Making Nuclear Physics Industrial Engineering Science: Talented Soviet Physicist with Troublesome Character and Career

American Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering 2017; 2(3): 144-149 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajmie doi: 10.11648/j.ajmie.20170203.15 Making Nuclear Physics Industrial Engineering Science: Talented Soviet Physicist with Troublesome Character and Career Nurgaliev Ildus S. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Chair in Renewable Energy and Rural Electrification, All-Russian Research Institute for Electrification of Agriculture, Moscow, Russian Federation Email address: [email protected] To cite this article: Nurgaliev Ildus S. Making Nuclear Physics Industrial Engineering Science: Talented Soviet Physicist with Troublesome Character and Career. American Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. Vol. 2, No. 3, 2017, pp. 144-149. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmie.20170203.15 Received: November 1, 2016; Accepted: January 6, 2017; Published: March 6, 2017 Abstract: The biography and scientific results of the prominent Soviet-Russian physicist Dmitry Ivanenko are presented. Dramatic career of the talented physicist is described on the historic background of dramatic period of Soviet Union. Professor Ivanenko appears as an figure of Novel level by his talent of Physicist not get recognized by part of colleagues because of his personal troublesome character and historic circumstances. The purpose of the article is to bring attention of the community to necessity of closer collaboration between scientists and state governments in front of the coming global challenges. Keywords: Industrial Engineering, Biography of D. Ivanenko, History of Theoretical Physics, Mechanical Engineering, Cosmological Term, Theory of Gravitation character and refers to the scientific results of the author only 1. Introduction in the list of references. Every period of science history has its heroes and, sometimes, anti-heroes. Sometimes they change their status in 2. Biography of Dmitri Ivanenko accordance with further scientific development, with relationships with colleagues and with power. The decades Dmitri Dmitrievich Ivanenko (1904—1994) was one of the after the Russian Revolution, called Great October Socialistic prominent theoreticians and actively contributed into Revolution in the Soviet Union those years, were such kind of gravitational and nuclear research as well as to the period for “Jazz Band”: Lev Landau, Geore Gamov, Matvei institutional development of this branches of Physics in the Bronstein and Dmitri Ivanenko, young talented Physicists in former Soviet Union. Leningrad in the mid-1920s who were passionately studying He was born on July 29, 1904 in Poltava (Russian Empire), cutting edge dynamic theoretical Physics of those years. The currently Ukraine Republic, in a family of well educated name “Jazz Band” means that American Jazz for a short period, parents. His father was editor and publisher of the city before getting banned, symbolized for the quartet freedom, newspaper, his mother was a school teacher. In 1920 he upbeat lifestyle and optimism. All members of the cheerful graduated from high school in Poltava. From 1920 to 1923 he “band” experienced harsh repressive character of the regime. worked as a teacher of physics and mathematics at a school Landau and Ivanenko were repressed, Gamov defeated, of Poltava, while he studied and graduated from the Poltava Bronstein was shot. In 1980s once when Dmitry Ivanenko Pedagogical Institute and worked part time at the Poltava called his group “our band” in our converstion Gennady Astronomical Observatory. He was enrolled in Kharkov Sardanashvili reacted “Dmitri Dmitrievich the term “band” is University, and at the first course was transferred to the not acceptable for scientific group and sounds very strange”. Leningrad State University, from which he graduated in 1927. He was right because in Russian context this term sounds as His attempt to transfer from Kharkov University into “gang” for those who does not know the English connotation Moscow State University was not successful, though, he, of the Russian word “band”. This report has memorial much later, became famous as a professor of the Moscow American Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering 2017; 2(3): 144-149 145 State University. accused in participation in anti-soviet activity in connection In 1927-1929 he was student of the Leningrad branch of with defeated George Gamow. Exile to Tomsk followed after the Physics and Mathematics Institute of the USSR awarded Karaganda forced labor camp. D. Ivanenko was a professor the scholarship named after Steklov, and a research fellow of at Tomsk and Sverdlovsk Universities until the beginning of the same institute. In 1929 he moved to Kharkov, to lead the the World War II. From 1943 and until the last days of his life, theoretical department of Ukrainian Physico-Technical he was closely associated with the Physics Faculty of M. V. Institute. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Dmitri Ivanenko worked at the Kharkov Institute of Dmitri Ivanenko made the fundamental contribution to Physics and Technology in 1929 – 31, being the first Director many areas of nuclear physics, field theory and theory of of its theoretical department; Lev Landau, Nobel Laureate, gravitation. Here are the details in short. In 1928, Ivanenko and student-years friend and later rival, became his successor, and Landau developed the theory of fermions as 1932 – 37. Paskual Jordan, Victor Wieskopf, Felix Bloch skew-symmetric tensors in contrast with the Dirac spinor (Nobel laureate in 1952) and Paul Dirac (Nobel Laureate in model. Their theory, widely known as the Ivanenko -- 1933) visited D. Ivanenko in Kharkov. Ivanenko very often Landau – Kahler theory, is not equivalent to Dirac's one in used to mention with well-deserved pride his role in the presence of a gravitational field, and only one describing organizing the 1st Soviet theoretical conference (1929) in fermions in contemporary lattice field theory. Kharkov, and founding the journal "Physikalische Zeitschrift In 1929, Ivanenko and Fock generalized the Dirac der Sowjetunion" first Soviet journal in foreign language equation and described parallel transport of spinors in a (1932). In February 1931, his rank of professor was approved curved space-time (the famous Fock – Ivanenko coefficients). by the Presidium of the Supreme Economic Council of the Nobel laureate Abdus Salam called it the first gauge field Ukrainian SSR. He became a head of the Department of theory. Theoretical Physics of the Kharkov Mechanical Engineering In 1930, Victor Ambartsumian and Dmitri Ivanenko (former Technology) Institute of Kharkov University. suggested the hypothesis of creation and annihilation of Since 1931 again in Leningrad, he became senior massive particles which became the corner stone of researcher at the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute contemporary quantum field theory. named after Abraam Ioffe, as well as the head of the seminar Dmitri Ivanenko and Igor Tamm (Nobel Laureate in 1958) on nuclear physics. He served as the editor of the theoretical suggested the first non-phenomenological theory of paired department of the Leningrad branch of the State technical electron-neutrinor nuclear forces in 1934. They made the and theoretical publishing house in 1932-1935. Eight significant assumption that interaction can be undergone by collections of classical works and books of modern physics an exchange of massive particles. Based on their model, were published under his editorship the first time in Russian Nobel laureate Hideki Yukawa developed his meson theory. including books of Lui deBroile, Heisenberg, Dirac, Ivanenko proposed a non-linear generalization of Dirac's Schrödinger, Brilluen, Sommerfield, Eddington. D. Ivanenko equation in 1938. Based on this generalization, W. was professor, head of the Department of Physics of the Heisenberg and he developed the unified nonlinear field Leningrad Pedagogical Institute named after Pokrovsky. theory in 50ths. In 1944, Dmitri Ivanenko and Isaak After returning to Leningrad at the Physical-Technical Pomeranchuk predicted the phenomenon of synchrotron Institute, D. Ivanenko concentrated his interest in nuclear radiation from relativistic electrons in a betatron. This physics. In May 1932, Ivanenko published the radiation was soon discovered experimentally by American proton-neutron model of the atomic nucleus in journal experimenters D. Bluitt (1946) and H. Pollock (1947). “Nature”, and two months later Werner Heisenberg (Nobel Synchrotron radiation possesses a number of very specific laureate in 1932) referred to his work. In August 1932, D. properties which provide its wide applications. In particular, Ivanenko and E. Gapon proposed a pioneer nuclear shell neutron stars also are sources of this type of radiation. model describing the energy level arrangement of protons Classical theory of synchrotron radiation was developed by and neutrons in the nucleus in terms of energy levels. Later Dmitri Ivanenko in collaboration with Arseny Sokolov in this model was developed by Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria 1948, and independently by Julian Schwinger (Nobel Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen who shared the 1963 Laureate, 1965). For their work on synchrotron radiation, D. Nobel Prize for their contributions. Ivanenko, A. Sokolov and I. Pomeranchuk were awarded the Ivanenko’s success pushed forward the nuclear physics Stalin Prize in 1950. progress in the former USSR. In 1933 on the initiative of Two of D. Ivanenko's and A. Sokolov's monographs Dmitri Ivanenko and Igor Kurchatov,

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