Meliakova, Y.V., Kovalenko, I.I., Zhdanenko, S.B., Kalnytskyi, E.A., Krasiuk, T.V. / Volume 10 - Issue 39: 62-75 / March, 2021 62

DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2021.39.03.6

Posthuman Freedom as the Right to Unlimited Pleasure

"Свобода постлюдини як право на безмежне задоволення"

Received: April 4, 2021 Accepted: May 1, 2021

Written by: Meliakova Yuliia Vasylivna19 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0200-1141 Kovalenko Inna Igorivna20 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3156-9254 Zhdanenko Svitlana Borysivna21 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4335-8224 Kalnytskyi Eduard Anatolievich22 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1777-9992 Krasiuk Tetiana Vasyliivna23 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3233-6310

Abstract Анотація

The study discusses the evolution of the concept У дослідженні розглядається еволюція поняття of “freedom”: from its humanistic existential to "свобода": від його гуманістичного transhumanistic corporeal meanings. The authors екзистенціального до трансгуманістичного refer to the pure transhumanist discourse тілесного значення. Автори посилаються на regarding the moral, legal and physical freedom суто трансгуманістичний дискурс моральної, when the man is transiting from existence to правової та фізичної свободи, коли людина presence, from the body to corporeity, from переходить від існування до присутності, від material to virtual being. Overall, the problem of тіла до тілесності, від матеріального до moral values is raised in terms of transhumanist віртуального буття. Загалом проблема philosophy, the ethical assessment is provided to моральних цінностей розглядається в термінах the contemporary transhumanistic projects of трансгуманістичної філософії, дається етична humanity improvement, as well as to the current оцінка сучасним трансгуманістичним проектам concept of its freedoms. As a result of the study вдосконалення людства, а також сучасній the authors conclude that the category of концепції свободи. У результаті проведеного “freedom” in the epoch of metamodernity is free дослідження автори дістаються висновку, що from elevated, spiritual and transcendental forms категорія "свобода" в епоху метамодерності that used to be so typical of it not long ago, and звільняється від притаманних їй піднесених, it returns to its literal and primitive духовних і трансцендентальних форм й manifestations showing unlimited corporeal повертається до своїх буквальних і pleasure, cognitive opportunities and human примітивних проявів, що демонструють mental self-control. необмежену тілесну насолоду, пізнавальні можливості і психічний самоконтроль людини. Key words: corporeity, freedom, metamodernity, post human, transhumanism. Ключові слова: тілесність, свобода, метамодернізм, постлюдство, трансгуманізм.

19 PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Philosophy Department of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Ukraine. 20 PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Philosophy Department of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Ukraine. 21 PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Philosophy Department of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Ukraine. 22 PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Philosophy Department of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Ukraine. 23 PhD in Law, Associate Professor of Labor Law Department of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Ukraine.

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Introduction

Humans are continuously developing at each phenomenological reflection of the right to stage of their cultural, social and technical pleasure, as well as the reflection of the ways to evolution of society. They are moving forward, position a human and the types of human reading reassessing their ideals, aims, prospects and the world; the method of deconstruction of some possibilities, transforming the space of their notions, in particular, “freedom”, “humanism”, creativity, consumption, cognition, self- and “corporeity”. The study also applies the realization and personal identification, the space principles of polyonticity, dialogics, corporeity, of social and legal regulation, pleasure and simulativeness, consumerism, dynamics, freedom. In the contemporary and especially transhumanism and post-non-classical futuristic discourse the concept of human anthropology of virtuality. Rational freedom is increasingly expanding its content, individualistic and humanistic approaches were including intellectual, physiological, mental, real used for the axiological analysis of the and virtual resources. futurological image of a human in the metamodernity paradigm. The aim of the research is to consider the most advanced and promising human features in the Theoretical framework field of their individual practices and initiatives. The focus is on the evolution of morality, in To consider the problem of freedom in its particular, on reloading the moral category of postmodern understanding and transhumanist “freedom”, which might be dangerous to a context, it is necessary to provide a preliminary certain extent for the overall threat of godlessness methodological overview of the history and and despiritualization of the post-humanity. The genesis of the philosophical cultural paradigm of mercantile consciousness of the neo human the human being as well as the analysis of prefers effective means of emotional and cultural human types and related concepts. The physical pleasure, regarding them as the tools to evolution of the paradigm over the past two achieve freedom. centuries has been manifesting the continuity of three consistent traditions – modernity, Higher significance of physicality and corporeity postmodernity and post-postmodernity (also in various realities is explained by their ability to referred to as metamodernity, hypermodernity or ensure pleasure, which is expressed in the human ultramodernity). Each of these phenomena (M, “happiness rate”. The care of corporeity is post-М and post-post-М) is interpreted, inter alia, proclaimed a priority and value for the mankind. as a special way of world understanding (reading, It is the corporeity (as a cyber, digital nature) outlook) and human existence in the world at a enables to maximize senses, emotional and certain stage of social development, tactile sensations and the experience of consciousness, culture, state building and the perception as a whole. In the situation of the very homo sapiens as a biological species. spiritual devaluation sensual pleasure is becoming its only alternative. Therefore, modernity, postmodernity and metamodernity, each individually, formed not Methodology only their specific methodological paradigms in gnoseology and hermeneutics, special This research contains the analysis of the human ontological models of finitude (or infinity) of the ontological freedom in its current extreme forms. world development, their own traditions of The philosophical anthropological perspective expressiveness in art and trends of regulation in within the metamodern paradigm highlights a sociopolitical and legal practices. They also human as an intellectual, moral and biophysical demonstrated unique authentic styles of self- creature that tends to have corporal freedom and realization and the ways of subject being in a the freedom of corporeity. To consider the specific epoch, the features of their symbolic phenomenon of freedom in the context of culture and typical verbalization forms. virtuality anthropology this research applies the method of critical analysis of individual classical Thus, postmodernity that emerged in the 1960s concepts of freedom; methods of comparative and followed modernity as its alternative had the philosophy and discourse – when comparing following theoretical and practical world outlook anthropological positions of different paradigms; settings: anti-dialectics, anti-historism, the end of the hermeneutic method to interpret and history, forgotten traditions, individual understand the futurological human rights; the autonomy, the development of economic human

