Tortugas Harbor National Park,

Contents

ADMINISTRATIVE DATA...... 6

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND...... 10

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION...... 16

TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS...... 20

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. ORIGINAL DRAWINGS

APPENDIX B. SELECT HISTORIC IMAGES

APPENDIX C. STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT

APPENDIX D. COST ESTIMATE (UNDER SEPARATE COVER)

Tortugas Harbor Lighthouse, 2015

Administrative Data

RESOURCE NAME AND NUMBERS LIGHTHOUSE DATA CULTURAL RESOURCE DATA Building Name: Tortugas Harbor Lighthouse Constructed: February-April, 1876 The Lighthouse was first placed on the National Register of Historic Places in Structure No.: HS-01 Original Purpose: Harbor Light, 1976 as a contributing resource of the Fort local navigation LCS ID No.: 000319 Jefferson National Monument district. Active: No Later in 1992, Dry Tortugas National Park RESOURCE LOCATION Decommissioned: 1921 was established by Public Law 102-525 to The Tortugas Harbor Lighthouse is located Construction: Boiler plate iron “preserve and protect for the education, on top of Bastion 6 of Fort Jefferson inspiration and enjoyment of present and Automated: 1912 (Acetylene) on Garden Key, within Dry Tortugas future generations nationally significant National Park (DRTO). The Park is located Focal Plane: 67’ natural, historic, scenic, marine and scientific approximately 67 miles west of Range: 13 miles values in South Florida.” Under 36 CFR 60.1 Florida in the and only (b) (1), historic units of the National Park Original Light: Fourth Order accessible by boat or seaplane. The Park Lens by Henry-LePaute, Service are automatically given National encompasses an area of approximately 100 710 English Candles, Register of Historic Places status by virtue of square miles and contains seven small sand central drum, no their incorporation into the park system. and coral keys (islands) and the surrounding revolution, Moved from Dry Tortugas National Park is currently in shoals and water. Garden Key contains the brick lighthouse on the process of updating its National Register Park’s central cultural feature, Fort Jefferson. Parade Ground. documentation. The Fort is occupied by Park staff and is the center of Park operations. The visiting public Current Light: None generally travels to the Park on a commercial Current Daymark: Black ferry service operated out of Key West. U.S.C.G. District: 7th

Location: Bastion 6 stair tower Fort Jefferson, Garden Key, Dry Tortugas National Park

Coordinates: 24° 37’ 46” N Latitude 82° 52’ 50” W Longitude

County: Monroe State: Florida

6 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK 4

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Fort Jefferson

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1 Tortugas Harbor Lighthouse

Tortugas Harbor

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 7 SIGNIFICANCE Significance as National. The nomination RELATED STUDIES The Tortugas Harbor Lighthouse is included does not specify a Period of Significance, Bearss, Edwin C., Fort Jefferson National in the list of resources contributing to the however in March 2004, a “Record of Monument, Historic Structure Report, significance of the Fort Jefferson National Decision” was issued establishing the Period Historical Data Section, 1983. of Significance for the Fort and its associated Monument in its National Register of Historic Kenneth Smith Architects Inc., and Bender resources as spanning from 1846 to 1876. Places Nomination Form approved in & Associates Architects P.A. for the State February 1976. The nomination form states of The recently completed Draft Foundation of Florida Department of State, Division the lighthouse: Document for the Park further reinforces of Historical Resources and Department In 1876 this structure replaced the the issue of the lighthouse’s significance by of Community Affairs, Florida Coastal original 1825 lighthouse located on including the statement: Management Program, Florida Lighthouse the parade ground. The light was At the nautical crossroads of the Gulf Study 2002. mainly used as a beacon, since of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean and the Lord Aeck Sargent Architects. Fort Jefferson the much stronger light on nearby Caribbean Sea, the Dry Tortugas have National Monument, Historic Structure more adequately a rich maritime heritage that includes Report Amendment, 2004. guided ships around the treacherous one of the greatest concentrations of Manucy, Albert, A Constructional History of reefs. The lighthouse stands 37 feet shipwrecks in North America as well Fort Jefferson , 1846 - 1864, National Park above the terreplein, or 82 feet from as historic navigational aids such Service, 1981. ground level. The iron sides form a as the Dry Tortugas Light Station on hexagon built over the stairway of the Loggerhead Key and the Garden Key Morrison, George T., Phillips, John Wesley southeastern bastion. An observation Harbor Light. and Revised by Richard Rasp. National deck with railing circumvents the Register of Historic Places Inventory- lighthouse about halfway up the Nomination Form for Fort Jefferson tower. On the top, a windowed room National Monument, February, 1976. gives an unhindered view of the Tuckerbrook Conservation and Resurgence fort and surrounding waters. Plans Engineering and Preservation are underway to rehabilitate the Inc., Tortugas Harbor Light, Fort deteriorating lighthouse. Jefferson, Dry Tortugas National The nomination lists the lighthouse along Park (DRTO), Preliminary Structural with the fort and all of its associated Condition Assessment and Treatment resources as possessing “Third Order” Recommendations, 2nd DRAFT Report: Significance (a designation used at the February, 2016. time for resources “significant primarily in the presentation and interpretation of the history of a community or locality”). However the certification language in Section 12 of the Nomination establishes the Level of

8 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK 2015 Image of Lighthouse from Parade Ground.

