Danger close to home can start far away. The cover design depicts a departing airplane juxtaposed with a micrograph of the avian influenza virus to illustrate how danger close to home can start far away. The world has changed dramatically since the last global epidemic in 1918 that killed 50 million people. Today, the chance that a virus in one place will make it around the world is exponentially higher than before.

Whether an infectious disease outbreak is naturally occurring or caused by terrorists–major health threats are also security threats. This puts us in a race between cooperation and catastrophe.

NTI’s Global Health and Security Initiative is working around the world to prevent, detect and respond to biological threats. Learn more on page 24. Nuclear Threat Initiative 2005 Annual Report NTI is working to reduce the risk of use and prevent the spread of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. www.nti.org Table of Contents

2 Letter from the Co-Chairmen 6 About NTI 8 Nuclear 24 Biological 38 Chemical 42 Communications 50 Board of Directors 63 Officers and Staff 66 Get Involved

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005  Letter from the When up to two dozen nuclear bombs’ worth of material was left after the shutdown of a nuclear reactor, NTI acted and the govern­ Co-Chairmen 2005 ment of Kazakhstan was approached with an offer of support for removing the fuel to a facility where it could be blended down into a safer form. The materials have now been safely removed and blended down, and the result is a model for dealing with Kazakhstan’s remaining nuclear weapons-usable materials. When the World Health Organization (WHO) lacked a reserve fund to rapidly dispatch teams to investigate disease outbreaks, NTI acted with a $500,000 commit­ ment creating a revolving fund—that has now been replenished by others many times over—so teams could deploy within 24 hours of a reported infectious disease out­ break. Rapid response can mean the difference between a locally contained outbreak and a widespread epidemic—whether a disease is naturally occurring or intentionally caused. The fund has already been used by the WHO to respond to numerous out­ breaks, including avian influenza, SARS, Ebola and yellow fever. When public attention to the threat from weapons of mass destruction began Bony/Gamma NTI Board Members Fujia Yang, Charles B. Curtis, to fade after 9/11, NTI acted, and the threat was elevated on the agenda in the U.S. Eugene Habiger, Susan Eisenhower, Sam Nunn, Ted presidential campaign of 2004 through a targeted public education campaign in Turner and Pierre Lellouche stand with officials from the Ulba Metallurgical Plant in Kazakhstan, where, Iowa and New Hampshire so that—as The New York Times wrote: “Both candidates under an NTI-Kazakhstan project, up to two-dozen [George W. Bush and John Kerry] called nuclear proliferation the greatest threat to bombs’ worth of highly enriched uranium was being American security.” converted into low enriched uranium fuel for power reactors that cannot be used in a nuclear weapon. When the rising threat of global epidemics gave new urgency to the need for dis­ Kazakhstan’s President Nazarbayev has been a global ease surveillance, NTI acted and committed nearly $1.5 million to engage the govern­ nonproliferation leader, making Kazakhstan a model ments of Jordan, Israel and Egypt, and the Palestinian Authority in designing a disease for the kind of cooperation and progress essential to reducing threats from weapons of mass destruction. surveillance system that shares real time information among these four partners about In 1994, Kazakhstan returned nuclear weapons left on disease outbreaks. This experience has led to a new initiative to engage India, Paki­ its soil at the breakup of the Soviet Union – more than stan and Bangladesh to help each country strengthen its disease surveillance capaci­ the arsenals of China, France and the United Kingdom combined. Kazakhstan later partnered with the United ties and work together on the creation of a regional system. States in Project Sapphire, a joint effort to blend down When two and a half nuclear bombs’ worth of highly enriched uranium sat poorly weapons-grade uranium. The joint NTI-Kazakhstan guarded just outside Belgrade, NTI acted with a $5 million commitment that sealed project at Ulba led to an announcement by President Nazarbayev that he will eliminate Kazakhstan’s a deal among the governments of Yugoslavia, the United States and Russia and the remaining highly enriched uranium. International Atomic Energy Agency to move the material out of the reach of terror­ ists and begin cleanup. The operation drew fresh attention to the threat of terrorists

 NTI ­acquiring nuclear weapons and served as a model for a new $450 million U.S. program to remove highly enriched uranium from research facilities around the world. When the threat of bioterrorism began to loom large, NTI acted and sponsored a National Academy of Sciences study that outlined ways to manage the practice of “safe science”—whereby self-governance within the biological sciences community ensures that appropriate norms, guidelines and practices are established to help mini­ mize the potential for the misuse of biotechnology. The study prompted the creation of a new U.S. government advisory board to develop guidelines for the biosecurity of life sciences research and a code of conduct for scientists and lab workers. With 1.9 million chemical weapons—enough to kill tens of millions of people—in dilapidated buildings in Russia, NTI acted by forming a partnership with the govern­ Our focus is on leverage — ment of Canada to build a section of railroad tracks necessary to transport the weap­ ons to a destruction facility. using our resources to NTI became the contributor and catalyst in each of these cases because we command greater action are committed to reducing the global threats from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. from governments and The idea for NTI began to germinate when it became increasingly clear that the other organizations. nuclear threat had not ended when the Cold War ended. In some ways, it began to get worse. We both hoped and expected that in the post–Cold War climate, the nuclear threat would diminish and governments would remove weapons from their Cold War postures and quickly secure nuclear weapons and bomb-making materials. But they did not. With increased danger from terrorists, we saw that the risk of a nuclear, biological or chemical weapon being used was growing. But we were skepti­ cal at first that a private organization could play a significant role in reducing these dangers because governments have the responsibility and resources for the large- scale work of threat reduction. However, governments weren’t doing enough, and we believed we had to act. So we launched a six-month project to think through whether and how a charitable organization could reduce the threats from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. We concluded that a private organization could make an impact—under certain conditions. It should focus on reducing the risk from nuclear, biological and chemi­ cal weapons. It would have to be staffed by top experts who were widely known and respected and who had operational experience in their fields. It would have to have

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005  a strong communications mission, to raise the public understanding of the threats. It would have to have the financial resources not only to tell the world what must be done, but to show the world through direct action projects that could serve as models for wider action. Finally, it would have to be guided by an international board of directors with expertise in these issues, who would have the stature necessary to gain access to top government leaders throughout the world. In fact, we concluded, it would help if some of the directors were top government leaders. Thus was born five years ago a nonprofit organization with relatively modest resources, but great range, expertise, access and a keen capacity for leveraging action and funding to reduce threats from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Today, NTI’s Board of Directors has members from the United States, India, Pakistan, China, Japan, Jordan, France, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Russia. It includes members of the U.S. Senate, the Russian Duma and the U.K. House of Lords, the former commander of U.S. strategic nuclear forces, the former head of the UN Special Commission on Iraq, a former U.S. Secretary of Defense and a Nobel Prize–winning economist. Our focus then and now is on leverage—using our resources to command greater action from governments and other organizations. While our accomplishments have surpassed our expectations, we are sobered by the continued urgency of the threats and the continued lack of a proportionate response by governments working together Mark Smolinski Participants from Jordan, Israel, to address it. Egypt and the Palestinian The response must be global, because danger close to home can start far away. Authority are involved in the MECIDS Interventional Field Yet nations continue to downplay the threats that arise far from their borders, but can Epidemiology Course. endanger their own countries: There are inadequately secured nuclear weapons materials in more than 100 sites in dozens of countries with no comprehensive plan or timetable for securing it all. Most nations have little capacity to detect new disease outbreaks, even though an infectious disease outbreak in one nation can quickly become a major threat to human health and security in every nation. Both the United States and Russia still have thousands of nuclear weapons on hair-trigger alert with no evident plans to change—a situation that prompted the RAND Corporation to declare: “The risks of nuclear use between the United States and ­Russia are too high.”

 NTI These facts make it clear—there is still so much to do. But we don’t have to be “The Nuclear Threat Initiative spectators; private organizations and private individuals can make an impact. We know we can help make the world safer, and we know how. We ask you to join the embodies the best features of many people who have joined us and support our work to reduce risks and make a public-private partnership: safer world. Investor Warren Buffett has said: “NTI has shown that private resources can be a worthy cause; crisply defined, leveraged to get governments around the world to do more, and I’m pleased to sup­ practical objectives; and–in four port its efforts.” Nobel Peace Prize winner and Director General of the International Atomic Energy years–a series of concrete Agency Mohammed ElBaradei describes NTI as embodying “the best features of achievements, successful steps ­public-private partnership: a worthy cause; crisply defined, practical objectives; and— in four years—a series of concrete achievements, successful steps towards making towards making the world safer the world safer and more secure.” and more secure.” If you’re looking for a way to make a difference, you can find it here. The NTI Safer World Action Network gives you a way to get involved so that you can help Mohamed ElBaradei, 2005 Nobel Peace prevent catastrophic terrorism. The Safer World Action Network will help you stay Prize Winner and Director General of the informed, encourage others to learn more and donate directly to projects that reduce International Atomic Energy Agency the threats from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Please visit www.nti.org to join the Safer World Action Network today. It is important and one clear and concrete way to build a safer tomorrow.

Sincerely,

Sam Nunn Ted Turner Co-Chairman Co-Chairman

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005  ABOUT NTI

NTI Board Members Susan Eisenhower, Ted Turner, Sam Nunn, Pierre Lellouche and Fujia Yang being briefed on the blend-down of highly enriched uranium at the Ulba Metallurgical Plant in Kazakhstan, where, under an NTI-Kazakhstan project, up to two-dozen bombs’ worth of highly enriched uranium was being converted into low enriched uranium fuel for power reactors that cannot be used in a nuclear weapon.

 NTI Catalyzing Action to Reduce Urgent Global Dangers

Since governments have most of the resources and health and medicine who have operational and international authority in the large-scale work of threat reduction, it is not experience in their fields. only what NTI can do to directly to reduce these threats that NTI works to raise public awareness about the global matters; it is also what NTI can persuade others to do. NTI’s threats from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and focus is on leverage—combining its influential voice with to urge effective action to reduce those threats. In 2005, direct action projects to catalyze greater, more effective NTI released a film, Last Best Chance, to highlight the dan­ action by governments and international organizations. ger from unsecured nuclear material around the world and NTI is a place of common ground where people with dif­ the need to dramatically accelerate global efforts to secure ferent ideological views are working the material. The NTI-Harvard Managing the Atom Report NTI is a nonprofit organization together to close the gap between “Securing the Bomb” provides a yearly assessment of prog­ working to reduce the risk of use the global threats from nuclear, bio­ ress in the global efforts to lock down nuclear weapons and logical and chemical weapons and materials and recommends specific actions to accelerate and prevent the spread of nuclear, the global response. that work. biological and chemical weapons. NTI is co-chaired by philanthro­ NTI’s direct action projects are models for threat reduc­ pist and CNN founder Ted Turner tion, designed to create paths for governments and other and former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn and is governed by an organizations to follow. Many projects address high-risk situ­ expert and influential Board of Directors with members from ations involving nuclear, biological and chemical weapons the United States, Russia, Japan, India, Pakistan, China, and materials. In the biological arena, NTI’s Global Health Jordan, Sweden, France and the United Kingdom. Board and Security Initiative works to prevent, detect and respond members include a former U.S. Secretary of Defense, to biological threats around the world, with a focus on members of the legislative branches of government from addressing gaps in global public health capacity for rapid the United States, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; detection and response to infectious disease outbreaks and a member of the Jordanian royal family; a Nobel Prize–win­ strengthening efforts to prevent the development and use ning economist; a world-renowned nuclear physicist; the of biological weapons. NTI’s projects range from facilitating former commander of U.S. nuclear strategic forces and the elimination of highly enriched uranium in Kazakhstan, to other top experts in international security issues. The foun­ supporting Russian chemical weapons destruction, to creat­ dation’s activities are directed by Senator Nunn and NTI ing a revolving fund to support rapid emergency response to President Charles B. Curtis. infectious disease outbreaks, whether naturally occurring or Advisors to the Board of Directors include leading fig­ intentionally caused, anywhere around the world. ures from the scientific, business and national security fields. NTI is a global initiative with offices in Washington, DC NTI is staffed by experts in nonproliferation, international and Moscow. NTI activities are conducted with full transpar­ affairs, communications, security and military issues, public ency with the United States and other governments.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005  NUCLEAR

A worker sorts highly enriched uranium pellets at the Ulba Metallurgical Plant in Kazakhstan, where, under an NTI-Kazakhstan project, up to two-dozen nuclear bombs’ worth of highly enriched uranium was converted into low enriched uranium fuel for power reactors that cannot be used in a nuclear weapon.

 NTI nti in action

Up to two dozen nuclear bombs’ worth of highly enriched The project was carried out in coordination with the Inter­ uranium was at a civilian nuclear power reactor slated for national Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the U.S. Department shut-down in Aktau, Kazakhstan, on the Caspian Sea near of Energy and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Iran. This highly enriched uranium had fallen through the of Kazakhstan. cracks of international efforts to secure and dispose of other In October, NTI Board members traveled to Kazakhstan nuclear weapons materials in Kazakhstan, so NTI joined with to join with Kazakhstan’s President Nursultan Nazarbayev the government of Kazakhstan to take action. to announce the success of our joint work. President Naz­ Highly enriched uranium is the raw arbayev said, “It’s important that we material of nuclear terrorism, but today, “It’s important that we do do everything possible to secure and because of NTI’s cooperative work eliminate bomb-making materials so with the government of Kazakhstan, the everything possible to secure terrorists cannot use them to build a material from the reactor in Aktau will and eliminate bomb-making nuclear weapon. All of us in Kazakh­ never be used in weapons. Instead, it stan are proud of what we have done has been transformed into low enriched materials so terrorists with NTI to advance that goal.” U.S. uranium that can be used only for com­ cannot use them to build a President George Bush and Moham­ mercial or scientific activities. med ElBaradei, Director General of There were several steps in the nuclear weapon. All of us in the IAEA, sent statements of support ­project. Nuclear workers in Aktau Kazakhstan are proud of for the project that were read at the loaded the fresh highly enriched ura­ ceremony. nium fuel assemblies designed, but what we have done with NTI Eliminating up to two dozen never used, for the BN-350 reactor to advance that goal.” nuclear bombs’ worth of material is onto rail cars. The fuel assemblies progress, but the message this proj­ were transported to the Ulba Metal­ President Nursultan Nazarbayev, ect sends is just as important—there lurgical Plant in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan are steps we can take to dramatically Kazakhstan, where security upgrades reduce the threat of nuclear terror­ were installed to permit highly enriched uranium storage. A ism by securing and eliminating nuclear weapons materi­ blend-down line and additional security upgrades to allow als around the world. As Dr. Graham Allison, Director of the conversion of highly enriched uranium to a safer, non­ Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and Interna­ weapons–usable form were designed, licensed and installed tional Affairs and author of Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate to carry out the operations. These facilities will remain avail­ Preventable Catastrophe, has said, “No nuclear material. able to transform other nuclear weapons–usable uranium No nuclear weapon. No nuclear terrorism.” into material that cannot be made into a nuclear weapon.

Bony/Gamma a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005  The Nature of the Threat

TERRORIST ACQUISITION AND USE OF Nunn-Lugar-Domenici Domestic Preparedness NUCLEAR WEAPONS Program and related programs have made sig­ In 1998, Osama bin Laden called acquiring nificant progress in securing and eliminating nuclear weapons a “religious duty”. Al Qaeda vulnerable weapons and materials in Russia operatives have made repeated attempts to buy and the new independent states. However, by stolen nuclear material to make a bomb. Inter­ 2005, less than 50 percent of the nuclear mate­ cepted al Qaeda communications reported a rials and warheads in Russia have had basic member boasting Osama bin Laden planned cooperative security upgrades. And govern­ to carry out a “Hiroshima” on America. Exten­ ments are only in the initial stages of the task sive materials on nuclear weapons found in al of securing and eliminating vulnerable materials Sometimes when your enemies Qaeda camps in Afghanistan make clear the from the more than 100 HEU research facilities say that they are going to do group’s continuing desire for nuclear capabil­ around the globe. U.S. and Russian officials ity. In 2003, Bin Laden sought and received have pledged to increase the pace substan­ something, you need to take them a religious ruling, or fatwa, from an extreme tially both for vulnerable materials in Russia and seriously. Saudi cleric authorizing the use of weapons of around the world, but the pace is still not com­ mass destruction to kill American civilians. mensurate with the threat. The hardest part of making a nuclear weapon is getting plutonium or highly enriched uranium (HEU), the essential ingredients of a nuclear bomb. Since these materials are diffi­ STATE ACQUISITION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS cult to make, the most likely way a terrorist will CAPABILITY get them is through illicit purchase or theft. In State nuclear weapons programs pose a grow­ Russia alone, the Cold War legacy of the Soviet ing danger. Union left vast quantities of weapons, HEU The spread of nuclear technology and and plutonium, as well as tens of thousands of related know-how is cause for increasing con­ people with weapons or materials knowledge cern. The exposure of an illicit nuclear trading whose jobs were no longer assured. In dozens network centered in Pakistan revealed a stun­ of countries around the world, there are more ning operation to bypass international controls than 100 research facilities with HEU that is on the dissemination of nuclear weapons tech­ inadequately secured and vulnerable to theft. nology. These transfers were made through Over the past decade, U.S. and Russian multiple countries and individuals operating activities carried out under the Nunn-Lugar outside of global export control mechanisms Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, the and were undetected as cargoes entered ports

