Open Source Software License Summary CP 443-5 Extended
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Study of File System Evolution
Study of File System Evolution Swaminathan Sundararaman, Sriram Subramanian Department of Computer Science University of Wisconsin {swami, srirams} @cs.wisc.edu Abstract File systems have traditionally been a major area of file systems are typically developed and maintained by research and development. This is evident from the several programmer across the globe. At any point in existence of over 50 file systems of varying popularity time, for a file system, there are three to six active in the current version of the Linux kernel. They developers, ten to fifteen patch contributors but a single represent a complex subsystem of the kernel, with each maintainer. These people communicate through file system employing different strategies for tackling individual file system mailing lists [14, 16, 18] various issues. Although there are many file systems in submitting proposals for new features, enhancements, Linux, there has been no prior work (to the best of our reporting bugs, submitting and reviewing patches for knowledge) on understanding how file systems evolve. known bugs. The problems with the open source We believe that such information would be useful to the development approach is that all communication is file system community allowing developers to learn buried in the mailing list archives and aren’t easily from previous experiences. accessible to others. As a result when new file systems are developed they do not leverage past experience and This paper looks at six file systems (Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, could end up re-inventing the wheel. To make things JFS, ReiserFS, and XFS) from a historical perspective worse, people could typically end up doing the same (between kernel versions 1.0 to 2.6) to get an insight on mistakes as done in other file systems. -
Free and Open Source Software Is Not a “Free for All”: German Court Enforces GPL License Terms
Free and Open Source Software Is Not A “Free For All”: German Court Enforces GPL License Terms The GNU General Public License, computer programs, and to guarantee version 2 (GPLv2) scores another the same rights to the recipients of court victory for the free and/or open works licensed under the GPLv2. source software (FOSS) community. Although the open-source movement The GPLv2 carries important has been active for nearly two conditions, however, most notably— decades, globally there are only and critical for its viability—that any a handful of cases in which a FOSS distribution of software licensed under license has been reviewed by — let the GPLv2 must be accompanied with alone receive the imprimatur of the “complete corresponding machine- enforceability from — a court. The readable source code” or “a written latest case hails from Germany and offer … to give any third party … a serves to underscore the importance complete machine-readable copy of of proper FOSS-license compliance the corresponding source code”. throughout the software development GPLv2, Sections 3(a) and 3(b). process and supply chain, including During a “Hacking for Compliance the obligation of distributors to Workshop” organized in Berlin in 2012 independently verify FOSS-license by the Free Software Foundation compliance representations from their Europe, the source code package for a suppliers. media player with GNU/Linux-based Welte v. Fantec firmware inside was found not to contain the source code for the Harald Welte, founder of gpl- iptables components. It was also violations.org (a non-profit discovered that the source code for organization aiming at the other device components was not the enforcement of GPL license terms), is same version used to compile the the owner of “netfilter/iptables” firmware’s binary code. -
Membrane: Operating System Support for Restartable File Systems Swaminathan Sundararaman, Sriram Subramanian, Abhishek Rajimwale, Andrea C
Membrane: Operating System Support for Restartable File Systems Swaminathan Sundararaman, Sriram Subramanian, Abhishek Rajimwale, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau, Michael M. Swift Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison Abstract and most complex code bases in the kernel. Further, We introduce Membrane, a set of changes to the oper- file systems are still under active development, and new ating system to support restartable file systems. Mem- ones are introduced quite frequently. For example, Linux brane allows an operating system to tolerate a broad has many established file systems, including ext2 [34], class of file system failures and does so while remain- ext3 [35], reiserfs [27], and still there is great interest in ing transparent to running applications; upon failure, the next-generation file systems such as Linux ext4 and btrfs. file system restarts, its state is restored, and pending ap- Thus, file systems are large, complex, and under develop- plication requests are serviced as if no failure had