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 9 Historical Background

The first lighthouse on Garden Key, the still maintained a fort keeper and ordinance to remain white) were laid out, and in April second largest of several small sand islands sergeant on site. 1893 they were installed. In 1898, the Annual that make up the Dry Tortugas, was lit on In September of 1875, a hurricane severely Report notes that a set of three improved July 4, 1826. Though planning for a massive damaged the on Garden Key and fourth order lamps was furnished. third system fortification to be built on Garden Loggerhead Key. Considering the Garden In the 1880s Fort Jefferson was used as a Key had begun in 1827, the 65-foot tall, brick Key Lighthouse’s navigational failings and quarantine station for a smallpox outbreak. In lighthouse’s only company for two decades the cost to repair the hurricane damage, the 1890s, the military occupied the fort again was a small light keeper’s house located plans were made to construct a new iron during the Spanish-American War, using it adjacent to the tower. lighthouse on top of the fort, on what was mostly as a staging area. On April 7, 1900, Appropriations for the fort were finally then called Bastion C, rather than repair Dry Tortugas was transferred officially to the approved in 1844 and construction began the existing brick lighthouse in the parade Navy Department, and on April 6, 1908, it was two years later. The nearly half-mile grounds. Five thousand dollars was allocated transferred to the Department of Agriculture perimeter walls rose slowly due to the for the new lighthouse on March 3, 1875. as a wildlife refuge. logistical, technical, and financial challenges The primary purpose of the new lighthouse The 1911 Annual Report of the Lighthouse associated with the fort’s size and location. was to serve as an aid to navigation for the Service reported that a hurricane in October By 1861, what would later be called Fort island’s harbor traffic because the much taller of 1910 did “considerable damage to aids Jefferson, encompassed most of Garden Key, First Order lighthouse on Loggerhead Key to navigation” in Florida, Georgia, and and enclosed the existing lighthouse and provided adequate navigational aid to ships South Carolina. It does not mention specific keeper’s quarters within the parade ground. traveling to and from the Gulf of Mexico. damage to the Tortugas Harbor light. In 1857, construction of a new lighthouse Drawings for the new lighthouse were sent to Correspondence from 1912 addresses a began on Loggerhead Key, the largest island the Light House Board on January 10, 1876 change in the characteristic of the Tortugas in the Dry Tortugas, located approximately and construction began the following month. Harbor Light from a fixed to a flashing two and a half nautical miles west of Garden It was completed on April 4 of the same pattern, establishing that the pattern would Key. The Loggerhead Key lighthouse was year. The hexagonal tower of plate iron, with be 0.4 seconds lit with 1.6 seconds eclipsed. meant to resolve complaints against the gallery and cylindrical parapet, was finished In January of 1912 the reconstructed Garden Key lighthouse’s navigational on the interior with wood. Keeper’s dwelling inside the parade ground insufficiencies; the Garden Key lighthouse The light from the old lighthouse was moved burned, along with the barracks and was difficult to see in the haze that was to the new one on April 5, 1876 and the associated kitchens. Letters and reports common in the Gulf of Mexico and the following year the old lighthouse on the from the period indicate that the fire began building was not tall enough to warn far-off parade grounds was demolished. The new in an outhouse and may have originated ships of the dangers of the reefs in the area. lighthouse was officially named the Tortugas from a cigarette carelessly discarded by In 1875, work was discontinued on Fort Harbor Light. Less than 100 feet from the new the lighthouse keeper. Telegrams report Jefferson. Architecturally, the fort was nearly tower, the old light keeper’s house remained that the light was not interrupted, likely complete, but from a military standpoint, it until 1888, when it was completely rebuilt. because it was fairly distant from the had become obsolete. Though the fort was The 1892 Annual Report states that the keeper’s residence, on top of the bastion. nearly abandoned, the War Department positions for three red sectors (with three Following the fire, it was recommended by

10 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK DRTO 301192 - Undated image showing lighthouse and its context within fort. the inspector for the Seventh District that It was described as 710 English candles, the Annual Reports do list numerous light the harbor light be automated. In February, with a central drum of 19 5/8” and a ten- stations that were discontinued or replaced that recommendation was accepted by sided lantern. The lantern was constructed during this period. the Commissioner, and efforts began to of ten panes of ¼” glass, 36” high and 27” In 1920, six light stations in the Seventh relocate the keeper and his family to another wide. While the light did not revolve, it had District were discontinued, but Tortugas assignment. In September 1912, the Tortugas what the inspector described as a “simple Harbor was not listed as one of them. Later Harbor keeper was transferred to the position flasher” that flashed for 0.4 seconds and was Annual Reports do not list the names of of second assistant keeper at Dry Tortugas eclipsed for 1.6 seconds. He noted that the discontinued aids to navigation, only the Light Station. mechanism allowed for variation in the time. number that were discontinued in each The Annual Report for fiscal year 1913 The eclipse was managed by a valve made fiscal year. A letter to the Superintendent includes Tortugas Harbor on two lists: first, by the American Gas Accumulator Company of Lighthouses at New Orleans, dated the list of lights where illumination was of Philadelphia. The ventilator ball and funnel October 1, 1920, inquires as to the possible “improved” by converting a fixed light to a leading to it were intact at this time, as was whereabouts of the records of the Seventh flashing or occulting light, and second, the list a lightning conductor at their top. It was District, the Tortugas Harbor Light’s of lights where an oil-wick light was replaced also noted that the gallery did not have a district, which may have been mistakenly by an automated acetylene light. The latter balustrade. transferred to the Eighth District during the eliminated the need for a keeper to operate In the late 1910s, the Annual Reports reorganization of these districts. No response the lighthouse. increased their focus on economic or follow-up correspondence was located, An official assessment of the Tortugas considerations related to the operations of but this raises the question as to whether Harbor Light Station was completed for the lighthouses. Many throughout the country correspondence regarding the Tortugas Department of Commerce on December 31, had been automated after the turn of the Harbor Light may be located elsewhere. Also 1912, by Inspector W.D. Dibrell, following the century, resulting in savings from a reduction in 1920, funds were allocated for repairs to light’s conversion to an automated acetylene in keeper’s salaries. The fiscal year 1920 damage in the Seventh District caused by the lamp. Dibrell’s description of the site includes Annual Report states that the number of September 1919 hurricane, but no mention is mention of an iron fence “around ¼ acre”, fixed structures with automatic gas lights given to whether this included the Tortugas but he noted that it will be removed when it had increased from 98 to 663 since 1910. Harbor Light. is needed elsewhere. The tower is described It does not provide the number of new According to Coast Guard records, the as a “sheet and cast iron tower standing on stations established over the same period, Tortugas Harbor Light was deactivated brick bastion of fort,” with a focal plane of 67 but estimates that 80 keeper positions had in 1921. The Dry Tortugas Light Station feet, and painted brown. The purpose of the been discontinued due to automation; on Loggerhead Key became the primary light was described as a “harbor light for local “Discontinuance of unnecessary aids, in navigational aid in the Dry Tortugas and navigation.” the interest of economy, has been given remains an active Coast Guard light station careful consideration, a total of 4,755 having today. The light was a non-revolving fourth order been discontinued during the 10 years.” It lens with the mark of Henry-LePaute, but no should be noted that, that number includes On January 4, 1935 President Roosevelt date. This indicates that it was manufactured floating beacons and buoys, unmanned light proclaimed the Dry Tortugas a National by Augustin Michel Henry-LePaute in Paris. vessels, and other non-lighthouse aids, but Monument and its management was

