Name ______Period _____

BifOI\E Reading Focus Key Terms ,ou • What role did sectionalism Era of Good READ play In the nation during Feelings the Era of Good Feelings? sectionalism Unity and • How did Congress help American System American Industryafter the internal War of 1812? improvements • What was Henry Clay's American System? McCullochv. Division Maryland • How did the Supreme v. Court give more power to Gibbons Ogden the federal government? interstate commerce ,.. Main Idea Despite some tensions between different sections the nation enjoyed an "era of good feelings" after the War of 1812.

Settingthe Scene In Charleston, a cook named Abigail Jones put her advertisement in the newspaper early.Turtle meat would be available for sale on July 4 only. When Americans celebrated the Fourth of July in the early 1800s, turtle soup was one of the two most popular holiday foods. What was the other? For a hot summer holiday like the Fourth, Americans loved. the rare treat of ice cream. In Boston, a Mr. Shindles advertised "iced creams, of the best quality" in four fla­ vors. At Vauxhall Gardens in Charleston, sellers warned people to come early, before all the ice cream was eaten. After theWar of 1812, Fourth of July celebrations became more popular than ever. Americans were proud of theircountry. They were especially proud that the nation was growing rapidly. Improved transportation allowed the opening of new lands to settlers. New industries were appearing.In Congress, a new generationof political leaders sought to direct this expansion.

An Era of Cood Feelings rii,iilThe Fourth of July �in 1819 In 1816, theRepublican candidate for President, JamesMonroe, eas­ Use Prior Knowledge Name ily defeated the Federalist, Senator Rufus King of New York. The some of the reasons why election showed how seriously the Federalist party had declined in Americans were especially proud popularity. Many Federalists had joined the Republican party and of their countryafter 1815. voted for Monroe. Monroe was the last Revolutionary War officer to become President. He was almost 60 years old when he took office, and he still followed the fashionsof the late 1700s. He wore a powdered wig at a time when young men were wearing their hair loose. While other Americans wore long trousers,he still wore breeches and long stockings.

342 Chapter 11 The Nation Grows and Prospers Americans were fond of his old-fashioned ways. In 1817, he made a goodwill tour of the country. In Boston, crowds cheered Monroe enthusiastically. Boston newspapers expressed surprise at this warm welcome for a Republican from Virginia. After a� Boston had long been a Federalist stronghold. Monroe hoped to create a new sense of national unity. One news­paper wrote that the United States was entering an Era of Good Feelings. By the time Monroe ran for a second term in 1820, no candidate opposed him.The Federalist party had disappeared. · Three Sectional Leaders While conflict between political parties declined, disputes between different sections of the nation sharpened. In Congress, three ambi­ tious young men took center stage. All three would play key roles in Congress for more than 30 years, as well as serving in other offices. Each represented a different section of the country.

Calhoun of the South John C. Calhoun spoke for the South. He had grown up on a frontier farm in South Carolina. Calhoun's immense energy and striking features earned him the nickname "young Hercules." He was slim and handsome, with deep-set eyes and a high forehead. His way of speaking was so intense that it some­times made people uncomfortable to be in his presence. Calhoun had supported the War of 1812. Like many southerners, he was a firm defender of slavery. In general, he opposed policies that would strengthen the power of the federal government.

Webster of the North Daniel Webster of New Hampshire was perhaps the most skillful public speaker of his time. With eyes flash­ing and shoulders thrown back, Webster was an impressive sight During his long serviceto his coun­ try, HenryClay was a firmdefender when he stood up to speak in Congress. An observer described him as of the Union. Clay helped to guide a "great cannon loaded to the lips." his countrythrough some of its Like many New Englanders, Webster had opposed the War of most difficultcrises. Three timeshe 1812. He even refused to vote for taxes to pay for the war effort. helped resolve bitterdisputes that After the war, he wanted the federal government to take a larger threatened to teer the nation apart. One officethat eluded him was role in building the nation's economy. Unlike Calhoun, Webster the presidency. He was defeated thought that slavery was evil. three timesin effortsto become President Yet, he was proud that Clay of the West Henry Clay spoke for the West. You have he had held to his principles. Once, already met Clay as a leader of the War Hawks, who pushed for war when asked if he was bitter about against Britain in 1812. his failure to become President, he Clay was born in Virginia but moved to Kentucky when he was responded: "No. I had rather be right then be President.n 20. As a young lawyer, he was once fined for brawling with an oppo­ nent. Usually, however, he charmed both friends and rivals. Name two qualities that Clay demonstrated during his Supporters called him "Gallant Harry of the West." Like Webster, careerin public service. Clay strongly favored a more active role for the central government in promoting the country's growth.

Helping American Businesses Grow After the War of 1812, leaders like Calhoun, Webster, and Clay had to deal with serious economic issues. Despite the nation's great physical growth and the soaring spirits of its people, the United States Chapter 11 Section 3 343 economy faced severe problems. This was due in part to the lack of Monitor Your Reading riiii) a national bank. lJ!!JCheck to see if you under­ stand the relationship betweenthe The charter that had set up the Bank of the United States ran out money supply and the Bank of the in 1811. Without the Bank to lend money and regulate the nation's United States. money supply, the economy suffered. State banks made loans and issued money. However, they often put too much money into circula­ tion. With so much money available to spend, prices rose rapidly. In the nation's early years, Republicans like Jefferson and Madison had opposed a national bank. By 1816, however, many Republicansbelieved that a bank was needed. They supported a law to charter the second Bank of the United States. By lending money and restoring order to the nation's money supply, the Bank helped American businesses grow. Protection From Foreign Competition Another economic problem facing the nation was foreign competition, especially from Britain. In the early 1800s, the Embargo Act and then the War of 1812 kept most British goods out of the United States. In response, ambitious American business leaders like Francis Cabot Lowell established their own mills and factories. As a result, American industrygrew quickly until1815. A Flood of British Goods With the end of theWar of 1812, British goods again poured into theUnited States. Because the British had a head start in industrializing,they could make and sell goods more cheaply than Americans could. Most British factory buildings and machines were older and had already been paid for. In contrast, Americans stillhad to pay for theirnew factory buildings. Sometimes,British manufacturers sold cloth in theUnited States Cheapened for less than it cost to make. British manufacturers hoped to put Money � Without a w, "• .. American rivals out of business. Then, the British planned to raise nationalbank, ------­ prices. thestates began Issuing money, like this five-dollarb ank note issuedby Congress Passes a Protective Tariff The British plan caused the state of Massachusetts.Wi th so dozens of New England businesses to fail. Angry owners asked much moneybe ing issued, theval ue Congress to place a protective tariff on all goods imported from of the money declined. Europe. As you have read, the purposeof a protective tariff is to pro· tect a country's industries from foreign competition.

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344 * Chapter 11 The Nation Grows and Prospers ., The Tariff of 1816. .. .

How a ProtectiveTariff Works Effects200....-----,..---,--...... -- of a ProtectiveTariff, ...... 1810-1840 ----

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Clothmade in Britisbcloth in Clalll•da UnitedStates UnitedSlalN in Britain so------+------Cost= $6.00 COita'8JIO Cost:$5,0Q + $1J.&Tariff Final O;---+--.....ii---,.__...,_,....._ _...,. Cost=$&.25 1810 1820 1830 1840 Year Source: Hfstoriaa/Stat/Btics of theUnited States

In 1816, Congress passed a Congress responded by passing the Tariff of 1816. It greatly protective tariffto help raised tariffs on imports. This increase made imported goods far Americanfactory owners. more expensive than similar American-made goods. ffigher tariffs led to angry protests from southerners. Southerners had built few factories. As a result, they did not benefit from the tariff. Also, south­ erners bought many British goods. The new tariff drove up the price of British-made goods. Southerners complained that the tariff made northern manufacturers rich at the expense of the South. Clay's American System The bitter dispute over tariffs reflected the growth of sectionalism. Sectionalism is loyalty to one's state or section rather than to the nation as a whole. Americans identified themselves as southerners, northerners,or westerners. In Congress, representatives from differ­ ent sections often clashed. Henry Clay wanted to promote economic growth for all sections. His program, known as the American System� called for high tariffs on imports, which would help northern factories. With wealth from industry, Clay believed, northerners would have the money to buy farm products from the West and the South. High tariffs would also reduce American dependence on foreign goods. Clay also urged Congress to use money from tariffs to build roads, bridges, and canals. A better transportation system, he believed, would make it easier and cheaper for farmers in the West and the South to ship goods to city markets.

Chapter 11 Section 3 * 345 Clay's American System never fully went into effect. While tariffs Primary Source remained high, Congress spent little on internal improvements­ improvements for roads, bridges, and canals. Southerners in particu­ McCulloch v. Maryland lar disliked Clay's plan. The South had many fine rivers on which to (1819) transport goods. Many southerners opposed paying for roads and In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) canals that brought them no direct benefits. Chief Justice John Marshallruled thatno state has the right to con­ trol any federal organization within The Supreme Court Expands itsborders. Here is a passage Federal Power explaining his reasoning: "TheAmerican people have Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court strength­ declared their Constitutionand the ened the power of the federal government to promote economic laws .•. to be supreme, butthis growth. After Congress chartered the second Bank of the United principle would transfer the States, supremacy, in fact, to the States. If Maryland tried to tax the Bank in order to drive it out of the the States may tax one [body], state. James McCulloch, the Bank cashier, refused to pay the tax. employed by the government in the In the case of rMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Court ruled executionof itspowers, theymay that states had no right to interfere withfederal institutionswithin tax any and everyother [body]. their borders. The rulingstrengthened federal power. It also allowed They maytax the mail; they may tax the mint;they may tax judicial the Bank of the United States to c::ontinue,which helped the econo­ process .••. Thiswas not intended my to expand. by theAmerican people. They did In another case, Gibbons '"· Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court not [want] to make their govern­ upheld the power of the federal government to regulate trade ment dependent on the States." between states. The Court struck down a New York law that tried to Analyzing Primary Source control steamboat travel between New York and New Jersey. The What does Marshall suggest Court ruled that a state could regulate trade only within its own may happen Ifthe states can tax federalbanks? borders. Only the federal government had the power to regulate interstate commerce, or trade between different states. This decision helped the national economy by making it easier for the government to regulate trade.

Assessment Questions Recall 1. Define (a) sectionalism

(b) internal improvements

(c) interstate commerce

346 * Chapter 11 The Nation Grows and Prospers 2. Explain the views of Calhoun, Webster, and Clay as representatives of the South, North, and West on the issues of the War of 1812, protective tariffs, federal power, and slavery.

3. How did protective tariffs help American industry after the War of 1812?

4. Why did many southerners oppose Clay's American System?

5. How did the Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden give the federal government more power?

... in McCulloch v. Maryland?