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Copyright by John Michael Meyer 2020
Copyright by John Michael Meyer 2020 The Dissertation Committee for John Michael Meyer Certifies that this is the approved version of the following Dissertation. One Way to Live: Orde Wingate and the Adoption of ‘Special Forces’ Tactics and Strategies (1903-1944) Committee: Ami Pedahzur, Supervisor Zoltan D. Barany David M. Buss William Roger Louis Thomas G. Palaima Paul B. Woodruff One Way to Live: Orde Wingate and the Adoption of ‘Special Forces’ Tactics and Strategies (1903-1944) by John Michael Meyer Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2020 Dedication To Ami Pedahzur and Wm. Roger Louis who guided me on this endeavor from start to finish and To Lorna Paterson Wingate Smith. Acknowledgements Ami Pedahzur and Wm. Roger Louis have helped me immeasurably throughout my time at the University of Texas, and I wish that everyone could benefit from teachers so rigorous and open minded. I will never forget the compassion and strength that they demonstrated over the course of this project. Zoltan Barany developed my skills as a teacher, and provided a thoughtful reading of my first peer-reviewed article. David M. Buss kept an open mind when I approached him about this interdisciplinary project, and has remained a model of patience while I worked towards its completion. My work with Tom Palaima and Paul Woodruff began with collaboration, and then moved to friendship. Inevitably, I became their student, though they had been teaching me all along. -
Bibliographic Guide to Further Reading
BIBLIOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO FURTHER READING The historical, memoir, travel, and technical literature on Ethiopia is immense and continually growing. A complete bibliography would require a very thick volume. Included below are most of the major books cited in the text. Journal articles, pamphlets and monographs are not included. Many worthwhile books from my own collection not specifically referenced in the footnotes have been added. Books in languages other than English, German, French, Italian and Portu guese are not listed. Among the most valuable sources for research on Ethiopia are the proceedings of the triennial International Ethiopian Studies Conferences (IESC), the most recent of which were held in East Lansing, Michigan in September 1994 and in Kyoto,Japan in Decem ber 1997. The former produced 2,372 pages of papers published as New Trends in Ethiopian Studies (2 vols. Red Sea Press, No. 1994). The latter resulted in 2,345 pp. of papers published as Ethiopia in Broader Perspective (Shokado, Kyoto, 1997, 3vols). The 14th IESC is scheduled to take place in Addis Ababa in November 2000. Many other volumes of conference proceedings have been published in Ethiopia and elsewhere during the past three decades. With only a few except ions, these have not been listed below. HISTORY AND CULTURE, GENERAL Berhanou Abebe, Historie de lithiopie d'Axoum ala revolution, Maison neuve et Larose, Paris, 1998. E. A. Wallis Budge, History ofEthiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, Methuen, London, 192R David Buxton, The Abyssinians, Thames & Hudson, London, 1970. Franz Amadeus Dombrowski, Ethiopia sAccess to the Sea, EJ. Brill, Leiden, 1985. Jean Doresse, Ethiopia, Elee, London, 1959. -
Dem (Däm) (A,Geez) 1. Blood; 2. Sap of Plant; Deem (O) Go ?? Dem Bahir
dem (däm) (A,Geez) 1. blood; 2. sap of plant; deem (O) go ?? Dem Bahir ../.. [Ch] Lake about a mile in diameter, formed in a depression on a lava field - lava blocks instead of mud can be seen on the bottom through the clear water. Close by is another similar lake, Kurt Bahir. [Cheesman 1936] HEF80 Dem Bet 11°36'/39°23' 1908 m 11/39 [Gz] HDK21 Dem Gijo 09°14'/37°41' 1688 m 09/37 [AA Gz] dema: demma (dämma) (A) bleed, make bleed; dema, deemaa (O) lustful, lewd, lecherous, promiscuous HED70 Dema, see Deyma HED92 Dema (area) 11/37 [WO] JEC50 Dema Lay Terara (Dema'lay T.) 11°19'/41°37' 831 m 11/41 [MS] JEC40 Demaali (Dema'ali), see Damahale JDC72 Demadegu, see Gicha GCU33 Demai 07/34 [WO] demb (dämb) (A) usage, established custom, rule HBL37 Demb (Uamore Demb?) (area) 03°54'/39°08' 03/39 [WO Gz] HFF23 Demba Mikael (church) 13°49'/39°41', east of Wikro 13/39 [Gz] dembal doro: dooro (Som), doro (A) chicken HBM73 Dembal Doro (Dembeldora, Dambaldoro) 04/39 [Gz LM WO] 04°19'/39°38' 1133 m HDE37 Dembala (area) 08/39 [WO] dembar (T) awkward, bashful; dembara (A) border, boundary; denbari (dänbari) (A) shy, skittish HCK78c Dembara, 2120 m, cf Denbera, Dimbira 07/38 [Gu] HCK79 Dembara 07°01'/38°20' 1789 m 07/38 [Wa Gz] HC... Dembara, see Denbara Kela ?? Dembaro ../.. [20] Menilek made submission to Yohannes IV at his camp at Dembaro on 20 March 1878 in an elaborate ceremony. Menilek was crowned King of Shewa on 26 March. -
2015 Mil History Autobiography Field
The information given in this document is not to be communicated either directly or indirectly to the press or to any person not holding an official position in the service of the Government of India/ State Government of the Union of India. PRE STAFF COURSE - 2015 MIL HISTORY AUTOBIOGRAPHY FIELD MARSHALL THE VISCOUNT WILLIAM SLIM PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF MILITARY TRAINING (MT-2) INTEGRATED HEADQUARTERS OF MoD (ARMY) i MIL HISTORY AUTOBIOGRAPHY FIELD MARSHALL THE VISCOUNT WILLIAM SLIM TABLE OF CONTENTS S No Chapter Contents Page No 1. Chapter 1 Introduction 1-2 2. Chapter 2 Early Life till the Burma Campaign: 3-12 Opportunities And Lessons Learnt (1891-1942) 3. Chapter 3 The Burma Campaign: Retreat (15 January to 13-24 15 May 1942) 4. Chapter 4 The Burma Campaign: Rebuild (16 May 1942 25-30 to 15 October 1943) 5. Chapter 5 The Burma Campaign: Redemption 31-73 (16 October 1943 to 14 August 1945) 6. Chapter 6 Evaluation of Slim as a Military Leader 74-82 7. Chapter 7 Conclusion 83-86 8. Chapter 8 Questionnaire 87 ii ILLUSTRATIONS S No Sketch Page No 88 1. Sketch 1- Map of Gallabat, 1940 2. Sketch 2- Map of Deir-Ez-Zor, 1941 89 3. Sketch 3- Burma And South-East Asia, December 1941 90 4. Sketch 4- Japanese Onslaught, December 1941-May 1942 91 5. Sketch 5- Japanese Ha-Go Offensive, February 1944 92 6. Sketch 6- Operation Thursday, February 1944 93 7. Sketch 7- Japanese Thrust on Imphal-Kohima 94 8. Sketch 8- Capital and Extended Capital 95 9. -
SPRING 2017 the Chindit Column the Boldest Measures Are the Safest
SPRING 2017 the Chindit Column The boldest measures are the safest Our Aims and Objectives for the Society To protect and maintain the legacy and good name of the Chindits and their great deeds during the Burma Campaign. To carry that name forward into the public domain, through presentations and education. To gather together and keep safe Chindit writings, memoirs and other treasures for the The Chairman’s Message benefit of future generations. Welcome to the third edition of the Chindit Column. In recent To assist families and other times a few of our Chindits have sadly faded away, but the interested parties in seeking out Society continues to grow and now boasts a membership of 278. the history of their Chindit th The Society has an extremely close relationship with the new 77 relative or loved one. Brigade. Nine Chindits and their families attended their barracks for the Royal visit by HRH the Prince of Wales and later for The Wherever possible, to ensure Chindwin Dinner. I would like to take this opportunity to wish the continued well being of all their Commanding officer, Brigadier Alistair Aitken the very best our Chindit veterans. in his new endeavour, and to thank him for all the support he has shown us. Inside this issue 77th Brigade Maggie the Mule Wingate’s Maxims Page 3 Page 7 Page 8 Our Chindit 111 Brigade’s RAF Some words of veterans visit to the Wireless Mule in wisdom before Denison Barracks 1944. Continued Operation in January. on page 10. Longcloth. THE CHINDIT COLUMN SPRING 2017 The Tallest of all Chindits Pte. -
Battle of Kohima, the Debt They Owe to Their Forebears, and the Inspiration That North East India Can Be Derived from Their Stories