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 11 EVER 7337a - Ca. 1898 image showing Light Keepers Residence in the foreground with Lighhouse in the background. transferred to the . An the lighthouse was not in immediate danger lantern windows were functional. internal memorandum from the National Park of collapse, it required attention, especially At the time of Alexander’s inspection, the Service dated July 7, 1939, states that repairs if it was to be opened to visitors. He noted windows were boarded up and needed were done to the Tortugas Harbor Light, specifically that additional structural repair and in some cases reconstruction. these repairs included cleaning, welding, and investigation should be undertaken after the The interior wood appeared to be in good recoating corroded sections of steel, as well interior woodwork was removed. condition, but hidden deterioration due to as replacing rotted wood elements in the Alexander’s report noted that an “additional termites and dry rot was suspected, and interior. The memorandum also recommends steel plate has been added by welding to specific areas where the wood floor was in building new doors, railings, and shutters, the top of the base angle along the outside poor condition were noted, particularly near along with new replacement glass for the top of the steel side plates at elevation 38.25 the upper catwalk access. Alexander made of the tower. sometime in the past. This was definitely a variety of recommendations for enlarging In 1969, a report describing the conditions not part of the original construction.” Other access doors and vertical openings and of the lighthouse was produced by Civil observations Alexander made about the improving the ladders and other circulation Engineer William M. Alexander after he metal noted that the base angle and bolts, elements, but subsequent correspondence completed a series of investigative site vertical splice plates and corner angles, recommended against some of these as visits, beginning in September of 1968. He curved steel brackets supporting the gallery, adverse effects to the historic character. stated that the structure had been exposed the underside of the upper catwalk, and the On October 27, 1970, construction funds to “hurricanes, fire and vandalism without catwalk handrail were all corroded and in were approved for the restoration of the much attention in the way of maintenance.” poor condition. The metal window frames at lighthouse. Work commenced the following His understanding at the time was that since the lantern level were also deteriorated and year. Specifications from the project include 1935, the lighthouse had been closed to required repairs. The sheet metal sealing the following sections: Structural and visitors of Fort Jefferson due to deterioration the interior of the roof required replacement, Miscellaneous Metal, Carpentry and Millwork, of the interior floors and exterior metal. His and there was no roof ventilation at the time, Painting and Caulking, and Finish Hardware summary recommendation was that while but the four small vents in the wall below the

12 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK (Electrical Work was included in the table of Florida. “Projects include sandblasting and National Park Service. contents, but the actual specification was not welding the metal light house atop the In the fall of 1998, $24,137 was awarded to found in the archival records). fort, installation of a generator and flood William King, Competitive Pumping Solutions 1973 correspondence describes the work as lights, and masonry repair on the fort walls. Inc. of Atlanta GA for abrasive cleaning, follows : Equipment for the light house projects will be caulking, and repainting all exterior metal lifted by helicopter to the top of the giant fort, surfaces on the lighthouse. “The rehabilitation of the Lighthouse designed to garrison 1,500 men.” at Fort Jefferson National Monument A 2002 report by Kenneth Smith Architects was predicated upon investigation of In 1976, Fort Jefferson, including the Tortugas in conjunction with Bender & Associates existing conditions of lighthouse during Harbor Light, was placed on the National Architects rates the exterior structure of the latter part of 1968. It is to include Register of Historic Places. lighthouse as sound, and the exterior the rehabilitation of the entire upper A letter dated July 25, 1977 to the Chief of doors and windows serviceable. It notes tiers of the structure. Maintenance at Everglades from R.D. Houser that “interior brick walls” (presumably of The rehabilitation of the lighthouse of Southern Coatings & Chemical Company, the bastion stair tower, not the lighthouse consists of replacement of severely Inc., Slidell Louisiana, recommended proper) have deteriorated finish and mortar. deteriorated parts with like materials against touch-up and repair (that appears The watch room and gallery railings are to have been described in a previous letter observed to be non-original and in “good” and/or strengthened by addition of braces, plates, angles, etc. The exterior to Southern Coatings from the Chief of condition; the report states that brackets and handrail at elevation 57.75 feet, the bar Maintenance) because information was railings were replaced approximately four rail at elevation 65.17 feet, some small unavailable about a material called “Rus- years earlier. The interior of the lower and shields, and some plates are the only Kil” that had been previously applied to the upper watch rooms appears to be in good metal replacements contemplated at metal lighthouse tower. Southern Coatings condition, but repair efforts have altered this time. These replacements will be recommended sandblasting the structure some of the details and any replacements with metal of identical construction and applying a series of Southern Coatings should reflect the original details, which are and design. Some wooden railing and & Chemical products. Data sheets for the not described. At the time of the investigation, approximately 15 percent of wooden products were enclosed with the letter. no lens or lens base was in place – it sheathing will be replaced. A December 9, 1977 Project Management describes a plywood top with junction boxes and a duplex receptacle on the floor. Sandblasting will be required to clean Plan for Dry Tortugas indicates that $10,500 was allocated for a 1978 F.Y. Cyclic Project, This description matches what is currently the metal, existing wooden sheathing present. (walls and ceilings), and wood floors. “Clean and Repaint Historic Lighthouse.” Electrical work to be accomplished to The plan notes that the contract is “to be The 2002 report notes that a generator include removal of exposed wiring, and awarded.” It does not indicate whether this is powers the lights and that a ventilator ball replace with concealed wiring.” for the Harbor Light on Garden Key or the Dry and roof were in good condition, but the spire Tortugas Light Station on Loggerhead Key. was missing. Photographs accompanying On October 26th 1973, a request was sent the report are in black and white and are from Department of the Air Force for still In 1992, Dry Tortugas National Park was created, encompassing all seven of the not high-resolution, but the detail photos of and motion picture documentation of “two the brackets, gallery underside, and railings domestic actions projects” by the 915th islands that comprise the Dry Tortugas. All of the land was formally transferred to the show that these components were in stable Civil Engineering Flight of Homestead AFB, condition.

