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Câmpul Magnetic. Liniile Câmpului Magnetic DUCAţiei DUCAţiei E EPUBLICII MOLDOVA R AL MINISTERUL Mihai MARINCIUC Ion NACU Spiridon RUSU Ştefan TIRON Manual pentru clasa a XII -a Ştiinţa, 2017 CZU 53+52 (075.3) F 62 Manualul este elaborat conform Curriculumului disciplinar în vigoare, aprobat prin Ordinul ministrului educaţiei (nr. 510 din 13 iunie 2011) și finanțat din Fondul special pentru manuale. Contribuţia autorilor: Mihai Marinciuc – cap. 1 (temele 1.1–1.5), cap. 4–6, 7 (temele 7.1–7.6), cap. 9 (tema 9.1); Spiridon Rusu – cap. 1 (temele 1.6–1.8), cap. 2, 3, 7 (temele 7.7, 7.8); Ion Nacu – cap. 8 (temele 8.1–8.3 (a, b, c), 8.4); Ştefan Tiron – cap. 8 (temele 8.3 (d), 8.5–8.7), cap. 9 (tema 9.2) Comisia de evaluare: Viorel Duşciac, doctor conferenţiar, USM; Tatiana Comerzan, şefa Centrului metodic DGÎTS Cimişlia, prof. şcolar (gr. did. superior); Ion Albu, prof. şcolar (gr. did. superior), Liceul Teoretic „Mihai Eminescu”, Drochia; Efim Lungu, prof. şcolar (gr. did. superior), Liceul Teoretic „Mihai Corlăteanu”, Glinjeni, Făleşti; Pavel Stratan, prof. şcolar (gr. did. I), Liceul Teoretic „Onisifor Ghibu”, Orhei Acest manual este proprietatea Ministerului Educaţiei al Republicii Moldova. Liceul _______________________________________________________________________________________ Manualul nr. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Anul Numele de familie Anul Aspectul manualului de folosire şi prenumele elevului şcolar la primire la restituire 1 2 3 4 5 Dirigintele controlează dacă numele elevului este scris corect. Elevul nu trebuie să facă niciun fel de însemnări în manual. Aspectul manualului (la primire şi restituire) se va aprecia cu calificativele: nou, bun, satisfăcător, nesatisfăcător. Responsabil de ediție: Larisa Dohotaru Redactor: Mariana Belenciuc Corectori: Maria Cornesco, Tatiana Darii Redactor tehnic: Nina Duduciuc Machetare computerizată: Olga Ciuntu, Valentin Vârtosu jr. Copertă: Romeo Şveţ Întreprinderea Editorial-Poligrafică Ştiinţa, str. Academiei, nr. 3; MD-2028, Chişinău, Republica Moldova; tel.: (+373 22) 73-96-16; fax: (+373 22) 73-96-27; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; www.editurastiinta.md DIFUZARE: ÎM Societatea de Distribuţie a Cărţii PRO-NOI, str. Alba-Iulia, nr. 75; MD-2051, Chişinău, Republica Moldova; tel.: (+373 22) 51-68-17, 71-96-74; fax: (+373 22) 58-02-68; e-mail: [email protected]; www.pronoi.md Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediţii aparţin Întreprinderii Editorial-Poligrafice Ştiinţa. Descrierea CIP a Camerei Naţionale a Cărţii Fizică. Astronomie: Manual pentru clasa a 12-a / Mihai Marinciuc, Spiridon Rusu, Ion Nacu [et al.]; Min. Educaţiei al Rep. Moldova. – Ch.: Î.E.P. Ştiinţa, 2017 (Tipogr. „BALACRON” SRL). – 168 p. ISBN 978-9975-85-074-2 53+52 (075.3) ISBN 978-9975-85-074-2 © Mihai Marinciuc, Spiridon Rusu, Ion Nacu, Ştefan Tiron. 2011, 2017 © Î.E.P. Ştiinţa. 2011, 2017 CUPRINS1 Capitolul 1. ELecTROmaGneTismUL Capitolul 3. OsciLAţii şI Unde 1.1. Câmpul magnetic. Liniile câmpului magnetic ... 5 ELECTROmaGneTice 1.2. Inducţia magnetică. Forţa electromagnetică ... 7 3.1. Oscilaţii electromagnetice . 42 1.3. Acţiunea câmpului magnetic asupra sarcinilor a. Circuitul oscilant ideal ................... 42 * electrice în mișcare. Forţa Lorentz ............ 9 b. Analogia dintre oscilaţiile mecanice și electromagnetice. Perioada și frecvenţa 1.4. Mișcarea particulelor încărcate în câmp oscilaţiilor electromagnetice .............. 43 magnetic ................................. 11 c.* Oscilaţii electromagnetice amortizate 1.5.* Proprietăţile magnetice ale substanţei. și forţate ............................... 44 Permeabilitatea relativă .................... 13 3.2.*Câmpul electromagnetic ................... 45 1.6. Inducţia electromagnetică .................. 15 3.3. Undele electromagnetice ................... 47 a. Fenomenul inducţiei electromagnetice. a.* Existenţa undelor electromagnetice ........ 47 Aplicaţii practice ........................ 15 b. Propagarea undelor electromagnetice ...... 47 b. Fluxul câmpului magnetic. Regula lui Lenz . 17 c. Legea inducţiei electromagnetice. Tensiunea 3.4. Clasificarea undelor electromagnetice ........ 49 electromotoare de inducţie ............... 19 3.5. Comunicaţii prin unde electromagnetice ..... 50 1.7. Autoinducţia. Inductanţa circuitului ......... 21 a. Principiile radiocomunicaţiei ............. 50 a. Fenomenul de autoinducţie ............... 21 b. Radiolocaţia ............................ 51 b. Inductanţa. T.e.m. de autoinducţie ......... 22 3.6. Evoluţia concepţiilor despre natura luminii ..... 52 1.8. Energia câmpului magnetic ................. 23 3.7. Interferenţa luminii ....................... 53 a. Coerenţa undelor luminoase. Condiţiile Capitolul 2. CUrenTUL ELecTric de observare a interferenţei luminii ........ 