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64 rights in consumers’ society, the value of gained by the discourse of somatic human rights, pleasure and comfort, a man “sliding on the including life extension, gender self-identity, surface”, the culture of simulacra, the anonymity humane death, commodification of organs and and lack of responsibility, “the death of the tissues, cryocontracts, use of nootropics etc. The author” in drama and publicist literature, irony in theorists of post-postmodernity widely apply stylistics and art, narrative logic in descriptive Baudrillard's epithets: “hyper-realism”, “hyper- history and practice, multi-layered cento intertext esthetics”, “implosion”, “excremental, crap and in structuralism, the metaphor “the world as a waste culture”. text”, intersubjectivity in philosophy and law, the phenomenon of interactivity of the subject in Russian philosopher and lawyer А. Pavlov verbal symbolic structures, humanitarian theory (2019), referring to the experience of Canadian of communicative society, discursivity principle political theorists Kroker, A. and Cook, D. in social, political and economic reality. (1986), critically admits that the new consciousness “in the dark time of In the mid-1990s pure researchers claimed that ultramodernity and hyperprimitivism opens a post-postmodernity was a new way of world great arch of deconstruction and decay against reading, caused by the “disappointment in the background of radiated parody, kitsch and postmodernity”, its “overcoming”. Still the burnout” (Pavlov, 2019, 22). А. Pavlov (2019) opinion on the postmodernity as a new stage of also supports the statement by French postmodern development or even return to philosopher of the 1980s G. Lipovetsky (2015) modernity seems to be more persuasive. of hypermodernity as the second modernity, more specifically, “the modernity inside out”. If What theories, categories, metaphors and the epoch of Enlightenment is a synonym to methodological principles can be considered maturing, the epoch of hypermodernity is vice conceptual features of metamodernity? Its versa, the synonym to the return to the childhood, methodological development paradigm finally which, actually, means infantile and immature refuses eschatologism and apocalyptical society. The hypermodernity structures the scenarios, substituting them with the principle of paradoxical present, which, in turn, continuously infiniteness, globality, self-generation and self- exhumes and “reloads” the past. On the whole, organization of open synergetic systems. The reasoning about hypermodernity is based on the principles and categories of synergetics capitalistic opportunities, which generate the extrapolate to all areas and fields. A person still phenomenon of hyper-consumption. While the simulates in the medium of verbal signs, consumption used to be the essential feature of interactive and deconstructive. However, radical postmodernity, hypermodernity preserves some changes are happening to the sign nature and features of the previous epoch, in particular, structure themselves. The quality of the consumption but at the hyperbolic scale. Prefix simulative reality where a person exists and acts “hyper” is generally symbolic for changes, too. From being intertextual, reality is hypermodernity: “hyper-individualism”, “hyper- becoming digital, virtual hyper-reality – digital primitivism”, “hyper-consumerism” are different culture (Meliakova, Kovalenko, Zhdanenko & aspects of the same logic of hypermodernity. As Kalnytskyi, 2020, 345–346). The world is not a a rule, it is described with the experience of “text” any longer, it is a “play” – performance (or intensity, immediacy, urgent and instant installation) – a space of immanent total presence satisfaction, via reasoning about corporeity and and participation (co-participation). The same manipulations with the body, as well as about the performance is recognized a relevant method of emergence of such disorders as anorexia, understanding, the way of modern person self- bulimia, mental instability, which demonstrate realization, the technique of their integration into the systemic effect of surplus (or the dynamic virtualized meta-reality, and, “hyper”) (Pavlov, 2019, 28–29). overall, the way of their being in the world (Melyakova, 2018). When comparing modernity, postmodernity and metamodernity special focus should be made on Post-postmodernity, or metamodernity, the analysis of people’s social positioning continuously shows the deficit of reality, themselves. Each of the above mentioned epochs genuineness and naturalness. Most effective and cultural traditions has a specific principle of substitutes here are virtual images and interfaces human self-assessment. Today’s popular (textual, graphical, kinetic and visual), as well as axiological term “positioning” was borrowed modified corporeity of objects. In the context of from economic vocabulary and literally means polyreality and radical expansion of human marketing and advertising activities to provide a impact borders, special popularity has been product (company or service) with a certain

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decent place (niche) on the market of goods and “highly rated”. The competitiveness of a services, to develop clientele, the market of consumer in the consumerist society does not consumers of the product (company or service). tolerate modernist nihilism and postmodernist In other words, “positioning”, from Latin indifference. It is based on the need to be liked, “position”, stands for the determination or self- but this attitude should not be sentimental, deep, determination of a human, the designation of the mental, but purely superficial, pragmatic and person’s status, the establishment of a beneficial attractive on the market. The practical need of a image for the human, a comfortable place, as meta-modern person to be socially engaged is well as attractiveness on the social relations due to his/her key personal aim and value – market. achieve satisfaction. Whoever the subject of the post-postmarket space is – a salesman, manager Therefore, a modern person once openly claimed or consumer – regardless of their roles, the limits his/her position of otherness: I am not like the of personal freedom and happiness are others! I do not care if others like me! I do not determined by the opportunities to find corporeal need general approval and recognition! The pleasure. value-based anthropological and social position of a modernist was the protest and opposition to Thus, being deprived of true innovations and the crowd. courage, post-postmodernity has merely democratized hedonism – the value of pleasure. The postmodern person, in turn, featured the “Pleasure” involves the philosophy of position of skeptical indifference and social nootropics, plastic surgery, computer-brain apathy. This person’s autonomy was publicly interface, cryonics, genomics, and immortalism, manifested as ironic self-sufficiency: I do not by the way. Recipient’s body, health, care whether others like me or not! It does not attractiveness, longevity, sensuality, and the matter to me! The postmodernist inter-subject effectiveness of mental and cognitive functions drifted in the endless realm of metanarrative, have become essential for his or her pleasure. staying unrecognized, anonymous, non- These can explain increasing popularity of sentimental, emotionless and independent. somatic human rights and their boosting. They are in ethical harmony with total individualism. The post-postmodern human (also known as a For instance, the “Universal Declaration on trans-human or a post-human) has been seriously Bioethics and Human Rights” emphasizes that worried about shaping his/her image and status: I “The impact of life sciences on future want to be liked by everybody! I need it because generations, including on their genetic it determines my attractiveness, my constitution, should be given due regard” (United competitiveness on the global market of skills, Nations, 2005, Art.16). …The interests and opportunities, goods and services. The players of welfare of the individual should have priority the consumer virtual meta-space must have over the sole interest of science or mutual freedom of using one another for their society” (United Nations, 2005, Art.3). benefit. To get engaged in social roles, be in demand, not to mention, to “sell themselves for a According to А. Pavlov (2019), in the epoch of good price”, market participants seek to be as late modernity the body disappears as material appealing as possible for partners or clients. The substance. It reached “purely rhetorical being” eagerness to interest others is based on the and transformed into the virtual corporeity – a anthropological human need to be liked and simulacrum. The researcher confirms the appreciated. It is this need that underlies any statement of the “body invasion” in productive social human activity: hypermodernity with the fact that there was no entrepreneurship, legal activities, political surprise that Christian Dior launched a range of democracy and arts. “Poison” perfumes in 1985: the company actually literally offered poison so that women Results and Discussion could apply it voluntarily onto their bodies – a “projection of evil” (Pavlov, 2019, 23). The basic principle of total equality leaves only Technologies enable to carry out unbelievable one chance to build an imminent social hierarchy manipulations with the body – aesthetic surgery – the competition of quality and rationally and genomic engineering, sex selection, practical natural selection. It comes as a no obtaining “tailor-made” children. Virtual reality surprise that in the discourse of any area of also contributes in the “destruction” of the body, human activities the following categories have and not only mentally. For example, become popular: “top”, “trendy”, “top-rated”, pornography and “virtual sex” reduce the