DRTO 301001 - 1937 Image of Lighthouse DRTO 301714 - 1968 image of Watchroom and DRTO 301455 - 1976 Image of Lighthouse taken Lantern. during repairs. TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 13 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940

Department of Treasury - Lighthouse Board (Est. 1852)

Department of Commerce - United States Lighthouse Service 1893 - The northerly red sector in this light was corrected so that the southerly edge bears NE. by E. 1/4 E. (LHB AR) 1898 - A set of three improved fourth- order lamps was January 1, 1935 - Fort Jefferson Timeline designated a National Monument by furnished. (LHB AR) 1887 - A survey of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt the site was made, 1899 - The ironwork also tracings of the of the tower was 1921 - Tortugas Harbor reservations and scraped, scaled and Lighthouse Deactivated buildings. Three painted two coats. as an aid to navigation lights of plate-glass Five broken storm were furnished for pains in the lantern 1914 - Listed use in the lantern. were replaced and as using an (LHB AR) various repairs were Acetylene light in made (LHB AR) LHB AR. April 6, 1876 - Lantern lit on new iron lighthouse. 1908 - Construction supervised Recommendation by Major Jared A. Smith, to provide isolated Superintending Engineer, fireproof oil house Fort Jefferson. (LHB AR)

1886 - The keeper’s April 1937 - Purderer report recommends dwelling was rebuilt “repair the fort lighthouse and install some by contract, and minor kind of good strong light (not necessarily a October 17, 1910 repairs made at the beam) to aid in navigating the harbor after - Hurricane strikes station. (LHB AR) dark.” (DRTO 4378) Dry Tortugas, 1895 - Extensive causing significant repairs made. damage to coaling (LHB AR) depot August 1937 - Preece recommends “that a lamp of approximately 100 watts be installed 1883 - The in the upper section of the old lighthouse to station is in assist traffic in the harbor ...It is understood good order. by the writer that the Lighthouse Service (LHB AR) have offered to install a strong light in the old tower” (DRTO 3478)

1875- The old tower has January 5, 1912 - Fire been taken down. A wooden 1939-1940 - PWA Lighthouse Repair Project destroys original partition has been placed - Exterior iron repaired and painted. Interior lighthouse keeper’s across the stairway of wood “linings” were replaced and second residence and the bastion upon which floor repaired. (DRTO 4378) the new tower is built, to outbuildings as well prevent excess draughts, as the Enlisted Men’s Lighthouse Service agrees to supply new and all woodwork has been Barracks. Fire originated lens for installation in the lighthouse if NPS repainted. Such repairs as in the lighthouse keepers repairs provide adequate protection of the were necessary have been outhouse. Arrangements equipment. made on the dwelling, and are made to automate the Tortugas Harbor light the station is now in good 1891 - The order. (LHB AR) and thus the lighthouse positions for the keeper and his family are red sectors were restationed elsewhere March XX, 1875 - Congress laid out. (LHB AR) leaving Fort Jefferson appropriates $45,000 to later this same year. (Fort construct a new lighthouse and Jefferson HSR p. transfer the light to an adjacent bastion of Fort Jefferson. (HSR) Tortugas Harbor light automated following removal of the keeper October, 1873 - Hurricane strikes - Automated acetylene Dry Tortugas, causing significant light installed damage to existing masonry lighthouse located on parade

ground of Fort Jefferson August 2, 1888, Garden, Bird and Loggerhead Key transferred to Marine Hospital Service April 7, 1900, Military reservation at Dry Tortugas transferred to Department of the Navy September 1916, US Navy abandons Fort Jefferson January 4th, 1935, Fort Jefferson designated a National Historic Monument and transferred to the National Park Service.

MARINE HOSPITAL ARMY NAVY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE SERVICE

14 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

United States Coast Guard

1992 - Dry Tortugas National Park established.

1968 - Civil Engineer William Alexander prepares “Report on Condition of Old Steel Lighthouse at Fort Jefferson National Monument and Recommendations for Rehabilitation” 1997-1998 - (DRTO 4378) Lighthouse painted and door and window hardware replaced 1971 - Specifications developed and work begins on rehabilitation project, 1998 - 2000 - Repairs made to lighthouse November 1973 - “Effect of Lighthouse including replacement Rehabilitation by the National Park Service of lantern glass, the on the Historical Character of the Fort addition of bronze Jefferson National Monument” Report frames, installation indicates only 15% of work described in of new angle at 1971 documents had been completed by base of lighthouse, this time. replacement of brackets supporting gallery and vent covers February 1976 - US Air Force Reserves conduct repairs as part of its 100th 2002 - Kenneth Smith Architects, Anniversary. Selective repairs were Inc and Bender & Associates, completed and the lighthouse was Architects prepare report as part sandblasted, primed and painted. NPS of Florida Lighthouse Study replaces lantern-level catwalk hand rail and gallery railings August, 2004 - Lighthouse sustains damage from Hurricane Charley 1984 - 1985 - Lighthouse painted. Window sash observed to be suffering 2006 - Lighthouse painted from dry rot - sash primed and painted

July, 2009 - 10 window shutters, 2 sets of doors with new hardware installed. April 1988 - Historic Structure Report Components fabricated to match historic indicates lighthouse in “an excellent conditions identified in historic drawings, state of repair” photographs and specifications

2012 - 2015 - Tuckerbrook Conservation prepares Condition Assessment - follow up work completed in collaboration with Lord Aeck Sargent Architecture

