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Study of File System Evolution
Study of File System Evolution Swaminathan Sundararaman, Sriram Subramanian Department of Computer Science University of Wisconsin {swami, srirams} @cs.wisc.edu Abstract File systems have traditionally been a major area of file systems are typically developed and maintained by research and development. This is evident from the several programmer across the globe. At any point in existence of over 50 file systems of varying popularity time, for a file system, there are three to six active in the current version of the Linux kernel. They developers, ten to fifteen patch contributors but a single represent a complex subsystem of the kernel, with each maintainer. These people communicate through file system employing different strategies for tackling individual file system mailing lists [14, 16, 18] various issues. Although there are many file systems in submitting proposals for new features, enhancements, Linux, there has been no prior work (to the best of our reporting bugs, submitting and reviewing patches for knowledge) on understanding how file systems evolve. known bugs. The problems with the open source We believe that such information would be useful to the development approach is that all communication is file system community allowing developers to learn buried in the mailing list archives and aren’t easily from previous experiences. accessible to others. As a result when new file systems are developed they do not leverage past experience and This paper looks at six file systems (Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, could end up re-inventing the wheel. To make things JFS, ReiserFS, and XFS) from a historical perspective worse, people could typically end up doing the same (between kernel versions 1.0 to 2.6) to get an insight on mistakes as done in other file systems. -
Membrane: Operating System Support for Restartable File Systems Swaminathan Sundararaman, Sriram Subramanian, Abhishek Rajimwale, Andrea C
Membrane: Operating System Support for Restartable File Systems Swaminathan Sundararaman, Sriram Subramanian, Abhishek Rajimwale, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau, Michael M. Swift Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison Abstract and most complex code bases in the kernel. Further, We introduce Membrane, a set of changes to the oper- file systems are still under active development, and new ating system to support restartable file systems. Mem- ones are introduced quite frequently. For example, Linux brane allows an operating system to tolerate a broad has many established file systems, including ext2 [34], class of file system failures and does so while remain- ext3 [35], reiserfs [27], and still there is great interest in ing transparent to running applications; upon failure, the next-generation file systems such as Linux ext4 and btrfs. file system restarts, its state is restored, and pending ap- Thus, file systems are large, complex, and under develop- plication requests are serviced as if no failure had oc- ment, the perfect storm for numerous bugs to arise. curred. Membrane provides transparent recovery through Because of the likely presence of flaws in their imple- a lightweight logging and checkpoint infrastructure, and mentation, it is critical to consider how to recover from includes novel techniques to improve performance and file system crashes as well. Unfortunately, we cannot di- correctness of its fault-anticipation and recovery machin- rectly apply previous work from the device-driver litera- ery. We tested Membrane with ext2, ext3, and VFAT. ture to improving file-system fault recovery. File systems, Through experimentation, we show that Membrane in- unlike device drivers, are extremely stateful, as they man- duces little performance overhead and can tolerate a wide age vast amounts of both in-memory and persistent data; range of file system crashes. -
Filesystem Considerations for Embedded Devices ELC2015 03/25/15
Filesystem considerations for embedded devices ELC2015 03/25/15 Tristan Lelong Senior embedded software engineer Filesystem considerations ABSTRACT The goal of this presentation is to answer a question asked by several customers: which filesystem should you use within your embedded design’s eMMC/SDCard? These storage devices use a standard block interface, compatible with traditional filesystems, but constraints are not those of desktop PC environments. EXT2/3/4, BTRFS, F2FS are the first of many solutions which come to mind, but how do they all compare? Typical queries include performance, longevity, tools availability, support, and power loss robustness. This presentation will not dive into implementation details but will instead summarize provided answers with the help of various figures and meaningful test results. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Block devices 3. Available filesystems 4. Performances 5. Tools 6. Reliability 7. Conclusion Filesystem considerations ABOUT THE AUTHOR • Tristan Lelong • Embedded software engineer @ Adeneo Embedded • French, living in the Pacific northwest • Embedded software, free software, and Linux kernel enthusiast. 4 Introduction Filesystem considerations Introduction INTRODUCTION More and more embedded designs rely on smart memory chips rather than bare NAND or NOR. This presentation will start by describing: • Some context to help understand the differences between NAND and MMC • Some typical requirements found in embedded devices designs • Potential filesystems to use on MMC devices 6 Filesystem considerations Introduction INTRODUCTION Focus will then move to block filesystems. How they are supported, what feature do they advertise. To help understand how they compare, we will present some benchmarks and comparisons regarding: • Tools • Reliability • Performances 7 Block devices Filesystem considerations Block devices MMC, EMMC, SD CARD Vocabulary: • MMC: MultiMediaCard is a memory card unveiled in 1997 by SanDisk and Siemens based on NAND flash memory. -