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66 frequency of everyday sexual interaction. The humanism? It was existentialism became the libidinal object turns into an image as online it is “singer” or “leading voice” of freedom in the possible to imagine and reproduce any image – twentieth century. However, over the past according to the recipient’s wish. In the situation decades gnoseological and value-based realities of hypermodernity the body is becoming sacred, have changed dramatically. The concept of not an individual. Thus, not surprisingly, a freedom has been modified there as well: the person under the pressure of everyday life freedom focus has shifted from spiritual and consumerism sets the focus on his or her body mental aspect to the biomaterial and corporeal (Pavlov, 2019, 24). ones. These are corporeal interests that are currently determinant and relevant in the It is appropriate to return from the right to freedom practices. pleasure to freedom. The feeling of freedom, its sense and limits, has been changing along with Twentieth-century existentialists, from the human historical and cultural, social and N. Berdyaev to J.-P. Sartre, being natural biological type, as well as with the world outlook romanticists, regarded freedom as a creative (from modernity to post-postmodernity). The human inner power, the ability to assume very concept of the “existence”, semantically personal responsibility “for the destinies of the tightly related to “freedom”, appears instable in world”, imagined life as a “challenge with terms of its content and theoretical meaning. For freedom”, the right of choice, as the “doom” for instance, in the early twentieth century responsible freedom (Sartre, 1989). N. Berdyaev N. Berdyaev (1951) noted that human claimed that the “full and good slave is the understanding and expression of his/her own biggest enemy of freedom” (Berdyaev, 1951). existence were possible only in faith and Does this philosopher’s phrase reflect the creativity as identification and fusion of the contemporary concept of human freedom? Not at person and the object of his/her understanding, all, since the features of being full and satisfied similar to coupling, to the cognition of the divine are not crucial for a slave, but they are rather the via love to God. Nonetheless, in the second half signs of social, physical and substantial of the twentieth century M. Heidegger (1967) independence of a free person. Freedom is no sees existence, internal “Self” possible only via longer understood as a pure “freedom of spirit” – keeping the distance, going beyond oneself, the power of opposition and strong will. From one’s own human abilities and being – into the being factual (in the phenomenological meaning) space of nothingness, which is the only way to freedom is shifting to the actual, corporeal form exist and self-cognition. Thus, nothingness was that objectivizes its holder in presence and self- reanimated by М. Heidegger (1967) from its expression – in digital, social, political or oblivion and recognized as the only condition of creative performance. human existence. The contradiction between these two existential theories (by N. Berdyaev The transhumanist model of freedom does not and М. Heidegger) lies in the following. remind of the moral freedom of humanism as the Berdyaev’s understanding through fusion and anthropological concept and the whole system of identification with the subject is the method of art values currently appear absolutely reformatted. and creativity, which contradicts rational The ideal and aim of transhumanism, a post- cognition. Instead, Heidegger’s distancing and human (or a post-post-human), is a new alienation in the topos, in spite of being an biogenetic species, (theoretically) modified and irrational method of existential philosophy is perfected so much that he/she can refuse from similar to the cognitive method in science, whose their own body and exist in verbal non-metrical logic is based on the subject-object opposition. forms as information structures in computer Gnoseology and cognitivism imply that for the networks (as artificial intellect, meta- comprehensive and reliable understanding of the brain) (Goryachkovskaya, 2014). Even a trans- object it is necessary to go beyond the object. human, not to mention his follower, a post- Probably, answering cultural, research and human, will have a “distributed individuality”, anthropological trends – from modernist to since he/she will be able to become a user of an postmodernist ones – the existence itself changed artificial body – avatar, while continuously its nature, or more specifically, its meaning in the preserving their personality, experience, and existentialism. memory. The body of a post-human will be equipped with implants, which will enable it to In this case, it is reasonable to ask the question if feel much more pleasure, sensual satisfaction, the human existence has gained any new senses more emotions, avoiding anxiety, fatigue, since Heidegger’s time and if it has not lost its boredom and despair, fully control them, expand meaning completely in the trend of post- memory and intellect opportunities. Implants