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 15 Physical Description

The Tortugas Harbor Lighthouse is a Andrew Humphreys of the Lighthouse 3’ - 0” double leaf door on the east elevation terrestrial, or on-shore iron structure, built Board to review the drawings for the Fort facing the bastion and harbor beyond. on top of the Bastion 6 stair tower at Fort Point structure. The elevated position of the The existing wood doors were installed Jefferson, overlooking the natural harbor Tortugas Harbor light on top of the bastion in 2009 and were designed to replicate formed between Garden, Bush and Long placed the focal plane at approximately 63 conditions visible in early/turn-of-the-century keys (Bastion 6 was historically known as feet above sea level, higher than the focal photographs of the lighthouse. Although the Bastion C and is referred to as such on early plane of the earlier masonry tower. original plans show the main doors to be drawings of the fortification). Constructed The exterior skin of the lighthouse is traditional stile and rail, paneled construction, between February and April 1876, the approximately ¼” thick boiler plate iron with no photographs have been located showing hexagonally-shaped harbor light replaced an riveted and bolted connections and stiffened this condition. A granite threshold set earlier (1826) terrestrial brick tower that was by a structural framework of channels and outside the main door is carved with the razed after being damaged by hurricanes T-irons. According to the Fort Jefferson name “CAP’T. THOS. E. GOODE” followed that struck the Tortugas in October 1873 and Historic Structure Report, from a military by an indistinguishable date “FEB. 8, 18??.” September 1875. Major Jared A. Smith, an standpoint, the exposed position of the light Colonel T. H. Goode from Hilton Head and 1862 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy was not ideal and the decision to construct the Forty -seventh Regiment of Pennsylvania who was serving as Superintending Engineer the lighthouse of iron instead of masonry Volunteers arrived at Fort Jefferson in at Fort Jefferson is credited with designing grew from a concern that personnel would December 1862 to replace the existing the Tortugas Harbor Lighthouse. The original be more susceptible to fragments expelled garrsion led by Col. Jos. S. Morgan. drawings for the lighthouse are dated from a masonry structure, if it were struck by There are two windows on the first tier, one January 10th, 1876 and are signed by Major an exploding shell. on the northeast elevation and one on the Smith (See Appendix). The anchors that secure the lighthouse to northwest elevation. Each is 2’-2” in width by The base of the lighthouse is secured to the stair tower are bolted through an angle 4’-7” tall. The windows are framed openings the top of the stair tower by long bolts that or apron at the base of the structure. This with no sash but secured with wood shutters. extend down into the masonry walls of feature has been modified numerous times The shutters and associated hardware were the fortification. In order to accommodate throughout the history of the lighthouse installed in 2009 as part of a larger program the lighthouse, an existing wood frame as persistent corrosion at the base of the of improvements to repair and restore the enclosure, present on top of the stair tower exterior walls has required that the apron be fenestration. had to be removed prior to construction. The reinforced with new material and enlarged to On the first tier, the opening for the stairs hexagonally-shaped plan of the stair tower’s ensure the stability of the lighthouse. from below takes up approximately half of outer walls undoubtedly influenced the the usable floor area at this level. A wood rail, shape of the lighthouse plan. The placement The lighthouse has four levels or tiers as they are referred to on the original drawings. The separates the stair opening from the rest of of the lighthouse, and to some degree its the space. The exterior walls of the first tier design, are similar to that of the Fort Point, first tier, at the level of the fort’s terreplein is hexagonal in plan with each wall measuring are vertical while the walls of the second tier California light built in 1862 and also located taper as they rise. on top of a fortification stair tower. Prior to approximately 7’ - 10” in length. The first tier commencing the design of the Tortugas can be accessed from below through the The lighthouse has two window openings on Harbor light, Smith was directed by General stair tower or from the terreplein through a the terreplein level, four window openings on

16 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK Ventilator ball, 1974

Metal roof, 1876

Lantern glazing LANTERN Bronze framing, 1998-1999 Lantern catwalk rail, 1976 Vent shields, 1998-1999

Lantern catwalk deck

Watchroom window shutters, 2009 WATCH ROOM Watchroom gallery railing, 1998-1999

Watchroom gallery deck, 1876

Watchroom gallery brackets, 1998-1999 TIER 2 Tier 2 window shutters, 2009

Iron plate exterior, 1876

TIER 1 Tier 1 window shutters, 2009

Tier 1 entrance door, 2009

Base angle, 1998-1999

LANTERN Light

Lantern hatch Lantern room flooring, 1876

Watchroom ladder to lantern, post-1968 Watchroom stair guardrail WATCH ROOM Watchroom wood floor, Ca. 1939

Tier 2 stair to Watch room TIER 2

Tier 2 stair guardrail Tier 2 wood floor, Ca.

Tier 1 stair to Tier 2,

TIER 1 Interior wood walls, all existing interior wood likely installed in early 1970s or later.

Tier 1 stair guardrail, 1938-1940

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 17 the second tier and four window openings and a door at the Watch Room tier. The lighthouse interior is covered with wood boards installed vertically, simple base and crown trim and 5” trim around the windows. The Watchroom is circular in plan with wood flooring and a pipe rail protecting the open hatchway from the tier below. A steel ladder attached to the southwest wall provides access to the small hatch in the ceiling that leads to the lantern. The gallery at the Watch Room Level can be accessed through a set of narrow double door on the east elevation. The gallery is approximately 3 feet wide and supported by iron brackets at each corner of the structure. A segmented railing extends around the perimeter of the gallery. The existing railing was installed in 1974. It is 2015 Image taken from lantern. 2015 Image of make-shift optic. experiencing significant corrosion and is in poor condition. The Lantern is also a circular space approximately 9’ in diameter with 3” wide boards lining the walls. The floor is made up of diamond plate steel segments. Circular openings in the wood lined walls that are covered with screening provide ventilation to the space. Wire glass panels has been installed in the Lantern and a make-shift lamp made up of three incandescent bulbs, mounted to a stand illuminates the lantern at night. Electrical service has been routed to the lighthouse from the second tier of the fort and up through the bastion stair tower. The power provides electricity to a series of modern cylindrical light fixtures mounted to the walls at each tier. Deteriorated state of gallery railing. Guard rail at third tier.

Ladder/stair at first tier. Double leaf door at third tier installed in 2009.

18 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK 2015 Image of Lighthouse from terreplein.

