DOCSLIB.ORG

Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species Brian K. Brashaw Robert J. Ross Xiping Wang Michael C. Wiemann Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species Brian K. Brashaw Robert J. Ross Xiping Wang Michael C. Wiemann Cover photo taken by Don Peterson. Insect photos (from top to bottom): Asian longhorned beetle photo courtesy of Michael Smith, USDA Agricultural Research Service; emerald ash borer photo courtesy of Stephan Ausmus, USDA Agricultural Research Service; and gypsy caterpillar photo courtesy of Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service. Copyright © 2012 University of Minnesota The work upon which this publication is based was funded in whole or in part through a grant awarded by the Wood Education and Resource Center, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. In accordance with Federal law and U.S. Department of Agriculture policy, this institution is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, Building,age, or disability. 1400 Independence To file a complaint Avenue, of SW,discrimination, Washington, write DC USDA Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten an equal opportunity employer. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is Table of Contents Preface . v About the Authors . vii Acknowledgments . ix Part One – Overview of Invasive Species and Utilization Options for Hardwoods by Brian K. Brashaw . 1 Part Two – Basic Wood Properties of Hardwoods Affected by Invasive Species by Robert J. Ross and Michael C. Wiemann . 13 Part Three – Market and Utilization Options for Ash Logs, Lumber, and Other Products by Brian K. Brashaw . 29 Part Four – Heat Treatment of Wood for Invasive Forest Pests by Xiping Wang . 61 Table of Contents iii iv Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species Preface This publication is a compilation of information on the properties, pro- cessing characteristics, and potential products that can be manufactured from hardwoods that have been attacked by various invasive species . Part One provides background information and outlines the magni- tude of the problem in the United States . Part Two provides basic information for many U S. hardwood species that grow in urban areas . Scientific and common names, physical and me- chanical property data, machining characteristics, and other important information are summarized . Micrographs of the cross sections of several species or representative specie for a species grouping are included . Part Three provides summaries that highlight a wide range of product options for wood from these species . Part Four summarizes results from a recently completed, extensive re- search program focused on providing detailed, practical heat sterilization options for treating firewood obtained from these trees . This publication was designed to serve as a primary reference on the topic for land management professionals, arborists, utilization specialists, and other natural resource professionals who are at the forefront of dealing with invasive species and their devastating effect on our forest resources . Preface v vi Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species About the Authors Brian K. Brashaw Brian Brashaw is Director of the Wood Materials and Engineering Program at the based research focuses on nondestructive testing and evaluation methods for wood ma terialsNatural and Resources structures, Research applied Institute product (NRRI), development, University resource of Minnesota utilization, Duluth. renewableHis broad- energy, and technology transfer. He coordinates NRRI’s Physical and Mechanical Testing- cations including the popular Wood and Timber Condition Assessment Manual, published byLaboratory. the Forest He Products is the author Society. or co-author Brian holds of moreBS and than MS 300 degrees technical from reports the University and publi of- Wisconsin Stevens Point and Washington State University, respectively, and is currently a PhD candidate at Mississippi State University. Robert J. Ross Dr. Robert Ross is a Project Leader at the USDA Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), Madison, WI. His research focuses on the development and use of nondestructive evalu ation technologies for wood products and structures. Bob has worked on a variety of - projects, including in-place assessment of members of the USS Constitution. He has Woodwritten Handbook: or co-authored Wood moreas an thanEngineering 200 technical Material reports and is and a Fellow articles, in theand International jointly holds Academy29 U.S. and of foreignWood Science. patents. He He holds was Technical BS and MS Editor degrees for thefrom Centennial Michigan EditionTechnological of the University, and a PhD from Washington State University. Xiping Wang Dr. Xiping Wang is a Research Forest Products Technologist at the USDA Forest Prod ucts Laboratory (FPL), Madison, WI. His work at FPL focuses on nondestructive testing and evaluation of wood products, condition assessment of wood structures, and urban- tree hazard assessment. He has worked on numerous structural inspection projects, in cluding those for industrial buildings, timber bridges, and historic wooden sailing ves sels. He recently