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will provide a neo-human with unlimited energy technological means of brain stimulation and longevity, exclude genetic diseases and (electric charges, ultrasound and magnetic strengthen the immune system. Freeing humans pulses) – the so-called non-invasive stimulation. from their own biological nature is the way to Moreover, these ae easily accessible and self-improvement, protection from global applicable even at home (Popova, Tishchenko & problems, caused by egotism and consumerism – Shevchenko, 2018, 97–98). it is the way to neo-humanity. This is the view currently shared by advanced researchers and In the obsessive urge to accelerate their lives and ideologists of transhumanism. development, people make mobility, procedures, effectiveness, motion – motion as the potential Transhumanism can be referred to as humanism and unlimited opportunities but not compulsory overcoming, or, to be more specific, overcoming high performance as the symbol and way of their the humanist value hierarchy. The most advanced existence. In this case, these are not the aim and values are gaining mercantile case-based logic result that give the sense to the motion, but the and they get scattered throughout the horizontal very motion itself provides meaning to existence. dynamic space of the matrix that verbally but The autonomic subject does not need any effectively systematizes human activities. technologies of social freedom and protection of collective rights any more. All his activity aims The human improvement biopolicy already has at expanding personal, individual freedom in its its projects and forms in the area of neuro-ethics most intimate aspects. This is due to the fact that and commodification of the human body. The virtual being, as egotistic satisfaction does not phenomenon of comprehensive and primarily need corporativism. Virtuality has managed to corporeal improvement of a human expresses overcome the objectivity of physical via stepping their eternal thirst for power over nature, over the boundaries of space and time. It is only including their own one, the urge to get rid of speed that preserves its objective parameters in their main dependence and predicament – the digital space. It actually shapes contemporary substantial-biological – objectively pre-set ontology of motion. frames, which even recently still seemed to be firmly fixed. To this end, J. Habermas (2002) Overall, human’s attempt to conquer space and raised the issue of whether embryonal genetic time with ІТ has turned out to be quite successful. diagnostics and genetic modification contradicts Contemporary means of communication enable the basics of the human species ethics and to cover huge distances within seconds. It is high modern moral values. Therewith, the philosopher time the same approach was applied to the human personally criticizes liberal autonomy and liberal consciousness, human cognitive processes and eugenics of a human (Habermas, 2002). functions, whose development implies rather American philosopher H. Haker (2019), in turn, strict sequence of formation and personal growth contextualizes the problems raised by stages. So far academic doping biotechnologists J. Habermas (2002) in a wider discourse of and genetic engineers, integrating into the bioethics. He considers catholic approaches to increasing pace of life, are taking a risky attempt bioethics under the critical theology. H. Haker to bypass natural and necessary path of personal (2019) expresses hope that moral philosophy and development by limiting it to the very minimum. moral theology will ally in fighting against the The parameters of motion and speed invade into new “unbearable world of moral emptiness”. the area of consciousness, simulating thinking, feelings, emotions, attention, and memory. For However, the trans-human does not agree to instance, one of the shocking options of exogenic tolerate with the pre-set and rather limited post-humanism is the technology of brain- potential of memory, attention, power, stamina, computer interface (BCI), when some highly health, sensitivity, thinking, and cognition. This appreciated biological human functions (e.g. human’s wish to control him/herself and the thinking and health) can be transformed and environment is growing. From the user’s mediated with a non-biological (technological, function the person seeks to the management digital) medium BCI. Today BCI devices enable function – the role of a “manager” of the to create unique exogenic kinds of a post-human, Universe system and all its resources. The human which will gradually be tightly integrated and brain seeks to conquer natural bases of its own interrelated with bodies and socially controlled activity thus making him/herself free, unlimited (project “Thought under Control”) (Odorcak, and powerful. At this stage this aim is drawn 2019). closer by biostimulators, various pharmaceutic doping (including academic doping), and also

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However, these are mainly nootropics that markets of human organs and tissues). These currently refer to the reality. Neuroethics names phenomena are called the expansion of market the phenomenon of self-regulation and economy into the areas that used to be restricted consciousness functioning using nootropics as for the market laws, and also the ethical problem “cognitive freedom”. The argument of the value of consumerism (Popova, 2016). of cognitive freedom has become widely spread in the context of new European concept of human Currently, it is being discussed whether a human autonomy and human right to self-identity. has the right to reproductive and therapeutic Human use of biotechnologies of Cognitive cloning, at least Article 11 “Universal Enhancement (CE) is justified by the need to Declaration on the Human Genome and Human “respect the autonomy pf a human”, his/her right Rights” dated 11.11.1997 states that the practice to decide what is good and what is bad for of cloning for the species reproduction is not him/her, i.e. the freedom of thought in the 21st allowed as the practice “contrary to human century. Therewith, the “freedom of thought” (in dignity” (1997). Another relevant discourse is the meaning of cognitive freedom) is understood about the recognition of the human’s freedom for as the human power to actually monitor and virtual modelling, in vitro fertilization, the control cognitive skills, which he/she has and freedom of gender identification (up to will improve in the near future. For example, asexuality or non-binary sexual identification – cognitive freedom is expressed in the as a sign of a post-human) and many other fundamental right of a person to think freedoms, related to the human corporeity and independently, that is to apply the full range of reproductive self-realization. his/her intellectual skills and “autonomously dispose of the chemistry of their brain”. In Today American researchers note the significant addition, cognitive freedom includes ethics and role of bioethics in the physiologically ageing the right to protect their intellectual processes European society, where older people and states (Popova et al., 2018, 102). quantitatively prevail. They call for agreeing that population ageing is morally important and Therefore, the field of freedom of the causes ethical problems in rich and ageing contemporary human is rapidly expanding, going societies, consider the suggestion of removing far beyond the limits of social reality. Trans- the problems of gerontosophy (Germ. human’s freedom embraces his/her personal Gerontosophie) and social injustice using mental and neurophysiological conditions, biotechnologies and the ethics of transhumanism. biochemical and molecular-biological processes. According to the American authors, bioethics, Being their potential resource, carrier and along with many other disciplines, can influence prisoner, a human is recognized as their demographic changes and contribute to political authorized moderator (“the right to dispose of decisions capable of improving the experience of own body”). This turn seems possible only ageing and human life. This shapes the concept against the background of the general trend for of good civic consciousness in the ageing pragmatic objectification of non-material natural society, which goes beyond healthcare (Berlinger phenomena as the objects of market relations (i.e. & Solomon, 2018). Therefore, in medical objects of possession, disposal and sales). literature there is a term the solidarity concept – Human’s inherent skills and traits may serve as a way of meeting the requirements of justice and the means for enrichment similarly to equal treatment in healthcare. It includes such conventional property. The same principle of advanced medical developments as healthcare commercialization is a hallmark of legalizing information databases, biobanks, personalized biotechnological manipulations with a human medicine and donors of organs, tissues, cells and body overall, including the dead body blood (Gould, 2018). (commodification of it as a medical product and an object of biotechnological transformations). Scientific initiatives in genome science In its trans-human freedom, the human body is continuously provide people with new gaining popularity as a resource for economic opportunities. However, they still raise new investments (Polyakova, 2017). problems regarding the owners of the research results, including intangible ideas and The image of a body as a biomaterial and a discoveries, as well as material works, tools, resource is based on the extended personal technologies and products. Legal and ethical human rights, on the one hand; and on the trend requirements of the participants to research for total commercialization in all areas of life, on findings are becoming increasingly stricter, and the other (the sale of biosamples for banks, gene more often they contradict other requirements of patenting, functioning (including illegal) of the other stake holders (researchers, institutions).