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 19 Treatment Recommendations

RECOMMENDATIONS EXCERPTED ed to work in conjunction with the Harbor disassembly of the structure, if pursued, will FROM STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS Lighthouse structure to resist lateral loads. need to be established so that the scaffolding ASSESSMENT REPORT BY SILMAN A design lateral load of 75 psf has been and shoring can be designed for the appro- The condition and stability of the Harbor used as the basis of design. The Lighthouse priate intended lifespan. Potential liability Lighthouse structure is likely to decline structure has not been analyzed as part of issues will also need to be considered, as rapidly without immediate treatment. Gen- the work completed. The actual capacity there may be a scenario where one contrac- eral maintenance and intermittent repairs of the existing structure, with or without the tor is installing scaffolding and shoring that performed in the 1930s, 1970s, 1990s, and shoring, may be more or less than 75 psf. It will be used by another contractor during 2000s have performed reasonably well and is assumed there is sufficient capacity in the disassembly. have allowed preservation of the structure for remaining Harbor Lighthouse structure to 140 years. However, continuing deterioration continue to resist lateral loads in conjunction Long-Term Treatment and shortening maintenance cycles indicate with the shoring. A life-cycle of roughly 18 to The following recommendations for the that the structure is on a downward course. 24 months for this approach is anticipated, Harbor Lighthouse provide increasing levels The current level of deterioration, the failure beyond which point the components of the of treatment. of past repairs, and the interest expressed by existing structure will likely have deteriorated NPS to lengthen maintenance cycles all point to a point where the scaffolding and shoring Treatment Level I will need to be supplemented to support full towards comprehensive off-site treatment The proposed Level I treatment involves lateral loads. Additionally, the scaffolding and rather than limited in-situ repair. in-situ repair and replacement of deteriorated shoring system will likely only be able to with- and damaged components of the structure. stand the environmental conditions for sever- Short-Term Treatment Temporary shoring will be used to support al months before the steel components begin The Harbor Lighthouse will be temporarily the self-weight of the structure, as well as to deteriorate and require maintenance, such shored to remove load from the most critical lateral loads (typically from wind) during as painting on a regular basis. and heavily deteriorated components. Exte- repair. This approach will focus on work rior scaffolding has been installed up to the The scaffolding and shoring have been critical to stabilizing the structure, with some third floor and balcony to provide protection designed to facilitate future disassembly and effort towards ongoing maintenance, such from falling debris and sufficient ‘closure’ removal of the Harbor Lighthouse for rehabil- as coatings and ventilation. The work will be to allow continued access to between the itation (see section “Long-Term Treatment”). similar in scope to that described in Section 6 parade and the terreplein through the stair There are some elements, such as shoring of the Tuckerbrook report, as well as to work tower at Bastion 6. of the fourth tier and shoring of the wood- completed in previous repair campaigns The current scaffolding can be retrofitted framed second floor, that are not included in in the 1930s, 1970s, and 1990s, as outlined and extended to provide shoring necessary the current shoring scope but will be required in Appendix A of the same report. The 1971 to carry the self-weight of the structure. Plan for disassembly. The fourth tier is in good to rehabilitation drawings provide a reference B Engineering has been engaged to design fair condition and does not require immedi- for comparable repair details. While this the scaffolding and shoring system (see ate shoring, and the first tier is in sufficient approach will result in a stable structure for Appendix B for drawings). The shoring, as condition to continue supporting the second the foreseeable future, the repair cycle will conceived for short-term treatment, is intend- floor directly above with little to no risk once remain short for continued intermittent work the upper tiers are shored. A timeframe for

20 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK and the potential for using the structure as structure may be transported directly to the ed and mechanical repairs will need to part of the park visitor experience, beyond contractor’s shop. The gantry system may be be evaluated for long-term performance viewing from the exterior, will be limited. This removed during rehabilitation of the structure during early design stages of the project. approach is not preferred given the past or left in-situ. Assume 10% crack repair at structural maintenance and repair history and future and detail components to remain. Materials and Components requirements. • Minor section loss – At areas of minor Individual components of the structure will be section loss, deteriorated sections may Treatment Level II dismantled off site, cleaned, and inspected be cut out and new compatible mate- The proposed, and recommended, Level II for deterioration and damage. Removal of riv- rial spliced in place by “cold welding”. treatment involves dismantling the structure eted components will likely involve drilling or Assume 10% minor section loss repair and moving it to an off-site facility for repair burning out the rivets. Effort will be made to only at detail (non-structural) components and rehabilitation. It is our opinion that the retain and repair original components where to remain, such as window and door level of work currently warranted cannot be possible and to provide new replacement frames, to improve weather resistance of adequately performed in situ. While previous components that are compatible with the the component. Section loss at struc- in-situ work has helped sustain the structure original in form and other defining character- tural elements will require partial or full to date, those past repairs where completed istics. replacement, as described below. with potentially incompatible materials and Table 1 below identifies the primary struc- • Coat surface of existing components, as are now deteriorating faster than the original ture, secondary structure, and non-structur- described below. components. Dismantling the structure will al components that comprise the Harbor allow for a more thorough evaluation of the Lighthouse. Information about the assumed material conditions and compatibility issues, material and percent repair vs. replacement Replacement – and will result in more durable and long-last- are provided for preliminary evaluation and • Provide new component to address se- ing repairs. This approach will also allow for pricing of the rehabilitation scope. The terms vere damage and/or section loss. Match much wider potential for using the structure, ‘repair’ and ‘replacement’ assume the follow- the existing in dimensions and geometry such as reopening it to the public and/or ing work: unless otherwise noted. New material will adaptively reusing it for other purposes. likely be mild steel (A36) where it must attach to existing material, such as for the Disassembly Repair – wall plates and ribs. Stainless steel (Type The structure will be dissembled and • Remove coatings down to bare metal. 316) may be used where it can be fully transported to a barge by a gantry system Prepare surface of existing component to separated, such as for the cast floor pan- or crane. The intent is to remove each of SSPC Standard “SP-10, Near White Blast els. Rolled shapes may need to be custom the four tiers intact and remove only those Cleaning.” Prior to and following prepa- fabricated to match the existing. components that prevent safe disassembly ration of surface to SP-10, clean to “SP-1, • Limited severe section loss – At areas of of the structure. The preferred gantry system Solvent Clean” to remove oil and grease. may consist of a scaffolding tower installed limited severe section loss, deteriorated • Perform repairs as required to address in the moat outside of Bastion 6 and Front 6, sections may be cut out and new compat- minor damage and/or section loss of with a high bridge at the terreplein towards ible material spliced in place by weld- original cast iron components. This the Harbor Lighthouse and a low bridge at ing. Sand and grind all splices smooth. excludes damaged third- and fourth-floor the ground towards the counterscarp. The Splicing of structural elements will require cast iron floor panels, which will likely bridges will have rails for horizontal transport complete join penetration (CJP) welding require replacement rather than repair. and the tower will have a chain-fall system to maintain the structural integrity of the Sand and grind all patches smooth. for vertical transport of the structure. Prelim- component. Otherwise, the component inary consultation with Plan B Engineering • Pitting - Repair areas of pitting larger than will be replaced in its entirety. suggests that the proposed gantry system 1/4” diameter and 1/8” depth with poly- • Coat surface of new components, as approach is feasible given the approximate mer repair compound over prime coat. described below. weight of each tier of the structure. The Assume 30% pitting repair at structural structure will be moved from the staging area and detail components to remain. on the counterscarp, north of the historic • Cracks – Cosmetic repair cracks can be seaplane ramp, to the main dock and loaded completed with caulk or fillers depending onto a barge or, if possible, the MV Fort Jef- on the width of the crack (which may also ferson. A barge may contain two semi-truck improve weather-tightness). Minor cracks flat beds, allowing for simpler unloading of may be patched with a filler compound the structure once in Key West. The structure containing iron particles in an epoxy resin will then be transported to the off-site facility binder and/or with polyester-based putty. for rehabilitation. The off-site facility may be More severe cracks may be repaired by provided by the National Park Service or the “cold welding” or lock-stitch inserts. Weld-