oc- ment, the perfect storm for numerous bugs to arise. curred. Membrane provides transparent recovery through Because of the likely presence of flaws in their imple- a lightweight logging and checkpoint infrastructure, and mentation, it is critical to consider how to recover from includes novel techniques to improve performance and file system crashes as well. Unfortunately, we cannot di- correctness of its fault-anticipation and recovery machin- rectly apply previous work from the device-driver litera- ery. We tested Membrane with ext2, ext3, and VFAT. ture to improving file-system fault recovery. File systems, Through experimentation, we show that Membrane in- unlike device drivers, are extremely stateful, as they man- duces little performance overhead and can tolerate a wide age vast amounts of both in-memory and persistent data; range of file system crashes. -
Open Source Software Notice
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE DCS Touch Display Software V2.00.XXX Schüco International KG Karolinenstraße 1-15 33609 Bielefeld OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE Seite 1 von 32 10000507685_02_EN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE This document contains information about open source software for this product. The rights granted under open source software licenses are granted by the respective right holders. In the event of conflicts between SCHÜCO’S license conditions and the applicable open source licenses, the open source license conditions take precedence over SCHÜCO’S license conditions with regard to the respective open source software. You are allowed to modify SCHÜCO’S proprietary programs and to conduct reverse engineering for the purpose of debugging such modifications, to the extent such programs are linked to libraries licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License. You are not allowed to distribute information resulting from such reverse engineering or to distribute the modified proprietary programs. The rightholders of the open source software require to refer to the following disclaimer, which shall apply with regard to those rightholders: Warranty Disclaimer THE OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE IN THIS PRODUCT IS DISTRIBUTED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS AND IN THE HOPE THAT IT WILL BE USEFUL, BUT WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, WITHOUT EVEN THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. SEE THE APPLICABLE LICENSES FOR MORE DETAILS. OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE NOTICE Seite 2 von 32 10000507685_02_EN Copyright Notices and License Texts (please see the source code for all details) Software: iptables Copyright notice: Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright Google, Inc. -
The Risks Digest Index to Volume 11
The Risks Digest Index to Volume 11 Search RISKS using swish-e Forum on Risks to the Public in Computers and Related Systems ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy, Peter G. Neumann, moderator Index to Volume 11 Sunday, 30 June 1991 Issue 01 (4 February 1991) Re: Enterprising Vending Machines (Allan Meers) Re: Risks of automatic flight (Henry Spencer) Re: Voting by Phone & public-key cryptography (Evan Ravitz) Re: Random Voting IDs and Bogus Votes (Vote by Phone) (Mike Beede)) Re: Patriots ... (Steve Mitchell, Steven Philipson, Michael H. Riddle, Clifford Johnson) Re: Man-in-the-loop on SDI (Henry Spencer) Re: Broadcast local area networks ... (Curt Sampson, Donald Lindsay, John Stanley, Jerry Leichter) Issue 02 (5 February 1991) Bogus draft notices are computer generated (Jonathan Rice) People working at home on important tasks (Mike Albaugh) Predicting system reliability (Martyn Thomas) Re: Patriots (Steven Markus Woodcock, Mark Levison) Hungry copiers (another run-in with technology) (Scott Wilson) Re: Enterprising Vending Machines (Dave Curry) Broadcast LANs (Peter da Silva, Scott Hinckley) Issue 03 (6 February 1991) Tube Tragedy (Pete Mellor) New Zealand Computer Error Holds Up Funds (Gligor Tashkovich) "Inquiry into cash machine fraud" (Stella Page) Quick n' easy access to Fidelity account info (Carol Springs) Re: Enterprising Vending Machines (Mark Jackson) RISKS of no escape paths (Geoff Kuenning) A risky gas pump (Bob Grumbine) Electronic traffic signs endanger motorists... (Rich Snider) Re: Predicting system reliability (Richard P. Taylor) The new California licenses (Chris Hibbert) Phone Voting -- Really a Problem? (Michael Barnett, Dave Smith) Re: Electronic cash completely replacing cash (Barry Wright) Issue 04 (7 February 1991) Subway door accidents (Mark Brader) http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/index.11.html[2011-06-11 08:17:52] The Risks Digest Index to Volume 11 "Virus" destroys part of Mass. -
Netfilter's Connection Tracking System