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There are also emerging the issues of research simulated in the computer, points at the total participants’ access to the information and their absence for it to survive. Along with the control of the results. The American research technological progress, the number of team analyzed twenty-two genome scientific technologies, their share in human experience initiatives in the USA and found two essential and the quality of simulations of reality is trends: the first – commercialization of continuously growing, while the cost is falling. genomics; the second – the introduction of the That opens a prospect of converting the Earth philosophy of openness (accessibility, publicity into the “computronium” – a single huge of results and data), it includes participants’ computing device – self-developing artificial control of the results via intellectual property intelligence, which will enable to simulate rights and licensing (Guerrini, Lewellyn, simultaneously 1013 virtual civilizations similar Majumder et al., 2019). to ours. This computing power could create detailed simulations of its human past. According In other words, the theory and practice of genome to N. Bostrom (2003), it cannot be affirmed that science is not purely academic any longer and the computronium is impossible at all, since becomes absolutely commercialized. It often has people normally see dreams that are not no institutional reference, i.e. it functions differentiated from inside from reality (i.e. being according to the market rules. This shows that a quality simulation), which means that using transhumanism protects not only new moral and genetic manipulations it is possible to grow a healthy nature but also new market opportunities super-brain that sees dreams continuously. The despite the fact that the “Universal Declaration philosopher claims: the probability that we are in on the Human Genome and Human Rights”, the simulation is many times higher than the adopted by the UNO in 1997, states in Article 4: probability of us being a real civilization “The human genome in its natural state shall not (Bostrom, 2003). It is essential that the give rise to financial gains.” (United computronium will be optimized not only for the Nations, 1997). fastest thinking and computing possible, but also for the maximum possible pleasure. To achieve Another area of anthropological freedom is, in this aim it is allowed even to destroy all the other turn, the freedom of pleasure. It is in the avant- creatures in the Universe. garde of all achievable freedoms of post-human. One of the main tasks of transhumanism, Further, being engaged in “paradise formulated at numerous international fora of the engineering”, the legendary Brutish evangelist, World Transhumanist Association and recorded rock-musician, a philosopher-utilitarist and a in its formal declarations is to “make a human member of the British Immortality Institute and happier”, including by means of fighting against the Extension Foundation D. Piarce (2015) in suffering. The recommended means to reach “The Hedonistic Imperative” lays the foundation pleasure include anxiolytics (medicines against for a separate futurological area of studies – fear and anxiety), analgesics (pain relievers, or hedonistic transhumanism. His theory of values killers), entactogens and antidepressants is as naturalistic as that created by N. Bostrom (medicines for short-term suppression of (2016). This is an ambitious abolitionist project negative feelings), doping and nootropics, as to eliminate suffering in reasonable life using well as technologies, expected by the scientific genetic engineering and nanotechnologies. A world, which will increase human pleasure. new kind of neuron architecture, based on the These include: telepresence systems, computer- inherited gradients of happiness will enable a brain interfaces, neuro-prosthetics and brain human to stop being a slave of his natural simulation, human Self transfer to the non- instincts, voluntarily and individually regulating biological substrate – artificial body (body- the level of their pleasure after having learnt to avatar) etc. (Goryachkovskaya, 2014). enjoy any action. These technologies will be able to artificially program human needs and Seeking happiness, transhumanists use rather motivations. Mental and physical pain may be rational and mercantile techniques, lacking any fully removed from our life (Piarce, 2015). morality or spiritual altruism. For example, today Nick Bostrom and David Piarce’s concepts about For example, D. Piarce (2015) tends to the idea super-bodies, being the result of turning varied of the “utilitronium”, a hypothetical super-happy substance in the Universe, are trendy in the super-body, which needs to increase its own scientific world. Swedish philosopher weight to maximize happiness. If this creature N. Bostrom (2003), hypothetically assuming that emerges on the Earth, and its average pleasure the humanity lives in the world internally heavily exceed the pleasure of other creatures, it