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 21 Table 1. Repair vs. Replacement of Harbor Lighthouse Components by Tier

Group ID Description Present Material % Repair % Replace 4th Tier / Roof 4.1 Roof panels Cast iron 100.0 -- 4.2 Lantern sill Cast iron 100.0 -- Primary Structure 4.3 Wall plate Wrought iron 50.0 50.0 4.4 Splice plates Wrought iron -- 100.0 4.5 Floor angle Steel -- 100.0 4.6 Lantern mullions Cast iron 100.0 -- 4.7 Glass panels Glass 75.0 25.0 Secondary Structure 4.8 Finial Cast iron -- 100.0 and Non-structural 4.9 Bar rail Steel 50.0 50.0 4.10 Vent shields Cast iron 50.0 50.0 3rd Tier / 4th Floor 3.1 Floor panels Cast iron 75.0 25.0 3.2 Ceiling angle Steel -- 100.0 3.3 Wall plate Wrought iron 75.0 25.0 Primary Structure 3.4 Ribs - channel Wrought iron 75.0 25.0 3.5 Splice plates Wrought iron 50.0 50.0 3.6 Floor angle Steel -- 100.0 3.7 Door frame Cast iron 100.00 -- 3.8 Window frames Cast iron 100.00 -- Secondary Structure 3.9 Balcony railing Steel -- 100.00 and Non-structural 3.10 Ladder Steel 100.00 -- 3.11 Shutters and doors Wood 50.00 50.00 2nd Tier / 3rd Floor 2.1 Floor framing Wood -- 100.0 2.2 Floor panels Cast iron 50.0 50.0 2.3 Balcony brackets Steel -- 100.0 2.4 Ceiling angle Steel -- 100.0 Primary Structure 2.5 Wall plate Wrought iron 75.0 25.0 2.6 Ribs - channel Wrought iron 75.0 25.0 2.7 Ribs - tee Wrought iron 75.0 25.0 2.8 Splice plates Wrought iron 50.0 50.0 2.9 Window frames Cast iron 100.00 -- Secondary Structure 2.10 Ladder Steel 100.00 -- and Non-structural 2.11 Shutters Wood 50.00 50.00 1st Tier / 2nd Floor 1.1 Floor framing Wood -- 100.0 1.2 Channel - flat Wrought iron 75.0 25.0 1.3 Channel - vertical Wrought iron 75.0 25.0 1.4 Wall plate Wrought iron 75.0 25.0 Primary Structure 1.5 Ribs - channel Wrought iron 75.0 25.0 1.6 Ribs - tee Wrought iron 75.0 25.0 1.7 Splice plates Wrought iron 50.0 50.0 1.8 Floor angle Steel -- 100.0 1.9 Door frame Cast iron 100.00 --

Secondary Structure 1.10 Window frames Cast iron 100.00 -- and Non-structural 1.11 Ladder Wood 100.00 -- 1.12 Shutters and doors Wood 50.00 50.00