completed an extensive effort focused on developing heat sterilization- procedures for wood products infected by invasive species. He is the Associate Editor of- the Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering (published by the American Society of Civil Engineers), jointly holds six U.S. and foreign patents, and has published more than 100 technical reports and publications. Xiping holds BS and MS degrees in Mechanical En gineering and Forest Engineering, respectively, from Beijing Forestry University, and a PhD from Michigan Technological University. - Michael C. Wiemann Dr. Michael Wiemann is a Research Botanist at the USDA Forest Products Laboratory About(FPL), the Madison, Authors WI. His research specialty is examining and defining the relationshipvii of ecology and growth conditions to wood properties and quality. His primary research goals are to explore the effects of climate, geography, and silvicultural treatments on wood anatomy and properties. He is especially interested in the similarities and dif ferences among species of tropical America and Africa, both in their properties and in methods that can be used to differentiate between similar woods. Mike has prepared nu- Characteristics and Availability of Commercially Important Woods, one of the most widely used chapters- merous publications that summarizeWood hisHandbook: research Wood findings as an and Engineering authored Material. Mike holds the following degrees: AAS (Forestry from Paul Smith’s College), BS (North Caro linafrom State FPL’s University), flagship publication, MS (SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry), and PhD (Louisiana State University). - viii Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their appreciation to the following organizations and individuals for their efforts in making this publication a reality: • The USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area, Wood Education and Resource Center for providing financial support; • Ms . Jessica Simons, Southeast Michigan Resource Conservation and Development Council, for preparing a section on Michigan’s Urbanwood Project; • Ms . Pamela Byrd, USDA Forest Products Laboratory, for compiling the technical data used in Part Two; • All of the individuals and organizations who provided photos of their excellent products; • The individuals who provided technical reviews of various parts of the book; and • Ms . Susan Stamm, editor and designer of the book, for her patience and outstanding effort in its preparation . Finally, we would like acknowledge the outstanding efforts of our col- leagues in the field who are fighting the battle against invasive species and their detrimental effects on our natural resources . Acknowledgments ix x Wood Utilization Options for Urban Trees Infested by Invasive Species Part One – Overview of Invasive Species and Utilization Options for Hardwoods by Brian K. Brashaw Introduction The introduction and spread of non-native invasive species are causing significant ecological- and economic damage to U.S. urban and rural forests. The National Invasive Species Management Plan (2008) defines invasive species as a “species that is non-native to the ecosystem under con sideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm- or harm to human health.” As a result of infestation from invasive species, particularly emerald ash borer (EAB) but also Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), gypsy moth, and thousand canker dis ease, tremendous numbers of infested trees are being killed and removed each year for control and ultimate eradication of the pests (USDA APHIS 2006). Proper utilization and safe disposal of woody biomass from these trees present considerable challenges to many local communities- and landowners. Urban forestry professionals are increasingly faced with the task of selecting appropriate utilization options for the materials and locating the necessary technical informa tion for making such decisions. Although many studies and wood utilization projects have been conducted for wood from trees attacked by invasive species, much of the basic information on wood materials, product options, and corresponding manufacturing requirements
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Use of Wood Residue in Making Reconstituted Board Products
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1959 Use of wood residue in making reconstituted board products Suthi Harnsongkram The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Harnsongkram, Suthi, "Use of wood residue in making reconstituted board products" (1959). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 3981. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3981 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE USE OF WOOD RESIDUE IN MAKING RECONSTITUTED BOMD HiODUCTS SUTHI HARNSOMJKRAM B.S.F., Unlveinsity of the Philippines, 1952 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Forestry MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY 1959 Approved Dean, Graduate School I 3 I960 Date UMI Number: EP34193 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT " DlM«litionP«ibWfca ^ UMI EP34193 Copyright 2012 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.
