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Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources

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Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources Status and Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 911 Subject Index abalones, 612, 814, 816, 846 land-use change, 38–39, 48, 51 black, 614–15 Northeast, 192, 195 California, 614–15 prairie loss and, 42 f = figure flat, 614 Rocky Mountains, 478 green, 614–15 Agricultural Quarantine Enforcement Act (1989), 127t t = table pink, 614–15 air pollution, 142, See also contaminants; pollution pinto, 614 climate change and, 93 red, 614–15 Fraser fir mortality and, 276 threaded, 614 Great Basin–Mojave Desert region, 529 white, 614–15 Lower Rio Grande, 271 Abandoned Mined Program, 527 prescribed fires and, 608–9 absolute desert communities, 510, 511t Rocky Mountains, 482, 488f abyssal, defined, 895 water pollution and, 73 acacia, cat-claw, 78, 508, 557 akepa, 765 acanthocephalan parasites, 613 akialoa, Hawaiian, 765 Acartia species, 416 alachlor, 74, 133t, 151 tonsa, 416 ala kumu (7–11), 828f accretion Alaska, 707–40 defined, 895 amphibians, 709 delta lobes, 392–93 Arctic tundra, 731–36 Achatinella (tree snails), 767 biogeographic regions, 708, 709f achene, defined, 895 Aleutian region, 728–31 Acid Deposition Control Program, 184 coastal temperate rainforest and Coast Range, 709–16 acid mine drainage, 75, 134–35 interior boreal forest, 716–20 acid precipitation, 132, 135–38 interior mountains, 720–23 amphibian declines and, 197 marine tundra of southwestern and western Alaska, 724–28 defined, 137 birds Northeast forest effects, 184 Aleutian region, 730 sensitive areas, 135 Arctic tundra, 733–34 sources of, 134–35 coastal temperate rainforest and Coast Range, 714–15 spruce-fir forests and, 276 interior boreal forest, 719 acid waters, 136–38 interior mountains, 722 Adirondacks, 190 marine, 812–13 Actinomycetales, 845 maritime tundra, 726–27 Actinoptychus undulatus, 415t climate, 707 active layer, defined, 895 conservation lands, 709f acute lethality toxicity tests, 145 endemic species, 728 adaptability, of agricultural ecosystems, 111–12 freshwater fishes adaptations, 13 Aleutian region, 729–30 adaptive management, 167, 175 Arctic tundra, 733 adaptive radiation, defined, 895 coastal temperate rainforest and Coast Range, 711–14 additive mortality, 170 interior boreal forest, 718–19 adelgids interior mountains, 722 balsam woolly, 191, 275, 276 maritime tundra, 725–26 hemlock woolly, 272, 273 mammals Adiantum vivesii, 331t Aleutian region, 730–31 Adirondack Forest Preserve, 190 Arctic tundra, 734–36 Adirondack Mountains coastal temperate rainforest and Coast Range, 715–16 fishless lakes, 137 interior boreal forest, 719–20 old-growth forests, 185 interior mountains, 722 Adirondack Park, 189–90 marine, 813–14 adolphia, California, 606 maritime tundra, 727–28 adventive plants, defined, 895 marine resources Advisory Committee on Fishery Management, International benthic resources, 807–9 Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 854 demersal fishes, 809–10 aeolian, defined, 895 environment and physical features, 806–7 aerenchyma, 408 Exxon Valdez oil spill and, 811–12 defined, 895 marine birds, 812–13 aerosol particles, warming caused by, 97–98 marine mammals, 813–14 afforestation, defined, 895 pelagic resources, 810–12 Agaricia fungus, 794 potential and average yields, 845t, 846 agave, Shaw’s, 606 primary production, 807 agricultural contaminants, 142–52, See also contaminants; secondary production, 807 pollution; water pollution nonindigenous species, 715, 731, 739–40 herbicides, 151–52 precipitation, 707 pesticides, 144–51 research needs organochlorine, 144, 146–49 Aleutian region, 739–40 soft, 149–51 Arctic tundra, 740 Rio Grande, 271 coastal temperate rainforest and Coast Range, 736–37 Southeast benthic macroinvertebrates and, 299 interior boreal forest, 737–38 toxic irrigation minerals, 142–43 interior mountains, 737–38 agricultural lands maritime tundra, 738–39 abandoned, 16 vegetation adaptability of, 111–12 Aleutian region, 728–29 conversion of, 51 Arctic tundra, 732–33 conversion of wetlands to, 38–39 coastal temperate rainforest and Coast Range, 710–11 croplands, 38, 192 interior boreal forest, 716–18 farm abandonment, Southeast, 259 interior mountains, 720–22 grassland effects, 442, 443 maritime tundra, 724–25 homogeneity and, 30 Alaska, Gulf of, 806–7, 853f ✩ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1999—746–390 912 Status and Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 Alaska Board of Fisheries, 736 Alva D. Adams Tunnel, 72 Alaska Board of Game, 738 alvars, 229, 230 Alaska-cedar, 600, 710 defined, 895 Alaska Current, 814 amalgamation, 133 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 739 amaranth, seabeach, 185t Alaska Game Commission, 715 amberjacks, 800 Alaska Gyre, 806 ambersnail, Chittenango ovate, 