10 NTI and crossed borders. This network is believed to have transferred Pakistani nuclear technol­ ogy to Libya, Iran and North Korea. In the case of Libya and apparently Iran, the transfers included sensitive nuclear weapons design information. Since that time, Libya has admitted to pursuing a covert nuclear weapons program and has committed to dismantling the Containers holding highly program. enriched uranium powder that was blended-down in Kazakhstan. In South Asia, the risk of nuclear use between Bony/Gamma Pakistan and India remains high. These two coun­ to meet civil energy needs. And if the Nuclear tries have a history of strained relations, wars and Suppliers Group were to alter its rules, the cross-border terrorism. Both sides continue to agreement would permit India to trade nuclear expand their warhead stockpiles and delivery sys­ technology with other nations. In exchange, India tems. However, it is encouraging that both gov­ would agree to declare 14 of 22 nuclear reac­ ernments have begun a comprehensive dialogue tors as designated for civil use and agree to that can help reduce nuclear tensions and are IAEA inspections. beginning to identify risk reduction measures for North Korea has withdrawn from the Nuclear implementation, such as a “hotline” between the Non-Proliferation Treaty, lifted the freeze on its foreign secretaries of the two countries and an plutonium-based nuclear weapons program and agreement to notify each other prior to any missile expelled IAEA inspectors who had been moni­ launches. toring the freeze under the Agreed Framework In 2005, U.S. President George W. Bush of 1994. North Korea claims to have engineered and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh a number of plutonium-based nuclear weapons announced a nuclear technology sharing agree­ and is believed to have a parallel program for ment between their two countries that would enriching uranium for nuclear weapons. The six- provide a one-country exception to longstanding party talks (involving the United States, South prohibitions on the sharing of nuclear technology Korea, North Korea, Russia, China and Japan), with nations outside of the Nuclear Non-Prolifer­ which were set up to mitigate this diplomatic cri­ ation Treaty. Under the agreement, which would sis, resumed in 2005. On September 19, the six need to be enabled with changes in U.S. law parties reached agreement on a joint statement, by the U.S. Congress, India would be allowed including a commitment by North Korea to aban­ access to U.S. nuclear fuel and technology don its nuclear weapons program and return to

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 11 civilian nuclear capabilities used for energy pro­ duction can be easily converted to a nuclear weapons program. After an 18-year history of conducting a clandestine program to develop nuclear weap­ ons, Iranian leaders have a declared policy of developing a domestic nuclear fuel cycle, and they have made considerable progress in developing uranium-enrichment capabilities that could be used to manufacture nuclear weapons materials. Although Iran is a signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and has the right to enrich uranium for energy production if Alexander Bibik Shearon Glover

[ c lo c k w i s e f r o m a b ov e ] its facilities are placed under international safe­ Bob Berls explains details guards, it has not convinced the IAEA that its of the display of Sarov Open nuclear program is for peaceful civilian use. In Technopark in Russia to NTI Co-Chairman Sam Nunn. fact, evidence presented to the IAEA suggests that Iran may have acquired a nuclear weapons NTI Board Members observe highly enriched uranium blend- design and is actively pursuing a nuclear weap­ down in Kazakhstan. ons program. Map of countries with nuclear NTI The Brazilian government’s past refusal weapons material. the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, along with to allow unrestricted IAEA inspections of its economic and security guarantees. Subsequent nuclear energy facilities has raised concerns. In efforts to work out the details, including North April 2004, Brazil argued that a new gas cen­ Korea’s demand for a civilian nuclear reactor, trifuge enrichment plant under construction in have stalled, and the prospects for the six-party Resende was intended solely for commercial talks remains uncertain. purposes and that access restrictions were nec­ Another cause for increasing concern essary to protect proprietary information about is that the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty indigenously developed centrifuge technology. does not prevent nonnuclear weapons states Eventually, the IAEA and the Brazilian govern­ from developing the infrastructure to produce ment reached an agreement on a safeguards nuclear weapons materials under the guise of approach to verify the enrichment facilities at the a peaceful civilian program. The result is that Resende facility that shielded some aspects of

12 NTI it for “proprietary” reasons. The Resende com­ plex is now considered operational. Concerns about this country’s nuclear energy program were underscored in August 2005 when Brazil confirmed that it once had a secret nuclear weap­ ons program. Brazil has yet to sign the Additional Protocol to its safeguards agreement permitting more intrusive inspections of its facilities under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA REMAIN IN U.S. State Department COLD WAR NUCLEAR POSTURES Project Vinca: Inspection of highly The risk of nuclear exchange between the enriched uranium before transport from Vinca, Serbia to Russia where United States and Russia did not disappear it was secured and transformed with the end of the Cold War, and in some to nonweapons-usable material. ways it has grown more dangerous. The United States and Russia continue to maintain thousands of nuclear warheads on land and at sea, ready to fire at a moment’s notice—a posture essentially the same as during the Cold War. Russia’s degraded early warning systems coupled with the large nuclear rapid and accurate strike potential of the United States provide a continuing incentive for Rus­ sia to rely on a “launch-on-warning” capability that is inherently vulnerable to mistakes, acci­ dents and miscalculations. These large missile forces pose a significant security risk to both nations of mistaken, accidental or unauthor­ ized nuclear launch. U.S. and Russian nuclear force size and readiness levels fail to reflect the fundamentally changed political relations between the two countries.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 13 Strategies for Nuclear Threat Reduction

Reducing the risk of nuclear use by terror­ SECURING, CONSOLIDATING AND REDUCING ists and nation-states requires a broad set of FISSILE MATERIAL complementary strategies targeted at reducing The relative ease of obtaining weapons designs state reliance on nuclear weapons, stemming and engineering nonnuclear components the demand for nuclear weapons and denying makes control over nuclear materials the first organizations or states access to the essen­ line of defense for preventing states or terror­ tial nuclear materials, technologies and know- ist groups from developing or obtaining nuclear how. Ultimately, success in reducing global weapons. A global approach to removing and nuclear threats can be achieved only through securing nuclear materials is essential because unprecedented cooperation among states. the chain of security is only as strong as its No state acting alone has sufficient authority, weakest link. resources or influence to assuredly protect NTI is working to advance this “Global Clea­ itself, especially from nuclear terrorism. More­ nout and Secure” agenda through a number of over, if the United States and Russia were to projects to secure fissile materials around the take steps to deemphasize their reliance on world. NTI’s actions to support the removal of U.S. State Department nuclear weapons, it would give both nations vulnerable highly enriched uranium (HEU) have Container seals in Vinca, Serbia. more standing to encourage other nations to increased awareness about the threats posed dismiss the nuclear option. by these materials and have renewed interest in NTI is working in four strategic areas reducing them. NTI is helping nations move away designed to address the most urgent, near- from routine use of the raw material of nuclear ter­ term risks, and to take advantage of opportuni­ rorism through a range of projects including the ties where a private organization can leverage removal of two and a half bombs’ worth of weap­ greater action from governments on a larger ons-usable HEU from a research reactor near scale. These four areas of activity are: Belgrade; the creation of a comprehensive U.S.- Russia-IAEA plan to remove HEU from Soviet-ori­ » Securing, consolidating and reducing fissile gin research reactors worldwide; the elimination material; of HEU stocks in Kazakhstan; and conversion » Leveraging resources to address nuclear of Russian nuclear-powered icebreakers to low- infrastructure and human capital; enriched uranium (LEU) fuel. These types of proj­ » Building global cooperation on security ects helped spur the creation of the U.S. Global goals; and Threat Reduction Initiative, announced in May » Generating new thinking on reducing 2004. This initiative is also working to repatriate nuclear risks. U.S.-origin HEU from around the globe.

14 NTI NTI is also working with Russian experts Working closely with governments and to consider options for accelerating the elimi­ others in reemploying weapons workers, NTI nation of dangerous stocks of excess Russian has identified pilot projects in Russian closed HEU. NTI’s study will lay the groundwork that nuclear cities to prevent the spread of nuclear could help governments ensure rapid conver­ technology and knowledge. In Moscow in sion of these materials to LEU, which cannot be October 2005, NTI announced a $1 million used to make a nuclear weapon. grant to support the infrastructure to bring civil­ ian jobs to former nuclear weapons scientists LEVERAGING RESOURCES TO ADDRESS at Sarov, a formerly secret nuclear city. NTI has NUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE AND also supported new and growing businesses in HUMAN CAPITAL Sarov that have created jobs for former nuclear As Russia seeks to cut its nuclear weapons employees. Furthermore, NTI is building the workforce in half over the next few years, it must capacity of SarovLabs by providing funds to close or convert facilities at ten nuclear sites improve their marketing and program manage­ and eliminate 35,000 jobs. Many of the people ment capabilities. who hold those jobs have access to nuclear Through these types of pilot projects weapons material or information useful to ter­ designed as models to be replicated elsewhere, rorists seeking nuclear capabilities. NTI is strengthening nuclear security by reem­ A transition to sustainable civilian employ­ ploying personnel with knowledge of sophisti­ ment is critical to avoiding perilous tempta­ cated weapons design and materials handling tions to sell access or information before jobs practices. are lost. Reducing the total population of At the same time, it is essential to strengthen workers at all levels with access to sensitive security at nuclear facilities. As Russian nuclear Bony/Gamma A Russian scientist explains materials or facilities will require a diversity facilities cut back on staff, the work habits and details of the model of the Sarov of techniques beyond those currently in use. skills of those who continue to steward Russia’s Open Technopark in Russia to NTI Small-business creation, joint ventures with enormous nuclear weapons and materials stock­ Board Member William Perry. Russian high-technology firms and worker pile are critical to maintaining security in the face of transition programs offer new opportunities today’s threats. A decade of U.S.-Russian coop­ to mid- and lower-level facility personnel, eration to upgrade security equipment at nuclear often neglected by existing redirection efforts facilities in Russia reveals that hardware is only but potentially valuable to unauthorized insid­ as good as the people who operate it, and that a ers or outsiders seeking to acquire weapons weak security culture in Russia limits the effective­ or materials. ness of purely equipment-based assistance.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 15 With support from NTI and others, the Uni­ would be for nuclear facility operators to adopt versity of Georgia’s Center for International voluntary global security and accounting best Trade and Security produced a detailed analy­ practices. To begin a process for defining these sis of Russian approaches to nuclear security, practices, NTI hosted a series of workshops in with a focus on “the human factor”—the attitudes 2004 through its project on Global Best Prac­ and habits of the personnel charged with main­ tices for Nuclear Materials Management. Hosted taining security at nuclear facilities. This report, in partnership with the Institute of Nuclear Mate­ published in English and Russian, offers both rials Management, the workshops provided an a critique of Russia’s attention to the human open forum for information exchange among 90 Changing the Cold War nuclear posture factor and recommendations for improvement. nuclear materials professionals from 36 countries. These lessons are applicable not only in Rus­ The workshops offered a unique opportunity for of both the U.S. and Russia would be a sia, but also globally, because weak security operational experts from government, industry and major step forward in reducing the risk cultures exist in many nations. research institutes to meet with colleagues from other nations for detailed technical discussions. of nuclear use and set an example for BUILDING GLOBAL COOPERATION ON Drawing on the workshops, NTI is working other nuclear and nonnuclear states. SECURITY GOALS with the Institute to catalyze the creation of an Current physical security arrangements at many international institution to help promote best nuclear facilities around the world do not ade­ practices for nuclear materials security. Ulti­ quately address the international community’s mately, sharing best practices could help form most pressing security challenge—terrorists the basis for improving nuclear materials man­ seeking to acquire plutonium or highly enriched agement standards globally to better meet the uranium (HEU) for a crude nuclear weapon. modern threats from terrorists and others seek­ The Convention on Physical Protection of ing nuclear weapons. Nuclear Materials, which requires signatories to secure nuclear materials during international GENERATING NEW THINKING ON REDUCING transport, is designed to address this threat, NUCLEAR RISKS and a currently proposed amendment seeks to Fifteen years after the end of the Cold War, strengthen it and broaden its scope. the United States and Russia still maintain However, even with the adoption of this thousands of nuclear weapons on hair-trigger amendment, security gaps will remain. In the alert. These weapons pose a dangerous secu­ absence of comprehensive, binding global stan­ rity risk to both nations of a mistaken, acciden­ dards for the protection of nuclear materials, an tal or unauthorized nuclear launch. To advance effective near-term strategy for improving security the global effort to reduce the risk of nuclear

16 NTI use, the United States and Russia—the two nations with the largest nuclear stockpiles— must lead in deemphasizing the role of nuclear weapons. NTI Co-Chairman Sam Nunn has called on the Presidents of the United States and Russia to reduce each country’s reliance on nuclear weapons and end their nation’s Cold War nuclear force postures by removing all nuclear weapons from hair-trigger alert. If both the United States and Russia can take this step, they can dramatically reduce the chance of an accidental, mistaken or unau­ thorized launch and deemphasize the role of nuclear weapons in their political and military Laura Holgate relations. Nunn has urged the Presidents of This Vinca critical assembly research apparatus once operated with weapons- the United States and Russia to make a joint usable HEU fuel. As a result of NTI’s Project Vinca, it will be decommissioned. commitment to: to making nuclear policies and force structures » Engage in a process to remove all U.S. and fit a post–Cold War security environment. Russian nuclear weapons from a hair-trig­ NTI is also exploring options for removing ger alert capable of launch within minutes; weapons from hair-trigger alert through two » As an intermediate step, reduce the num­ studies commissioned from Russian experts, ber of warheads on hair-trigger alert from including a prominent Russian academic and several thousand to several hundred; three retired Russian generals with experience » Initiate a dialogue with other nuclear weapon developing Russia’s nuclear strategy and main­ states to deemphasize the global impor­ taining its strategic nuclear forces. NTI is also tance of nuclear weapons by developing a developing similar proposals with U.S. experts. standard against maintaining weapons on Changing the Cold War nuclear posture hair-trigger alert status. of both the United States and Russia would be a major step forward in reducing the risk Bold and determined presidential leader­ of nuclear use and set an example for other ship in the United States and Russia is essential nuclear and nonnuclear states.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 17 PROJECT VINCA REMOVING TWO AND A HALF BOMBS OF MATERIAL FROM SERBIA: A MODEL FOR COOPERATIVE ACTION

More than two and a half bombs’ worth of highly enriched uranium (HEU) stored in a civilian research reactor in Serbia with inadequate secu­ rity were flown to a safer storage facility in Russia and ultimately eliminated. These weapons-usable nuclear materials were vulnerable to theft by terrorists, so NTI worked extensively with the U.S. Depart­ ment of State, the IAEA, Russia and Serbia to transfer the 48 kilograms (over 100 pounds) of weapons-usable nuclear material worth of HEU to more secure storage in Russia for elimination through blend down. Following Project Vinca, NTI has used its voice, influence and direct action projects to advocate for the creation of a “Global Cleanout and Secure” initiative to prevent terrorists from acquiring the raw material for a nuclear “NTI was critical to and a major factor weapon from insecure civilian facilities. in bringing this important NTI’s leadership and projects catalyzed concerted international action. The United States, Russia and the IAEA undertook operations similar to Project Vinca non-proliferation deal to closure.” in Bulgaria, Romania, Uzbekistan and the Czech Republic and announced the development of a schedule, supported in part by an NTI grant to IAEA, to return all Richard Armitage, former U.S. Deputy Soviet-origin fresh HEU fuel to Russia. In November 2003, the U.S. Energy Depart­ Secretary of State ment (DOE) initiated a comprehensive risk assessment of radiological and fissile materials worldwide. In May 2004, DOE launched the Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI), combining a number of programs previously dispersed into a single office, and setting milestones for reducing risks of fissile and radiological materials stored around the globe. In September 2004, Russia and the United States spon­ sored the first GTRI Partners Conference, gathering nearly 600 representatives from over 90 countries. Terrorists seeking nuclear weapons materials may not look where there is the most material; they may go where the material is the most vulnerable. The chain of global security is only as strong as the security at the weakest, worst-defended site. That’s why it is necessary to lock down nuclear weapons and materials around the world.

18 NTI NTI PROJECTS APPROVED SECURING, CONSOLIDATING AND Strengthening IAEA Programs Consolidating and Blending REDUCING FISSILE MATERIAL to Secure Vulnerable Nuclear Down HEU in Kazakhstan Material To contribute to the security, consolida­ OR ONGOING Preparing to Double the tion and blend-down of all remaining To support the expansion of IAEA Blend-down Rate of HEU programs to secure vulnerable nuclear HEU in Kazakhstan so that it cannot IN 2005 To analyze options for accelerating the materials worldwide and to support be stolen or diverted for use in nuclear rate at which HEU in Russia is trans­ the IAEA’s ability to leverage additional weapons. formed into nonweapons-usable forms financial contributions for this program. Institute of Nonproliferation Nuclear for ultimate use in civilian power plants. International Atomic Energy Agency Almaty, Kazakhstan, and Facilities and Institutes of Russian Vienna, Austria Ulba Metallurgical Plant Ministry of Atomic Energy $1,150,000 Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan Moscow, Russia 2002–2005 Up to $2,000,000 Up to $2,000,000 2002–2006 2002–2005 Removing HEU from Serbia To contribute to the removal of poorly Supporting Conversion for Accelerating Russian HEU secured HEU from the Vinca Institute Alatau Nuclear Research Blend-down, Phase II of Nuclear Sciences by supporting the Reactor To build on a previous project to analyze decommissioning of its research reactor To provide the equipment and incen­ options for accelerating the elimination and management of remaining spent tives for the research reactor at the through blend-down of excess Russian nuclear fuel. Institute of Nuclear Physics at Alatau highly enriched uranium. This allows International Atomic Energy Agency to be converted to use low-enriched for additional analysis to optimize the Vienna, Austria uranium fuel by providing a new reac­ options, promote the accelerated blend- Up to $5,000,000 tor control and protection system down concept in the United States, 2002–2005 that will improve reactor safety and a Russia and Europe, as well as prepare beryllium reflector to enhance reactor additional data necessary for Russian Russian Research Reactors performance. government decision making. Institute for Nuclear Physics Facilities and Institutes of Russian Scoping Study Alatau, Kazakhstan Ministry of Atomic Energy To begin planning for the removal of $1,600,000 Moscow, Russia and others HEU fuel from research facilities in Up to $1,000,000 Russia to more secure locations in that 2005–2006 country. Central Research Institute of Manage- ment, Economics and Information Moscow, Russia $60,000 2004–2005