261670_kohima_cover 1/4/04 11:29 Page 1 SECOND WORLD WAR TH ‘A nation that forgets its past has no future’. These words by Winston Churchill could not be more apt to describe the purpose of this series of booklets, of which this is the first. 60ANNIVERSARY These booklets commemorate various Second World War actions, and aim not only to remember and commemorate those who fought and died, but also to remind future generations of The Battle of Kohima, the debt they owe to their forebears, and the inspiration that North East India can be derived from their stories. 4 April – 22 June 1944 They will help those growing up now to be aware of the veterans’ sacrifices, and of the contributions they made to our security and to the way of life we enjoy today. ‘The turning point in the war with Japan’ 261670_kohima_cover 1/4/04 11:30 Page 3 The Ridge Kohima showing the main landmarks and the location of principal regiments. KOHIMA, THE CAPITAL OF NAGALAND IN THE NORTH EAST OF INDIA PAKISTAN DELHI BURMA INDIA KOLKATA Acknowledgements This booklet has been produced with the help of: BHUTAN Commonwealth War Graves Commission Confederation of British Service and Ex-Service Organisations (COBSEO) INDIA Department for Education and Skills Dimapur• Imperial War Museum •Kohima Major G Graham MC & Bar •Imphal New Opportunities Fund BANGLADESH Royal Military Academy Sandhurst BURMA The Burma Star Association DHAKA• KEY FACTS The Royal British Legion Remembrance Travel • The Victoria Cross and George Cross Association KOLKATA Kohima is: Veterans Agency • 5000 feet above sea level • 40 miles from Dimapur Photography All photography reproduced with the permission of the Imperial War Museum, Commonwealth War Graves • 80 miles from Imphal Commission and HMSO. -
Slim Chance E Pivotal Role of Air Mobility in the Burma Campaign
THE 15 DREW PER PA S Slim Chance e Pivotal Role of Air Mobility in the Burma Campaign Derek M. Salmi Lieutenant Colonel, USAF Air University David S. Fadok, Lieutenant General, Commander and President School of Advanced Air and Space Studies Jeffrey J. Smith, Colonel, PhD, Commandant and Dean AIR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ADVANCED AIR AND SPACE STUDIES Slim Chance The Pivotal Role of Air Mobility in the Burma Campaign Derek M. Salmi Lieutenant Colonel, USAF Drew Paper No. 15 Air University Press Air Force Research Institute Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama Project Editor Published by Air University Press in April 2014 Jeanne K. Shamburger ISBN 978-1-58566-234-0 ISSN 1941-3785 Copy Editor Sandi Davis Cover Art, Book Design, and Illustrations Daniel Armstrong Composition and Prepress Production Nedra O. Looney Print Preparation and Distribution Diane Clark AIR FORCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS Director and Publisher Allen G. Peck Disclaimer Editor in Chief Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied Oreste M. Johnson within are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily repre- sent the official policy or position of the organizations with which Managing Editor they are associated or the views of the School of Advanced Air Demorah Hayes and Space Studies, Air Force Research Institute, Air University, Design and Production Manager United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or any other US Cheryl King government agency. This publication is cleared for public release and unlimited distribution. Air University Press 155 N. Twining St., Bldg. 693 Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6026 [email protected] http://aupress.au.af.mil http://afri.au.af.mil/ AFRI This Drew Paper and others in the series are available electronically Air Force Research Institute at the AU Press website: http://aupress.au.af.mil. -
On Early Air Combat in Southeast Asia After Wingate’S Fortitude Eclipsed Mountbatten’S Folly