    [Show full text]
  • Producing and Inspecting Railroad Crossties Terry Conners, Department of Forestry
    FOR-108 Producing and Inspecting Railroad Crossties Terry Conners, Department of Forestry ltimately, a long-serving tie U starts with a good piece of wood. Several types of structural wooden members are used in railroad track and related struc- tures, but this article focuses on crossties—which are used to hold track in place at a defined gauge, or distance between rails—and their production and grading. This article describes what a good piece of wood looks like and how to recognize crossties with problems before they are placed in track. Understanding what tie inspec- tors look for will help tie producers make better ties and achieve a lower rate of tie rejection. smallest dimension (its depth as laid in with the heart off-center it’s possible that Crosstie track) as either a 6” grade tie or a 7” grade the surface with the heart checks might tie. Crosstie dimensions are most com- be turned upward during installation. Production monly 7” x 9”, but some 6” x 8” and 7” x 8” Upward-facing heart checks will let rain Tie Dimensions and Quality ties are also used. The wide dimension on into the unprotected heartwood and the The most common crosstie length in a crosstie is referred to as a tie face, and the tie will decay more quickly. North America is 8’ 6”. Very few 8’-long narrow dimension is called the side. In terms of quality, crossties are cat- ties are purchased (even though this is Ideally ties should be cut with the egorized either as grade or industrial grade a standard length according to the pub- heartwood centered in the tie.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Characteristics Today
    Wood Characteristics Today About 90% of all timber harvested in the United States comes from Private Land Only 10% comes from Government owned land Name the process of replanting small seedling trees as the mature trees are harvested? Reforestation Woods Natural Glue What natural adhesive material holds wood fibers together? Lignin New wood cells are formed in what layer? Draw and label the Photo to the right. Cambium When combined, the bands of springwood and summerwood form what? Annual Rings The age of most trees can be determined by counting the number of annual rings. Trees and lumber can be divided into what two main classes? A. Softwoods B. Hardwoods What is the scientific What is the scientific name for hardwood name for Softwood trees? trees? Deciduous Coniferous Softwood is a product of cone-bearing trees. Red Cedar The brilliant color, distinctive aroma and the moth- repelling qualities of Tennessee Red Cedar make this the ideal wood for chests and closet linings, or for the lining of chests made of other woods. Softwood is a product of cone-bearing trees. Pine Ponderosa Pine is a very large pine tree of variable habit native to western North America, but widespread throughout the temperate world. This softwood is known for its rustic, knotty appearance and is commonly seen in warm cabins in both the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains. Softwood is a product of cone-bearing trees. Fir Mixed grain Douglas Fir is a resilient timber with a high strength to weight ratio. It has been widely used for various construction projects for centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Susceptibility of Larch, Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, and Douglas-Fir to Phytophthora Ramorum1
    Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fifth Science Symposium Susceptibility of Larch, Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, and 1 Douglas-fir to Phytophthora ramorum Gary Chastagner,2 Kathy Riley,2 and Marianne Elliott2 Introduction The recent determination that Phytophthora ramorum is causing bleeding stem cankers on Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière) in the United Kingdom (Forestry Commission 2012, Webber et al. 2010), and that inoculum from this host appears to have resulted in disease and canker development on other conifers, including western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.), and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière), potentially has profound implications for the timber industry and forests in the United States Pacific Northwest (PNW). A clearer understanding of the susceptibility of these conifers to P. ramorum is needed to assess the risk of this occurring in the PNW. Methods An experiment was conducted to examine the susceptibility of new growth on European (L. decidua Mill.), Japanese, eastern (L. laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), and western larch (L. occidentalis Nutt.); western and eastern hemlock (T. canadensis (L.) Carrière); Sitka spruce; and a coastal seed source of Douglas-fir to three genotypes (NA1, NA2, and EU1) of P. ramorum in 2011. In 2012, a similar experiment was conducted using only the four larch species. Container-grown seedlings or saplings were used in all experiments. Five trees or branches of each species were inoculated with a single isolate of the three genotypes by spraying the foliage with a suspension of zoospores (105/ml).
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NAT
    NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 10024-0018 (Oct. 1990) RECEIVED 2280 United States Department of the Interior $p National Park Service JUL - 5 I996 National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NAT. REGISTER OF HiSiQfiiCKA CFS NATIONAL PARK SERVICE This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Property historic name Hull, Ralph, Lumber Company Mill Complex other names/site number Hull-Oakes Limber Company Mill 2. Location street & number 23837 Dawson Road N/A not for publication city or town Monroe Kl vicinity state Oregon code OR county Benton code 003 zip icode 97456 As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this US nomination D request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property IS meets EH does not meet the National Register criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Hardwood Press-Lam Crossties