Netinfo 2009-06-11 Netinfo 2009-06-11
Netinfo 2009-06-11 Netinfo 2009-06-11 Microsoft släppte 2009-06-09 tio uppdateringar som täpper till 31 stycken säkerhetshål i bland annat Windows, Internet Explorer, Word, Excel, Windows Search. 18 av buggfixarna är märkta som kritiska och elva av dem är märkta som viktiga, uppdateringarna finns för både servrar och arbetsstationer. Säkerhetsuppdateringarna finns tillgängliga på Windows Update. Den viktigaste säkerhetsuppdateringen av de som släpptes är den för Internet Explorer 8. Netinfo 2009-06-11 Security Updates available for Adobe Reader and Acrobat Release date: June 9, 2009 Affected software versions Adobe Reader 9.1.1 and earlier versions Adobe Acrobat Standard, Pro, and Pro Extended 9.1.1 and earlier versions Severity rating Adobe categorizes this as a critical update and recommends that users apply the update for their product installations. These vulnerabilities would cause the application to crash and could potentially allow an attacker to take control of the affected system. Netinfo 2009-06-11 SystemRescueCd Description: SystemRescueCd is a Linux system on a bootable CD-ROM for repairing your system and recovering your data after a crash. It aims to provide an easy way to carry out admin tasks on your computer, such as creating and editing the partitions of the hard disk. It contains a lot of system tools (parted, partimage, fstools, ...) and basic tools (editors, midnight commander, network tools). It is very easy to use: just boot the CDROM. The kernel supports most of the important file systems (ext2/ext3/ext4, reiserfs, reiser4, btrfs, xfs, jfs, vfat, ntfs, iso9660), as well as network filesystems (samba and nfs). -
A Transparently-Scalable Metadata Service for the Ursa Minor Storage System
A Transparently-Scalable Metadata Service for the Ursa Minor Storage System Shafeeq Sinnamohideen† Raja R. Sambasivan† James Hendricks†∗ Likun Liu‡ Gregory R. Ganger† †Carnegie Mellon University ‡Tsinghua University Abstract takes to ensure scalability—the visible semantics must be consistent regardless of how the system chooses to The metadata service of the Ursa Minor distributed distribute metadata across servers. Several existing sys- storage system scales metadata throughput as metadata tems have demonstrated this design goal (e.g., [3, 6, 36]). servers are added. While doing so, it correctly han- dles operations that involve metadata served by differ- The requirement to be scalable implies that the sys- ent servers, consistently and atomically updating such tem will use multiple metadata nodes, with each storing metadata. Unlike previous systems, Ursa Minor does so some subset of the metadata and servicing some subset by reusing existing metadata migration functionality to of the metadata requests. In any system with multiple avoid complex distributed transaction protocols. It also servers, it is possible for the load across servers to be un- assigns object IDs to minimize the occurrence of multi- balanced; therefore, some mechanism for load balancing server operations. This approach allows Ursa Minor to is desired. This can be satisfied by migrating some of the implement a desired feature with less complexity than al- metadata from an overloaded server to a less loaded one, ternative methods and with minimal performance penalty thus relocating requests that pertain to that metadata. (under 1% in non-pathological cases). The requirement to be transparent implies that clients 1 Introduction see the same behavior regardless of how the system has distributed metadata across servers. -
Weekend Chat
COMMUNITY FOSDEM 2004 FOSDEM 2004 Weekend Chat FOSDEM is the Free and Open Source Developers Meeting that takes place each year in Belgium’s capital city of Brussels.The meeting can be split into two halves. BY JOHN SOUTHERN Figure 2: Jon “Maddog” Hall explaining history. he first half is the organized talks, Love, who talked about the kernel and Talking lectures and tutorials which take its affects on the desktop. Followed by The second half of FOSDEM is just as Tplace over a weekend, This year 2.6 Internals and then Hans Reiser took important. It is the community activities. started with an opening speech by Tim listeners on a tour of Reiser 4. Those that can spare the Friday evening, O’Reilly of O’Reilly books. Everyone lis- In the tutorials, scripting languages meet in the Roy d’Espagne for an tens to the opening speech and the included Ruby and NetBeans. Everyone evening of Belgian beer. traditional talk by Richard Stallman. then met for the Free Software Award, Although the beer is wonderful, many RMS gave his traditional speech, which was won by Alan Cox, and the do not drink and still go because this is including his Saint IGNUcius sketch, singing of the Free Software song. where you meet up others and get a where he blesses the crowd and indoc- Sunday started with streams on X and chance to chat about what everyone torates them in the Church of Emacs. Java. In the tutorial room, rather than thinks are the important developments. hour long talks, we were treated to sev- This chatting to like minded strangers, Talks enteen short fifteen minute talks. -