232t Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, 729 American chestnut blight, 183 Alaska Natural Heritage Program, 711 American Fisheries Society, 126, 448 Alaska Peninsula, 728 American Rivers group, 66 albacore, 784, 795t, 834t American Samoa, 764, 825, 826f, 829–30 Albany Pine Bush, 190, 192 physical characteristics, 826t albatrosses, 628t, 786, 802, 813, 820 reef animals, 836 black-browed, 802 American Woodcock Management Plan, 194 black-footed, 839, 840f ammonia, Upper Mississippi River, 365 Laysan, 839, 840f, 840t amnesiac shellfish poisoning, 851 short-tailed, 813, 840t Ampelisca species, 416 yellow-nosed, 802 amphibians albedo, defined, 93, 895 acidified habitats and, 137 alcids, 812 Alaska, 709 defined, 895 California, 601, 621–24 alders, 476, 716, 720, 724 Caribbean Islands, 329, 332–33, 340 green, 717 climate change and, 101 mountain, 716 coastal Louisiana, 425–26 Sitka, 710 ecosystem disruption and, 25–26 aldicarb, 271 grasslands, 449–51 aldrin, 133t, 144, 146, 148 Great Basin–Mojave Desert region, 520 alelí, 317 Great Lakes, 243 Aleutian Low, 814 habitat modification and, 243 Aleutian region, Alaska, 728–31 Hawaii, 766 birds, 730 monitoring, 498 climate, 707 Northeast, 197 environmental features, 806–7 Pacific Northwest, 666–70, 691 freshwater fishes, 729–30 Rocky Mountains, 489, 490–91, 498, 499 mammals, 730–31 Southeast, 300–302 research needs, 739–40 Southwest, 570–75 vegetation, 728–29 temperature restrictions, 110 Aleut people, 728 threatened, 69 alevin, defined, 895 amphidromous, defined, 895 alewife, 196 amphidromous species, 828 Great Lakes, 238, 239, 240, 242 amphipods, 364, 416 Alexander Archipelago, 715 defined, 895 algae, 653, 852 amphiuma, three-toed, 425 beds, Pacific Islands, 828 Anabaena species, 415t biomass, water pollution and, 73 Anabaenopsis elenkinii, 415t blue-green, 13, 49, 50, 362, 415, 558–59 Anacapa, 610 Bostrichia species, 406 anadromous, defined, 896 brown tide, 269 anadromous species bubble, 837 California, 620 calcareous, 828f nearshore resources, 801 coastal Louisiana, 413–15 Northeast region, 783 coralline, 794 anaerobic, defined, 896 coral reefs, 322, 324 Anaho Island (Pyramid Lake), 524 defined, 895 anchovies, 814 eutrophication and, 900 bay, 417, 418t, 420t Great Lakes, 234 northern, 817, 818, 820, 822 green, 406, 415t, 558 striped, 417, 420t planktonic, 362 ancient forests, Pacific Northwest, 43 western Pacific oceanic region, 830–31 angelfish, gray, 326 alien species. See nonindigenous species angelica, 729 aliphatic hydrocarbons, 139 angelwing, 332t alkaligrass anhinga, 374t Anderson, 732 annelids, defined, 896 creeping, 725 anoles Wright’s, 724 Culebra Island giant, 331t alkaline shrub-grassland communities (alvars), 229, 230, 895 green, 425 alkali poisoning, 143 anoxic, defined, 896 alliance, defined, 895 antelope, 463 alligators, American, 80, 148, 300–301, 425, 427t, 429 anthropogenic, defined, 896 alligatorweed, 402t, 404, 415t, 426 antibiotics, Actinomycetales and, 845 allogenic, defined, 895 anticyclonic, defined, 896 alluvial, defined, 895 Anti-Drawdown Law, 360 alluvial soil, defined, 895 antigrazing structures, in plants, 440 almendra, 339 Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge, 613, 619 alpine tundra, 514 ants, 767 Alaska, 711, 720–21, 724 Argentine, 758 defined, 895 heterogeneity, 14 Rocky Mountains, 475, 477 imported red fire, 118, 125f, 146 Southwest, 549 Apache, 478 alpine zone, 511t Appalachian Highlands, 256 Great Basin–Mojave Desert region, 514 Appalachian Mountains, 136, 256 Aluet culture, 708 acidified streams, 137 aluminum, 134 storms, 258 toxicity, 136, 137 Appalachian Regional Commission, 135 Status and Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources — Volume 2 913 Appendicularia, defined, 896 aspen-birch forests, Great Lakes region, 231 appendicularians, 779 aspens, 183, 508, 550 aquaculture, 450 quaking, 16f, 185, 233, 474, 476, 513, 549, 716, 717 nonindigenous species and, 849 Southwest, 550 aquarium fishes, 118, 125, 800, 849 asses, wild, 580 Aquatic Conservation Strategy, Northwest Forest Plan, 690, 691 association, defined, 896 aquatic ecosystems asters, 17 acidified, 136–38 decurrent false, 232t Caribbean Islands, 321–29 Ruth’s golden, 278 coastal Louisiana, 413–20 Atchafalaya delta, 388, 391 Colorado River, 76–79 accretion and subsidence, 392 ecosystem disruption, 26 fluvial processes, 395 Everglades, 79–82 nutria grazing, 426 grazing and, 75 vegetation, 403, 404 Great Basin–Mojave Desert region, 508–10 Atchafalaya River, 356 landscape context, 54, 56 bottomland forests, 409 land-use change and, 49–51 Chenier Plain development and, 392 management of, 55–56 fluvial processes, 395 Pacific Northwest, 650–52, 690–91 habitat diversity, 401 Rocky Mountains, 482, 487 marsh species richness, 402 small lakes, 81–82 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 849 Southeast, 294–96 Atlantic white-cedar swamps, 15, 286 aquatic herpetofauna,
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