FILTERING POLICIES BASED UNIQUELY on packet header information are obsolete. PABLO NEIRA AYUSO These days, stateful firewalls provide advanced mechanisms to let sysadmins Netfilter’s and security experts define more intelli- gent policies. This article describes the connection implementation details of the connection tracking system tracking system provided by the Netfilter project and also presents the required Pablo Neira Ayuso has an M.S. in computer science background to understand it, such as an and has worked for several companies in the IT secu- rity industry, with a focus on open source solutions. understanding of the Netfilter framework. Nowadays he is a full-time teacher and researcher at the University of Seville. This article will be the perfect complement to understanding the subsystem that [email protected] enables the stateful firewall available in any recent Linux kernel. The Netfilter Framework The Netfilter project was founded by Paul “Rusty” Russell during the 2.3.x development series. At that time the existing firewalling tool for Linux had serious drawbacks that required a full rewrite. Rusty decided to start from scratch and create the Netfilter framework, which comprises a set of hooks over the Linux network protocol stack. With the hooks, you can register kernel modules that do some kind of network packet handling at different stages. Iptables, the popular firewalling tool for Linux, is commonly confused with the Netfilter framework itself. This is because iptables chains and hooks have the same names. But iptables is just a brick on top of the Netfilter framework. Fortunately, Rusty spent considerable time writ- ing documentation [1] that comes in handy for anyone willing to understand the framework, al- though at some point you will surely feel the need to get your hands dirty and look at the code to go further. -
Freebsd Opengroupware - English
FreeBSD OpenGroupware - English FreeBSD As Basis For OpenGroupware.org PostgreSQL As Database FreeBSD can currently look back on a history of over 30 PostgreSQL, like BSD, originated at the University of Ca- years. It originated at the University of Berkeley and lifornia and is also distributed under the BSD license. It's FreeBSD evolved over a few intermediate steps into the project one of the oldest and most advanced object-relational founded in 1993 called FreeBSD. The supported architec- database management systems (ORDBMS) in the realm tures are the following: i386, amd64, Alpha, Itanium, of free software and looks back on a development of OpenGroupware.org SPARC, PPC (Mac) and others. over 15 years. PostgreSQL is largely conforming to the FreeBSD has very good support for multiprocessor sys- SQL92/SQL99 standards, that means that all functions in The ideal solution for professional the standards are available and behave as defined; that tems (SMP) and is distributed under the BSD license team communication on the Internet, which grants the user nearly every freedom and is free is not always the case with some commercial and non- commercial SQL database systems. of cost. Apart from having to name the origins of the with FreeBSD and PostgreSQL code, the user may use it in any which way he or she pleases. FreeBSD is a gift to humanity, we are pleased when you use it! FreeBSD has not only got many features, it also has a What is a groupware solution? huge amount of free and open software in its so-called Ports Collection. -
Zack's Kernel News
KERNEL NEWS ZACK’S KERNEL NEWS ReiserFS Turmoil Their longer term plan, Alexander Multiport Card driver, again naming In light of recent events surrounding says, depends on what happens with himself the maintainer. Hans Reiser (http:// www. linux-maga- Hans. If Hans is released, the developers Jiri’s been submitting a number of zine. com/ issue/ 73/ Linux_World_News. intend to proceed as before. If he is not patches for these drivers, so it makes pdf), the question of how to continue released, Alexander’s best guess is that sense he would maintain them if he ReiserFS development came up on the the developers will try to appoint a wished; in any event, no other kernel linux-kernel mailing list. Alexander proxy to run Namesys. hacker has spoken up to claim the role. Lyamin from Hans’s Namesys company offered his take on the situation. He said Status of sysctl Filesystem Benchmarks that ReiserFS 3 has pretty much stabi- In keeping with Linus Torvalds’ recent Some early tests have indicated that ext4 lized into bugfix mode, though Suse assertions that it is never acceptable to is faster with disk writes than either ext3 folks had been adding new features like break user-space, Albert Cahalan volun- or Reiser4. There was general interest in ACL support. So ReiserFS 3 would go on teered to maintain the sysctl code if it these results, though the tests had some as before. couldn’t be removed. But Linus pointed problems (the tester thought delayed In terms of Reiser4, however, Alexan- out that really nothing actually used allocation was part of ext4, when that der said that he and the other Reiser de- sysctl (the implication being that it feature has not yet been merged into velopers were still addressing the techni- wouldn’t actually break anything to get Andrew Morton’s tree). -
Where in the World Are We?
