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Estudio Sociolingüístico De La Comunidad Indostánica De Las Palmas De Gran Canaria

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Estudio Sociolingüístico De La Comunidad Indostánica De Las Palmas De Gran Canaria 3 UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA MODERNA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO ESTUDIOS INTERDISCIPLINARES DE LENGUA, LITERATURA, CULTURA, TRADUCCIÓN Y TRADICIÓN CLÁSICA (2002-04) Estudio sociolingüístico de la comunidad indostánica de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Tesis Doctoral presentada por Doña Mª Jesús Déniz Santana. Dirigida por la Dra. Dña. Mª Jesús Rodríguez Medina. La directora, La doctoranda, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ABRIL DE 2013 4 Oh Sindhi, may God be with you, May you spread happiness Wherever you find your people, call it home. Wherever you find Sindhis, call it your Sind. (apud Falzon, 2003: 662) 5 AGRADECIMIENTOS En un trabajo de estas características se hace necesario dar las gracias a muchas personas. En primer lugar, a los miembros de la comunidad indostánica que accedieron a ser entrevistados, algunos de ellos compartiendo sus hogares con una extraña. Entre ellos, el Sr. Sawnani, como presidente del Club Indostánico de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, y el Sr. Ahuja, presidente del Club del sur. Al Dr. Juan Manuel Santana, por su apoyo incondicional y fe en este trabajo. Fue, además, quien me puso en contacto con Dipak Daswani, figura clave para poder acabar esta tesis. Muchas gracias, Dipak. A mi grupo de investigación (Estudios Sociolingüísticos y Socioculturales) y, en especial, a su directora, la Dra. Isabel González. A los doctores Fran Santana, siempre tan servicial, y Pino Quintana, por su asesoramiento y calidad humana. Al Dr. José Luis Trenzado, por su ayuda y disponibilidad en el tramo final. A Ana Rodríguez, por haber dedicado parte de su tiempo a buscar informantes. A mis amigas Carmen e Inma Hernández, que en estos años siempre se han interesado por mi labor, y Ángeles Brito, que ya sabe tanto de la comunidad indostánica como yo. A mis antiguas compañeras de despachos en la ULPGC, la Dra. Dolores Fernández y la Dra. Mª Jesús Rodríguez, directora de esta tesis, por ser ejemplos de trabajo y por ser mis amigas. A mis primas, Rosi y Maru. A mi hermano y su familia (Alicia y Amalia). Y, sobre todo, gracias a mis padres. Va por ustedes. 6 ÍNDICE Introducción...................................................................................................7 CAPÍTULO I. La India y la comunidad indostánica en España.................11 1.1. La India. Especificidades lingüísticas..................................................11 1.2. El inglés en la India..............................................................................17 1.3. El sindhi en la India..............................................................................22 1.4. La comunidad indostánica en España ..................................................28 1.5. La comunidad indostánica en Canarias................................................38 1.5.1. El Club Indostánico de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria .......................57 CAPÍTULO II. Hipótesis, metodología y resultados..................................63 2.1. Hipótesis...............................................................................................63 2.2. Metodología .........................................................................................64 2.2.1. La muestra: la selección de los informantes .....................................64 2.2.2. La encuesta. Recogida de materiales ................................................68 2.2.3. El cuestionario...................................................................................70 2.2.4. Análisis de los resultados..................................................................88 2.2.4.1. Datos personales.............................................................................91 2.2.4.2. Nivel de estudios y ocupación .......................................................96 2.2.4.3. Datos académicos.........................................................................100 2.2.4.4. Dominio lingüístico......................................................................105 2.2.4.5. Actitudes.......................................................................................147 CAPÍTULO III. Conclusiones ..................................................................157 IV. Bibliografía .........................................................................................172 V. Anexo I: La encuesta............................................................................181 VI. Anexo II: Referencias literarias ..........................................................198 7 INTRODUCCIÓN El objetivo de este trabajo es tratar de confirmar una serie de hipótesis sobre los hábitos lingüísticos de la comunidad de origen indostánico residente