Banking on Nature 2007
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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service BANKING ON NATURE The Economic Benefits to Local Communities of National Wildlife Refuge Visitation Erin Carver and James Caudill, Ph.D. Division of Economics U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, DC October 2013 Photo courtesy of Nebraska Tourism Table Of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ i Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Region 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Camas National Wildlife Refuge .......................................................................................... 13 Columbia National Wildlife Refuge ..................................................................................... 16 Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................... 19 Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................... 23 Hanford Reach National Monument ..................................................................................... 26 Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge ............................................................................ 30 Kootenai National Wildlife Refuge ...................................................................................... 34 Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge ....................................................................... 37 Malheur National Wildlife Refuge ....................................................................................... 40 McNary National Wildlife Refuge ........................................................................................ 43 Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge ..................................................................................... 47 Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................... 50 Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge ........................................................................................ 54 Steigerwald Lake National Wildlife Refuge ......................................................................... 58 Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge .............................................................................. 61 Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge ....................................................................................... 64 Willapa National Wildlife Refuge ........................................................................................ 67 Region 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 71 Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge ....................................................................................... 72 Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................... 76 Deep Fork National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................... 80 Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................... 84 Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge ......................................................................... 88 Las Vegas National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................... 92 Little River National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................. 96 McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................. 100 Muleshoe National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................... 103 Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................. 107 Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge .............................................................................. 111 Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................... 115 Region 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 118 Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge ...................................................................................... 119 Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................... 123 Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................. 127 Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge ........................................................................... 131 Horicon National Wildlife Refuge ...................................................................................... 135 Illinois River National Wildlife and Fish Refuges Complex .............................................. 138 Iowa Wetland Management District ................................................................................... 142 Morris Wetland Management District ................................................................................ 145 Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................. 149 i Two Rivers National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................ 152 Union Slough National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................. 156 Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife & Fish Refuge ................................................ 160 Region 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 165 Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge........................................................................... 166 Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge ............................................... 169 Cache River National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................... 173 Chickasaw National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................. 177 Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................. 181 Egmont Key National Wildlife Refuge............................................................................... 184 Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................. 188 Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................... 191 Lower Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge ........................................................................... 195 Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................. 199 Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge................................................................................ 203 Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge .................................................................................. 207 Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................ 210 Santee National Wildlife Refuge ........................................................................................ 213 St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................... 217 Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................ 220 Region 5 ...................................................................................................................................... 223 Assabet River National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................ 224 Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................... 227 Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................................. 230 Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge ........................................................................... 233 Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................. 236 Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge .......................................................... 239 Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge ..................................................................... 242 Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge ................................................................ 246 Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge ............................................................................. 250 John Heinz at Tinicum National Wildlife Refuge .............................................................. 254 Maine Coastal Islands National Wildlife