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 19 Planning to Secure and Remove LEVERAGING RESOURCES Building Capacity at SarovLabs Development of Open HEU from Soviet-Supplied TO ADDRESS NUCLEAR To assist SarovLabs in becoming a self- Technopark Research Reactors to INFRASTRUCTURE AND sustaining, commercial contract research To support project and infrastructure organization that employs former Improve Safety and Reduce HUMAN CAPITAL development in the new Open Tech­ weapons scientists by providing project nopark, located just outside the closed Proliferation Risks management and marketing support. Development of Conversion nuclear city of Sarov and in an area that To evaluate security, safety, regula­ SarovLabs provides free access to non-Russian tory, transportation and cost issues Companies Sarov, Russia companies and investors but still within associated with removing fresh and To contribute $1 million to the Fund for $450,000 an easy commute for former weapons spent HEU fuel from 24 poorly secured Development of Conversion Compa­ 2003–2005 scientists and engineers from Sarov. research reactors in 17 countries and nies, an existing Russian revolving loan This project will contribute to the cre­ to develop a comprehensive plan to fund, established to create permanent, Strategic Planning for ation of new jobs not related to nuclear commercially viable civilian businesses achieve it. Snezhinsk weapons and accelerate the transition to International Atomic Energy Agency in the closed nuclear city of Sarov and To engage local and institute leaders a smaller, more stable and more secure Vienna, Austria provide sustainable employment for from the closed nuclear city of Snezhinsk Russian nuclear weapons complex. $260,000 former weapons personnel. in strategic planning to support two key Center for Technologies Transfer 2002–2006 Fund for Development of missions of the city over the next five “Sistema-Sarov” Conversion Companies Sarov, Russia Sarov, Russia years: downsizing the nuclear weapons Low Enriched Uranium Fuel facility and staff and securing the remain­ $1,000,000 Development for Russian $1,000,000 2005–2009 2002–2006 ing nuclear materials at the site. Naval Reactors The Eisenhower Institute BUILDING GLOBAL COOPERATION To develop low-enriched uranium fuel Promoting Sarov Washington, DC, USA $230,400 ON SECURITY GOALS for Russian civilian icebreakers and Konversia Fund future floating nuclear power plants to 2003–2005 To assist the Fund for Development replace HEU fuel at risk of theft and Global Best Practices for of Conversion Companies expand its diversion. This project will provide the Nuclear Materials Management capabilities by developing a strategy basis for a decision to convert HEU- To continue a discussion among nuclear and mechanism for attracting new powered icebreakers and to enable materials security professionals on how donors and investors. floating power plants to use non- to promulgate “Best Practices” globally Fund for Development of weapons-usable fuels. through the creation of a new institution Conversion Companies Bochvar All-Russia Research Institute that would lead to the implementation of Sarov, Russia of Inorganic Material more effective nuclear materials security $50,000 Moscow, Russia programs at nuclear facilities worldwide 2004–2005 $500,000 so the materials are less vulnerable to terrorist diversion. Institute of Nuclear Materials Management Northbrook, IL, USA Up to $500,000 2005–2006 20 NTI Strengthening the Global Supplementary Support for Modeling Russia’s Power U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Partnership NATO Advanced Research Development Plan Working Group To develop a constituency among Workshop on “Nuclear To develop models of national and mul­ To establish U.S.-Russian working tinational nuclear fuel cycle concepts, and beyond the Group of Eight (G8) Security Culture: From National relationships to reinvigorate the U.S.- leading industrial nations for nuclear, with an emphasis on nonproliferation, Russian consensus on nonprolifera­ biological and chemical threat reduction Best Practices to International economics and future excess weapons tion objectives and approaches and to programs through partnerships with 21 Standards” materials disposition. create and identify shared interests and security organizations from 16 nations. To support a NATO-sponsored Kurchatov Institute cooperative strategies for preventing This project promotes the effective Advanced Research Workshop on Moscow, Russia the spread of nuclear, biological and and timely implementation of the G8 “Nuclear Security Culture: From $49,755 chemical weapons. Global Partnership Against the Spread National Best Practices to International 2003–2005 Belfer Center for Science and of Weapons and Materials of Mass Standards” during October 2005 and International Affairs Destruction’s commitment to devote follow-on involvement in an informal Cooperation on John F. Kennedy School of $20 billion to support nonproliferation experts group that is working to support Counterterrorism Government projects, initially in Russia, over the next the development of International Atomic Harvard University To initiate and expand a joint initiative decade. Energy Agency guidelines on nuclear Cambridge, MA, USA between the U.S. National Academy Center for Strategic and International security culture. $400,000 of Sciences and the Russian Academy Studies Center for International Trade and 2005–2006 of Sciences with special focus on new Washington, DC, USA Security efforts to collaborate on science and $1,343,152 University of Georgia technology solutions for sustaining Overcoming Impediments to 2005–2006 Athens, GA, USA nuclear materials security cooperation Cooperation $49,100 and removing obstacles to U.S.-Russian To develop and promote practical 2005 Capacity-Building for Future threat reduction programs. means of overcoming obstacles to Leaders in India, Pakistan Russian Academy of Sciences U.S.-Russian cooperation on reducing India, Pakistan and the Global and China Moscow, Russia; threats from nuclear, biological and To hold a two-week workshop in Nonproliferation System National Academy of Sciences chemical weapons. Nathiagali, Pakistan, for young Chi­ To convene a series of workshops in Washington, DC, USA Russian Academy of Sciences nese, Indian and Pakistani journalists, India and Pakistan that explore how the $857,000 Moscow, Russia; academics and government officials United States, India and Pakistan might 2002–2005 National Academy of Sciences that will focus on nuclear, biological and strengthen their adherence to global Washington, DC, USA chemical weapons threats and coopera­ nonproliferation norms and practices $200,000 tive strategies for reducing them. and build an international consensus 2004–2005 Regional Center for Strategic Studies around a new understanding of India’s Colombo, Sri Lanka and Pakistan’s relationships to the inter­ $165,000 national nonproliferation system. 2004–2005 The Henry L. Stimson Center Washington, DC, USA $325,000 2004–2007

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 21

Security Council Resolution Promoting Adherence to Inter- Allies Conference The NPT at a Crossroads: An 1540—Defining Implications national Legal Instruments To develop coordinated approaches International Workshop and and Advancing Implementation That Enhance Protection for bringing India and Pakistan into Preparations for the 2005 the practice of global nonproliferation To convene a symposium involving the Against Nuclear Terrorism norms through an Allies Conference Review Conference UN Secretariat and senior diplomats To support IAEA efforts to increase that brings together experts on South To support the Monterey Institute of from many nations to analyze and member states’ awareness and ability to Asia and government officials from International Studies in a series of activi­ discuss implementation of UN Security control, account for and protect nuclear several nations. ties to support the 2005 Review Con­ Council Resolution 1540. Resolution and other radioactive materials from The Brookings Institution ference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation 1540, adopted in April 2004, calls upon terrorists and to detect and respond to Washington, DC, USA Treaty (NPT), including an international states to establish domestic controls such incidents. $35,000 diplomatic workshop in Annecy, France, to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, International Atomic Energy Agency 2004–2005 publication and dissemination of an biological and chemical weapons and Vienna, Austria NPT briefing book and policy papers their means of delivery. $50,000 Strengthening Multilateral and active participation at the 2005 McGeorge School of Law 2005 Review Conference. University of the Pacific Approaches to WMD Threats Ploughshares Fund Sacramento, CA, USA To contribute directly to solving several Combating Criminal Use of San Francisco, CA, USA $50,000 immediate problems in the existing non­ $40,000 2004–2005 Weapons of Mass Destruction proliferation regime, while also tackling 2005 To support the activities of the United the larger question of what is required, Developing Multinational Fuel over the long run, to construct an interna­ Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Universal Compliance: Services Approaches Research Institute in terrorism preven­ tional regime truly capable of managing To develop mechanisms that would tion, with particular attention to the illicit nuclear, biological and chemical threats. A Strategy for Nuclear Security guarantee cost-effective international trafficking and criminal use of nuclear, Center on International Cooperation To support the creation and promotion nuclear fuel services in lieu of indig­ biological, chemical and radiological New York University of Universal Compliance: A Strategy enous fuel production. materials and weapons. New York, NY, USA for Nuclear Security, through initial Carnegie Endowment for International United Nations Interregional Crime and $50,000 meetings to develop the concept, the Peace Justice Research Institute 2005–2006 presentation of an internationally vetted Washington, DC, USA Turin, Italy document to the U.S. government and $50,000 $50,000 Analyzing the Technical and the promotion of the strategy in the run-up to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation 2005 2004–2005 Political Impediments to Treaty Review Conference and beyond. Eliminating the Civil Use of HEU Carnegie Endowment for To develop an analytical paper on the International Peace technical and political impediments Washington, DC, USA to ending the use of HEU in civil $350,000 commerce. 2004–2006 Council on Foreign Relations Washington, DC, USA $42,350 2005

22 NTI

GENERATING NEW THINKING ON Managing Threat Reduction REDUCING NUCLEAR RISKS Programs To examine the concept of creating Promoting Responsible Nuclear a senior White House position with Stewardship in India responsibility for nuclear, biological and To promote responsible government chemical weapons threat reduction policies and practices related to the activities to improve strategic, budget­ safety and security of nuclear weapons ary and programmatic coordination and materials in India by developing across different government agencies. educational materials for policymakers Center for Strategic and and facilitating meetings among nuclear International Studies experts in India and other nations. Washington, DC, USA Delhi Policy Group $19,953 New Delhi, India 2004–2005 $230,000 2003–2006 Ballistic Missile Defense and Deemphasizing the Role of Nuclear Stability in Asia Nuclear Weapons To assess the impact of ballistic missile To produce a report with practical defense on the strategic interactions proposals for removing U.S. and Rus­ and stability among India, Pakistan, sian nuclear weapons from Cold War China and Taiwan. nuclear postures and a follow-on report Center for International Security and that explores options for the creation of Cooperation a new multilateral arms control regime. Stanford University School for International Security and Palo Alto, CA, USA World Politics at the Institute of U.S.A. $150,000 and Canada Studies 2005–2006 Moscow, Russia $71,728 2004–2005

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 23 BIOLOGICAL

CANADA SARS

CHINA Avian Influenza

ALGERIA SARS Plague INDIA Nipah Viral Disease TAIWAN BANGLADESH LAOS HONG KONG MALI CHAD Cholera VIETNAM PHILLIPINES SENEGAL Hepatitis E AvianTHAI LAInfluenzaND SUDAN Tsunami CAMBODIA Yellow Fever SARS Recovery Avian Influenza SIERRA LEONE SRI LANKA SARS Lassa Fever Ebola Virus SOMALIA SINGAPORE Haemorrhagic Chemical Poisoning Fever Tsunami REPUBLIC OF CONGO RecoveryINDONESIA Avian Influenza SARS NTI’s global health and security initiative IN ACTION Imagine if every time a fire alarm went off, the fire “…the NTI Fund has again department had to raise funds for gas and equipment before it could respond. That would be untenable. But that proven to be critically CANADA is essentially the situation the World Health Organization important in mobilizing rapid (WHO) was in when an “alarm” would go off indicating a potential outbreak of an infectious disease. Like with a fire, disease outbreak responses rapid response to a report of an infectious disease outbreak and maintaining global or an act of bioterrorism is critical – getting to the hot zone CHINA quickly can mean the difference between a locally contained health security.” outbreak and a regional or even global epidemic. Contain­ ALGERIA ment depends on early detection and rapid response. Dr. A. Asamoa-Baah, INDIA TAIWAN BANGLADESH LAOS HONG KONG To strengthen the World Health Organization’s ability Assistant Director-General, MALI CHAD VIETNAM PHILLIPINES to respond to an infectious disease outbreak, whether the Communicable Diseases, SENEGAL THAILAND SUDAN CAMBODIA outbreak is naturally occurring or intentionally caused, NTI World Health Organization

SIERRA LEONE SRI LANKA committed $500,000 to establish the WHO-NTI Global

SOMALIA SINGAPORE Emergency Outbreak Response Fund. With this Fund, WHO is now able to send teams With funds from the WHO- of epidemiologists to investigate and respond to reports of disease outbreaks within 24 REPUBLIC NTI Global Emergency INDONESIA hours. The WHO-NTI Fund has supported rapid response to several threats to global OF CONGO Outbreak Response Fund, the World Health Organization public health and security, including the SARS outbreaks in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, (WHO) has responded to Singapore, Vietnam, Canada and the Philippines; Ebola in the Republic of Congo; and multiple infectious disease avian influenza in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. The fund threats in more than 20 countries worldwide. The has increased attention to the importance of rapid response and has leveraged millions Fund was established with of dollars in contributions from nations and other organizations to replenish it. a $500,000 commitment “In addition to direct support for outbreak responses, by expediting action, the by NTI and has been replenished by other donors NTI Fund has proven instrumental in further refining WHO’s standard operating several times over, enabling procedures for epidemic alert and response activities and supporting WHO Mem­ teams of epidemiologists to investigate and respond ber States more rapidly and comprehensively through WHO’s regional and country to reports of disease offices”, said Dr. A. Asamoa-Baah, Assistant Director-General, Communicable Dis­ outbreaks within 24 hours. eases, World Health Organization.

Mark Smolinski a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 25 THE Nature of the Threat

Infectious diseases have always been a seri­ university and industry laboratories. Information ous threat to human life. Today, the threat is ris­ about how to obtain and prepare bioweapons ing and coming from two directions. is increasingly available on the Internet and in First, increased travel and trade, shifts in open scientific literature. agricultural practice, greater microbial resis­ Moreover, bioweapons activities can be tance to drugs and more concentrated popula­ easily hidden within legitimate research labo­ tions have made us more vulnerable to disease ratories or pharmaceutical sites. The idea of a outbreaks. Every hour of every day, more than “dual-use dilemma” has emerged because the 1,500 people die from an infectious disease same technologies and materials that are used worldwide. for research to benefit society can also be used Second, terrorists are compounding the by terrorists to make biological weapons. danger by threatening to turn microbes into The fight against infectious disease has weapons. An attack with a bioweapon could always been a moral imperative. Today, it is also produce an infectious disease epidemic that a security imperative. would sicken and kill large numbers and persist over a prolonged period as contagion spreads. Strategies for Threat Reduction Unlike other types of attack, there would likely The complexities of biological threats challenge be no recognizable event or immediate casual­ traditional ways of thinking about prevention, ties and no physical location where damage is deterrence, nonproliferation and response and concentrated. require new thinking about how to define and In the absence of an announcement or a implement enduring solutions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention fortuitous discovery, authorities may remain Threats can emerge from many sources The smallpox virus. unaware that a biological attack has happened and involve human, plant and animal diseases. until days or weeks have passed and victims It is essential to develop strategies for action begin to appear in health clinics and hospital that do not imperil the advances in bioscience emergency rooms. that we depend upon for progress in improving Biological weapons can be relatively easy the health of the human condition. to produce and inexpensive. They can inflict One strategic fact is in our favor: the best significant damage in small quantities and in steps for fighting infectious diseases are also the absence of sophisticated delivery mecha­ steps needed to protect against bioterrorist nisms. Pathogens suitable for bioweapons can attacks. Whether a disease is naturally occur­ be easily concealed and transported, and many ring or intentionally caused, the essential ele­ are found in nature, as well as in government, ments of an effective response are to detect

26 NTI the outbreak, diagnose the disease and take Significant government/state programs are the right measures to treat it and contain underway on both preparedness and response it–immediately. to a biological event. These efforts are criti­ NTI’s Global Health and Security Initiative cally important, yet many are badly in need of has identified six critical challenges that are stronger focus, integration and support. New essential to increasing our security against bio­ strategies and innovative programs need to be logical threats. developed to more effectively address this prob­ lem and to bridge the gaps between the many » Construct a world-wide biological event sectors that must be fully engaged as partners. management system to ensure the early Most of the current focus of public and political detection and capacity to rapidly and effec­ attention has been on the response to a major tively respond to any global threat to health biological event, but we must also more closely and security; examine what can be accomplished to prevent » Enact measures to protect the food supply, and reduce the fundamental threat, as well as both food animals and agriculture; to improve early warning and rapid detection » Support the research and development systems to minimize casualties in the face of an of new vaccines, antimicrobials and rapid event. www.globalhealthandsecurity.org diagnostics; The Global Health and Security Initiative is » Develop responsible approaches for pre­ focused on improving the global capacity for venting misuse of the advances in the life the prevention and preparedness to biological sciences; threats through enhanced disease surveillance, » Strengthen intelligence gathering, data early detection and response and promoting analysis and sharing of information; and the safe and secure practice of the biomedical » Develop international safeguards and prac­ sciences by safeguarding access to dangerous tices to reduce biological dangers. pathogens and preventing the misuse of technol­ ogy and information. The Initiative develops inno­ vative direct action projects that demonstrate effective approaches for preventing, detecting and responding to biological threats — and then encourages governments and other partners to expand on these approaches to improve health and security around the world.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 27 “With early warnings of such Prevention start, they are an essential component of any New advances in the life sciences have brought comprehensive biosecurity program. significant events as disease great benefits to human health. However, the same The Initiative has sponsored, in partnership outbreaks, public health and technologies and tools that fuel these advances with the Sloan Foundation, the National Acad­ can also be misused to create biological weap­ emy of Sciences’ groundbreaking report, Bio- other government authorities ons. Indeed, the rapid pace in biotechnology technology Research in an Age of Terrorism: worldwide are better able and the relative accessibility of new techniques Confronting the Dual-Use Dilemma. This report and knowledge mean that development of a new recommends steps for improving the industry’s to undertake the measures generation of biological weapons is all too likely. own oversight of biotechnology research that necessary to protect the Rapid developments in biotechnology could facil­ is considered ‘dual-use’ – meaning that it has itate the creation of novel pathogens or entirely a beneficial scientific purpose, but also could health and safety of their new classes of pathogens. Rendering disease be misused in ways that present a threat to populations…GPHIN has agents resistant to antimicrobials, more lethal, public health and national security. The report more contagious, less detectable, infectious to a led to the creation of the U.S. Government’s been an invaluable tool with greater host range, or more stable in an aerosol National Science Advisory Board for Biosecu­ immeasurable benefits for are all theoretically possible. rity (NSABB), which advises federal agencies The world must face the challenge posed on how to reduce the chance that scientific the global public health by biological threats in the true spirit of coop­ research could serve the cause of terror. community and we look eration and collaboration. Mechanisms must be The Initiative also helped establish the Inter­ established to standardize our global approach national Council for the Life Sciences (ICLS), a forward to utilizing the to prevention, detection, response and conse­ private, global, membership-based organization enhanced system.” quence management. Furthermore, given the working to preserve the benefits of life sciences international dimension of bioscience research, and prevent the spread of dangerous patho­ Guenael Rodier any serious attempt to prevent the misuse of gens, techniques and knowledge. The ICLS Director, Communicable science for malevolent purposes must include works to encourage best practices, standards Diseases Surveillance and efforts to harmonize standards and best prac­ and codes of conduct in the life science com­ Response Program, WHO tices internationally. munity worldwide. The Global Health and Security Initiative is working with the biomedical research com­ Detection munity to establish industry safeguards and A major biological event will, in all likelihood, practices that can help prevent terrorist use emerge as a local health problem. The initial of biological advances without hindering legiti­ scale of the event will largely depend on the mate research. While these actions are only a pathogen and the method by which it is able