Community Notebook Cache Where in the World are We? Magazines, editors, and s I write this month’s column, You don’t have to several of my colleagues are at wait for an invitation to volunteer at an authors coming to a city near LinuxTag in Berlin [1], just one event – if you see an event that looks in- of the many international events teresting, email the organizers and offer you! By Rikki Kite A we help sponsor and support. Although to help. we can’t attend every event, we are able to be at quite a few each year, and some- Help a Buddy Move times we’re in two places at once. While Have you helped someone move to my colleagues report from LinuxTag, I’ll Linux and open source? I recently wrote be attending SouthEast LinuxFest (SELF) about introducing a friend to Knoppix in Spartanburg, South Carolina [2]. and Ubuntu [5], and maddog followed Events aren’t just an opportunity for up with a blog post of his own [6]. We’d us to hand out free magazines. We also love to hear your additions to our lists get a chance to meet with our authors, and about your moving experiences. such as Dmitri Popov at Lin uxTag and Joe “Zonker” Brockmeier, Amber Graner, Write for Us! maddog, and Jono Bacon at SELF. Events If you haven’t written for us before but are a great way to get feedback from our have an idea for an article, check out our readers and to stay on top of the latest writer's guidelines and send us your pro- news and trends in open source. -
History of Linux from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
History of Linux From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The history of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds to create a new free operating system kernel. Since then, the resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to the 4.2.3 version in 2015 with more than 18 million lines of source code under the GNU General Public License v2.[1](p7)[2][3] Contents 1 Events leading to creation 2 The creation of Linux 3 Naming 4 Linux under the GNU GPL 5 GNU/Linux naming controversy 6 Official mascot 7 New development 7.1 Community 7.2 Open Source Development Lab and Linux Foundation 7.3 Companies 7.4 Desktop environments 8 "Linux is obsolete" 9 Competition from Microsoft 10 SCO 11 Trademark rights 12 Chronology 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Events leading to creation After AT&T had dropped out of the Multics project, the Unix operating system was conceived and implemented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (both of AT&T Bell Laboratories) in 1969 and first released in 1970. Later they rewrote it in a new programming language, C, to make it portable. The availability and portability of Unix caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses. In 1977, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was developed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) from UC Berkeley, based on the 6th edition of Unix from AT&T. -
Step-By-Step Strategies and Case Studies for Embedded Software Companies to Adapt to the FOSS Ecosystem Suhyun Kim, Jaehyun Yoo, Myunghwa Lee
Step-by-Step Strategies and Case Studies for Embedded Software Companies to Adapt to the FOSS Ecosystem Suhyun Kim, Jaehyun Yoo, Myunghwa Lee To cite this version: Suhyun Kim, Jaehyun Yoo, Myunghwa Lee. Step-by-Step Strategies and Case Studies for Embed- ded Software Companies to Adapt to the FOSS Ecosystem. 8th International Conference on Open Source Systems (OSS), Sep 2012, Hammamet, Tunisia. pp.48-60, 10.1007/978-3-642-33442-9_4. hal-01519083 HAL Id: hal-01519083 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01519083 Submitted on 5 May 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Step-by-Step Strategies and Case Studies for Embedded Software Companies to Adapt to the FOSS Ecosystem Suhyun Kim, Jaehyun Yoo, and Myunghwa Lee Software Engineering Lab, Software R&D Center, Samsung Electronics 416 Maetan-Dong, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 443-742, Korea {suhyun47.kim, sjh.yoo, mhlee}@samsung.com WWW home page: https://opensource.samsung.com Abstract Due to the continuous expansion of the FOSS ecosystem and the introduction of high-quality FOSS, FOSS is increasingly used in consumer electronics (CE) such as smartphones, televisions, and cameras. -
HP IT Essentials II: NOS V3.0 Linux in Windows Classroom
HP IT Essentials II: NOS v3.0 Linux In Windows Classroom Rick Vogt, SC Product Marketing Manager Session Number Presentation_ID © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Agenda Overview of HP IT II: NOS Overview of Linux Lab Procedures Overview of Microsoft VirtualPC Knoppix • Overview • Knoppix.SysAdmin Lab Presentation_ID © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 222 HP IT Essentials II: Network Operating Systems Presentation_ID © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 333 HP IT Essentials II: Network Operating Systems • Sponsored by Hewlett-Packard • Introduction to multiuser, multitasking networking operating systems • Hands-on, lab-oriented course overviews the characteristics of Linux and Windows NT, 2000, and XP operating systems • Students will learn about installation procedures, security issues, backup procedures, and remote access Presentation_ID © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 444 HP IT Essentials II: Network Operating Systems • English v3.0 released April 2005 • French v3.0 scheduled for August 2005 • Surveys to Instructor Community indicated that CompTIA Server+ was no longer valuable • However, feedback to retain overview of NOS (keep Windows content) • Some Server+ content was removed to allow more Linux content • HP IT Essentials II: NOS v3 AND Fundamentals of UNIX course map to CompTIA Linux+ Presentation_ID © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 555 Fundamentals of UNIX news • Course developed in 2001 under sponsorship of Sun • Sun’s sponsorship and contract ended in May