    United States Department of Agriculture Hardwood Press-Lam Forest Service Forest Products Crossties: Laboratory Research Paper Processing and FPL 313 1979 Performance ABSTRACT Crossties were made by the Press- Lam process, in which logs are peeled into veneers, dried, and glued into billets in a continuous procedure. Billets were made from 8.5-foot-long veneers and from 4-foot-long veneers, cut into final product dimensions, and treated with preservative. In laboratory tests, bending strength and stiffness of the Press-Lam ties were found to exceed those of solid-sawn red oak crossties; shear strength was only adequate. Tie wear tests showed low surface wear for laminated ties, comparable to the performance of solid specimens. Results of spike driving tests, however, indicated problems in some species. Ail Press-Lam lies met the performance criteria in the cyclic delamination tests, and, in lateral resistance tests, Press- Lam ties were not significantly different from solid-sawn ties. Volume yields are discussed and cost estimates are provided for use in calculating total tie costs for specific cases. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Harley Davidson, John Hillis, Romaine Klassy, William Kreul, Theodore Mianowski, Robert Patzer, and Alberto Villarreal. i CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Research Objectives 2 METHODS 3 Processing 3 Synopsis 3 Materials 3 Rotary Cutting 3 Press Drying 3 Lamination 5 8.5-Foot Veneer 5 4-Foot Veneer 6 Preservative Treating 8 8.5-Foot-Veneer Ties 8 4-Foot-Veneer
    [Show full text]
  • Applications of Prestressed Afrp Bars in Concrete
    APPLICATIONS OF PRESTRESSED AFRP BARS IN CONCRETE RAILROAD TIES A Thesis by RYAN D. POSLUSZNY Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Committee Chair, Stefan Hurlebaus Committee Members, John B. Mander Gary T. Fry Anastasia Muliana Head of Department Robin Autenrieth December 2016 Major Subject: Civil Engineering Copyright 2016 Ryan D. Posluszny ABSTRACT Since the 1970’s, concrete railroad ties have become more and more prominent in the railroad industry. Their improved durability and increased safety over traditional timber ties has paved the way for new and more efficient concrete ties to be developed. Prestressing with steel strands was a key design aspect in providing the strength the ties needed to overcome the tonnage seen in heavy haul lines spread across the United States and the world. A major flaw seen with these concrete ties is deterioration due to environment or fatigue loading under the connected rail. This deterioration can lead to a change in gauge of the track structure which can then cause derailment of trains. A second issue found in concrete ties that was not found in timber is the electrical conductivity. Timber is a highly insulating material while concrete possesses insulating and conductive properties based on the amount of moisture present. This is an issue because track structures use the steel rails to carry electrical signals to detect the presence of a train within a signaled block. During construction, the steel strands may come into contact with the embedded steel shoulders on both sides of the tie, therefore creating a direct circuit that needs to be insulated from the steel rails.
    [Show full text]
  • Code of Practice for Wood Processing Facilities (Sawmills & Lumberyards)
    CODE OF PRACTICE FOR WOOD PROCESSING FACILITIES (SAWMILLS & LUMBERYARDS) Version 2 January 2012 Guyana Forestry Commission Table of Contents FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Wood Processing................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Development of the Code ................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Scope of the Code ............................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Objectives of the Code ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Implementation of the Code ............................................................................................................. 10 2.0 PRE-SAWMILLING RECOMMENDATIONS. ............................................................................................. 11 2.1 Market Requirements ....................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 General ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Mccleary Experimental Forest
    akec Mt. A GUIDE TO THE ;0-c :f !•• McCLEARY EXPERIMENTAL FOREST Me CLEARY, WASHINGTON About This File: . This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Misscans identified by the software have been corrected; ho e · \f\/ r-_ some mistakes may remain. _ ANGELES L l OLYMPIC lI NATIONAL ';I I _,J PARK ;-' ) -,_ ___ 1 __, r' "1) --· .......... 'l::> :__ :.. ... -----.. _J C') ., C') : \\\ .. I ,,,.,[/,-. i:-:;:::-=- A RY 1 '·\·,..... ' c Al FOREST C') L_/_:---/ "' 'l::> <: MAINTAINED JOINTLY BY THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST S RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION Mt. Adams PUGET SOUND RESEARCH CENTER AND THE SIMP SON LOGGING COMPANY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE PORTLAND, OREGON 1954 - - - (I) A GUIDE TO THE ... <I) McCLEARY EXPERIMENTAL FOREST · 3: 0 - "' (I) The McCleary Experimental Forest is a co­ ... operative undertaking in forest research by private·industry and the United States Forest -0 (I) Service. Here, the Simpson Logging Company and - ::1 the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment e Station, through its Puget Sound branch, conduct 0 studies and demonstrations in management of young­ z ...: (I) growth forests. This is one of four experimental - -• I:: (I) forests in the Puget Sound region dedicated to ::1 u 0 improvement of management practices through coop­ >. >. c erative research. Under a long-term agreement, - u the Forest Service prepares the management plan, "'0 >. 0 ... 0 0 outlines experiments, and regulates cutting .... (I) schedules. The Simpson Logging Company provides -cu u I::0:2 fire protection, develops roads, and cuts and markets the products. An Advisory Committee of E c. 0 foresters actively engaged in forest management ->.