28 NTI to spread. If the event is intentional, added fac­ Global Public Health Intelligence Network tors will include the delivery method, the geo­ Enabling the early detection of global graphical parameters of the release, and even the environmental conditions such as humidity, biological threats wind patterns and temperature. Nearly 40 percent of disease outbreaks that the World Health The challenge is to strengthen and improve Organization responds to were first identified by an Internet- the global capacity for early threat detection, based “early warning” system. Because local news stories integrated disease surveillance and outbreak often provide the first indication of a public health threat, recognition. These are the fundamental build­ GPHIN monitors global media sources and websites for early ing blocks of preparedness against infectious word of events such as disease outbreaks, disease threats—whether naturally occurring, contaminated food and water, bioterrorism the unintentional result of a laboratory accident, and exposure to chemical and radio-nuclear or worse yet, the intentional use of a microbial agents and natural disasters. The informa­ agent for harm. tion is then disseminated to key subscrib­ Detecting a disease outbreak is not easy. ers, including experts at the World Health The signs are often subtle: a few unusual medi­ Organization. cal cases, recurring symptoms, sick animals. The original GPHIN program pointed Often these indicators can seem like mere investigators to the 2001 typhoid fever Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Greg Knobloch coincidences until they are analyzed by public A CDC microbiologist outbreak in Kenya and the outbreak of health professionals. What brings these early studies H5N1 to determine cholera in Zanzibar a year later. But it was slow to identify the its pathogenicity and indicators to the attention of disease experts? transmissibility. 2003 SARS outbreak because it could not monitor Chinese The Global Health and Security Initiative has language newspapers. been involved with helping to develop the nec­ In collaboration with the World Health Organization and essary tools needed for early detection. One Health Canada, NTI’s Global Health and Security Initiative indispensable tool is the Global Public Health helped fund the expansion of this “early warning” surveillance Intelligence Network (GPHIN). tool to include Arabic, Russian, Simplified and Traditional Through a partnership with the International Chinese, and Spanish in addition to French and English. Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID), the GPHIN II is now responsible for detecting nearly half of the Global Health and Security Initiative is working outbreaks investigated by WHO. to Expand Outbreak Reporting and Education in the Newly Independent States. This expansion utilizes Pro-Med Mail (Program for Monitoring

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 29 Emerging Diseases), an electronic global to quickly adapt community resources to deal disease monitoring system that rapidly dis­ with the crisis at hand. In the event of an inten­ seminates reports and educational information tional use of a biological agent, other sectors written by experts about outbreaks of infectious of the community will need to be part of the diseases including potential attacks caused by response network, such as the intelligence the intentional use of a biological agent. and law enforcement communities. ISID, together with colleagues in Uzbeki­ New diseases are emerging at the rate of stan, Kyrgyz Republic and Ukraine, has created one to two per year, and old diseases show no a Russian language based electronic network sign of retreat. It is crucial that disease investiga­ that rapidly disseminates reports and educa­ tors respond instantly to signs of any outbreak. Mark Smolinski tional information. This project was sequentially But once a disease outbreak is detected, the expanded to include more physicians, scientists wider response plans – diagnosing the illness, and public health officials in new independent distributing treatment, disseminating guidelines states through collaboration with additional on containment – must already be in place. The infectious disease professional organizations in Global Health and Security Initiative is working the region. to help strengthen the global response capa­ bilities — whether from a terrorist attack or a Response natural outbreak. Communities must have the capacity to respond The Initiative cosponsored an international Mark Smolinski

[to p ] A smallpox repository quickly to an unfolding biological emergency, tabletop exercise in which 21 participants – six at VECTOR in Russia. both in the health care community to care for U.S. and 15 European – acted out the inter­ the afflicted, but also in the public health com­ national response to a hypothetical release of [b ot to m ] NTI funded the renovation of this Vivarium in Novosibirsk, munity to conduct epidemiologic investiga­ smallpox. Participants included officials from Russia for vaccine testing. tions and enact the appropriate response and NATO, the World Health Organization and vari­ control measures. This will require rapid com­ ous governments. The exercise showed what munication systems, integration of the medical the global community needs to do to prepare and public health communities and the ability for any potential event of this magnitude.

30 NTI Middle east consortium on infectious disease surveillance Enhancing collaborations and cooperation across national borders

Infectious diseases do not stop at international borders, so the response to any biological threat must be global. In the absence of a comprehensive global infectious disease surveillance system, an interim solution is the promotion of regional collaborations and surveil­ lance networks. Perhaps nowhere is this a greater challenge than in the Middle East. NTI’s Global Health and Security Initiative has worked in partnership with Search for Common Ground to develop the Middle East Consortium on Infectious Disease Surveillance (MECIDS). MECIDS brings together public health experts and Ministry of Health officials from Israel, Jordan, Egypt and the Palestinian Authority, with advisors from the World Health Organization, the Sandia National Labo­ ratories and other American and European organizations. The goal of MECIDS is to improve the ability of nations in the Middle East to detect and respond to infectious disease threats as a region through integrated surveillance systems and joint epidemiologic and laboratory training. MECIDS members identified food-borne and water-borne diseases as a priority concern for the region and have established a disease surveillance system comprised of a network of laboratories for identifying Gayle Meyers food-borne and water-borne disease outbreaks. MECIDS members have MECIDS participants working together on an exercise at established protocols for specimen collection and diagnosis of diar­ the 2004 Intervention rheal illnesses to assess food-borne disease in the region and to create Epidemiology Training a mechanism for identifying potential infectious disease outbreaks due Course. to common food products. MECIDS members are sending their data routinely to one another, opening the lines of communication between the Ministries of Health in each country, and have been instrumental in detecting two significant outbreaks, salmonella and mumps, providing evidence to the participants that the system is functioning properly. The Directors-General of the Palestinian, Jordanian, and Israeli Min­ istries of Health have signed letters committing to continue food-borne disease surveillance at elevated levels once the system is built and fully-integrated. A new partner, Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD), recently agreed to donate a three-year supply of reagents and other medical supplies needed for the laboratory diagnosis. Polymerase chain

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 31 reaction (PCR) equipment and centrifuges, in which the reagents pro­ vided by BD will be used, represent the remaining laboratory equipment that is still needed for the project to be fully sustainable. We continue to seek out new partnerships for such endeavors and have recently reached out to the information technology sector. IBM is providing in- kind support for creating a standards-based network for the exchange of clinical and public health information. Now nearing full implementation, MECIDS can grow in two ways – first, to use the same infrastructure to respond to other global health threats; and second, to bring additional countries into the network. Evidence that the first of these is happening is found in the success of the MECIDS members in planning a regional workshop on preparedness for pandemic influenza, an emerging threat that they felt merited such a conference. On December 11-14, 2005 in Istan­ bul, Turkey, high-level officials from each of the Ministries of Health in Jordan, Israel, Egypt, and the Palestinian Authority met to better integrate their national preparedness plans into a regional response to the threat of the unfolding avian influenza epidemic. Experts in epide­ miology, preventive medicine, vaccines, laboratories and hospitals, as well as influenza experts from each of the countries attended. The four partners worked on strengthening their own national pandemic pre­ paredness plans and worked toward establishing a regional response plan for a better, coordinated approach to such a threat. MECIDS has become an example for how regional infectious disease surveillance systems make use of health as a diplomatic tool in establishing relationships among parties in conflict and to strengthen cooperation to reduce regional and global threats. The Global Health and Security Initiative is rapidly moving toward bringing this model, Mark Smolinski MECIDS meeting participants specifically referred to as BRIDGES: Building Regional Infectious Dis­ in Istanbul, Turkey were ease systems for Global Epidemiologic Surveillance, to other regions. In working to better integrate 2006, we will begin to capitalize on the lessons learned from MECIDS national preparedness plans into a regional response to an to build better regional collaboration, cooperation, and transparency in infectious disease outbreak. South Asia.

32 NTI NTI PROJECTS APPROVED PROMOTING SCIENCE & Bioscience Community International Council for the SECURITY Self-Governance Life Sciences To explore strategies to constrain To support the creation and sustainabil­ OR ONGOING Establishment of a Bioindustry intentionally malevolent applications of ity of a bioindustry standards organiza­ Standards Organization biological research and development tion, the International Council for the IN 2005 To engage biotechnology industry lead­ without unduly encumbering the pursuit of Life Sciences, to develop normative ers in the development of standards science for scholarly or beneficent ends. standards to reduce potential prolifera­ to reduce the spread of dangerous Center for Biosecurity of the University tion of dangerous pathogens and the biological pathogens, techniques and knowledge of Pittsburgh Medical Center misuse of technical information. and in the establishment of a new bioin­ Baltimore, MD, USA International Council for the dustry organization for monitoring these $1,750,000 Life Sciences standards. 2002–2005 Washington, DC, USA International Institute for Strategic $397,150 Studies-U.S. An International Forum on 2005 Washington, DC, USA Chemical and Biological Arms Control Biosecurity To create an International Forum on AAAS-NTI Fellowship in Institute Global Security Washington, DC, USA Biosecurity to engage scientists and To strengthen scientific expertise in $1,689,541 policymakers around the world to national security policymaking and 2001–2005 reduce the risk that research in the biological sciences might be misused encourage scientists to pursue careers by terrorists. in this arena, by supporting biomedical/ Educating and Training National Academy of Sciences public health experts to work on national the International Life Washington, DC, USA security issues in the U.S. government Sciences Community on $216,460 through a one-year fellowship. 2004–2005 American Association for the Advance- Dual-Use Dangers ment of Science To assess the best methods for educat­ Washington, DC, USA ing and training life scientists about $1,261,763 the risks of dual-use technologies and 2001–2007 research and to cultivate a project for curriculum development in this area. NTI Washington, DC, USA Up to $50,000 2005–2006

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 33 Biological Weapons Monitoring Integrating Scientists into Leveraging the Peaceful The Anti-Plague System of and Inspection Strategy the International Research Conversion of Former the Former Soviet Union: Development Community Biowarfare Institutes Assessing Proliferation Risk To facilitate the input of specialists from To further integrate former Soviet To solicit the participation of West­ and Conversion Potential the U.S. pharmaceutical and biotechnol­ scientists into the international research ern pharmaceutical companies in To examine the anti-plague system in ogy industries into the development of community, by funding scientists from research collaboration with former eight countries that were part of the strategies for U.S. biological weapons the former Soviet bioweapons program Soviet bioweaponeers, enhancing the former Soviet Union with respect to nonproliferation policies, particularly to to attend a variety of highly respected understanding necessary to underpin biosecurity and proliferation of biologi­ help design an inspection protocol for research conferences that bring together governmental support of “brain drain” cal agents, with the goal of improving the Biological Weapons Convention top scientists to present and discuss cut­ prevention programs. disease surveillance and the secu­ that would be acceptable to the phar­ ting-edge scientific research and ideas. Center for Strategic and rity and safe handling of dangerous maceutical industry. Gordon Research Conferences International Studies pathogens. Center for Strategic and International West Kingston, RI, USA Washington, DC, USA Monterey Institute of International Stud- Studies $80,000 $762,965 ies, Washington, DC, USA Washington, DC, USA 2001–2005 2002–2005 M. Akimbaev Kazakh Center for $310,720 Quarantine and Zoonotic Diseases 2002–2005 Addressing the Challenge of Reducing the Likelihood of Almaty, Kazakhstan Proliferation Leakage of Bioweapons-related $750,000 FSU Hepatitis Vaccine 2003–2006 To convene a series of meetings Materials and Expertise Manufacturing Feasibility Study focused on the question of whether the To present a five- to ten-year vision of To test the possible commercial manu­ United States is taking the right steps a biological research and production Brucellosis Vaccine Research facture of vaccines at a proposed new to diminish the risk of an attack on the environment in Russia that reduces the To develop a new vaccine, employing production facility involving profession­ U.S. or one of its allies with weapons of likelihood of the outflow of bioweapons- former Soviet bioweapons scientists, to als previously engaged in biological mass destruction. related materials and expertise from contribute to the management of this weapons work. Aspen Strategy Group Russian facilities to hostile states and disease that threatens domestic and wild State Research Center of Virology and Washington, DC, USA terrorist groups. animal populations around the world. Biotechnology (VECTOR) and the $25,000 National Academy of Sciences All-Russian Research High Technology Foundation/ 2004–2005 Washington, DC, USA (in partnership Veterinary Institute Gorbachev Project with the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia; Novosibirsk, Russia Moscow, Russia) International Science and $250,000 $200,000 Technology Center 2001-2005 2002–2005 Moscow, Russia (in conjunction with the U.S. Department of State) $600,000 2003–2005

34 NTI

Strengthening National Health Employing Former Bioweapons Creation and Development of a STRENGTHENING GLOBAL Preparedness Scientists in Russia to Manufacturing Technology for, PUBLIC HEALTH AND To assess preparedness for biological Manufacture Diagnostic and Introduction to Health PREPAREDNESS and chemical attacks in several nations Enzymes for Endemic Infectious Care Practice of, Up-to-Date by establishing and testing a set of inter­ International Organizations national guidelines for preparedness, Disease Threats Methods for Detection, To support the establishment of a labo­ Bioterrorism Tabletop Exercise comparing them against existing public Diagnosis and Control of To convene and host a tabletop exer­ health capabilities that states have in ratory for the production of enzymes Dangerous Infections used in the diagnosis of endemic infec­ cise in 2006 for senior leaders from place and making recommendations for To develop rapid diagnostic tests for tious disease threats. The laboratory will international organizations. During the improving those capabilities. select biological agents of most signifi­ employ former bioweapons scientists exercise, critical issues related to coop­ World Health Organization cance to Russia, to introduce them to who are at imminent risk of unemploy­ eration and coordination in the event of Geneva, Switzerland health-care practices and to organize ment owing to proposed closure of the an act of bioterrorism will be discussed $400,000 manufacturing of such tests. Once newly formed State Research Center with a goal of facilitating enhanced 2004–2005 developed, these tests could help fill a for Applied Microbiology (SRCAM) at interagency and intersectoral coordina­ critical global need for better diagnos­ Obolensk, Moscow Region. tion and collaboration. tic tests for the detection of infectious India Field Epidemiology SRCAM Applied Marine Technology, Inc. diseases. Training Program Obolensk, Moscow Region, Russia Virginia Beach, VA, USA Moscow State Central Research $52,300 To develop a cadre of Indian field epide­ $400,000 Institute for Epidemiology of the Health miologists proficient in identifying, investi­ 2005 2005–2006 gating and controlling infectious disease Ministry of Russia threats, including those caused by exist­ Moscow, Russia World Medical Association $300,000 ing and potential agents of bioterrorism. Bioterrorism Meeting The program, established in Chennai, 2005–2008 To support an international meeting of India, is modeled after the Epidemic Intel­ physicians in the discussion of bioter­ ligence Service of the U.S. Centers for rorism, focusing specifically on medical Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) science, technology, public health and and will serve as an anchor for broader disease surveillance systems, medical regional surveillance efforts. preparedness and response capacity CDC Foundation and bioterrorism in relation to medical Atlanta, GA, USA research and medical ethics, and to $352,000 convene a working group of medical 2002–2005 and public health leaders. World Medical Association, in association with the American Medical Association Chicago, IL, USA $160,000 2003–2005

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 35 A Global Architecture of Public Health Preparedness: Development of a National Biological Weapons Threat Preparedness State of Georgia Planning and Action Plan for a Disease Reduction Expanding Outbreak To support a meeting on pandemic Practice Model Surveillance System in Reporting and Education in the influenza involving high level repre­ To improve bioterrorism preparedness Pakistan New Independent States sentatives from national governments, by assessing the preparedness of To develop a disease surveillance sys­ To reduce the threat of biological multilateral institutions, corporations, Georgia’s public health and emergency tem in Pakistan that will link with other weapons and other emerging infectious science research bodies and public response systems through a series of countries in the region, such as India, to diseases in the new independent states, health experts. site visits and tabletop exercises to be ensure the capability of a joint response the International Society for Infectious Royal Institution World Science conducted at the state and local levels; to potential biological threats. Diseases will expand the scope of a Assembly (RiSci) refining training and assessment materi­ National Disease Surveillance Project, Russian language–based electronic Stamford, CT, USA als, including template exercises, for Ministry of Health, network (PROMED) that rapidly dis­ $50,000 use in other states; and providing joint Islamabad, Pakistan seminates information about outbreaks 2005 terrorism-related training for state and $50,000 of infectious diseases, including local security and health agencies. 2005–2006 potential biological weapons attacks, to Rapid Outbreak Response RAND Corporation, include more physicians, scientists and Revolving Fund Arlington, VA, USA; Model Disease Surveillance public health officials throughout the To create within the World Health State of Georgia; new independent states. Organization an account dedicated to Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA System in Iran International Society for supporting rapid emergency response $287,500 To support the policy collaborations Infectious Diseases to infectious disease outbreaks. 2004–2005 between American specialists at the Brookline, MA, USA World Health Organization Policy and Global Affairs Division of the $320,475 Geneva, Switzerland Middle East Consortium on National Research Council (NRC), act­ 2005–2006 ing on behalf of the National Academy $500,000 Infectious Disease Surveillance 2003–2006 of Sciences, and Iranian specialists at To improve regional capacity for infec­ Creating a Regional Disease the Iranian Academy of Sciences, in Surveillance System in tious disease surveillance in the Middle their work to develop a model program East by developing a food-borne and of disease surveillance in Iran. South Asia water-borne disease surveillance system National Academy of Sciences This project builds on NTI’s experience uniting Israel, the Palestine Authority, Washington, DC, USA developing a regional disease surveil­ Jordan and Egypt and by designing an $50,000 lance network in the Middle East with infectious disease epidemiology course 2005–2006 Jordan, Israel, Egypt and the Palestinian to build regional rapid response capabili­ Authority, to create a regional disease ties in the event of disease outbreaks. surveillance network that would Search for Common Ground initially bring together India, Washington, DC, USA Pakistan and Bangladesh. $1,492,000 NTI 2002–2006 Washington, DC, USA Up to $275,000 2005–2006

36 NTI

Safe Food International Conference To help nations around the world defend against food-borne illnesses, including intentional contamination of food products, by bringing together key parties for an international conference to develop responsible food-safety policies and strategies for implementing safe food guidelines. Center for Science in the Public Interest Washington, DC, USA $200,000 2004–2005

Building Capacity for Regional Bioterrorism Preparedness in Asia To support an online symposium on bio­ terrorism preparedness for interested Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member countries. International Institute for Strategic Studies, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA $49,771 2005–2006

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 37 CHEMICAL

38 NTI nti in action

Russia has the world’s largest declared stockpile of chemical weapons. More than 40,000 metric tons, con­ sisting mostly of modern nerve agents, are stored at seven sites in the west of the country. Destruction of these stocks is a key requirement of the Chemical Weapons Convention and an important part of the global fight against the spread of weapons of mass 1.9 MILLION CHEMICAL destruction. WEAPONS AT JUST ONE SITE. The Shchuch’ye chemical weapons destruction facility is the top priority, with more than 1.9 million artillery shells filled with the nerve agents sarin, soman and VX sitting in dilapidated buildings. If dispersed to maximum efficiency, that’s enough to kill tens of millions of people. Russia has agreed to destroy these weapons left over from the Cold War arms buildup, but it will take an interna­ tional effort to build the destruction facilities and infrastructure necessary to accomplish this. To help spotlight this danger and bring international resources to Russia, NTI issued a $1 million challenge grant conditioned on being matched Adam Ingram MP, UK Minister for the Armed Forces, on a by a minimum of $2 million in new contributions. Following visit to a chemical weapons this challenge, NTI and the Government of Canada signed destruction facility in a Contribution Agreement under which NTI committed to Shchuch’ye, Russia. NTI helped bring international resources provide $1 million toward construction of an 11-mile railway to build the facilities and to safely and securely transport the chemical munitions from infrastructure necessary to the current chemical weapons storage depot near Planovy accomplish the destruction of more than 1.9 million to the destruction facility. Canada is contributing up to $28 artillery shells filled with million for this purpose through a Canada-United Kingdom nerve agents sarin, soman agreement. and VX sitting in dilapidated buildings in Shchuych’ye. This infrastructure project is a model for the kind of inter­ national cooperation that is essential for reducing the global threats from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.