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70 will deem it morally justified to destroy all life intellectually comparable to humans. We will on the planet by taking up all its resources. As a download our thinking there, connect it to the result, the total happiness of the Earth inhabitants “cloud” and broaden our opportunities. This will will increase, though most of them will be also ensure the enlargement of the “neocortex” – destroyed. Whether or not this scenario is new cortex regions, responsible for the sensory realistic depends on the features of the “neural perception, conscious thinking, speech, art skills correlate of pleasure”, which are still unknown. and the sense of humor. The expert is convinced If pleasure is limited in size, and its maximum that we will become more laughsome, musical, may be reached using depletable resources (and and sexual. We will embody our own values. their media), then the peaceful coexistence of a According to his predictions, in 2029 there will variety of super-happy bodies is possible. If be a fusion of human and artificial intelligence, pleasure can increase endlessly when using more whereas the singularity (the emergence of the new resources (e.g., weight increase), there is a mega-mind) will take place in 2045 chance of an unlimited war of post-humans for (Kurzweil, 2012). resources followed by a takeover (Piarce, 2015). Thus, the final aim of transhumanism is not too Therefore, seeking to avoid emotional slavery bright, and what is more, it is not just cognitive and any dependence on artificial intelligence, in but hedonistic. his rational cognition, a human reduces spiritual worries to a pure thought along with avoiding Transhumanism calls for the use of diets and anything sensual, creative, spontaneous, exercises to improve health and extend life intuitive, yielding to the utilitarian ethics of expectancy, for entering agreements for cryonic reasonable egotism and agenda-setting freezing, for the use of nootropic medicines to philosophy. This is the way from humanistic improve cognitive and mental functions, for self- anthropology to E-homo post-anthropology. It is development using various cognitive or rather hard to accurately assess the degree of psychological methods (mnemonics, meditation, human learning and loss during the evolution. critical thinking), for the use of advanced Many trans-humanistic forecasts imply optimal information technologies, for the use of food and simultaneous development of his rational supplements etc. The philosophy of and creative skills. The key point here is the transhumanism is a plan of transforming human measure of expected independence of a post- consumers’ interest to ensure profits in NBICs human, i.e. his independence, freedom from AI- (Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno and social technologies based determinism. It is the threat of replacing as well as related scientific knowledge fields). exclusive spirituality of a subject with The NBICs are busy forming “right” consumers’ programmed algorithms activates unsettled interests. Even today Google seeks to provide the controversies in the discourse related to the trans- user with answers to most questions before the humanistic model. For example, contemporary user actually asks them since it knows everything critic and publicist V. Lobanov (2020) mentions that can interest him/her, taking into account the claim made by advanced genetic scientists his/her history in the Internet and the context of that genetically (pre-)determined features interests (“emotional intelligence” technology). include: intelligence level, independence and Having made a portrait of a user, the system will dependence, activity and passiveness, soon be able to guess user’s interests and needs hypochondria and anxiety, extraversion and matching his/her mood. Consequently, the introversion, sensitivity or tolerance to stresses, initiative will be transferred from the user to the altruism and egotism, passiveness and sexuality, computer, which will shape and guide human aggressiveness and friendliness. Therefore, via interests by itself. deciphering the human genetic code, it will be possible to combine new genotypes and after An optimistic forecast of the human species and their adjustment (removal of the genetic debris) artificial intelligence hybridization, or “self- to create improved personalities while hybridization” with a computer is given by well- maintaining the optimal size of their population known futurist R. Kurzweil (2012). He is a (Lobanov, 2020). director of engineering for machine learning and language processing in Google. During his At first sight, the problem of spiritual deficit is in speech at the SXSW festival in Austin in 2017 he no way connected with law. The increase of the (Kurzweil) noted that these innovations would be range of human cognitive, emotional and mental beneficial for people and improve their life opportunities only shows the areas of his quality. People will transfer their consciousness personal rights. However, the willingness to gain to the “cloud” and will be able to relieve their quantitative increase of pleasure and success, i.e. mind. Gradually there will emerge computers the degree of life euphoria, is inverse to the

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human efforts to self-criticism, self-analysis, "human ant-hill" was coined in 1996 by the self-development, personal will strengthening Russian philosopher А. Zinovyev (2006) as the and it interferes with his/her ideological stability scientific satire to the phenomenon of "West and moral identity. Thus, the paralysis of will person"). does not rule out the progress of human personal rights and his/her ability to choose. The will of Those who criticize trans-humanism observe one the artificial intelligence is capable of of the trends of the trans-human project – the subordinating an individual much more than the gradual loss by a human of his essential identity cognitive will. In this tight human-machine union that follows the disruption between the former always follows the leader. consciousness and corporeity. Therewith Consequently, post-human freedom can easily be corporeity begins dominating the consciousness limited only to the choice of operational and strives to replace the phenomenon of being. cognitive opportunities, with no choice of his/her Anthropology is regarded as a purely physical internal skills, existential power, and his/her domain. The corporeal independence turns into identity. In this case the function of law is the main area of human freedom. Actions, reduced to a simple algorithm, the identity – to physical activity, existence, participation, simulation while the value – to “zero”. function, and effectiveness are essential manifestations of life; they are currently the main It is rather hard to forecast social effects of ways of human self-realization and self- technological development. Smart cheap assertiveness. accommodation, life in virtual reality, loss of work, lower mortality, higher life quality and It seems that the search for immortality is one of human intelligence enhancement. Undoubtedly, the deepest eternal human aspirations, the freedom of humans to choose their lifestyle underlying most religious teachings and epic: will increase significantly. Humans will be able Taoism, buddhism, hinduism, Epic of Gilgamesh to live either in large cleaner and cozier cities or etc. Immortality is a doctrine, proclaiming in autonomous settlements. Automated human life as its key value, in particular, its multimodal transport systems will be widely endlessness. The aim of immortality is the used. Human transformations will gain the pace. maximum extension of human life expectancy Biological processes will be taken under control and, finally, unlimited longevity and eternality. for medical purposes (using genetic engineering, Thus, immortality is another common value, in hormonal drugs and micro devices). Intellectual addition to the practices of somatic transgression, skills will be extended considerably (cognitive uniting sacred teachings and trans-humanism methods, computer-brain interface, augmented (Russian Transhumanist Movement, 2020). reality, nootropic drugs, artificial intelligence agents). The human body will be rebuilt for Physical activity, including active modification beauty as well as other purposes. Trans-humans of the very corporeity, has been recognized the will form a significant share of population. most authentic human self-expression in the individualistic social media. The personality is The prospect of humanity transformation and optimally and reliably self-realized in his/her transition to a new quality is considered as the own actions, regarded as the manifestation of most probable way of development for most his/her freedom. The main threat to freedom is active and educated people. According to the the loss by the human of his ability to forecasts, that will lead to the creation of communicate in the equal-partner community. planetary management mechanisms, whose However, as corporeity may be transcendent, i.e. influence will continuously strengthen. To solve mediated by the digital identity, while the the global environmental crisis it will be activity may be virtual, in this case today’s necessary to shift reasonable life to a higher level communication is becoming the only guarantor – noosphere or the collective intelligence sphere, of social adequacy, equality, safety and freedom. where people and computers will become similar to + global size brain neurons, controlled by The importance of physicality and corporeity in PAIS (personal computer) (Lobanov, 2020). different realities is explained by their ability to However, according to V. Lobanov (2020), it ensure pleasure, which is expressed at the human means that individual freedom of personality will “happiness level”. The care of corporeity is there be limited much stricter than in the modern declared a priority human objective and value. It society, since “collective intelligence” is is the corporeity (cybernetic, digital nature) that basically the global totalitarism or, in other enables to maximize sensitivity, emotional and words, a man-made god – “human ant-hill” (term kinesthetic sensations, experience of perception