COMMENTARY On Early Air Combat in Southeast Asia After Wingate’s Fortitude Eclipsed Mountbatten’s Folly RONALD H. CARPENTER, PHD arly in World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt opposed American armed forces helping restore British colonies overrun by Japan. He never- theless agreed in August 1943 after meeting with Prime Minister Win- Eston Churchill and his staff at the Quadrant Conference in Quebec, Canada. An “Air Commando” Group thus was created by Gen H. H. “Hap” Arnold and led by Lt Col Phil Cochran, a 30-year- old, “hot pilot” who became Col “Flip” Corkin in a long- running comic strip. For combat in Burma, this unit was formed by Arnold after hearing British Brig Gen Orde Wingate speak at Quadrant—in stark con- trast to Adm Lord Louis Mountbatten, Churchill’s chosen commander for Southeast Asia. For Quadrant, Roosevelt also brought Army general George Marshall and Navy admirals Ernest King and William Leahy (the latter, FDR’s aide). Although major conference planning yielded Overlord, the D- Day assault upon Nazi- occupied Europe, warfare elsewhere was discussed. The Oxford Companion to World War II deemed Wingate’s creating so “favorable” an impression that he received “more resources than he could ever have expected.” Generals and admirals bring prior credibility to conferences. Insignia of rank demonstrate authority; rows of ribbons denote extensive service if not valor; and reputations for previous sound decisions (or lack thereof ) may affect listeners. Some credibility, however, is enhanced by their speaking during those meetings. At Quadrant, Wingate exemplified such impress. After leading Emperor Haile Selassie’s irregular forces against Italian troops in Ethiopia early in World War II, Wingate went to India in June 1942 to organize and command a Long- Range Penetration Group. -
LORNA WINGATE: Christianwomanof VALOR in ISRAEL’S TIME of NEED
LORNA WINGATE: ChristianWOMANof VALOR IN ISRAEL’S TIME OF NEED By Dr. Micha’el Moshe TanchuM At its moment of birth in 1948, Israel was attacked exercised a profound effect over the couple’s minds and by the armies of six Arab nations. As the fledgling Jewish hearts. Orde and Lorna became devoted Zionists for the state fought for its very existence, a determined thirty-one rest of their lives. year old, Christian woman arrived in Israel to stand with In the Holy Land, the Wingates became participants in the Jewish people in their most pressing hour of need. history. It was the time of an Arab campaign of mur- When asked by a reporter why she left the quiet comfort derous violence against the Jewish communities in the of her home in Aberdeen, Scotland, she responded, “It’s British-controlled territory. The Arab terrorist war esca- a lot harder for a friend of truth and of Israel to sit in lated until 50 members of the Jewish community were quiet Scotland and to read the non-quiet things going on being murdered every month. Although the Jews pos- in Israel, than it is to be found here on the front.” This sessed a self-defense force, the British outlawed it because woman of valor was Lorna Wingate. She was the widow they feared the political consequences of an independent of the legendary British army officer Orde Wingate. Jewish fighting force. Orde Wingate refused to accept this Called Ha-Yedid (‘The Friend’) by Israel’s founding gen- situation in silence. -
Nemesis Living Rules
ro NEMESIS Nemesis Burma-44 Version 1.1c "The spirit of divine retribution against those who (changes in the text are succumb to hubris" Printed in red) The Burma campaign in 1944 was the very definition of absurdity. Even though it did not contribute to Japan's defeat, it still hosted many of the most colorful personalities of the war. There was the flamboyant royal Mountbatten, who went from commanding destroyers and planning the disastrous Dieppe raid to becoming the Supreme Commander of India and Burma. Sections Page There was Slim, Britain's greatest general during WW2, who utterly defeated the Japanese in Burma. There was Game Components 2 Wingate, Churchill's protégé, highly controversial and The Map, The Counters 2 considered by many as certifiably insane. There was the Basic Play Mechanics 4 Zone of Control, Stacking Limit 4 American General Stilwell, who hated the British and Chinese leadership, except those who actually fought. Satisfaction Points (SaP) 4 Lament Marker, Allied Resources 5 There was Chiang Kai-shek, the incompetent and Yunnan Force Activation 5 corrupt generalissimo of China, who exhausted Monsoon 6 everyone's patience. Setup 6 Churchill's main concern was to restore Britain's colonial Setting the Game, Setup Letters 6 empire. His main focus was on Singapore rather than Game Turn 7 Burma. Mountbatten realized that he had to fight in Assault Phase Chit 7 Burma but preferred an amphibious assault further Movement 7 south instead. Slim was set on fighting the Japanese in Assault 8 the north but wanted to meet them while defending the Attack Phase Chit 9 mountainous border area between Burma and India. -