54 ALTernaTIV b.* Dispozitivul lui Young ................... 55 2.1. Generarea tensiunii electromotoare alternative .. 24 c.*Lama cu feţe plan-paralele . 56 * 2.2. Valorile efective ale intensităţii și tensiunii d. Inelele lui Newton ....................... 57 alternative ................................ 26 e. Aplicaţii ale interferenţei luminii . 58 2.3.*Circuite în curent alternativ ................ 27 3.8. Difracţia luminii .......................... 60 a. Particularităţile circuitelor în curent a. Studiul calitativ al difracţiei luminii ....... 60 alternativ ............................... 27 b.. Difracţia luminii de la o fantă. Reţeaua b. Rezistor ideal în curent alternativ ......... 28 de difracţie ............................. 61 c. Bobină ideală în curent alternativ .......... 28 3.9..*Polarizarea luminii ........................ 65 d. Condensator ideal în curent alternativ ..... 30 a. Modelul mecanic al stării de polarizare. e. Circuite RLC serie în curent alternativ. Planul de polarizare ..................... 65 Legea lui Ohm .......................... 31 b. Starea de polarizare a luminii. f. Rezonanţa tensiunilor. Factorul de calitate .... 33 Transversalitatea undelor de lumină ....... 65 c. Polarizarea luminii prin reflexie ........... 67 2.4.*Puterea în circuit de curent alternativ ........ 35 3.10.*Împrăștierea luminii ...................... 68 2.5. Transportul energiei electrice la distanţe mari ... 38 a. Generatorul de curent alternativ .......... 38 Capitolul 4. ELemenTE de TEOrie b. Randamentul liniei de transport. Impactul A reLATIVITăţii resTRÂnse asupra organismelor vii .................. 39 4.1.*Principiul relativităţii în fizică. Postulatele c. Transformatorul ........................ 40 lui Einstein ............................... 69 1 Temele, exercițiile, problemele marcate convenţional cu * sunt destinate doar elevilor de la profilul real. 4.2.*Spaţiul și timpul în teoria relativităţii restrânse ... 71 Capitolul 8. ELemenTE de asTRONOmie a. Relativitatea simultaneităţii ............... 71 8.1. Astronomia în cadrul știinţelor fizice ....... 123 b. Relativitatea intervalelor de timp . 72 a. Obiectul și problemele fundamentale ale c. Relativitatea dimensiunilor longitudinale ... 73 astronomiei ........................... 123 4.3.* Transformările lui Lorentz și consecinţele b. Metodele de cercetare astrofizică ......... 124 acestora .................................. 75 a. Transformările lui Lorentz ............... 75 8.2. Elemente de astronomie practică ........... 125 b. Compunerea relativistă a vitezelor . 76 a. Mișcarea aparentă a stelelor. Constelaţiile ... 125 b. Sfera cerească și elementele ei ............ 127 4.4.* Noţiune de dinamică relativistă ............. 77 c. Mișcarea anuală aparentă a Soarelui. Capitolul 5. ELemenTE DE fiZICă CUanTICă Ecliptica .............................. 127 5.1. Radiaţia termică. Ipoteza cuantelor .......... 79 d. Sistemele de coordonate cerești. 5.2. Efectul fotoelectric extern .................. 81 Culminația aștrilor. Echinocțiile și solstițiile .. 128 a. Efectul fotoelectric. Legi experimentale .... 81 e. Mișcarea periodică a Pământului și a Lunii. b. Fotonii. Teoria cuantică a efectului fotoelectric Fazele Lunii. Eclipsele de Soare și de Lună ... 130 extern ................................. 83 f. Timpul și măsurarea lui. Calendarul ...... 133 c. Celule fotoelectrice ...................... 85 8.3. Sistemul Solar . 135 5.3.*Presiunea luminii ......................... 86 a. Planetele de tip terestru și planetele gigante. 5.4.* Proprietăţile ondulatorii ale microparticulelor. Sateliţii planetelor. Planetele pitice . ....... 135 Dualismul undă–corpuscul ................. 88 b. Corpurile mici ale Sistemului Solar ....... 139 a. Undele de Broglie. Difracţia electronilor . 88 c. Pământul. Structura internă, hidrosfera, b. Microscopul electronic ................... 89 atmosfera și magnetosfera Pământului. Capitolul 6. ELemenTE de fiZică A ATOMULUI Luna. Mareele ......................... 142 d. Noţiuni de cosmogonie. Originea și evoluţia 6.1. Fenomene în care se manifestă structura Sistemului Solar ........................ 145 compusă a atomului ....................... 91 6.2. Experimentul lui Rutherford. Modelul planetar 8.4. Elemente de mecanică cerească . 146 al atomului ............................... 93 a. Mișcarea aparentă a planetelor. 6.3. Modelul atomului după Bohr ............... 95 Concepţia helio centrică a Universului . 146 a. Postulatele lui Bohr . 95 b. Perioada siderală și perioada sinodică de b.*Atomul de hidrogen în cadrul teoriei lui Bohr . 95 revoluţie a planetelor. Legile lui Kepler ...... 148 6.4.* Emisia stimulată a radiaţiei. Laserul ......... 99 8.5. Soarele .................................. 149 a. Structura internă
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