Multi-Process Systems: • Information Marshalling and File System Unmarshalling • Block Management • Directory Implementation
What we have discussed before • The file abstraction • File manager and file descriptors Multi-Process Systems: • Information marshalling and File system unmarshalling • Block management • Directory implementation Operating Systems and Distributed Systems Operating Systems and Distributed Systems 2 What we have discussed before What we have discussed before Fid = open("MyInput.txt", O_RDONLY)) numRead = read(Fid, buf, BUF_LEN)) Operating Systems and Distributed Systems Operating Systems and Distributed Systems The long-term information What we will learn storage problem • Must store large amounts of data • Files – Gigabytes -> terabytes -> petabytes • Directories & naming • Stored information must survive the • File system implementation termination of the process using it • Example file systems – Lifetime can be seconds to years – Must have some way of finding it! • Multiple processes must be able to access the information concurrently Operating Systems and Distributed Systems 5 Operating Systems and6 Distributed Systems What is a file system? The Linux file system • An organization of data and metadata on a storage device • The Linux file system architecture is an interesting example of abstracting complexity. • Another way to think about a file system is as a • Using a common set of API functions, a large variety of file protocol. systems can be supported on a large variety of storage devices. – Just as network protocols (such as IP) give meaning to the streams of data traversing the Internet, file systems • Example: the read function call, which allows some number of give meaning to the data on a particular storage medium. bytes to be read from a given file descriptor. • There are many types of file systems and media. -
Disk Imaging Technologies
Disk Imaging Technologies Backup and Restoration Challenges Topics • Manufacture Firmware Changes • File System Landscape – UEFI – Introduction to GUID Partition Table (GPT) – Partitions & Limitations • Imaging Utilities Windows & Linux • Full Disk Encryption • Source Web-Links Manufacture Firmware Changes • Industry push to a new standard: – BIOS vs. UEFI • UEFI is to replace and extend the old BIOS firmware. • UEFI is not a new thing. Intel has been working in EFI/UEFI since mid 1990s, and there are vendors like HP or Apple that provided EFI machines since a long time ago. But it is when Microsoft announced Windows 8 that UEFI became the required way to boot the new certified machines. • Secure boot is an extension of UEFI. One of the key points of UEFI is that it can be extended. UEFI has an internal virtual machine that is independent of the architecture that it is using. The standard accepts special binary files compiled for this virtual machine (EFI binaries) that can be executed inside the environment. These binaries can be device drivers, applications or extensions to the UEFI standard. UEFI, in some sense, is like a small operative system that runs when the machine is powered on and whose main task is to find and load another operating system. Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is meant as a replacement for the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) firmware interface ● Initially (1998) designed by Intel for Itanium processor ● Since 2005 managed by the Unified EFI Forum (uefi.org) Source: http://loadays.org/archives/2013/static/slides/Integrating-UEFI-into-rear.pdf Why UEFI? • BIOS has its (aging) limitations – 16-bit processes – max. -
The Evolution of File Systems
The Evolution of File Systems Thomas Rivera, Hitachi Data Systems Craig Harmer, April 2011 SNIA Legal Notice The material contained in this tutorial is copyrighted by the SNIA. Member companies and individuals may use this material in presentations and literature under the following conditions: Any slide or slides used must be reproduced without modification The SNIA must be acknowledged as source of any material used in the body of any document containing material from these presentations. This presentation is a project of the SNIA Education Committee. Neither the Author nor the Presenter is an attorney and nothing in this presentation is intended to be nor should be construed as legal advice or opinion. If you need legal advice or legal opinion please contact an attorney. The information presented herein represents the Author's personal opinion and current understanding of the issues involved. The Author, the Presenter, and the SNIA do not assume any responsibility or liability for damages arising out of any reliance on or use of this information. NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. The Evolution of File Systems 2 © 2012 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved. 2 Abstract The File Systems Evolution Over time additional file systems appeared focusing on specialized requirements such as: data sharing, remote file access, distributed file access, parallel files access, HPC, archiving, security, etc. Due to the dramatic growth of unstructured data, files as the basic units for data containers are morphing into file objects, providing more semantics and feature- rich capabilities for content processing This presentation will: Categorize and explain the basic principles of currently available file system architectures (e.g. -
Luca Berton [email protected]
