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Karyomorphology of Flemingia Nilgheriensis (Baker) Wight Ex T

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Karyomorphology of Flemingia Nilgheriensis (Baker) Wight Ex T © 2011 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 76(3): 243–248 Karyomorphology of Flemingia nilgheriensis (Baker) Wight ex T. Cooke: An Endemic from Western Ghats Manoj Madhwanand Lekhak, Mayur Dhondiram Nandikar and Shrirang Ramchandra Yadav* Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur–416 004, Maharashtra, India Received November 2, 2010; accepted March 24, 2011 Summary The genus Flemingia Roxb. ex Ait. & Ait. f. is represented by c. 30 species distributed in the old world tropics. India is home to 16 species and 2 variety of which 5 species and 1 variety are endemic. The genus is of great economic potential as some species are source of dyes while oth- ers are used as root crops. In addition to this Flemingia is one of the wild relatives of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea). Keeping all this in mind, the present paper aims at karyotypic studies in F. nilgheriensis (Baker) Wight ex T. Cooke, an endemic plant species. The Chromosome number, 2n=22 is reported for the first time in this species and the karyotype is found to be highly symmetri- cal (1a). Key words Flemingia nilgheriensis, Endemic, Karyotype, India. The genus Flemingia Roxb. ex Ait. & Ait. f. is represented by c. 30 species distributed in the old world tropics (Mabberley 2008). India is home to 16 species and 2 variety of which 5 species and 1 variety are endemic (Sanjappa 1992) (Table 1). The genus is of immense economic potential. The fruits of Flemingia contain an active compound called flemingin which is capable of dyeing silk but not wool or cotton. F. grahamiana is one of the principal sources of the Arab dye called ʻwarasʼ, ʻwarsʼ or ʻwarusʼ. Waras is a coarse purple or brilliant orange–brown powder, consisting of single hair and dark gland globules rubbed from dry fruits. The powder is used in India, the Arab world and in Africa (e.g. in Uganda, Zimbabwe and Malawi), mainly for dyeing silk but also for other purposes such as dyeing bamboo for baskets and making coloured ink. In DR Congo F. gra- hamiana is recommended as a cover crop. The tuberous root is said to be edible. In Zimbabwe and Malawi a root decoction is drunk against diarrhea and dysentery. In India the plant is used in exter- nal applications against skin diseases, internally as a purgative and as a medicine for colds (Jansen and Cardon 2005). F. macrophylla is grown as hedge plant and provides mulch for associated food crops grown in alley-cropping systems, and fuel wood as a valuable by-product. It is a minor host of the Indian and Chinese lac insects. In Indonesia the leaves are used medicinally (Hanum and Van der Maesen 1997). F. procumbens has potential as vegetable (Wiersema and Leon 1999). Flemingia nilgheriensis is an endemic legume which grows on lateritic plateaus of more than 1000 m asl (Fig. 1a). It is quite common in Northern–Western Ghats with an extended range up to Tamil Nadu. It occupies a very specific habitat i.e. it grows in rock crevices. It bears tuberous roots. The inflorescence is a terminal head with many purple coloured flowers (Fig. 1b). F. nilgheriensis is very close to F. vestita (synonym of F. procumbens) which is commonly called as Soh-phlong and is cultivated as a root crop by the tribals of the Khasi and Jaintia hills (Assam, India) (Singh and Arora 1973). Another species F. tuberosa also bears esculent roots and can be used as a root crop. The species of the genus are of food value in addition to being medicinally important. Also, * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 244 M. M. Lekhak et al. Cytologia 76(3) Table 1. Flemingia species occurring in India, their sporophytic counts and geographical distribution S. No. Taxon 2n Authors Geographical distribution 1. Flemingia chappar Buch.-Ham. 22 Goldblatt and Johnson India (Peninsula, E. Himalaya, Bihar, (1991) Uttar Pradesh, W. Bengal), Nepal, Burma. 2. *Flemingia gracilis (Mukerjee) Sanj. – – India (Karnataka, Maharashtra). 3. Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Arn. 22 Lackey (1980) India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu), tropical Africa from Ethiopia to Cameroon, Ghana to S. Africa. 4. Flemingia involucrata Benth. 22 – India (E. Himalayas up to 1000 m, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, W. Bengal), Bangladesh, Burma, Indonesia. 5. Flemingia lineata (L.) Roxb. ex Ait. f. 20 Lackey (1980) India (throughout from Himalayas southward), Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Malesia, Australia. 6. Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) O. 20, 22 Goldblatt and Johnson India (throughout, in Himalayas up to Kuntze ex Merr. (1991), Lackey 2000 m), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, (1980), Ohri and Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma, China, Singh (2002) Malesia, Australia, cultivated in Africa. 