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72 as a whole. In the situation of the spirit absolutely different views on the correlation of devaluation, material pleasure becomes its only dialogue and communication, sign and body, alternative. New mercantile priorities existence and presence, life and reality. Even fundamentally change the content of “happiness” today’s human, defined by progressive theorists and the principles of human freedom. Freedom is as a trans-human, is a transitional stage on the mainly associated with unlimited body way to the post-human, has made a new transformations (tranquilizers, doping, hierarchy of values, crowned by pleasure. Yet, prosthetics, chip implantation, transplantation, according to many scientists (e.g., P. Strandbrink cloning, cryonics, body-avatar), and physical, (2018) from Stockholm), contemporary values intellectual and mental safety. are completely free from the vertical structure and are in horizontal but not hierarchical Not so long ago books “Generation Me” and alternative configurations. And they are called “iGen” became incredibly popular in the USA, from there as necessary merely by person’s written by the professor of social psychology of subjective cynical and rational need. San Diego State University Jean M. Twenge P. Strandbrink (2018) notes the extinction of (2006, 2017), discussing moral, cognitive and modernistic and post-modernistic mental features of millennials, or the so-called І methodological principles of agreement, generation, (iGen’ers), who grow up with narration, deconstruction, structural and post- iPhones and cannot imagine life without structural nature. The philosopher concludes that googling, video streaming and social media. this affects human image of equality, freedom, Numerous studies by J. Twenge (2006, 2017) mind, autonomy, justice, history, authority and enable her to make generally unfavorable progress, and he asks whether this fall of conclusions on the lack of sociability and postmodernism and justification mean the return helplessness of “the selfie generation” who are to the utopic thinking (Strandbrink, 2018)? potentially the most capable so far. Clear and According to the Swedish researcher, “we seek stable individualism and comfort against the reunion, but we cannot choose constructive background of too lenient upbringing by baby- strategies to synthesize hyper-varied forms, boomers have given controversial results. values, requirements, rules, restrictions and epistemological modes that are valid in the On the one hand, i-Gen’ers are too narcissist, complex hybrid cultural pallets of the global selfish, unconfident and scared to make a world” (Strandbrink, 2018). mistake, they lack independence and feature infantilism, isolation, susceptibility to The confirmation to the post-postmodernist depressions and mental disorders. Typical return to the utopic thinking can be found in the slogans for them, e.g. “Just be yourself!” futurist forecast of transhumanism in the field of “Everybody is good as is!” “You deserve more!” synergy of anthropic and technetronic, “Love yourself!”, turn out to be an illusion in generation of meta-mind and neo humanity, adult reality, in the conditions of tough guarantees of cybernetic immortality etc. The competition, personal responsibility and more confident transhumanists promise spiritual unemployment. i-Gen’ers, obsessed with their development to the humanity, the more utopic vulnerability, sensitivity and susceptibility, most this progressism appears since the analysis of the value security that includes physical safety current achievements does not provide any (power, stamina, life pleasures) and emotional grounds to consider transhumanism as a decent invincibility (guarantee to save reputation, status, alternative to humanism. Unfortunately, new recognition and attractiveness). On the other theories of human values and rights in the meta- hand, broadly, individualism shaped basic beliefs modernist anthropological paradigm based on the of the “selfie generation” on equal rights and ethics of rational individualism, do not promote freedom. Their worldview features inclusivity perfect happy human society in any way. (consideration of all members of the society), tolerance, intolerance to any discrimination If the freedom of pleasures does not crown the (racial, sexual, gender, thought etc.), political pyramid of liberal values, it is still a model that independence, recognition of total equality and balances the scales determining the value freedom of speech (Twenge, 2006, 2017). (significance) of justice, equality, order, happiness and other public ideals. It is the That way anthropological evolution from maximum of pleasure that arithmetically justifies generation to generation determines new needs the ethics of rational individualism and and opportunities for humans and, therefore, the legitimizes liberal democracy. Its sources are in catalogue of their rights and freedom limits. A the philosophy of utilitarianism: a human seeks modernist, a trans-human and a post-human have pleasure and avoids pain; an individual knows

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what is better for him or her; the objective moral deadlock and the crisis of the classical concept of is the total of individual benefits, their human rights in the contemporary reality. This satisfaction and rational consensus among them. statement underlies of “humanistic criticism” of These principles have been the foundation of the human rights that have become anti-humane. humanistic moral and law since the times of the Enlightenment republics to the epoch of liberal A phrase placed on the official website of the democracy. The rational consensus and Russian transhumanist movement as an epigraph contractual justice recognize the priority of or the preamble to the essential statements of the freedom of self-expression and independence of philosophy of transhumanism may confirm the every individual, mutual recognition of each rule of the subjective rational cynicism. The other’s value and the sufficiency of the principle content of the phrase is as follows: “Directives of keeping others harmless. “do unto others as you would have them do unto you” and “eat human meat on Wednesdays and The evolution of humanism led to the rule of the Fridays” are perceived by the philosophy of principle where the key is not to interfere with transhumanism equally skeptically” (Russian others’ affairs, regardless of the relations among transhumanist movement, 2020). In other words, these others, of the unions and families they it is to be understood that the moral categorical create, of their lifestyle, of their sexual, religious imperative in its dogmatic integrity, objectivity and political interests, of whether they are ready and universality is as ridiculous to commit a homicide or suicide, or the like. methodologically and morally in relativistic Every human “is entitled” to nearly everything if individualized society as a call for “eating human aims are set and as long as that will not contradict meat on Wednesdays and Fridays”. others’ interests. Since the main interest is to enjoy pleasure more and more, everybody has the Therewith, modern Chinese philosopher Yong Li right thereto. At the same time, a human “is not (2019), engaged in the issue of moral, suggests entitled” to judge and condemn anybody for the avoiding the term of “moral relativism”, calling quality of the pleasures, as there is no vertical the moral intolerance and value disagreements scale of values – everything is subjective. That is “moral ambivalence”, a currently relevant an obvious axiom of the rational utilitarian phenomenon. Moral ambivalence also assumes ethics: there is no difference in the quality of that the unified and universal, true moral does not pleasures and enjoyment, while the only exist. However, this concept does not coincide difference is in their quantity. There are no with moral relativism. Rather, moral “high” and “low” values – sex and theatre are ambivalence corresponds to the moral pluralism equally important and wonderful – the choice – the statement that there are various acceptable depends on the taste. This is the foundation of the vectors of actions and their assessments contemporary moral of human rights, and it is (Yong, 2019). shifting towards utilitarian consumerism. In any way, extreme liberalism entails The moral of human rights today is very far from excessively egotistic naturalism in ethics and the classical humanism with its “high values” and law. Thus who still speaks about the basic values even opposes it. The contemporary liberal in the contemporary world? Those who oppose concept of human rights does not differentiate the liberal concept of human rights: ISIS, al- between animalistic and humane features in a Qaeda, Patriarch Kirill, Dalai Lama – that is human thus equally protecting both. For ideological fundamentalists and traditionalists. example, law and public moral frequently allow The curiosity of this situation is only superficial. animalistic features to win, if needed, if it is In fact, everything is rather tragic: objective reasonable and justified and the majority will ideals have been busted, the “eternal truth” has vote for that. An example is a private been slayed, all limitations have been lifted from advertisement that he once found online in human morals and physiology. Anthropological Germany: “A person who seeks to be eaten is transgression beyond the borders that are natural, wanted”. The deconstruction of this phrase in the mental, virtual-and-corporeal makes the neo-liberal values and human rights discourse metaspace of law the area of potential human relieves its seemingly shocking meaning, to be freedom beyond the human body. more specific, substitutes it with another also shocking meaning: “eat” and “be eaten” – that is The issues of trans-human and post-human the natural human right if the goal is set and the conditions are highly popular with contemporary consensus is reached as a result of arrangements. European authors. For instance, Romanian The logic of this conclusion shows the moral researchers A. Sandu and L. Vlad (2018) regard