Clive Thompson, British Consul General, Ekaterinburg, Russia Clive Thompson, a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 39 The Nature of the Threat

Chemical weapons, such as sarin and mus­ their intended shelf life and are vulnerable to tard gas, can sicken and kill in minute quanti­ leaking dangerous chemicals. ties when properly distributed. With the entry In addition to the known supply, there are into force of the Chemical Weapons Conven­ chemical weapons caches around the world tion in 1997, nations agreed to destroy existing that are unaccounted for and may be poorly chemical weapons stocks and forgo research secured. In 2003, Albania declared a 16-ton and acquisition of such weapons in the future. stockpile of chemical weapons that had been At the time, 26 nations had declared they had forgotten for more than a decade. As its first or were suspected of having chemical weap­ Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction “Canada is very pleased to join forces ons programs. project outside the former Soviet Union, the The United States and Russia have more United States is providing $20 million for the with the Nuclear Threat Initiative in than 90 percent of the 71,000 metric ton total destruction of Albania’s chemical weapons the critical campaign to keep chemical declared global stockpile of chemical agents, cache. If the Albanian government had not but less than one-fifth of that material has been discovered these chemical stocks first, they weapons out of the hands of terrorists verifiably destroyed since 1997. Both nations could have been stolen and sold to the high­ and those who would harbour them.” have committed to destroy these weapons and est bidder. production capacity, but the sudden collapse Separately, there are more than 6,000 com­ Michael Kergin, former Canadian of the Soviet Union and the current state of the mercial chemical facilities around the world that Ambassador to the U.S. Russian economy has resulted in a vulnerable use, produce or store toxic materials that could supply of weapons, equipment and know-how. be deadly if released into the atmosphere. In The pace of chemical weapons destruction March 2003, the General Accounting Office must be accelerated and the scope of activi­ found that in the United States, more than 700 ties expanded. chemical facilities working with highly toxic Security at many sites in Russia is danger­ chemicals are located close enough to popu­ ously weak. Furthermore, chemical weapons in lated areas so that a terrorist attack against the the United States and Russia have exceeded plant could endanger at least 100,000 lives.

40 NTI STRATEGIES FOR THREAT REDUCTION “I applaud the work of NTI. I can think NTI PROJECTS of no better use for these funds than direct contributions to dismantlement APPROVED projects. NTI’s investment in the OR ONGOING chemical weapons destruction facility at Shchuch’ye will make the world a IN 2005 Office of U.S. Senator Richard G. Lugar safer place.” CHEMICAL U.S. Senator Richard Lugar (R-IN) Supporting Russian Chemical Weapons Destruction To provide $1 million, matched by a minimum of $2 million from other [ to p ] U.S. Senator and NTI Board Member sources, for high-priority infrastructure Richard G. Lugar (R-IN) demonstrates that development for the Shchuch’ye Chemi­ chemical munitions can fit in suitcase. cal Weapons Destruction Facility. [ b ot to m ] Some of the 1.9 million shells Global Partnership Program at the chemical weapons destruction Canada Department of Foreign Affairs facility in Shchuch’ye, Russia. Safer World Productions and International Trade Ottawa, Canada Inadequately secured chemical weapons stock­ how and infrastructure to peaceful pursuits $1,000,000 piles and commercial facilities are a weak link through its support of the G8 Global Partner­ 2001–2006 in the chain of global security that could readily ship Against the Spread of Weapons and Mate­ be exploited by terrorists, with deadly results. rials of Mass Destruction. The G8 has pledged Securing and dismantling chemical weapons $20 billion to support nonproliferation projects, and redirecting production capabilities will initially in the former Soviet Union, over the next reduce the likelihood that terrorists will acquire decade. Russia has identified chemical weap­ and use them. ons destruction as one of its highest priorities NTI is encouraging regional and global for cooperation under the Global Partnership, cooperation and investment in stockpile secu­ and Global Partnership nations are contributing rity and destruction, and redirection of know- to chemical weapons projects in Russia.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 41 COMMUNICATIONS

42 NTI nti in action LAST BEST CHANCE

“ The greatest danger of another catastrophic attack in the United States will materialize if the world’s most dangerous terrorists acquire the world’s most dangerous weapons. Al Qaeda has tried to acquire or make nuclear weapons for at least ten years… These ambitions continue.” —The 9/11 Commission Report, July 2004

More than four years after the 9/11 attacks, the 9/11 Commissioners issued a report card that gave the U.S. government a “D” for its progress to date in meeting the goal of a maximum effort to prevent terrorists from acquiring “It’s the most weapons of mass destruction. frightening feature —Final Report on 9/11 Commission Recommendations, December 2005 film I’ve seen on Deeply concerned that governments around the world were not doing enough to the subject… prevent nuclear terrorism, NTI decided dramatic action was needed to raise public awareness about the threats we face and what can be done to reduce them. The because it is result is Last Best Chance, a docudrama film that has sparked a grassroots effort by so real.” citizens to learn more about these issues and to urge their governments to do more. Last Best Chance is based on facts about the lack of security for nuclear weap­ Last Best Chance, a nuclear Michael Kilian, ons and materials. There are a number of confirmed incidents around the world in terrorism docudrama Chicago Tribune based on facts about which governments have seized stolen highly enriched uranium (HEU) or plutonium. inadequate security for More than 100 research reactors or associated facilities in countries around the world nuclear weapons and materials. In the film, al have enough HEU to build a bomb—some protected by nothing more than a chain link Qaeda operatives organize fence. Acquiring weapons and materials is the hardest step for terrorists to take and separate operations the easiest step for us to stop. By contrast every subsequent step in the process— aimed at getting nuclear weapons. Last Best Chance building the bomb, transporting it and detonating it—is easier for terrorists to take and is a wake up call to secure harder for us to stop. and destroy nuclear In the film, al Qaeda operatives organize three separate operations aimed at get­ weapons and materials before it’s too late. ting nuclear weapons. Governments around the world discover clues to the plot and race to try and stop the terrorists before it’s too late. The scenario in the film is fiction, yet it may happen in the near future—if we don’t act now to stop it.

NTI a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 43 “Nuclear terrorism is the The film got a powerful boost in April 2005 when Warren Buffett encouraged sharehold­ greatest threat to our ers at his annual Berkshire Hathaway meeting country. We need an all-out to visit www.lastbestchance.org to order a copy of the film. Mr. Buffett told shareholders that the effort to lock up the film was “fictional but not fanciful” and that the weapons-grade nuclear threat posed by nuclear, biological and chemi­ cal weapons is real. material scattered around The strong public response and media cov­ the world. erage of the film got the attention of executives at HBO, who acquired the broadcast rights to Last Best Chance is not a the film and aired it several times in October. message of despair but a More than 90,000 people from around the world have ordered a copy of Last Best Chance. message of hope. If we act In addition to garnering a great deal of inter­ now, we can protect the est from the public, Last Best Chance is being used to motivate and train those responsible American people and for preventing nuclear terrorism, including bor­ prevent disaster.” der agents, security personnel at U.S. nuclear COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM weapons facilities, intelligence officials and NTI’s public awareness projects are reducing 9/11 Commission Chair police officers. There have been screenings and the global threats from nuclear, biological and Thomas H. Kean and Vice Chair discussions of the film around the world—from a chemical weapons by shining a spotlight on the Lee H. Hamilton Congressman in his district, to a security expert tremendous gap between the threats and the at the World Economic Forum in Davos, to a global response, focusing attention on what can meeting of 2,000 Mexican customs agents, to be done to reduce those threats and catalyzing an Ohio resident at a Rotary Club meeting. greater action to reduce them. Public outreach Free copies of the film are available for indi­ and education is an important part of our mission viduals or organizations interested in hosting a because a concerned, informed, attentive public screening. To get a copy of the film, log on to can be a powerful force for holding governments www.lastbestchance.org. accountable and spurring greater action.

44 NTI Scenes from Last Best Chance, a nuclear terrorism docudrama.

“I got involved in Last Best Chance because of its potential to make NTI Vero Boncompagni NTI’s communications work seeks to: NTI’s website offers daily news and in-depth preventing nuclear terrorism a higher » Increase the quality and accessibility of resources about the global threats posed by priority. We need an all-out global information about the threats from nuclear, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, ter­ biological and chemical weapons and what rorism and related issues. Working with National effort to lock down nuclear weapons must be done to reduce those threats; Journal Group, the Center for Nonproliferation and materials so that the line I deliver » Support new thinking and the development Studies at the Monterey Institute of International of new expertise to reduce the risk of use Studies and others, NTI has built an essential in this film about al Qaeda becoming a and prevent the spread of nuclear, biologi­ online tool for anyone wanting either a little or a nuclear power never comes to pass.” cal and chemical weapons; and lot of information about nuclear, biological and » Promote dialogue and common ground chemical weapons threats and ways to reduce Former U.S. Senator Fred Thompson, solutions to reduce imminent global dan­ those threats. (R-TN) (Law & Order, Cape Fear, The Hunt gers and take these issues beyond the for Red October), who plays the President small group of policymakers and experts of the United States in Last Best Chance. who work on them and into the mainstream public policy debate.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 45 Get the facts. Get informed. Get involved. WWW.NTI.ORG

HIGHLIGHTS OF WWW.NTI.ORG » Global Security Newswire is a free, daily » Nonproliferation Databases with the news service covering global developments world’s most comprehensive, open-source on nuclear, biological and chemical weap­ information containing current and archived ons, terrorism and related issues. In addition material from a wide range of sources to offering a comprehensive survey of the including academic and trade journals, day’s news from around the world, Global government and defense publications, Security Newswire provides original news periodicals and electronic news sources, coverage, including in-depth interviews and U.S. Congressional testimony, conference special reports. www.nti.org/gsn proceedings, books, UN and International » Issue Briefs that offer a short introduction Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) documents, and in-depth analysis on a wide range of correspondence from international advi­ international security issues, including top­ sors, unpublished papers and internet ics such as “Iran and IAEA: A Troubling Past sources. www.nti.org/db with a Hopeful Future?” and “Assessing the Threat of Mass Casualty Bioterrorism”. The website is a gateway to the best informa­ www.nti.org/issuebriefs tion on the web about nuclear, biological and » Country Profiles with descriptions of chemical weapons. It is updated daily with new nuclear, biological and chemical weapons information and resources. Bookmark the site and missile programs for more than 25 at www.nti.org. countries. www.nti.org/countries » Self-Guided Tutorials on Biological War­ fare Terrorism, the Nuclear Non-Prolifera­ tion Treaty, Chemical Warfare Terrorism, Nuclear Terrorism and Radiological Terror­ ism. www.nti.org/tutorials

46 NTI www.nti.org/securingthebomb

www.globalhealthandsecurity.org report is accompanied by a website that pro­ NTI’s Global Health and Security vides detailed information on and an assess­ Initiative website features up-to- ment of U.S.-funded programs designed to date information about strategy, secure, monitor and reduce the size of nuclear projects and progress. Here you stockpiles and weapons complexes. can read recent speeches, press releases and Together, the reports and the NTI web sec­ testimony prepared and delivered by scientists tion serve as the only available source for “one- and security experts. The Global Health and stop shopping” for information on all aspects of Security Initiative is working around the world these critical programs. to prevent, detect and respond to biological These reports have provided new think­ threats. The Initiative’s website also offers issue ing that, in combination with several NTI direct briefs and tutorials about the biological threat action projects, helped catalyze major govern­ prepared by experts at the Center for Nonpro­ ment initiatives, such as the removal of HEU from liferation Studies and news about biological research reactors around the world and efforts threats produced by National Journal Group. to accelerate cooperative security upgrades Issue briefs and tutorials cover topics ranging for nuclear weapons and materials in Russia. from the Biological Weapons Convention to A Russian general called the report the first Anti-Plague Facilities in the Former Soviet Union comprehensive look at keeping nuclear weap­ to Biological Warfare Terrorism. We invite you ons and materials out of terrorist hands and to stay informed about NTI’s Global Health and urged implementation of its recommendations. Security Initiative and biological threats by sign­ www.nti.org/securingthebomb ing up online to receive news and updates.

Securing the Bomb “A nuclear 9/11 would be a world-changing To help inform the public about current global disaster. This report is another much-needed efforts to secure and destroy nuclear weap­ ons and materials, NTI commissioned a series reminder of what remains to be done to protect of annual reports from Matthew Bunn and the American people, and the world, from Anthony Wier at Harvard University’s Managing the Atom Project. catastrophe.” These reports track progress in securing nuclear warheads and materials and make rec­ Governor Thomas Kean, NJ, ommendations for accelerating this work. The Chairman of the 9/11 Commission

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 47 NTI PROJECTS APPROVED Increasing the Quality and Promoting Threat Accessibility of Information Reduction Solutions about the Threats OR ONGOING South Asian Security and WMD Global Security Newswire Website Module IN 2005 To support a one-stop global news­ To continue a weapons of mass stand—available exclusively on the NTI destruction module on the Institute of website—with original reporting and a Peace and Conflict Studies website Communications comprehensive snapshot of the day’s that draws from South Asian, Chinese global news on nuclear, biological and and Central Asian sources and provides chemical weapons, terrorism and comprehensive news analysis and missile issues. reference materials relating to nuclear, National Journal Group, Inc. chemical and biological weapons and to Washington, DC, USA support research, workshops and publi­ $1,641,978 cations on nonproliferation and nuclear, 2004–2006 biological and chemical threats. Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies Online Research Center New Delhi, India and Library $150,000 To build, expand and update a com­ 2004–2006 prehensive online research library with information, analysis and educational Tracking Global Efforts to materials about the threats from nuclear, Improve Nuclear Security biological and chemical weapons. The To track the progress and budgets of library builds on the most comprehen­ global nuclear security programs with sive open-source nonproliferation data ­ an annual report and website and make bases in the world and brings together a recommendations for accelerating the range of expert opinion and analysis on pace and effectiveness of this threat these issues. reduction work. Monterey Institute of International Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Studies Center for Science and International Center for Nonproliferation Studies Affairs Monterey, CA, USA John F. Kennedy School of $1,320,488 Government 2004–2006 Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA $959,930 2004–2008

48 NTI Public Opinion Project Global Health and Security Supporting New Thinking Religious Community Outreach To conduct public opinion research Outreach and the Development of Pilot Project on the threats from weapons of mass To develop and implement outreach New Expertise To support the Fourth Freedom Forum destruction. activities to advance the agenda and and the Inter-religious Network in hold­ NTI activities of NTI’s Global Health and Collaborative Education and ing more than 100 Last Best Chance Washington, DC, USA Security Initiative. Cooperative Security: A Joint screenings and nuclear dangers discus­ $339,500 NTI sion groups in two states, Nebraska 2002–2005 Washington, DC, USA Curriculum Project on Reducing and Pennsylvania. The goal of the Up to $75,000 the Nuclear Threat project is to deepen understanding of Last Best Chance—Public 2005–2006 To bring together Russian and American nuclear issues, test the feasibility of Education on Nuclear Threats security experts to develop joint course creating a localized network of activ­ Safer World Action Network materials that compare current nuclear To produce and distribute a fact-based ists committed to civic involvement to To engage and expand the network security issues with the Cold War fictional film that illustrates the threat reduce nuclear dangers and expand of individuals interested in efforts to experience and explore new coopera­ of nuclear terrorism. The film highlights the reach of NTI’s Safer World Action reduce the threats from nuclear, biologi­ tive security arrangements to move from the threats and what should be done to Network. cal and chemical weapons and materi­ deterrence to reassurance. Fourth Freedom Forum address them, and reminds viewers of als with the goal of inspiring individuals School for International Security and Goshen, Indiana, and Washington, DC, the real human, political and economic to become personally involved in efforts World Politics at the Institute of U.S.A. USA costs of a nuclear terrorism incident. to expand and accelerate the pace of and Canada Studies in Moscow, Mos- $50,000 NTI (in conjunction with the work to reduce these threats. cow, Russia; Carnegie Corporation of 2005–2006 NTI Center for International and Security New York and The John D. Washington, DC, USA Studies, School of Public Affairs, Uni- and Catherine T. MacArthur Up to $350,000 versity of Maryland Foundation) 2005–2006 College Park, MD, USA Washington, DC, USA $735,178 Up to $1,000,000 Research and Analysis 2001–2005 2004–2005 To conduct research and analysis to support NTI projects and activities. Monterey Institute of International Studies Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey, CA, USA $155,885 2004-2006