7. *Flemingia nilgheriensis (Baker) 22 Present communication India (Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Wight ex T. Cooke Tamil Nadu). 8. Fleminigia paniculata Wall. ex Benth. – Goldblatt (1985) India (Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikkim, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, W. Bengal), Nepal, Bhutan, Burma. 9. Flemingia praecox C. B. Clarke ex – – India (Gujarat), Bangladesh. Prain var. praecox 10. *Flemingia praecox C. B. Clarke ex – – India (Peninsula). Prain var. robusta Mukerjee 11. Flemingia procumbens Roxb. – – India (Himalayas from Simla to Sikkim— ascending up to 2350 m, Meghalaya), Nepal, sometimes cultivated for tubers. =Flemingia vestita Benth. ex Baker 22# Bir and Sidhu (1967) 12. *Flemingia rollae (Billore & Hemadri) – – India (Maharashtra). A. Kumar 13. Flemingia semialata Roxb. ex Ait. f. 22 Goldblatt and Johnson India (throughout, up to 3000 m in (1994) Himalayas), Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan. 14. Flemingia stricta Roxb. – – India (Peninsula, Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikkim, Assam, Bihar, Mizoram), Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan, China. 15. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) Ait. & Ait. f. 20 Lackey (1980), Ohri India (throughout, ascending up to and Singh (2002) 2650 m in Himalayas), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Burma, China, Malesia, introduced in Micronesia, Polynesia, Mauritius and W. Indies. =Flemingia fruticulosa Wall. 22 Goldblatt and Johnson (1994), Bir and Sidhu (1967) =Flemingia fruticulosa Wall. ex Benth. 22# Jahan et al. (1994) 16. *Flemingia tuberosa Dalz. – – India (Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra). 17. Flemingia wallichii Wight & Arn. – – India (Peninsula), Burma. 18. *Flemingia wightiana Grah. – – India (Tamil Nadu), Karnataka, Orissa. Modified after Sanjappa (1992), —sporophytic counts not known so far, * denotes endemic taxa, 2n is the sporophytic count, # gametophyte count converted to sporophytic count, =represents synonyms. 2011 Karyotype Studies in Flemingia nilgheriensis 245 Fig. 1. Flemingia nilgheriensis (Baker) Wight ex T. Cooke: a: habit b: inflorescence (close-up view) c: metaphase d: idiogram e: karyogram. Flemingia is amongst one of the 11 related genera of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) (Ohri and Singh 2002). Cytotaxonomical work in this genus is very sparse and mostly confined to chro- mosome counts only. Detailed karyomorphology has never been attempted. Still some 50% (Table 1) Indian species await basic cytological investigations. In this backdrop detailed investigation on karyomorphology of F. nilgheriensis was thought worthwhile. Materials and methods The materials (seeds of Flemingia nilgheriensis) for the present investigation were collected from the wild resources of Northern–Western Ghats. The voucher specimens (SUK-3886) are de- posited in the Herbarium of Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur (SUK). Seeds of 246 M. M. Lekhak et al. Cytologia 76(3) Table 2. Karyotype analysis of F. nilgheriensis Chromosome Centromere Long arm (l) Short arm (s) c=l+s d=l­s r=l/s i=s/c⊗100 Type pairs position 1 0.99∓0.13 0.76∓0.19 1.75∓0.27 0.23 1.31 43.38 m A 2 0.93∓0.12 0.68∓0.14 1.61∓0.21 0.25 1.36 42.29 m B 3 0.86∓0.11 0.64∓0.12 1.50∓0.20 0.22 1.35 42.55 m B 4 0.84∓0.12 0.62∓0.11 1.46∓0.17 0.22 1.36 42.31 m B 5 0.82∓0.12 0.57∓0.12 1.38∓0.15 0.25 1.44 41.04 m C 6 0.77∓0.08 0.56∓0.10 1.33∓0.12 0.21 1.37 42.17 m C 7 0.72∓0.09 0.59∓0.12 1.31∓0.15 0.13 1.22 45.12 m C 8 0.72∓0.09 0.56∓0.10 1.28∓0.14 0.16 1.29 43.75 m C 9 0.67∓0.09 0.54∓0.09 1.21∓0.15 0.14 1.25 44.37 m D 10 0.65∓0.11 0.49∓0.03 1.14∓0.12 0.16 1.33 42.96 m D 11 0.54∓0.15 0.45∓0.08 0.98∓0.22 0.09 1.20 45.53 m E Table 3. Types of chromosomes in F. nilgheriensis Types of Chromosomes Description Type A (Chromosome I): A pair of long chromosomes (1.75 μm) with median centromere (m). This is the longest pair. Type B (Chromosomes II, III, IV): 3 pairs of long chromosomes (1.46–1.61 μm) with median centromere (m). Type C (Chromosomes V, VI, VII & VIII): 4 pairs of short chromosomes (1.28–1.38 μm) with median centromere (m). Type D (Chromosomes IX & X): 2 pairs of short chromosomes (1.14–1.21 μm) with median centromere (m). Type E (Chromosome XI): A pair of short chromosome (0.98 μm) with median centromere (m). This is the shortest pair. F. nil gheriensis exhibit hard coat dormancy, so in order to break the dormancy, seeds were soaked in conc. H2SO4 for 5 minutes. These seeds were then washed in distilled water and put to germina- tion. Root tips so obtained were used for mitotic studies after pretreatment with aqueous saturated solution of para-dichlorobenzene (pDB) at 8–10°C for 4 to 5 h.
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