22 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK Metallurgical testing will be required to Reattachment of the structure assumes ADDITIONAL TREATMENT confirm the material composition and coring out the existing anchor bolts, repairing RECOMMENDATIONS weldability of existing components and the existing masonry at the anchor locations, Comprehensive rehabilitation of the to select the appropriate material and and providing new grouted sock anchors Lighthouse will need to address both the connection details for replacement drilled several feet into the masonry. Anchors broad issues related to repairing its structural components. Implementation of a testing from the Harbor Lighthouse structure to the envelope and degraded iron components program is currently in process and sampling masonry will be stainless steel (Type 316). as well as restoring those features that may be completed in situ. Assume three Masonry repairs at each existing anchor contribute to and support its function as an tests minimum for component type (i.e., location may range from limited replacement interpreted resource. floor panels, wall panels, ribs). Tuckerbrook of damaged brick and/or concrete fill to Conservation and Scientific Analysis of removal and rebuilding of masonry and/ Exterior Iron Fine Art have prepared a proposal for or concrete fill at the center of the wall to a The recent removal of the wood lining from metallurgical testing. distance from the top of the existing granite the interior of the Lighthouse revealed the coping to the bottom of the existing ferrous All components will be reassembled with presence of original stamps on the inside anchors. Temporary support of the existing new mild or stainless steel fasteners to match face of the iron wall plates. The stamps read: stone stair treads may be required for either the existing in spacing and appearance scope of masonry repair, with the extent of MAJOR J.A. SMITH. unless otherwise noted. All dissimilar metal FORT JEFFERSON, FLA temporary support paralleling the scope of components, including fasteners, will be the repair. It is also intended that the brick It is likely these stamps date to the original separated by sufficient coating and/or by masonry walls of the Bastion 6 stair tower fabrication and delivery of the lighthouse di-electric spacers (neoprene, nylon, Teflon, facing the parade ground will be repointed components in 1876. It is therefore etc.). Di-electric separation materials will prior to reinstallation of the lighthouse. recommended the stamps be recorded and need to be evaluated for effectiveness during preserved as part of the treatment plan for early design stages of the project. Treatment Level III the exterior envelope. The stamps should The proposed Level III treatment will A mockup program can be implemented to not be removed or obscured by the painted be like treatment Level II of removal monitor the performance and durability of the finish that will be applied to the iron plates. and rehabilitation, though with greater selected materials and connection details It is recommended that the new protective consideration for original form and detailing, under exposure to environmental conditions. finish be interrupted at the stamps or that a material compatibility, and extending the Mockups may be tested on site, or off site reversible clear coat finish be applied over lifespan of original and new components. using accelerated weathering techniques. On the stamps. site testing is likely preferred so that exposure For example, replacement components can and weathering characteristics are the same be new cast and wrought iron instead of as those for that will be experienced by the steel. Other corrosion-resistant materials, Ventilation Ball restored structure. properly separated from the remaining According to available records, the ventilation ferrous components of the structure, may ball currently present on the roof of the Coatings be considered. Methods for active corrosion Lighthouse was fabricated and installed as All original, repaired, and replacement protection, such as cathodic protection, part of repairs completed by the National components will be coated on all surfaces can also be implemented to slow future Park Service in the early 1970s. Although the with a high-performance coating system. The deterioration and increase the lifespan of existing vent ball appears to closely match coatings will likely be similar to the epoxy- the work. The Level II treatment follows a the original in terms of overall dimension based system described in Section 5 of the structural repair/rehabilitation philosophy and appearance, it does not include the Tuckerbrook report, with a zinc-rich primer (e.g. replacement of existing deteriorated short spire or lightning rod visible in historic and an engineered siloxane top coat. A wrought iron with new off-the-shelf steel images nor does the design include the Naval-grade marine coating system may also to maintain stability), while the Level III ventilation holes around the base of the be considered for increased durability. treatment takes on a sculptural conservation sphere. It is therefore recommended that a philosophy (e.g. replacement of existing new vent ball that matches more precisely deteriorated wrought iron with new custom Reinstallation the features of the original be fabricated wrought iron to restore the original form and and installed as part of the comprehensive The structure will be reassembled on site and materials). rehabilitation plan. re-anchored to the existing masonry walls of Bastion 6. Transport back to the site may be as individual components, or the tiers may be Interior Wood Finish reassembled off-site and returned similar to The original drawings completed for the how they were removed. The structure may Lighthouse do not indicate any interior need to be partially or fully reassembled in wall finishes within the structure. The only the off-site facility prior to transport back to wood shown on the drawings is that called the site to ensure proper fit-up. out for the intermediate floor structure, the doors, shutters and their jambs as well as

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 23 the aprons and trim below the iron window tion with Natural Resources staff and compli- sills. Information regarding wall finish ance review to ensure that light levels are not appears to have been deliberately omitted at odds with requirements related to wildlife from the building sections on the original habitats or night sky legislation. drawings. This could suggest that selection of the interior finishes may have been left to the discretion of the Keeper or possibly contingent upon the availability of materials or funding at the time of construction. The wood lining that was recently documented and removed to accommodate inspection of the interior face of the iron envelope was not historic and was determined to have been installed in the early 1970s. It is not known if this installation matched the historic condition. Project records from the 1930s when the National Park Service took control of the site indicate that the wood lining was present at that time. Records from prior to this date suggest that some wood finish was present but do not definitively confirm when it was installed or provide any information about its design. Given this, it is recommended that the design and installation of wood lining on the Lighthouse interior be included as part of the treatment plan.

Vertical Circulation and Interior Elements There are a several ladders and steep stairs within the lighthouse that accommodate vertical circulation between the tiers. Associ- ated with these vertical circulation elements are wood and metal guard rails, and hatch covers protecting the floor openings, Unfor- tunately, available historic documentation does not provide definitive information about the age or installation date of these features. Given this, it is recommended that the exist- ing elements be repaired if necessary and reused as part of the rehabilitation plan.

Interior Power and Lighting It is recommended the existing electrical service to the lighthouse be maintained and the existing light fixtures be replaced with new fixtures. Efforts should be made to minimize the visual intrusion of the service conduit, components and fixtures.

Lamp/Optic It is recommended that the new lamp/optic installed in the lantern provide illumination that more closely resembles the character of the original light. This may require coordina-

24 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK 2015 Image of Watchroom and Lantern.

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 25

APPENDICES

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 27

APPENDIX A. DRAWINGS

Drawings obtained from the South Florida Collections Managerment Center Everglades National Park

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 29

Tortugas Harbor Light Station, Florida

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 31 Site for Coal and Buoy Sheds for Lighthouse Establishment, Fort Jefferson, Dry Tortugas

32 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK Tortugas Harbor, Office of Lighthouse Engineers, Seventh District

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 33 Tortugas Harbor

34 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK Tortguas Harbor, Details of an Iron Lighthouse to be placed over Bastion C in Fort Jefferson, Fla.

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 35

APPENDIX B. SELECT HISTORIC IMAGES

Images obtained from the South Florida Collections Managerment Center Everglades National Park

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 37

EVER 7337 - Ca. 1898.

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 39 EVER 7340 - Ca. 1898.

40 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK EVER 7349 - Ca. 1900.

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 41 DRTO 301001. March 28, 1937.

42 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK DRTO 301193 - Date Unkown

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 43 DRTO 301553 - Date Unkown.

44 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK DRTO 301667 - Date Unkown.

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 45 EVER 7131 - Ca 1937.

46 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK EVER 007215 - 1965.

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 47 DRTO 301455 - 1976.

48 DRY TORTUGAS NATIONAL PARK DRTO 301705 - 1976.

TORTUGAS HARBOR LIGHTHOUSE 49 APPENDIX C. STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT