The Radical Emission Reduction Conference: Abstracts

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Radical Emission Reduction Conference: Abstracts The Radical Emission Reduction Conference: Abstracts 10th – 11th December 2013 Royal Society 6-9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Table of contents About the conference ......................................................................................................... 4 Abstracts: conference paper presentations (in alphabetical order) ................................ 5 Charlie Baker, URBED ................................................................................................................................... 5 Professor Terry Barker, UEA and University of Cambridge ...................................................................... 7 Professor John Barrett, University of Leeds ................................................................................................ 9 Mike Berners-Lee, Lancaster University .................................................................................................... 12 Dr. Brenda Boardman, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford .................................... 13 Professor Steffen Böhm, Essex Sustainability Institute, University of Essex ....................................... 14 Nicole des Bouvrie, European Graduate School ...................................................................................... 15 Dr. Alice Bows-Larkin, Tyndall Manchester ............................................................................................... 18 Dr. Milena Buchs, University of Southampton ........................................................................................... 19 Simon Bullock, Friends of the Earth ........................................................................................................... 20 Dr. Dan Calverley, Tyndall Manchester ..................................................................................................... 21 Stuart Capstick, Cardiff University .............................................................................................................. 23 Laurence Delina and Dr. Mark Diesendorf, Institute of Environmental Studies, University of New South Wales ................................................................................................................................................... 25 Dr. Angela Druckman, University of Surrey ............................................................................................... 26 Dr. Tina Fawcett, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford .............................................. 27 Dr. Francois Fortier, United Nations Office for Sustainable Development (UNOSD) .......................... 29 Trent Hawkins, Beyond Zero Emissions Inc. ............................................................................................. 32 Dr. Jane Hindley and Professor Ted Benton, Essex Sustainability Institute, University of Essex .... 33 Alice Hooker-Stroud, Centre for Alternative Technology ......................................................................... 34 William Lamb, Tyndall Manchester ............................................................................................................. 36 Professor Diana Liverman, University of Arizona ..................................................................................... 37 Larry Lohmann, The Corner House ............................................................................................................ 38 Miriam Lyons, Centre for Policy Development .......................................................................................... 41 Ruth Mayne and Jo Hamilton, Environmental Change Institute, The University of Oxford ................ 42 Neil McCabe, Green Plan Manager, Dublin Fire Brigade Training Centre ........................................... 43 Dr. Christopher Shaw, Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Sussex .................. 45 Andrew Simms, NEF/Global Witness ......................................................................................................... 47 Professor Clive Spash, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Institute for the Environment and Regional Development .................................................................................................. 48 Prof. Dr. Jaap Spier, Supreme Court of the Netherlands ........................................................................ 49 Dan Staniaszek, Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE) .......................................................... 51 1 Professor Fred Steward, Policy Studies Institute, University of Westminster ...................................... 52 Provost Professor Richard Wilk, Indiana University ................................................................................. 53 Rebecca Willis, Green Alliance ................................................................................................................... 54 Professor John Wiseman, Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of Melbourne ......... 55 Abstracts: poster presentations ...................................................................................... 61 Dr. Nick Bardsley, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading ............... 61 Pete Brace, Tinkers Bubble (Fossil fuel free community) ....................................................................... 62 Dr. Peter Carter, Climate Emergency Institute .......................................................................................... 62 Kim Coetzee, Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town ........................................................ 63 Daisong Liu, Fudan University ..................................................................................................................... 64 A/Prof. Dr. Mark Diesendorf, Institute of Environmental Studies, University of New South Wales ... 65 David Ellison, Institute of World Economics .............................................................................................. 66 Dr. John Foran, University of California, Santa Barbara, and International Institute of Climate Action and Theory ..................................................................................................................................................... 67 Dr. Kennedy Graham, Green Party Member of Parliament (New Zealand) ......................................... 68 Peter Harper, Centre for Alternative Technology...................................................................................... 69 Professor Stuart Haszeldine, Dr. Vivian Scott, University of Edinburgh ............................................... 70 Walter Jehne and Keith Thomas, Healthy Soils Australia ....................................................................... 71 John Jopling, Feasta ..................................................................................................................................... 72 Shashikant, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay ................................................................................ 73 Dr. Gavin Killip, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford ................................................. 74 Mike Koefman, Planet Hydrogen ................................................................................................................ 75 Mieke Langie, WindMade ............................................................................................................................. 76 Dr. Sarah Mander, Tyndall Manchester ..................................................................................................... 77 Linus Mattauch, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) .... 78 James McKay, University of Leeds ............................................................................................................. 78 Dr. Laurence Matthews, Cap & Share UK ................................................................................................. 79 Gbemi Oluleye, University of Manchester ................................................................................................. 80 Dr. Jane O’Sullivan, The University of Queensland; Roger Martin, Population Matters UK .............. 82 Dr. Liam Phelan, University of Newcastle, Australia ................................................................................ 83 Robert Rattle .................................................................................................................................................. 84 Dr. Kate Rawles, University of Cumbria and Outdoor Philosophy ......................................................... 84 Dr. Tim Rayner, Tyndall Centre, UEA ........................................................................................................ 85 Daniel Rossetto, Climate Mundial Limited ................................................................................................. 86 Thomas Rushby, University of Southampton ............................................................................................ 87 2 Dr. Christophe Rynikiewicz, SPRU, University of Sussex ....................................................................... 88 Jalel Sager, Energy and Resources Group, University of California-Berkeley .................................... 90 Daniel Scharf, Pause.forThought and GreenSpeed ................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Multiple Benefits Assessment of the Low Emission Development Strategies in Asia-Pacific Cities
    PlacePlace Final Technical Report logo logo CRRP2017-07SY-Farzaneh here here Multiple Benefits Assessment of the Low Emission Development Strategies in Asia-Pacific Cities The following collaborators worked on this project: 1. Hooman Farzaneh, Kyushu University, Japan, [email protected] 2. Benjamin Craig McLellan, Kyoto University, Japan; [email protected] 3. Mahendra Sethi, ISARD, India, [email protected] 4. WANG Xin, Tongji University, China, [email protected] 5. Nasrudin bin Abd Rahim, UM, Malaysia, [email protected] 6. Hang Seng Che, UM, Malaysia, [email protected] 7. Hideaki Ohgaki, Kyoto University, Japan, [email protected] 8. Scott Kelly, UTS, Australia, [email protected] 9. Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira, FGV, Brazil, [email protected] 1 Copyright © 2019 Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research APN seeks to maximise discoverability and use of its knowledge and information. All publications are made available through its online repository “APN E-Lib” (www.apn-gcr.org/resources/). Unless otherwise indicated, APN publications may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services. Appropriate acknowledgement of APN as the source and copyright holder must be given, while APN’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services must not be implied in any way. For reuse requests: http://www.apn-gcr.org/?p=10807 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Contingent Valuation Method: Retrospect and Prospect
    THE CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT Clive L. Spash 2008-04 Socio-Economics and the Environment in Discussion CSIRO Working Paper Series April 2008 ISSN: 1834-5638 Further information: Clive Spash - www.clivespash.org Bev Rose - [email protected] CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems GPO Box 284, Canberra ACT 2601 Australia www.csiro.au © CSIRO 2007. All rights reserved. This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth), no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. The Contingent Valuation Method: Retrospect and Prospect Clive L. Spash1 ABSTRACT This paper explores the contingent valuation method for environmental valuation. Issues are raised over the validity of the approach as a method of assessing the underlying preferences of individuals. An alternative interpretation is given to the method as a means of exploring underlying motivation in a rich vein of social psychological research. 1 CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. C.L. Spash INTRODUCTION The contingent valuation method (CVM) is a controversial approach by which economists have attempted to place a value upon environmental changes. The basic method involves a questionnaire which asks a respondent their willingness to pay (WTP) for an environmental improvement or their willingness to accept (WTA) compensation for a loss or degradation of environmental assets or quality. The resulting stated preference is most commonly used as a mean value of the change and then aggregated across the relevant population and discounted for time. The original justification was the need to include the resulting monetary value as part of a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to aid project appraisal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basic-Surplus Structure of Economics in Ecological Economics March 29, 2020
    The Basic-Surplus Structure of Economics in Ecological Economics March 29, 2020. Terrance J. Quinn, Middle Tennessee State University Highlights Basic-surplus field equations provide intrinsic structure of the economics part of ecological economics Discoverable and verifiable in facts and data obtainable from actual businesses small and large, banking, local and international finance Reveals that the circular-flow model is not explanatory Reveals that the contemporary notion of economic growth – “volume” – is fundamentally flawed Provides an economic theory that normatively is in support of ecological and cultural sustainability Abstract In the context of ecological economics, this paper provides an introduction to some technical aspects of a so far largely unknown (and in that sense new) view of how economies function. No mere model, it is explanatory of instances. It is discovered and verified in data and facts from actual businesses small and large, communities and ecologies, actual production and provision, credit, profit, and activities in the financial sector. The new view is accessible and, at the same time, remarkably reaching in its implications and its potential for further development. Among other things, it becomes obvious that the circular-flow model is, at best, superficial description. Rather, in any economy, there are five functions and two mutually dependent flows, basic and surplus. Also evident is that that contemporary measures of “economic growth” - “volume” - are fundamentally flawed. What is possible, instead, is economic progress that intrinsically is in support of ecological and cultural sustainability. Along the way, and in the Appendix, I make note of various topics, elaboration of which cannot fit into this article.
    [Show full text]
  • Passing Gas: Why Renewables Are the Future
    PASSING GAS: WHY RENEWABLES ARE THE FUTURE CLIMATECOUNCIL.ORG.AU Thank you for supporting the Climate Council. The Climate Council is an independent, crowd-funded organisation providing quality information on climate change to the Australian public. Published by the Climate Council of Australia Limited. ISBN: 978-1-922404-21-3 (print) 978-1-922404-22-0 (digital) Andrew Stock © Climate Council of Australia Ltd 2020. Climate Councillor This work is copyright the Climate Council of Australia Ltd. All material contained in this work is copyright the Climate Council of Australia Ltd except where a third party source is indicated. Climate Council of Australia Ltd copyright material is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia License. To view a copy of this license visit http://creativecommons.org.au. Greg Bourne You are free to copy, communicate and adapt the Climate Council of Climate Councillor Australia Ltd copyright material so long as you attribute the Climate Council of Australia Ltd and the authors in the following manner: Passing Gas: Why Renewables are the Future. Authors: Andrew Stock, Greg Bourne, Will Steffen and Tim Baxter. The authors would like to thank our two reviewers, Dr Hugh Saddler and one anonymous reviewer who donated their time of reviewing this report. Professor Will Steffen Climate Councillor — Cover image: Climate Council. Jeeralang A Power Station in Victoria. This report is printed on 100% recycled paper. Tim Baxter Senior Researcher (Climate Solutions) facebook.com/climatecouncil [email protected] twitter.com/climatecouncil climatecouncil.org.au CLIMATE COUNCIL I Contents Key findings .....................................................................................................................................................................................ii 1. Introduction: Gas has no place in Australia’s economic recovery, or climate safe future ................................1 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vienna School of Ecological Economics Routledge Handbook of Ecological Economics: Nature and Society