Chindit Japanese Infantryman
1943–44 Chindit VERSUS Japanese Infantryman Jon Diamond © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com 1943–44 Chindit Japanese Infantryman Jon Diamond © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION 4 THE OPPOSING SIDES 9 0SJHJOT SFDSVJUNFOUBOEUSBJOJOHt$PNCBUEPDUSJOFBOEPSHBOJ[BUJPO -FBEFSTIJQ XFBQPOTBOEUBDUJDTt$PNNVOJDBUJPOT MPHJTUJDTBOENPSBMF NANKAN STATION 29 6 March 1943 PAGODA HILL 40 16–18 March 1944 MOGAUNG 55 2–12 June 1944 ANALYSIS 71 -FTTPOTMFBSOFEUIF#SJUJTIt-FTTPOTMFBSOFEUIF+BQBOFTF AFTERMATH 75 ORDERS OF BATTLE 78 BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 INDEX 80 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Introduction On the evening of 2 March 1943, only days after the first Chindit operation in Japanese-occupied Burma had commenced, Maj Arthur Emmett’s No. 2 Column was bivouacking a couple of miles west of the railway station at Kyaikthin in anticipation of the next day’s attack to blow it up. Emmett’s scouts observed that two trains had arrived at the Kyaikthin railway station during that afternoon, but the Chindits were completely unaware that these trains contained roughly 800 Japanese soldiers of the 215th Infantry Regiment (33rd Division). Commonwealth troops At 2200hrs, Lt Ian MacHorton was near the rear of a column of 250 men and surrendered to the Japanese 20 mules as it trekked down the railway-line embankment. The Japanese, at Singapore in February hidden in the jungle some 20yd beyond the embankment, were making their 1942, although the defenders outnumbered the invaders by final ambush preparations. As MacHorton recounted after the war: as much as three-to-one in numerical strength. Here, Lt-Gen A.E. Percival, GOC Malaya, and his party are depicted on their way to the formal surrender of the island. -
AUTUMN 2017 the Chindit Column the Boldest Measures Are the Safest
AUTUMN 2017 the Chindit Column The boldest measures are the safest Our Aims and Objectives for the Society To protect and maintain the legacy and good name of the Chindits and their great deeds during the Burma Campaign. To carry that name forward into the public domain, through presentations and education. To gather together and keep safe Chindit writings, memoirs and other treasures for the benefit of future generations. The Chairman’s Message To assist families and other Welcome everyone to the latest edition of the Chindit Column. Our membership continues to grow, with five new members joining the interested parties in seeking out the Society over the last three months. Enquiries about the Chindits and history of their Chindit relative or their exploits in Burma continue to flood in. loved one. Next year will be the 75th Anniversary of Operation Longcloth; we are looking to celebrate this event by extending our reunion weekend Wherever possible, to ensure the in June to include a special service at the Chindit Memorial at continued well being of all our Alrewas. We will then enjoy our dinner as usual at the Village Chindit veterans. Hotel, Walsall. All this will take place on Saturday 9th June 2018. More information in the next newsletter. Inside this issue Our Mule 77 Bde. March Over My Dead Body Page 2 Page 6 Page 8 A poem by Chindit Cyber Chindits A short story by Bill Towill. march from Chindit Frank Lea. Lichfield to London. THE CHINDIT COLUMN AUTUMN 2017 Chindit Dinner at the British High Commission in Abuja Back in March this year, both Tony Redding and Paul Shenton were contacted by Captain Simon Hamilton of the British Army, who is deployed at the British High Commission in Abuja, Nigeria.