en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Sin embargo, se plantean otras cuestiones debido a las particularidades de esta comunidad, influida no solo por otras culturas (principalmente, la británica y la española, en este caso), sino por la gran variedad de lenguas y religiones dentro del mismo país de origen. A pesar de la relevancia de la comunidad indostánica en el desarrollo económico de las Islas Canarias, no abundan los estudios monográficos sobre ellos. Unos pocos autores como Domínguez (1996, 2001) o López Sala y Esteban (2009) han dedicado trabajos profundos a la presencia de inmigrantes de origen indostánico en la comunidad canaria. No obstante, estas obras, junto con la aportación de Díaz (1990), la publicación de Díaz, Domínguez y Parreño (2001) y la de Beltrán (2003), se centran más bien en aspectos sociodemográficos y económicos relativos a las características y origen de la comunidad. También ha habido aproximaciones a la práctica religiosa de esta comunidad por parte de Verona (2008) y Morales Lezcano 8 y Pereira (2009), que han abordado tangencialmente otros aspectos 1. Sin embargo, nos enfrentamos a una investigación sociolingüística cuyo precedente fue el trabajo previo a esta tesis (Déniz Santana, 2004) centrado en el uso de anglicismos en jóvenes de origen indostánico en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. A pesar de las amplias posibilidades que presenta esta comunidad, que combina la presencia de, al menos, tres idiomas: español, inglés y el que aportaron sus antepasados (no siempre una lengua de origen hindú2), salvo en el caso del trabajo ya mencionado de Dávila, no se había profundizado hasta la fecha en sus usos lingüísticos. Esta tesis pretende servir de introducción al estudio en esta materia y –creemos– puede ofrecer aportaciones de utilidad para investigaciones posteriores, necesarias en un campo tan inexplorado. Debemos considerar brevemente ciertos aspectos a los que responde la división en distintos capítulos de esta tesis y que constituyen la base de esta. Tras la introducción, nos centramos en el estado de la India sobre el que establecemos los antecedentes históricos y culturales de la comunidad sindhi, la más numerosa en Canarias proveniente de ese país. La compleja 1 En el caso de esta publicación, hay que destacar el estudio de Dávila (2001), recogido en este libro. Dávila realizó un trabajo de campo con entrevistas a miembros de las comunidades de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria y Santa Cruz de Tenerife que incluía una pregunta sobre los idiomas que hablaban. 2 Según el Diccionario de la Real Academia de la Lengua (2005), tanto indio como hindú sirven para referirse a la «persona natural de la India. Perteneciente o relativo a este país». En el trabajo de campo esta controversia resultó anecdótica entre nuestros informantes. Para los propósitos de esta tesis, emplearemos «hindú» también al referirnos a lenguas de origen indostánico. 9 situación lingüística de la India también ocupa parte de este capítulo, con especial atención al inglés, el hindi y el sindhi. En él también se aborda la situación de la comunidad indostánica en España, aunque el estudio más exhaustivo corresponde a la comunidad en Canarias, con especial atención a los residentes en Gran Canaria, lo que, a su vez, nos ayudará a delimitar el campo de estudio de la comunidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. En el tercer capítulo, presentamos las hipótesis de las que parte esta tesis. Para confirmarlas o refutarlas, hemos seguido una metodología que describimos en el mismo capítulo: qué criterios han fundamentado la selección de informantes, cómo hemos planteado la recogida de materiales y cuál ha sido su desarrollo durante el trabajo de campo. Se incluyen diversas observaciones sobre qué finalidad perseguíamos en cada pregunta. Seguidamente, analizamos los resultados obtenidos en las encuestas a los informantes, pertenecientes a la comunidad indostánica de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, que colaboraron con nosotros desinteresadamente. Para ello, seguimos el orden de preguntas del cuestionario dividido en cuatro bloques: datos personales, datos académicos, dominio lingüístico y actitudes. Para facilitar el análisis de algunos datos hemos recurrido a tablas. En el sexto y último capítulo, exponemos las conclusiones a las que hemos llegado una vez analizados los resultados. Hemos considerado necesario añadir varios anexos. El primero incluye el cuestionario que tuvieron que responder nuestros informantes; 10 en el segundo, se muestran extractos de obras literarias en las que se hace referencia a los indios residentes en Canarias. También se ha adjuntado un CD donde se recopilan los artículos publicados en la prensa durante más de un siglo que hemos considerado más relevantes en relación con la presencia de la comunidad indostánica en Canarias. En el CD también se hallan otros documentos que avalan esta investigación. 11 CAPÍTULO I. LA INDIA Y LA COMUNIDAD
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