research output. These exercises are becoming more commonplace, publishing business model charges publication fees without pro- for example the Research Excellence Framework (REF2020) is the viding the editorial and publishing services associated with legiti- current system for assessing the quality of research in UK higher mate journals. This could allow scientists to game the system by education institutions and, similarly, the Excellence in Research in publishing even poor quality science in predatory journals, effec- Australia project (ERA). While there are various subjective judge- tively padding their resume.
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