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74 this condition as being “Beyond Technological and satisfaction, whose increase is ensured to the Singularity” and “having ontological borders”. humanity by the transhumanist prospect. Using technologies free from spaciotemporal, causative, cognitive and bio-systemic Bibliographic references localization, a post-human individual (in effect, being limited to active consciousness only) exists Berdyaev, N. A. (1951). The kingdom of the in the “transcendent self”, i.e. both biological and spirit and the kingdom of Caesar. Paris: Umca- non-biological corporeity. The willingness and Press. Recovered from: https://vtoraya- ability of a post-human to leave the physical literatura.com/pdf/berdyaev_tsarstvo_dukha_i_t temporary and finite horizon is compared by the sastvo_kesarya_1951__ocr.pdf. Romanian scientists with the effect of spiritual Berlinger, N., & Solomon, M. Z. (2018). practices in Buddhist, Hinduist, Krishnaist, Becoming Good Citizens of Aging Societies. Taoist, Shia and other oriental philosophies Hastings center report, Vol. 48(3), 2–9. (Sandu & Vlad, 2018). Bostrom, N. (2003). Are You Living in a Simulation? Philosophical Quarterly, The conditions of postmodern “trans-humanity” Vol. 53(211), 243–255. and “sacred enlightenment” coincide in one Bostrom, N. (2016). Development of values. important aspect – they are transgressive and Artificial Intelligence: Stages. Threats. non-substantial human existence. This post- Strategies. Moscow: Publishing House "Mann, human “refusal from metaphysical, transcendent Ivanov and Ferber". Recovered from: foundation, or from the substantiality itself”, is https://element.ru/bookclub/chapters/433044/Isk mentioned by Finnish researcher L. Kakkori usstvennyy_intellekt_Glava_iz_knigi. (2018). According to her, people are to accept the Goryachkovskaya, A. N. (2014). Philosophy of uncertainty and discreteness as the basis of our transhumanism: on the surrogates of being, the volatile transgressive creature (Kakkori, 2018). abduction of identity and euthanasia of humanity. While analyzing the philosophy and culture in Bulletin of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National post-postmodern conditions, Swedish scientist University. Series: Theory of Culture and P. Strandbrink (2018) also notes the emergence Philosophy of Science, Vol. 1092, Issue 50. of the “new type of post-postmodern citizens, Recovered from: created by neoliberal democracy in normative http://periodicals.karazin.ua/thcphs/issue/view/2 political spaces”. 09. Gould, C. C. (2018). Solidarity and the problem Conclusions of structural injustice in healthcare. Bioethics, Vol. 32(9), 541–552. That being said, trans-humanist projects of Guerrini, C., Lewellyn, M., Majumder, M. et al. improving the human species cannot be assessed (2019). Donors, authors, and owners: how is expressly and unambiguously. Along with genomic citizen science addressing interests in solving the global problems of survival, ageing, research outputs? BMC Medical Ethics, Vol. 20, immortality, immunity, birth rate, consumption Issue 1, Article number 84. and resources, biopolitics generates completely Habermas, J. (2002). The future of human nature. different new problems, related not to the body, Towards liberal eugenics. Moskva: Ves' Mir. but to the spirit and threatening the society with Haker, H. (2019). Habermas and the Question of a new status of “human ant-hill”. Liberal Bioethics. European journal for Philosophy of eugenics seeks the ways to reduce the time for Religion, Issue 4, 61–86. personal development at the same time Heidegger, M. (1967). Being And Time. Max improving its efficiency. Therewith, it Niemeyer loading facility in Tübinge. Recovered mistakenly associates personality development from: only with intellectual power, independent https://taradajko.org/get/books/sein_und_zeit.pd thinking and person’s “cognitive freedom”. The f. will of the artificial intelligence can make an Kakkori, L. (2018). Postmodern as individual obey much better than the collective Secularization in Philosophy of Education. will. Digital communicative space closes a Educational Philosophy and Theory, human within the so-called corporeal freedom, Vol. 50(14), Special issue: SI, 1639–1640. freeing from the need or sometimes depriving of Kroker, A., & Cook, D. (1986). The Postmodern very possibility to actually communicate Scene. Excremental Culture and Hyper- interpersonally face-to-face. In this situation the Aesthetics. Montreal: New World Perspectives. optimal way to achieve personal freedom is the Kurzweil, R. (2012). How to create a mind: the individual body dimension – physical pleasure secret of human thought revealed. New York: Penguin Books.

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