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 49 Board of Directors

50 NTI R. E. (Ted) Turner Sam Nunn

Ted Turner is Co-Chairman of the Nuclear Threat Sam Nunn is Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Initiative. Mr. Turner founded NTI when he realized that sev­ Officer of the Nuclear Threat Initiative. He served as a U.S. eral years after the end of the Cold War, the United States Senator from Georgia for 24 years (1972–1996) and is and Russia still had thousands of nuclear weapons on hair- retired from the law firm King & Spalding. trigger alert, that global nuclear threats were in some ways Senator Nunn attended Georgia Tech, Emory University growing worse and that governments were not moving and Emory Law School, where he graduated with honors in quickly enough to address these threats. 1962. After active duty service in the U.S. Coast Guard, he Mr. Turner is the founder of CNN—the world’s first live, served six years in the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve. He first in-depth, round-the-clock news television network. Whether entered politics as a Member of the Georgia House of Rep­ in billboard advertisement, cable television, sailing, envi­ resentatives in 1968. ronmental initiatives or philanthropy, Mr. Turner’s vision and During his tenure in the U.S. Senate, Senator Nunn determination have resulted in bold, big achievements. served as Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Commit­ Mr. Turner is the founder of the United Nations Founda­ tee and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. He tion, which manages his historic $1 billion gift to support the also served on the Intelligence and Small Business Com­ United Nations’ work in addressing the world’s most press­ mittees. His legislative achievements include the landmark ing problems; Chairman of the Turner Foundation, his family’s Department of Defense Reorganization Act, drafted with the private grant-making organization that focuses on popula­ late Senator Barry Goldwater, and the Nunn-Lugar Coop­ tion and the environment; and a partner in the successful erative Threat Reduction Program, which provides assis­ Ted’s Montana Grill restaurant chain, which operates more tance to Russia and the former Soviet republics for securing than 40 locations nationwide. He is also Chairman of Turner and destroying their excess nuclear, biological and chemical Enterprises, Inc., which manages private landholdings in an weapons. economically sustainable and ecologically sensitive manner, In addition to his work with NTI, Senator Nunn has contin­ while promoting the conservation of native species. ued his service in the public policy arena as a distinguished Mr. Turner is the recipient of numerous honorary degrees, professor in the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs at industry awards and civic honors, including being named Georgia Tech and as Chairman of the Board of the Center Time magazine’s 1991 Man of the Year and Broadcasting for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC. and Cable’s Man of the Century in 1999.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 51 Charles B. Curtis U.S. Senator Pete V. Domenici

Charles B. Curtis is the President and Chief U.S. Senator Pete V. Domenici (R-New Mexico) Operating Officer of the Nuclear Threat Initiative. Previously, is a strong proponent of creating and sustaining programs Mr. Curtis served as the Executive Vice President and Chief focused on reducing the threats from weapons of mass Operating Officer of the United Nations Foundation (UNF). destruction. Before joining UNF, Mr. Curtis was a partner in Hogan As Chairman of the Senate Energy and Natural & Hartson, a Washington-based law firm with domestic Resources Committee and the Senate Energy and Water and international offices. Mr. Curtis served as Under Sec­ Development Appropriations Subcommittee, he has pro­ retary and, later, Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Department moted legislation to bolster U.S. efforts to prevent the of Energy from February 1994 to May 1997. He was Chief proliferation of nuclear weapons and the components to Operating Officer of the Department and, among other build such weapons. He has worked in support of the evolv­ duties, had direct programmatic responsibility for all of the ing mission of the U.S. national laboratories and other high- Department’s energy, science, technology and national technology research facilities. security programs. Senator Domenici supports greater U.S. energy inde­ Mr. Curtis is a lawyer with more than 15 years’ practice pendence, encouraging the development of the domestic oil experience and more than 18 years in government service. and natural gas industries, while calling for a reduction in He was a founding partner of the Washington law firm Van the country’s reliance on foreign sources of energy. He has Ness Feldman. Mr. Curtis served as Chairman of the Federal led national efforts to assure that nuclear energy, which now Energy Regulatory Commission from 1977 to 1981, and he provides over one-fifth of our nation’s electricity, remains a has held positions on the staff of the U.S. House of Repre­ strong option for clean, reliable production. A 25-year veteran sentatives, the U.S. Treasury Department and the Securities of the Senate Budget Committee, Senator Domenici is also and Exchange Commission. He is a current member of the recognized as one of the nation’s foremost experts on the Council on Foreign Relations. federal budget. In December, he was awarded the French Nuclear Energy Society’s Grande Médaille de l’Académie des Sciences, the most prestigious award offered by the society.

52 NTI Susan Eisenhower Ambassador Rolf Ekeus

Susan Eisenhower, President of the Eisenhower Since 2001, Ambassador Rolf Ekeus has served Group, Inc., is best known for her work on U.S.-Russian rela­ as High Commissioner on National Minorities for the Orga­ tions and international security issues. She is a Distinguished nization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. He is also Fellow of the Eisenhower Institute, where she served as both Chairman of the Board of the Stockholm International Peace President and Chairman. Research Institute. He has held a number of diplomatic In the spring of 2000, Ms. Eisenhower was appointed by posts, including Swedish Ambassador to the United States the U.S. Secretary of Energy to a blue ribbon task force, the from 1997 to 2000 and head of the United Nations Special Baker-Cutler Commission, to evaluate U.S.-funded nuclear Commission on Iraq. nonproliferation programs in Russia, and since that time In October 2000, the Swedish government appointed she has also served as an advisor to another U.S. Energy him as a special commissioner and asked him to carry out Department study. She also serves as an Academic Fellow two delicate investigations. One was to analyze and assess of the International Peace and Security program of the Carn­ Sweden’s security policy during the Cold War. The second egie Corporation of New York. Ms. Eisenhower has received was to investigate the political and military handling of for­ three honorary doctorates and a number of other awards for eign submarine intrusions into Swedish territorial waters her work in U.S.-Russian relations. from 1980 until the present. Ms. Eisenhower has spent more than 20 years of her Ambassador Ekeus has spent the last two decades career on foreign policy issues, though she came to the working on international nonproliferation issues. From 1991 field from the business community. A onetime consultant to to 1997, he served as Executive Chairman of the United IBM, American Express and Loral Space Systems, she was Nations Special Commission on Iraq. In that post, he was appointed in 1998 to the National Academy of Sciences’ responsible for working to eliminate the Iraqi infrastructure standing committee on international security and arms for nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction. He also control. served as Ambassador and Head of the Swedish delegation Ms. Eisenhower is an author of two best-seller books: to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Breaking Free and Mrs. Ike. She has edited three collected and as chairman on the Chemical Weapons Convention. He volumes on regional security issues and written hundreds of was a Member of the Advisory Board on Disarmament of op-eds and articles for major newspapers and other national the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Canberra publications. In addition to her membership on NTI’s board, Commission on Nuclear Weapons and the Tokyo Forum on Ms. Eisenhower serves on a number of boards of corpora­ Disarmament. tions, private foundations and educational institutions. His work in this field was recognized by the Waterler Peace Price from the Carnegie Foundation in 1997.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 53

General Eugene Habiger HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal

General Eugene E. Habiger (U.S. Air Force, Retired) A pluralist, believing in consensus and respect has more than 35 years of experience in national security and for others, His Royal Highness Prince El Hassan bin Talal nuclear operations. In his role as the Commander in Chief of works to build societies in which all groups of people can the United States Strategic Command, General Habiger was live, work and function in freedom and with dignity. This goal responsible for all U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy strategic nuclear has been the moving force behind his interest and involve­ forces. During his tenure, General Habiger established an ment in humanitarian and interfaith issues, with particular unprecedented military-to-military relationship with his counter­ emphasis on the human dimension of conflicts. parts in Russia. He brings a unique, in-depth understanding His Royal Highness has initiated, founded and is actively of nuclear operations and nuclear policy to NTI. involved in a number of Jordanian and international institutes General Habiger is a Distinguished Fellow and Policy and committees. He co-chaired the Independent Commis­ Advisor with the University of Georgia’s Center for Interna­ sion on International Humanitarian Issues in 1983 and is tional Trade and Security, where he assists with the Center’s currently Chairman of the Arab Thought Forum, President international programs aimed at preventing weapons prolif­ of the Club of Rome, Moderator of the World Conference of eration and reducing nuclear dangers. Prior to joining the Religions for Peace, and Vice Chairman of the Foundation Center, General Habiger was the President/CEO of the San for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue Antonio Water System, where he was responsible for the (Geneva). general operations of the System along with the strategic His Royal Highness is the author of six books: A Study long-range business and water resources planning for the on Jerusalem (1979); Palestinian Self-Determination (1981); ninth-largest city in the United States. He also worked as the Search for Peace (1984); Christianity in the Arab World U.S. Department of Energy’s Director of Security and Emer­ (1994); Continuity, Innovation and Change: Selected gency Operations. As the Department’s “Security Czar”, he Essays (2001) and joint author of To Be a Muslim, which is was charged by the Secretary with changing the security available in the Italian and French languages (2001). culture at the Energy Department and establishing a pro­ gram to reenergize and restore confidence in the Depart­ ment’s Security Program. He is a command pilot with more than 5,000 flying hours, primarily in bomber aircraft. During the Vietnam War, he flew 150 combat missions. He is also the Chairman of the Board of the Armed Services YMCA, serves on the Fisher House Foundation of San Antonio and is a Senior Fellow with the Gorbachev Foundation.

54 NTI Dr. Andrei Kokoshin Pierre Lellouche

Dr. Andrei Kokoshin is a scientist, scholar and Pierre Lellouche has been a member of the author and is a Member of the State Duma of the Russian French National Assembly since 1993 and was recently Federation. Between 1992 and 1997, Dr. Kokoshin served as elected President of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. He First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation is the National Secretary of his party (in charge of Defense), and as State Secretary. From 1997 to 1998, Dr. Kokoshin the Union Mouvement Populaire (UMP), and a practicing was Secretary of Defense Council and Chief Military Inspec­ attorney with Clyde and Co. in Paris. tor and then became Secretary of Russia’s Security Council. From 1989 to 1995, he was Diplomatic Advisor to He is a former First Deputy Minister of Defense in Russia as French President Jacques Chirac, and he has held a num­ well as a former member of Russia’s Security Council. ber of positions in his party on foreign affairs and defense Dr. Kokoshin is the Director of the Institute for Interna­ issues. tional Security Studies at the Russian Academy of Natural Previously, Mr. Lellouche was a Co-Founder and Dep­ Sciences and served as the acting Vice President of the uty Director of the French Institute for International Affairs. Academy from 1998 to 1999. In 2003 he was elected to He has taught and published widely on political-military the post of Chairman of the State Duma’s Committee for affairs, including serving as a columnist for Le Point and the Commonwealth of Independent States’ Affairs and Rela­ Newsweek. tions with Compatriots. That same year, he became Dean He is a Vice Chairman of the Atlantic Partnership and of the School of World Politics at Moscow State University. a member of the Trilateral Commission and the Council of Dr. Kokoshin is also a member of the Scientific Advisory the International Institute for Strategic Studies. Mr. Lellouche Council of the Institute for International Studies at Stanford also serves as a Member of the Board of Directors of the University. Foundation du Futur and as a member of the editorial board Dr. Kokoshin holds an engineering degree in radioelec­ of the European Journal of International Affairs and the tronics from Moscow Higher Technical School and a doc­ Journal of Arms Control and Security Studies. torate in political science. He is the author of 12 books on Mr. Lellouche is the author of several books including: international security, political and military affairs and defense Illusions Gauloises (2006), Le Nouveau Monde (1992), La industry policy. République Immobile (1998) and La France et les Bombes (2000). He was educated in Paris and at Harvard Law School, where he earned his master’s and doctorate degrees.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 55 U.S. Senator Richard G. Lugar Commissioner Vladimir P. Lukin

U.S. Senator Richard G. Lugar (R-Indiana) is Vladimir Lukin is the Human Rights Commissioner Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and of the Russian Federation and is former Russian Ambassa­ a well-known leader in international security issues. A pro­ dor to the United States. He previously served as the Dep­ ponent of free trade and economic growth, Senator Lugar uty Chairman of the Russian Duma and as Chairman of the was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1976 and in 2000 won his Duma’s Foreign Affairs Committee. third consecutive victory by a two-thirds majority. Born in the Siberian city of Omsk, Commissioner Lukin Senator Lugar has been instrumental in Senate ratifica­ is a longtime specialist in U.S.-Soviet/Russian strategic arms tion of treaties that reduce the world’s use, production and control issues. He is a graduate of the Moscow Pedagogi­ stockpiling of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. In cal Institute and received a PhD in History from the Institute 1991, he forged a bipartisan partnership with then-Senate of the World Economy and International Relations of the Armed Services Chairman Sam Nunn to create a coopera­ USSR Academy of Sciences. Commissioner Lukin was a tive program to destroy weapons of mass destruction in the member of the Editorial Board of the international journal former Soviet Union. To date, the Nunn-Lugar program has World Review in Prague but was recalled to the USSR in deactivated more than 6,000 nuclear warheads that were 1968 for protesting the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact invasion of once aimed at the United States. Czechoslovakia. As Chairman of the Agriculture Committee, Senator From 1969 to 1987, Commissioner Lukin was a Research Lugar built bipartisan support for the 1996 federal farm Fellow at the Institute of U.S. and Canadian Studies of the program reforms, ending 1930s-era federal production USSR Academy of Sciences. He then served in the USSR controls. He initiated a biofuels research program to help Foreign Ministry as a Deputy Head of the Foreign Policy decrease U.S. dependency on foreign oil and led initiatives Analysis and Prognosis Department until 1990, when he was to streamline the U.S. Department of Agriculture, reform the elected as a People’s Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the food stamp program and preserve the federal school lunch Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (RSFSR). There program. he served as a chairman of the Supreme Soviet Committee Senator Lugar has received numerous awards including on International Affairs and Foreign Economic Relations. Guardian of Small Business, the Spirit of Enterprise, Watch­ Commissioner Lukin is the author of books and numer­ dog of the Treasury and 38 honorary doctorate degrees. He ous articles on various issues of international relations and manages his family’s 604-acre Marion County corn, soy­ Russian foreign policy. He speaks French, Spanish and Eng­ bean and tree farm. Before entering public life, he helped lish and is married with two sons. run the family’s food machinery manufacturing business in Indianapolis.

56 NTI Dr. Jessica Tuchman Mathews Judge Hisashi Owada

Dr. Jessica Tuchman Mathews is President of Judge Hisashi Owada was appointed to the Inter­ the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, an inter­ national Court of Justice in The Hague in early 2003. Before national research organization with offices in Washington, his appointment to this post, he served as President of the DC and Moscow. Dr. Mathews, who holds a PhD in molecu­ Japan Institute of International Affairs, Advisor to the Minister lar biology, has held positions in the executive and legisla­ for Foreign Affairs of Japan, Senior Advisor to the President tive branches, in management and research in the nonprofit of the World Bank and Professor of Law and Organization at arena and in journalism. Waseda University Graduate School in Japan. She was a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign One of his country’s most respected diplomats, Judge Relations from 1993 to 1997 and served as Director of the Owada previously served as Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs, Council’s Washington Program. During that time her For- Permanent Representative of Japan to the Organization for eign Affairs article “Power Shift”, was chosen by the editors Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris and Per­ as one of the most influential in the journal’s 75 years. manent Representative of Japan to the United Nations in From 1982 to 1993, Dr. Mathews was founding Vice New York. President and Director of Research of the World Resources In the academic field as a professor of international law Institute, an internationally known center for policy research and organization, Judge Owada has taught at Tokyo Univer­ on environmental and natural resource management issues. sity since 1963 and at the law schools of Harvard Univer­ She served on the editorial board of The Washington sity, Columbia University and New York University. He is a Post from 1980 to 1982, covering energy, environment, sci­ member of the Institut de Droit International. Judge Owada ence, technology, health and arms control issues. Later, she is the author of numerous writings on international legal and became a weekly columnist for The Washington Post. political affairs. From 1977 to 1979, she was the Director of the Office of Global Issues of the National Security Council, covering nuclear proliferation, conventional arms sales policy, chemi­ cal and biological warfare and human rights. In 1993, she returned to government as Deputy to the Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 57 Dr. William J. Perry Dr. Nafis Sadik

Dr. William J. Perry currently serves as the Michael Dr. Nafis Sadik has consistently called attention and Barbara Berberian Professor at Stanford University, to the importance of addressing the needs of women directly with a joint appointment in the School of Engineering and in making and carrying out development policy. From April the Institute for International Studies. He is also a Senior Fel­ 1987 to December 2000, Dr. Sadik served as Executive low at the Hoover Institute and Co-Director of the Preventive Director of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Defense Project, a research collaboration of Stanford and with the rank of Under-Secretary-General, becoming the first Harvard Universities. woman to head one of the United Nations’ major voluntarily Dr. Perry was the 19th Secretary of Defense for the funded programs. In 2001, Dr. Sadik was appointed as Spe­ United States, serving from February 1994 to January 1997. cial Advisor to the UN Secretary-General, where she contin­ As Secretary of Defense, he was instrumental in implement­ ues to work on gender, population and development issues. ing and strengthening the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Dr. Sadik came to the United Nations after a distin­ Reduction Program. He also served as Deputy Secretary guished career in Pakistan, where she served as Direc­ of Defense (1993–1994) and Under Deputy Secretary of tor-General of the Central Family Planning Council. Since Defense for Research and Engineering. beginning her career as a physician in 1954, Dr. Sadik has Dr. Perry has extensive business experience and cur­ taken on a number of increasingly challenging leadership rently serves on the boards of several high-tech companies roles in the family planning field. She first served as a civilian and is Chairman of Global Technology Partners. He is a medical officer in charge of women’s and children’s wards member of the National Academy of Engineering and a fel­ in various Pakistani armed forces hospitals before directing low of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. hospitals and eventually heading the Planning and Training Dr. Perry has received numerous awards and decora­ Division, the government agency charged with national fam­ tions from U.S. and foreign governments, nongovernmen­ ily planning program. tal organizations and the military, including the Presidential Dr. Sadik was educated at Loreto College, Calcutta, Medal of Freedom in 1997. India; received a doctor of medicine degree from Dow Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan; and completed further studies at Johns Hopkins University. She is the recipient of numerous international awards and honors for her contribu­ tions to improving the health of women and children of the global community.