Linux Day 2006 File System la potenza nasce dall'hard disk Luca Berton [email protected] UNIX File System A UFS volume is composed of the following parts: * a few blocks at the beginning of the partition reserved for boot blocks (which must be initialized separately from the filesystem) * a superblock, containing a magic number identifying this as a UFS filesystem, and some other vital numbers describing this filesystem's geometry and statistics and behavioral tuning parameters * a collection of cylinder groups. Each cylinder group has the following components: o a backup copy of the superblock o a cylinder group header, with statistics, free lists, etc, about this cylinder group, similar to those in the superblock o a number of inodes, each containing file attributes o a number of data blocks Inodes are numbered sequentially. The first several inodes are reserved for historical reasons, followed by the inode for the root directory. Directory files contain only the list of filenames in the directory and the inode associated with each file. All file metadata is kept in the inode. FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 Developer Microsoft Full Name File Allocation Table FAT (12-bit version) (16-bit version) (32-bit version) Introduced 1977 (Microsoft Disk BASIC) July 1988 (MS-DOS 4.0) August 1996 (Windows 95 OSR2) Structures Directory contents Table File allocation Linked List Bad blocks Cluster tagging Limits Max file size 32 MiB 2 GiB 4 GiB Max number of files 4,077 65,517 268,435,437 Max filename size 8.3, or 255 characters when using LFNs Max volume size 32 MiB 2 GiB 4 GiB with some implementations 2 TiB Features Dates recorded Creation, modified, access Date range January 1, 1980 - December 31, 2107 Forks Not natively Attributes Read-only, hidden, system, volume label, subdirectory, archive Permissions No Transparent compression Per-volume, Stacker, DoubleSpace, DriveSpace No Transparent encryption Per-volume only with DR-DOS No problemi - FAT32 ● Scalability: The largest volume size supported by FAT32 on-disk structures is 2 terabytes. -
Extending the Lifetime of Flash-Based Storage Through Reducing Write Amplification from File Systems
Extending the Lifetime of Flash-based Storage through Reducing Write Amplification from File Systems Youyou Lu Jiwu Shu∗ Weimin Zheng Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology ∗Corresponding author: [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Abstract storage systems. However, the increased density of flash memory requires finer voltage steps inside each cell, Flash memory has gained in popularity as storage which is less tolerant to leakage and noise interference. devices for both enterprise and embedded systems As a result, the reliability and lifetime of flash memory because of its high performance, low energy and reduced have declined dramatically, producing the endurance cost. The endurance problem of flash memory, however, problem [18, 12, 17]. is still a challenge and is getting worse as storage Wear leveling and data reduction are two common density increases with the adoption of multi-level cells methods to extend the lifetime of the flash storage. With (MLC). Prior work has addressed wear leveling and wear leveling, program/erase (P/E) operations tend to be data reduction, but there is significantly less work on distributed across the flash blocks to make them wear out using the file system to improve flash lifetimes. Some evenly [11, 14]. Data reduction is used in both the flash common mechanisms in traditional file systems, such as translation layers (FTLs) and the file systems. The FTLs journaling, metadata synchronization, and page-aligned introduce deduplication and compression techniques to update, can induce extra write operations and aggravate avoid updates of redundant data [15, 33, 34]. -
08-Filesystems.Pdf
ECE590-03 Enterprise Storage Architecture Fall 2017 File Systems Tyler Bletsch Duke University The file system layer User code open, read, write, seek, close, stat, mkdir, rmdir, unlink, ... Kernel VFS layer File system drivers ext4 fat nfs ... Disk driver NIC driver read_block, write_block packets Could be a single drive or a RAID HDD / SSD 2 High-level motivation • Disks are dumb arrays of blocks. • Need to allocate/deallocate (claim and free blocks) • Need logical containers for blocks (allow delete, append, etc. on different buckets of data – files) • Need to organize such containers (how to find data – directories) • May want to access control (restrict data access per user) • May want to dangle additional features on top Result: file systems 3 Disk file systems • All have same goal: • Fulfill file system calls (open, seek, read, write, close, mkdir, etc.) • Store resulting data on a block device • The big (non-academic) file systems • FAT (“File Allocation Table”): Primitive Microsoft filesystem for use on floppy disks and later adapted to hard drives • FAT32 (1996) still in use (default file system for USB sticks, SD cards, etc.) • Bad performance, poor recoverability on crash, but near-universal and easy for simple systems to implement • ext2, ext3, ext4: Popular Linux file system. • Ext2 (1993) has inode-based on-disk layout – much better scalability than FAT • Ext3 (2001) adds journaling – much better recoverability than FAT • Ext4 (2008) adds various smaller benefits • NTFS: Current Microsoft filesystem (1993). • Like ext3, adds journaling to provide better recoverability than FAT • More expressive metadata (e.g. Access Control Lists (ACLs)) • HFS+: Current Mac filesystem (1998).