    [Show full text]
  • Conclusions and Summaryenvironmental Life Cycle
    Conclusions and Summary Report Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Ammoniacal Copper Zinc Arsenate-Treated Railroad Ties with Comparisons to Concrete and Plastic/Composite Railroad Ties ISO 14044 Compliant Prepared by: AquAeTer, Inc. © Arch Wood Protection, Inc. a Lonza Company (2013) Project Name: Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of ACZA-Treated Railroad Ties Comparisons to Concrete and Plastic/Composite Railroad Ties Conclusions and Summary Report Lonza Wood Protection commissioned AquAeTer, Inc., an independent consulting firm, to prepare a quantitative evaluation of the environmental impacts associated with the national production, use, and disposition of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA)-treated, concrete, and plastic/composite (P/C)railroad ties, using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies and following ISO 14044 standards. The comparative results confirm: • Less Energy & Resource Use: ACZA-treated wood railroad ties require less total energy, less fossil fuel use, and less water than concrete and P/C railroad ties. • Lower Environmental Impacts: ACZA-treated wood railroad ties have lower environmental impacts in comparison to concrete and P/C railroad ties for all six impact indicator categories assessed: anthropogenic greenhouse gas, total greenhouse gas, acid rain, smog, eutrophication, and ecotoxicity-causing emissions. • Greenhouse Gas Levels: Compared to annual GHG emissions from national railroad fuel use, the net GHG “footprint” resulting from the railroads’ choice of tie materials is notable at 1.1% for ACZA-treated ties, 6.3% for concrete ties, and 5.5% for P/C ties. • Offsets Fossil Fuel Use: Reuse of ACZA-treated railroad ties for energy recovery in permitted facilities with appropriate emission controls will further reduce greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, while offsetting the use of fossil fuel energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudotsuga- Tsuga Forest
    Spatial Relationship of Biomass and Species Distribution in an Old-Growth Pseudotsuga- Tsuga Forest Jiquan Chen, Bo Song, Mark Rudnicki, Melinda Moeur, Ken Bible, Malcolm North, Dave C. Shaw, Jerry F. Franklin, and Dave M. Braun ABSTRACT. Old-growth forests are known for their complex and variable structure and function. In a 12-ha plot (300 m x 400 m) of an old-growth Douglas-fir forest within the T. T. Munger Research Natural Area in southern Washington, we mapped and recorded live/dead condition, species, and diameter at breast height to address the following objectives: (1) to quantify the contribution of overstory species to various elements of aboveground biomass (AGB), density, and basal area, (2) to detect and delineate spatial patchiness of AGB using geostatisitcs, and (3) to explore spatial relationships between AGB patch patterns and forest structure and composition. Published biometric equations for the coniferous biome of the region were applied to compute AGB and its components of each individual stem. A program was developed to randomly locate 500 circular plots within the 12-ha plot that sampled the average biomass component of interest on a per hectare basis so that the discrete point patterns of trees were statistically transformed to continuous variables. The forest structure and composition of low, mediate, and high biomass patches were then analyzed. Biomass distribution of the six major'species across the stand were clearly different and scale- dependent. The average patch size of the AGB based on semivariance analysis for Tsuga heterophy/la, Abies amabi/is, A. grandis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, and Taxus brevifolia were 57.3, 81.7, 37, 114.6, 38.7, and 51.8 m, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling Mechanical Properties of Spruce and Douglas Fir Timber By
    Modelling mechanical properties of spruce and Douglas fir timber by means of X-ray and grain angle measurements for strength grading purpose Joffrey Viguier, Damien Bourreau, Jean-François Bocquet, Guillaume Pot, Laurent Bléron, Jean-Denis Lanvin To cite this version: Joffrey Viguier, Damien Bourreau, Jean-François Bocquet, Guillaume Pot, Laurent Bléron, etal.. Modelling mechanical properties of spruce and Douglas fir timber by means of X-ray and grain angle measurements for strength grading purpose. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, Springer Verlag, 2017, 75 (4), pp.527-541. 10.1007/s00107-016-1149-4. hal-01530963 HAL Id: hal-01530963 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01530963 Submitted on 1 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike| 4.0 International License Modelling mechanical properties of spruce and Douglas r timber by means of X-ray and grain angle measurements for strength grading purpose Jorey Viguier1∗, Damien Bourreau2, Jean-François Bocquet1, Guillaume
    [Show full text]