58 NTI Professor Amartya Sen Rt. Hon. Professor Shirley Williams

Professor Amartya Sen is a world-renowned Rt. Hon. Professor Shirley Williams is a Member economist, scholar, philosopher and author. He has done of the United Kingdom’s House of Lords, where she was groundbreaking research in a number of areas, including Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2001 to 2004. She social choice theory, political and moral philosophy and deci­ began her career as a journalist for the Daily Mirror and sion theory. Awarded the “Bharat Ratna”, the highest honor the Financial Times, and in 1960 became Secretary of the given by the President of India, Professor Sen’s work in eco­ Fabien Society. Earlier in her career, she was a Member of nomics has also been recognized with a Nobel Prize. the House of Commons and served as a Labour Cabinet Professor Sen is Lamont University Professor and Pro­ Minister of Education and Science. fessor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. Outside her career in government, Baroness Williams Until recently, he was the Master of Trinity College, Cam­ served as Public Service Professor of Elective Politics from bridge. Earlier, he was the Drummond Professor of Political 1988 to 2000 at the John F. Kennedy School of Government Economy at Oxford University and a Fellow of All Souls Col­ at Harvard University. She lectured at numerous universities lege. Prior to that he was Professor of Economics at Delhi including Princeton University, University of California at University and at the London School of Economics. Berkeley and Cambridge University. She is a member of the Professor Sen has researched and written books in a Council on Foreign Relations International Advisory Board number of fields. His work has covered welfare economics, and serves on several other boards, including the Mos­ theory of measurement, development economics, moral and cow School of Political Studies and the International Crisis political philosophy and the economics of peace and war. Group. His most recent book, published by W.W. Norton in March Baroness Williams holds 11 honorary doctorates from 2006, is entitled Identity of Violence: The Illusion of Des- British, Belgian and U.S. universities. She received a BA in tiny. Other recent books include Development as Freedom; philosophy, politics and economics from Somerville College, Rationality and Freedom; and The Argumentative Indian. where she also received an MA, and attended Columbia Born in Santiniketan, India, in 1933, Professor Sen stud­ University on a Fulbright Scholarship. ied at Presidency College in Calcutta, India, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He is an Indian citizen.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 59 Professor Fujia Yang

Professor Fujia Yang, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is an internationally renowned nuclear physicist who currently serves as the sixth Chancellor of the University of Nottingham, one of the United Kingdom’s lead­ ing research universities, and the Vice Chairman of the Chi­ nese Association for Science and Technology. Born in Shanghai, Professor Yang graduated from Fudan University in 1958 with a degree in physics. He went from his initial appointment as a Teaching Assistant, to a Profes­ sorial Chair in Physics, to the Presidency of the University of Fudan from 1993 to 1999. He served as Director of the Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research of the Chinese Acad­ emy of Sciences from 1987 to 2001, was Chairman of the Shanghai Science and Technology Association from 1992 to 1996 and was the founding President of the Association of University Presidents of China from 1997 to 1999. Dr. Yang’s work has taken him to positions around the globe, including visiting professorships at the Neils Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark; State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA; Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA; and Tokyo University, Japan. Professor Yang served as a council member represent­ ing China on the Association of East Asia Research Uni­ versities, was a member of the International Association of University Presidents and of the Association of University Presidents of the Pacific Rim. He holds honorary degrees from Soka University, Tokyo, Japan; the State University of New York; the University of Hong Kong; the University of Nottingham; and the University of Connecticut.

60 NTI Warren E. Buffett Siegfried S. Hecker Advisor to the Board of Directors Advisor to the Board of Directors

Warren E. Buffett, who has been concerned about the Siegfried S. Hecker is Director Emeritus of the Los Alamos threats from weapons of mass destruction for four decades, National Laboratory, where he was Director from 1986 to serves as an Advisor to NTI’s Board of Directors. 1997, and is currently Visiting Professor at Stanford Univer­ Mr. Buffett is Chairman of the Board and Chief Execu­ sity’s Center for International Security and Cooperation. He tive Officer of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., a holding company served as Chairman of the Center for Materials Science and owning subsidiaries engaged in a number of diverse busi­ Division Leader of the Materials Science and Technology ness activities and controlled by him since 1965. Berkshire Division before becoming Director. From 1970 to 1973, he Hathaway Inc.’s business activities include the underwriting was a Senior Research Metallurgist with the General Motors of property and casualty insurance and a wide variety of Research Laboratories. manufacturing, retailing and service companies. Dr. Hecker is a Member of the National Academy of Mr. Buffett started out as an investment salesman and Engineering, Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of securities analyst, and early in his career he created his own Sciences, Fellow of the TMS (Minerals, Metallurgy and Mate­ investment partnership. rials Society), Fellow of the American Society for Metals, Mr. Buffett also serves as a Director of The Washington Honorary Member of the American Ceramics Society and Post Company, and is a life trustee of Grinnell College and Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He The Urban Institute. is a member of the American Association for the Advance­ Mr. Buffett attended the Woodrow Wilson High School ment of Science, Council on Foreign Relations, Tau Beta Pi in Washington, DC, the Wharton School of Business at the Honorary Engineering Fraternity, Alpha Sigma Mu Honorary University of Pennsylvania and in 1950 received a B.S. from Metallurgical Fraternity and the Society of Sigma Xi. the University of Nebraska. He earned an M.S. in Economics In addition to his current research activities in plutonium from Columbia University in 1951. science and nuclear weapons stockpile stewardship, he works closely with the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Federal Agency for Atomic Energy on a variety of cooperative threat reduction programs. Dr. Hecker is also actively involved with the U.S. National Academies, serv­ ing on the Council of the National Academy of Engineering, serving as chair of the Committee on Counterterrorism Chal­ lenges for Russia and the United States and as a member of the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Interna­ tional Security and Arms Control Nonproliferation Panel.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 61 Joshua Lederberg George F. Russell Jr. Advisor to the Board of Directors Advisor to the Board of Directors

Joshua Lederberg, a research geneticist, is President George F. Russell Jr. has been a worldwide leader in promot­ Emeritus at the Rockefeller University in New York. There, ing the critical importance of globalization to reduce poverty he continues his lifelong research on bacterial genetics as and disease throughout the world. a Scholar of the Beverly and Raymond Sackler Foundation. Mr. Russell built the Frank Russell Company into one He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medi­ of the world’s leading investment advisory firms, serving as cine in 1958, and the U.S. National Medal of Science in Chairman from 1958 until the firm was sold to Northwestern 1989. He serves on the Defense Science Board and the Mutual Life in 1999. Today, the company guides 1,100 cli­ Defense Threat Reduction Agency advisory committee, as ents in 35 countries with assets exceeding $1.8 trillion and well as a range of other governmental, industrial and aca­ manages $130 billion in funds. demic consultantships. Mr. Russell pioneered the business of pension fund con­ sulting. He is a well-known advocate of diversified global invest­ ing and, along with Warren Buffett, was named in 1993 as one of the four most influential people in institutional investing. Mr. Russell is Co-Chairman of the EastWest Institute, Co- Chairman of the Kendall-Russell Centre for Corporate Com­ petitiveness in Russia, Co-Chairman of the Pacific Health Summit, Chairman of the National Bureau of Asian Research, Chairman of Transmutation Technologies, Inc., Chairman of the Russell Family Foundation, Chairman of The Threshold Group, Honorary Co-Chairman of the Business Humanitarian Forum and is also involved in projects to educate Americans on Islam and the critical importance of globalization.

62 NTI Officers & Staff

NTI is staffed by a group of experts on inter­ Joan Rohlfing Kraig M. Butrum national affairs, nonproliferation, security and Senior Vice President for Programs Chief Development Officer military issues, public health, medicine and com­ & Operations Mr. Butrum has more than 20 years of fundraising munications who have operational and interna­ Ms. Rohlfing joined NTI after spending six years experience, has held senior-level development tional experience in their fields. They have held in a number of senior positions with the U.S. positions with a number of nonprofit organiza­ high-level posts in the White House, federal Department of Energy. She served as Senior tions and has consulted internationally on non­ and state agencies, the U.S. military, the U.S. Advisor for National Security to the Secretary profit fundraising. His fundraising experience Congress, the Russian Federation Ministry of of Energy and Director of the Office of ­Non includes major capital campaigns, including Atomic Energy and international organizations. proliferation and National Security. She took directing Conservation International’s five-year The NTI staff share a common vision of a safer a nine-month assignment in New Delhi, India, $600 million Campaign to Save the Hotspots world and are working to reduce the global in the wake of nuclear tests in South Asia, to and the National Park Foundation’s Connect- threats from nuclear, biological and chemical advise the U.S. Ambassador on nuclear secu­ ing Our Children to America campaign. weapons. rity issues. Ms. Rohlfing also has served on the staff of the U.S. House of Representatives Laura S. H. Holgate Sam Nunn Armed Services Committee and at the U.S. Vice President for Russia/New Independent Co-Chairman & Chief Executive Officer Department of Defense. States (NIS) Programs (see biography in Board of Directors section) Ms. Holgate joined NTI after serving in a number Brooke D. Anderson of senior positions in the federal government. Charles B. Curtis Vice President for Communications She managed the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative President & Chief Operating Officer Ms. Anderson joined NTI after serving in various Threat Reduction program at the U.S. Depart­ (see biography in Board of Directors section) senior positions in the executive and legislative ment of Defense, which provides assistance branches of the U.S. government, including to Russia and the new independent states in Special Assistant to the President and Senior securing and destroying excess nuclear, chemi­ Director for Communications at the National cal and biological weapons and materials. She Security Council at the White House. She also also served as Director of the Office of Fissile served as Director of the U.S. Department of Materials Disposition at the U.S. Department Energy’s Office of Public Affairs and Deputy of Energy. Ms. Holgate has received numerous Chief of Staff and Press Secretary to former public service awards and is a member of the Congressman David Skaggs. Council on Foreign Relations and the Executive Board of Women in International Security.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 63 Melissa Sarver, CPA Robert E. Berls, Jr., PhD Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D. Treasurer and Controller Senior Advisor for Russia/NIS Programs, Senior Scientist Melissa came to NTI in 2002 from KPMG LLP, Director of the Moscow Office Dr. Hamburg previously served as NTI’s Vice where she worked in their Business Process Dr. Berls brings to NTI a background in Soviet/ President for the Biological Program and now Outsourcing group. She has ten years of expe­ Russian energy and nuclear weapons issues. provides strategic advice and expertise to NTI rience working with community non-profits and As a Colonel in the U.S. Air Force, he served as as Senior Scientist. Before coming to NTI, Dr. non-profit trade associations. Ms. Sarver isa Air Attaché at the U.S. Embassy in the 1980s. Hamburg was Assistant Secretary for Plan­ Certified Public Accountant and a member During the first Clinton Administration, he was ning and Evaluation at the U.S. Department of of the American Institute of Certified Public Special Assistant to the Secretary of Energy Health and Human Services. She is a physician Accounts and Maryland Association of CPAs. for Russia/NIS Programs. Before joining NTI, and expert in public health and bioterrorism. he was Vice President for Business Develop­ Dr. Hamburg was the Commissioner of Health Mark Smolinski, M.D., M.P.H. ment and Government Relations for a U.S. oil for the City of New York and former Assistant Vice President for Biological Programs company. Director of the Institute of Allergy & Infectious and Director of the Global Health and Diseases at the National Institutes of Health. ­Security Initiative Lisa K. Cutler She is a member of the Institute of Medicine of Before coming to NTI, Dr. Smolinski was a Director of Programs and Outreach the National Academies of Science, the Intel­ Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medi­ Prior to joining NTI, Ms. Cutler directed external ligence Science Board, the Council on Foreign cine of the National Academies of Science and communications for the U.S. National Nuclear Relations, the Aspen Study Group and a fellow study director for “Microbial Threats to Health: Security Administration. She has also held for the American Association of the Advance­ Emergence, Detection, and Response”. He is a senior communications positions at the U.S. ment of Science. physician and expert in medical epidemiology Department of Energy and the U.S. Department and public health. Dr. Smolinski has served in of Labor and was Press Secretary to former Diane G. Hauslein various senior positions in the federal, state and U.S. Senators John Glenn and Harris Wofford. Director of Administration local governments, including Senior Advisor to Ms. Hauslein joined NTI following a 21 year the U.S. Assistant Secretary for Health and Catherine O’Brien Gwin career in the field of legal management- includ­ Surgeon General, and was an Epidemic Intel­ Director of Communications ing finance, human resources, facilities/equip­ ligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Ms. Gwin came to NTI from the law firm of King ment management, technology and marketing. Control and Prevention. & Spalding, where she served as former Sena­ Most recently, Ms. Hauslein served as the tor Sam Nunn’s director of communications and Director of Administration for the Washington, public policy. She previously served as Senator DC office of an international law firm co-man­ Nunn’s press secretary in the U.S. Senate and aged by James Hall, former Chairman of the the spokesperson for the Senate Armed Ser­ National Transportation Safety Board. vices Committee.

64 NTI Kirsten Houghton Tatiana G. Nikolenko Development Associate Program Manager, Ms. Houghton joined NTI five years ago after Biological Programs in Russia, managing a private art collection in New York. Moscow Office While working at NTI, Ms. Houghton earned a Prior to joining NTI, Ms. Nikolenko worked as a Masters degree in International Peace and Con­ senior project manager at the International Sci­ flict Resolution at The School of International ence and Technology Center (ISTC) Headquar­ Service of American University. Ms. Houghton ters where she ran the Russian/NIS biological has a Bachelor of Arts in French from Dickinson programs and served as coordinator for the U.S. College and is a member of Women in Interna­ public health programs in Russia and the new tional Security. independent states. Ms. Nikolenko received her degree in Biomechanics from Moscow State Stephanie S. Loranger, Ph.D. University. She has authored three books. Senior Program Officer, Global Health and Security Initiative Major Robert E. Schultz, USAF (Ret.) Before coming to NTI, Dr. Loranger was the Senior Program Officer, Russia/NIS Programs Director of the Biosecurity Project at the Fed­ Major Schultz joined NTI after a military career eration of American Scientists (FAS). Dr. Lor­ in strategic nuclear operations and strategic anger’s work at FAS focused on: biological offensive arms threat reduction. He brings weapons control, the responsible use of sci­ extensive program implementation experience ence and technology, training and prepared­ from the U.S. Department of Defense’s Nunn- ness for WMD attacks, and developing on-line Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program, educational materials for teaching biosecurity where he was involved in the disposition of to bioscience graduate students. Dr. Loranger Russian strategic missiles. He also served as received her Ph.D. in Biology and Biomedical a Minuteman ICBM Flight Commander and Sciences with a concentration in Molecular as an Operations Planner on the Strategic Air Cell Biology at Washington University. Dr. Lor­ Command’s Airborne Command Post “Looking anger is also an Adjunct Associate Professor in Glass.” the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at George­ town University.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 65 A community of donors WORKING for a safer world NTI wishes to thank the following donors and supporters who made gifts between June 2004 and December 2005 to support our work.

Ron Blau Gene Chorney Hope Dowd-List Donald L. Giese Howard Jon & Marilyn Hornquist Vincent P. Knipfing Individuals Bill Bloomfield Daniel A. Ciaramella, Sr. Barry E. Downes Fred A. Glass Roberta J. Horvath Dr. George Koch Jerome L. Abbott Regina N. Blumenfeld Kim C. Clark Joan M. Draper Garrett Glennon Gregory Hounsell Mark A. Kohut Mary Elizabeth Alexander Hans G. Boehm Dr. Raymond J. Clark Leo A. Drey John D. Godish Arthur M. Howard-Scotoni David Konheim Robert G. Alfieri Robert & Vicki Bond Brian Clelland Daniel E. Driscoll Vidur B. Goel The Rev. Charles W. Hubbard, Jr. Harlan B. Korenvaes Charles Allard, Jr. Emily & Robert Boskovich Cathleen A. Clinton David V. Duke Dana Goldstein Gerald E. Huber George Koster Roslyn M. Allison Stuart & Jane Bowyer James A. Cohen Robert Dunaway, Esq. Jack Gossett Lota Hughes James C. Kozlowski Sherri Allison Richmond T. Boykin, Jr. Maxine Cohen Elsa Dunn Howard Gottlieb George W. Hugues, Sr. Kenneth Kozoro Abdulaziz A. Alnaim Dr. John Alan Bradford Stephen L. Cole Dan A. Duwell Stephanie E. Grissom Rick Humber Mitchell & Elizabeth Krauss Steven Aman William H. Brainerd Marilynn J. Condon Barry F. Dwork Braxton Gale Grizzard Mary M. Hunt Lloyd D. Kreitz Lynn Amis Dr. Dean Brandon Hugh Conley, Jr. LeRoy Eakin, III Thomas P. Grumbly James H. Hunter Michael D. Kremer Roger W. Anderson David D. Brantley D. Hugh Connolly William R. Eckenrode Noam Grunes Ian D. Hutcheon Christopher J. Kritz Ronald G. Anderson William & Geraldine Brehm Robert H. Cook, Jr. Michael Effinger Joseph J. Gudac, Jr. Harriet Hyams Theopia Chante Lagon Tom O. Anderson Leo W. Brickner James D. Cooke David Ehrlich James P. Gurr George R. Hyde John M. Lake Anonymous Stephen S. & Ursula Brixey Dr. James T. Cooper Ed Eichinger Lawrence A. Guske Charles Harris Irby Kevin Lakomy Franklin P. Antonio Matthew Brooks Abe & Gloria Cooperman Leonard Eiger Janet Guthridge Lance Jacobsen William M. Lamoreaux Philip Aquilino Addison Bross James Corrigan Nancy Eiring Joseph H. Hadarits Gail Jacobson, Ph.D Michael T. Lamphere Gerald & Diane Attanasio Andrew D. Brown Gerard M. Coughlin Rita & Steve Emerson Stefanie E. Hadden Randall W. Jeffs Matthew J. & Kerry A. Landfried Charles F. Aust Michael D. Brown Tim Coville John English William E. Hall, Jr. James Jensen Gene Scott Lange James Averill, Jr. Dr. Scott Bradley Brown Jerome Covin, M.D. Rodney G. Ensley, Sr. Arthur L. Hall, M.D. Michael C. Johnson Emmett Langley Michael & Nancy Aversa Shaby Bryant Coleen J. Crawford Harry R. Epps Sandra L. Haller Russell S. Jokinen, Esq. Anastasios Michail Lappas Steve Axler Wendell Lee Bryant Robert E. Crooks David Epstein David H. Hamill Abigail H. Jones Rod Larson John Babinec, Jr. Michael J. Bucalo Chuck Crouse David & Christina Epstein Terri Hamilton Greg H. Jones Thomas E. Larson John A. Bachar Gordon Buchi David V. Crowder Julius Erickson Margaret & M. David Hampton Judy L. Jones Earl Latterman James Bailey, Jr. Donald T. Buck Steven G. Crutchfield Paul L. Erwin Dale P. Haning Henry M. Jordab Joe R. Lee David & Gladys Baker Mary Budzien Marvin C. Cruzan Paula Carleton Evans Clyde T. Hankey Michael Ray & Alta Jordan Robert F. Lee Vicki K. Baker Sister Jeanette Buehler John F. Curley MSGT. William K. Ewing, III William & Christina M. Hann Donald Jortner Mark Leitner Richard & Margaret Baker, III William N. Buffett Charles & Rochelle Curtis USAF RET M. Smith Hanna William R. Juneau Stuart Licht, Ph.D Earl J. Baker, M.D. Dane E. Buford Thad Curtz Edward V. & Antonia Fabela Barbara F. Hanson John P. Kane Ty Lindsey Frederick E. Balderston Dick Bunce Victoria Cypherd David A. Fagen Gregory Harkenrider Russell W. Kane Richard R. Lininger, M.D. Daniel Baldini Richard Burg & Linda Kingsbury Carole Daley Timothy Fargo Nick Harley Brandee L. Kaneshiro Gustave Lipman James P. Barnes Doug Burke Philippe Dambournet John Faybik Louis J. Harrell, Jr. Harold & Karen Karabell Harold W. Lischner, M.D. David Baron Rick P. Bursaw, Jr. Dean Dameworth Sylvan Feldstein, Ph.D Bill Harris, Sr. Frank Karel Jim Litinsky Betty L. Bartholomew Brian T. Burt Donald H. Daniels Jeffrey H. Fenton Peter C. Hart Eleanor Kasch William & Marsha Littell Barry & Deborah B. Bass Ellison S. Burton Steve Daniels Michael G. Ferrato Gilbert & Susan Hayes Phillip & Mary Kasik Cathy L. Littrell Steven M. Bates Ronald G. Bush Jerry D. & Teresita M. Dauth Robert L. Fila Gail M. Healy Michael D. Katz Peter B. Logan Brian & Janet Bazzett Lee Butkiewicz Richard & Findley Davis Sarah M. Finley Bridget A. Heidorn Christopher Kaye Todd Logan David S. Beall Kraig M. Butrum Curry Deck Daniel Fiorucci Ronald W. Henley Nader Kayoumi James & Mary Logue Mary M. Becker Anne Butterfield Jeff Deckert Cynthia Fischer Harold H. Hensel Richard B. Kearns Crawford Long Andy Beckham Jeffrey J. Byrne Robert E. Deininger Andrew S. Fisher Robert D. Heron Patrick Keating James L. Long Jon Beckman Peter T. Cacioppo, CFP Robert S. Delaney Betty Flodin Carroll Herring Kevin Keith Michael Long Joe Belew David Cahn Cleo Delight Delaney, R.N. Ron M. Florance Daniel Herring Dona C. Keller Richard Longacre Michael Belk James D. Calderwood, Ph.D Gary DeLoach KokSeng Foong Mark Herrmann Robert Kelley Jose A. Lopez-Zeno, M.D., PC Alan Belkin Douglas A. Caldwell Karen J. DeLorenzo Guy R. Foster Judith Hill James & Shirley Kelly Bruce Lorenc Ralph & Mary Bell Michael Callahan Anthony & Anne Marie Dr. Walter Francis Robert J. Hilterman Robert L. Kerr, IV Felix LoStracco Peter Benjaminson Ernest & Betty Campbell Demeo, Jr. Stephen & Janice Freniere Philip & Lynne Himelstein Elizabeth M. Kiernan Edwin H. Lougher, Ph.D Laura Bentsen Gary A. Cannalte, Jr. John & Dorothy Derr Gary & Laura Frohman Dave Hinman Patricia A. Kiesz Charles S. Ludlow, II Howard & Harriet Bernstein James M. Carhart Timothy A. Diaz Dr. Ted Fromm Shirley Ostholm Hinnau, Ph.D Michael Stephen Killeavy Kenneth Luna Dustin Best Gerald C. Carney Dr. William C. Dickey Thomas L. Fugere Robert J. Hoch George J. & Betty Killoran Carlos Luria Paul & Maribel Best Thomas D. Carpenter, Sr. Loisanne Diehl Dona W. & James L. Fuller Thom & Grace Hodgson Simmie King Robert P. Lutz Mike Binyon David & Eleonore Carroll Richard K. Dieterle, Jr. Kent R. Fuller Edward T. Hoefl Kim Kirkpatrick H. Charles Lymn Roger & Millicent Bishop Daniel L. Casciano James A. Dingus, Jr. Steve Fuller Margaret J. Hoffman Jan C. Kirsch Michelle & Richard H. MacCracken Lewis Blackburn William R. Cason Hon. James Dinwiddie Michael K. & Suzetta Furlong Leon Hojegian Kenneth & Helen Klammer Bev B. MacDonald Steven Blackman Joseph Cassis Terry L. Dixon Timothy Gallivan Michael J. Honigfort Ilya Klein Jim Macko Bruce A. Blackstock Georgie B. Casteel John & Elizabeth Dollries Allen C. Garner, Jr. Gerauld L. Hopkins Robert Kleinberg Thomas R. MacMillan Lindsey Blair John Chalmers Douglas & Rebecca Donivan Ann N. Gary Milton D. Hopkins, Jr. David D. Kliewer, M.D. Kevin M. Madsen, M.D. Andrew D. Blank Maxwell Chaplin, Esq. Philip & Virginia Doster Philip & Martha Joe Gelzer Erik Hord Karen & Frank Knapp Devorah Maltin

66 NTI Corporation & Foundation Support David Manning Nancy Mulvihill Ken Pope John Charles Saunders James R. Stull Aaron Wangen Alfred P. Sloan Foundation John F. X. Mannion Nejat Munisoglu Robert & Mary Powell Nicholas P. Sauve Charles J. Stuparitis William T. Wanzeck, Sr. Anbex Inc. Olivier Manuel Edward L. Muniz Jeremy O. Preiss Michael A. Sawka William A. Sturman Robert Watkins BP Foundation, Inc. John P. March, Jr. Mahesh Murikinati John K. Prentice Frances Saylors Shuji Sue Kim Wedemeyer Becton, Dickinson & Company Ballerina Marchand Matthew & Sonoko Murtha Currie Prescott Michael E. Schade Craig R. Sullivan Robert M. Weekley Brenda Bradsher Insurance Ed J. Marill, Sr. David Muskatel Steven Prindle Michael Robert Schall Mike Sullivan Joanna Weir Agency Christian J. Marin E. K. Myrick James H. Puckett, III S. Scheff Lowell T. Summers Dennis M. Weis Carnegie Corporation of New James Marks Charles Najdek Dennis H. Quine Marty Scheinberg, M.D. Mike Sutter Jay Wells York Willy Werby Jeffrey A. Marquis Thomas Kibbe Nash Carlos Ramos Wiley A. Schell J. Allen & Joanne E. Suver ChocolateLady Riley A. West Robert William Marsh Dave Nathan Howard David Raper Robert Schisler, Sr. David L. Swain Day, Berry & Howard, LLP Dr. John Steven Whitaker Dwinell Charity Fund Randall S. Marston Paul E. Neil, Jr. Dave C. Rasmussen Diana Schneider John J. Swana Ryan J. Whitaker Edlow International Company Phyllis J. Martin Norma Newman Peter Oliver Rau Dvora Ann Schoenfeld-Fairfield Rosemarie Sweeny Grace E. White Nathan D. Marvin Dr. Thomas B. Newman Robert E. Ray Gregory D. Schroen Gloria M. Swint Jeffrey Keith White EHS Solutions Inc. Diane S. Mather Mark Niemann Carmen Maria Redlin, R.N. Elliott & Bonnie Schulman Judy Synder Jeffrey Whitehorn Finance Banking Investment Alan & Emily Mayers Daryl R. Nitkowski John Reed Dr. Stephen Scholtz Virginia Tannenbaum Ellsworth P. Whiteman Society, College of Business Kathleen McAllister John E. Noble Robert L. Reed Steve Schwartz John A. Taylor Bonnie J. Whiteside and Julie & Rory McCarren William B. Noble Marcus Andrew Reeves Frances Scott Robert & Maria Taylor David V. Whiting Management, University of Marilu H. McCarty Dennis J. Nolan Robert D. Reilly Margaret M. Secor Charles & Joyce Teague Peter H. Wick Maryland Robert T. McDaniel Anne G. Norton Norma L. Rekar Stefano Sevigny Fred S. Teeboom Thomas Wick FMC Corporation Edward J. McDonald Sam Nunn Kurt & Karen Remmert Glen Shanor, Jr. Jay Teitzell Ben Wickham, Jr. Geller & Company James E. McDowall Don Ochs John Renth Bobbi Shaw Andrew L. Temple, Ph.D Rod Wicklander Japanese Delegation Stephen McDuffie Joseph O’Connor Donald & Patricia Rentschler Jeffrey B. Shellan Jason M. Thalheimer Barrie A. and Deedee Wigmore JDHA Inc. Don McGee Takahiko A. Oda Manuel P. Revuelta Alan & Linda Shue Kay M. Thomas Joseph Keith Wilcher Joyce Glasser Enterprises, Inc. Mary J. McGee Ashton J. O’Donnell Eddie Reyes Sid Sidner Robert Thompson Edward E. Wiley Larsen Consulting Group, LLC Harold & Loena Williams Mary McGinley Keith R. O’Donnell Jackie Richey Eileen B. Siker Sandra Thompson Marden Associated, LLC Mark E. Williams James E. McKay Steven T. Older Lawrence & Elisa Rifkin Raymond Simba Scott & Suzanne Tilson North Georgia Community William Williamson Foundation Elizabeth McKinstry Kay E. Olsen Ramon & Maria Rivera David Sligar T. J. Tindall Glen A. Williamson, Ph.D Peninsula Community Steven P. McManamon William H. Olson, M.D. Jack Roberts Richard B. Sloan Hugh K. Tollison, III Bruce B. Wilson James P. McNulty James & Wendy Omerso Marilyn Roberts Johannes J. Smit Ross M. Tonkens Irene P. Wilson Foundation /The Coxe Fund Charles T. Mestjian Kimberly Onan David Robinson Leon & Diane Smith Coy Gene Townley, Sr. Robert P. Winks Satter Family Foundation Nancy R. Michiels Daniel R. O’Neill Samuel Rockwell, M.D. William F. Smith James V. Trangsrud John Winthrop Sherman Investment Rebecca S. Mickey David Oppenheimer Thomas D. Rodriguez Mark Smolinski, M.D., M.P.H. Donald P. Travis William P. Witter Management, Inc. James F. & Marilyn V. Mideaker Christie Ordway Edgar Roeper William A. Snedeker, Esq. Matthew & Midori Truax Richard & Carolyn Witzel Susanna Porter & James Clark Daniel Midvidy Paul E. Orwick David B. Rogers Herbert H. Southall, Jr. Robert H. Trudell Thomas F. & Sharon Wobker Giving Fund Drino Miller Jeff Ownley Thomas V. Romer Robert S. & Elizabeth E. Speirs William H. Tucker, Jr. James & Nicole Woldenberg The Bill and Melinda Gates Eric S. Miller Edward B. Packard, Jr. Jan Willem Roosch Mark Spieglan Raymond & Sharyn Tuers Brett Wood Foundation William M. Miller Julio & Helen Palacio, III Andrew Rosemore James Spink A. Chase Turner John Wood The Bodman Family Foundation Jesse A. Milliken James H. Palmer David L. Rosen, M.D. Kenneth S. Spirer Mark S. Turner Jamie & Susan Woodhouse The Hudler Family Limited Robert C. Millington E. H. Patenaude Edward Rosenbaum Barney M. Spratt, Jr. R.E. (Ted) Turner Wayne Woodmansee Partnership Maryse Mitchell Charles Robertson Patten Nelson M. Rosenbaum Edward St. Goar Joseph Tyler Ernest E. Woodrum The Irving Foundation, Inc. Lloyd L. Woolley, Jr. Joe, Betty & Kelly Mize, POA Katie Patton Manfred Rosenfeld Bernard Stefanski Margaret R. Van Horn The John D. and Catherine T. Raymond W. Wright Charles E. Moncy, Jr. Blanche U. Pavlis Celia M. Ross Linda Steffen Larry Van Valkenburgh MacArthur Foundation R. W. Wyckoff The Light Action Foundation Kenneth S. Monroe Billy P. Payne Bruce A. Roth Nancy R. Steinman Dr. Robert Vanden Burgt David A. Wylie The New Providence Trust / George Moore John D. Payne MaryAnn Roth Bruce D. Stephens, Esq. Holland VanDieren Filip & Elka Yeskel Dr. John F. Moore Lowell A. & Patricia Pease Thomas Rubin Nathaniel Stevens Miltonn N. Vedder Gregory C. Young U.S. C. LLC, Trustee Joseph E. Moran Anthony Pennock Robert B. Ruhstorfer, II Melissa Stevenson Robert H. Verner Patricia Young-Polin The Reveas Foundation Vincent Moran Rafael & Tamra L. Perez Eric Rulmont Harold W. Stewart Carl Vill Michael Zalob The Russell Family Foundation Gabriel P. Moreen Earle Perkins Neal Rumble David Stillman John Milton Vining Terrence Lee Zehrer The Schaffner Family Foundation Robert Morefield John Peteraf Samuel R. & Nancy Rushforth James Stivaly William E. Vochoska Zoltan The State of Georgia Robert T. Morein Donald L. Peterson, Ph.D John E. Sadowski Daryl Stockton Douglas D. V’Soske In memory of Robert Lee The Susan Thompson Buffett Linda M. Morin Robert Petrucci E. R. & D. D. Sage Stephen W. Stokes, Esq. Donald E. Wagner ‘Sonny’ Kid Foundation David K. Morris The Rev. Robert Pettigrew James R. Sagona Bradley Stoler Philip & Cathy Wagner Dent Morriss William G. Phelps, Sr. Curtis & Deborah Salada Thomas E. Stolpmann Robert & Elizabeth Wagner The Nuclear Threat Initiative is saddened by the passing of J.B. Fuqua, a strong Dan Morrow Edward F. Pickett Gary K. Salmirs Larry N. Stouffer Kevin J. Waldron, Jr. and generous supporter of our work to make the world safer. As NTI Co-Chairmen Wolfgang Moser June F. Politis Doris G. Samford Sharon A. Street John P. Walker Ted Turner and Sam Nunn said, “J.B. Fuqua was a brilliant businessman, a generous John J. Moynihan Michael S. Pollok, Esq. Barry & Jean Sargeant Fred W. Streetman, Jr. Diane Wallace philanthropist and a visionary leader...the positive impact of J.B.’s life will be felt for Gregory M. Mullaley Mary Jo Poole Michael Saulnier Andrew T. Stull Noah Walley generations to come.” (Donors listed gave a gift from between June 30, 2004, and December 31, 2005. We apologize for any inadvertent omissions or typographical errors.)

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 67 The day after an attack, what Our work at NTI is driven by these questions. would we wish we had done? The threats from nuclear, Why aren’t we doing it now? biological and chemical weapons are growing, and governments are “The Nuclear Threat Initiative embodies the best not doing enough to prevent an features of public-private partnership: a worthy attack. Don’t sit on the sidelines. cause; crisply defined, practical objectives; and— Your security is at stake. in four years—a series of concrete achievements, We’re in a race between successful steps towards making the world cooperation and catastrophe. safer and more secure…since its establishment Terrorists are racing to get in 2001, NTI has made important contributions nuclear, biological and chemical towards securing weapon-usable nuclear material weapons. We should be racing and reducing the threat of nuclear terror.” to stop them. You can help. Mohamed ElBaradei, 2005 Nobel Peace Prize Winner Support NTI’s pathbreaking and Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency work to combat the most urgent security threats of the 21st century.

68 NTI What does NTI do with donations?

Your gift will go directly to projects that create paths for gov­ » Lock Down and Destroy Chemical Weapons. ernments and other organizations to follow. Many projects Chemical weapons can sicken and kill in minute quanti­ address high-risk situations involving nuclear, biological and ties when properly distributed. Help NTI advance efforts chemical weapons and materials. to secure and destroy chemical weapons, eliminate the infrastructure that produced them and redirect know- You can give directly to projects in these areas: how to peaceful purposes. Reduce Nuclear Dangers. Acquiring nuclear weap­ » You can contribute to NTI, by: ons and materials is the hardest step for terrorists to take and the easiest step for us to stop. By contrast » Sending a check in the attached envelope; every subsequent step in the process—building the » Making an online credit card donation on NTI’s secure bomb, transporting it and detonating it—is easier for website at www.nti.org; terrorists to take and harder for us to stop. Nuclear » Directing a gift from family foundations or charitable materials are stored around the world, some without funds; or proper security. Stop the spread of nuclear weapons » Giving gifts of appreciated stock or securities. and reduce the risk they will be used. Help NTI catalyze The Chairmen’s Circle. We invite you to join the Chair­ efforts to lock down and secure nuclear weapons and men’s Circle by making an annual commitment of $10,000 materials around the world. or more. » Meet an urgent need to reduce these global threats. Sometimes projects emerge immediately and NTI is recognized by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service as require fast action and implementation. A gift can be a 501(c)(3) charity, and donations in the United States are made to allow NTI to fill urgent risk reduction needs. tax-deductible to the full extent of the law. Please consult » Combat Biological Threats. The potential destructive your tax advisor to learn how these benefits apply. power of biological terrorism is enormous, yet the oppor­ For more information on how you can contribute tunity for access to dangerous pathogens can be fairly to NTI, please contact Kraig M. Butrum, NTI’s Chief routine and inexpensive. Support NTI’s Global Health Development Officer, at (202) 454-7713. and Security Initiative to promote science security and strengthen global disease surveillance, early detection and rapid response.

a n n ua l r e p o r t 2005 69

“I believe that the greatest danger facing our nation and the world is the global threat from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. In my view, the global community has not committed the resources necessary to close the dangerous gap between the threat and the response and must do more. NTI has shown that private resources can be leveraged to get governments around the world to do more, and I’m pleased to support its efforts.”

Warren Buffett, Chairman of the Board and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, Inc. and Advisor to NTI’s Board of Directors We must act now.

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