    real-world economics review, issue no. 83 subscribe for free The Vienna school of ecological economics Routledge Handbook of Ecological Economics: Nature and Society. Routledge: London (2017) Clive Spash, editor 525pp. plus index; Hbk ISBN: 9781138931510 £165; eBook ISBN: 9781315679747 £35.99 Katharine N. Farrell [Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Universidad del Magdalena, Colombia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain] Copyright: Katharine N. Farrell 2018 You may post comments on this paper at https://rwer.wordpress.com/comments-on-rwer-issue-no-83/ Introduction Founded roughly 30 years ago, the transdisciplinary field of ecological economics is today slowly coming of age, making the publication of this forward-looking edited collection a timely contribution. Its content speaks to contemporary scientific and political discourses concerning the future of the planet earth and the place of human societies within that future. It provides an economics oriented reader with an overview of the basic concepts and issues addressed in this diverse field. Comprised of 50 short chapters, each providing a concise summary of a specific topic, the Routledge Handbook of Ecological Economics: Nature and Society is a good, if in places puzzling, general introduction to the social science and humanities strands of the field. Its broad scope and consistent focus on the future reflect a maturing of the field. The collection, which presents ecological economics as an alternative to neoclassical economics, is a complement to the range of more general and more conventional textbooks and handbooks already available and can serve as a helpful reference tool for teaching, theory and applied research. It is, above all, an excellent guide for those looking to move beyond conventional neoclassical economics approaches to environmental questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Clag/Lasg Newsletter
    NOVEMBER 2014 !1 NUMBER 124 NEW PUBLICATIONS MEMBER NEWS MEMBERS PAGE 5 PAGE 8 PAGE 20 CLAG/LASG NEWSLETTER Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers (CLAG) and AAG Latin America Specialty Group (LASG) Newsletter Dr. Catherine Nolin & Alexandra Pedersen, Co-Editors CLAG Correspondence: New Email: [email protected] Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Conference-of-Latin-Americanist-Geographers-CLAG/195858177122376 Twitter: @CLAGGeography – when tweeting any relevant news to CLAG, please use hashtag #CLAGScholar and #LASG Scholar Visas Needed Prior to Travel to Brazil Citizens of the United States of America and Canada are required to obtain a visa from a Brazilian consulate prior to travel to Brazil. Registration for CLAG Fortaleza 2015 will take place much earlier than usual before the meeting so that individuals attending the meeting will have enough time to obtain a tourist visa. A quick Internet search will show the appropriate Brazilian consulate where you may submit your visa application. Please plan ahead and carefully follow the instructions so that you will be able to obtain your visa and attend CLAG Fortaleza 2015. Citizens of other countries should check with local Brazilian consulates for visa requirements prior to travel. CLAG CONFERENCE 2015 - May 26-30, Fortaleza, Brazil Keep your eyes open for upcoming details on the CLAG Conference! For more information please see the CLAG website here and watch for email updates! See you in Brazil! NOVEMBER 2014 !2 NUMBER 124 Letter from CLAG Chair, Karl Offen Dear CLAGistas, It has been a busy time here at CLAG central! The last 6 months have seen a lot of nominations, voting, and the appointment of new people in key positions.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographic Classification, 2003. 577 Pp. Pdf Icon[PDF – 7.1
    Instruction Manual Part 8 Vital Records, Geographic Classification, 2003 Vital Statistics Data Preparation U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, Maryland October, 2002 VITAL RECORDS GEOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION, 2003 This manual contains geographic codes used by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in processing information from birth, death, and fetal death records. Included are (1) incorporated places identified by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in the 2000 Census of Population and Housing; (2) census designated places, formerly called unincorporated places, identified by the U.S. Bureau of the Census; (3) certain towns and townships; and (4) military installations identified by the Department of Defense and the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The geographic place of occurrence of the vital event is coded to the state and county or county equivalent level; the geographic place of residence is coded to at least the county level. Incorporated places of residence of 10,000 or more population and certain towns or townships defined as urban under special rules also have separate identifying codes. Specific geographic areas are represented by five-digit codes. The first two digits (1-54) identify the state, District of Columbia, or U.S. Possession. The last three digits refer to the county (701-999) or specified urban place (001-699). Information in this manual is presented in two sections for each state. Section I is to be used for classifying occurrence and residence when the reporting of the geographic location is complete.
    [Show full text]
  • Crafting Climate Justice in Our Communities and Our World
    Crafting Climate Justice in Our Communities and Our World Syllabus Spring 2021 Feb 3 2021-Mar 3 2021 Wednesdays 5.30pm-7pm Online Diana Liverman, School of Geography, Development and Environment How can we understand and solve the challenges of climate change in ways that acknowledge the unequal responsibilities for climate change, the uneven impacts of climate change on different places and people, and the need to develop responses and solutions that reduce the risks of climate change for everyone without undermining other goals of sustainable development? In this five-week course we will consider the origins of calls for climate justice from researchers, poor and vulnerable countries, women and youth, communities of color, and policy makers. We will discuss the debates within and between researchers, activists, communities and countries about who is most responsible for climate change, who is most vulnerable to it, and who should respond and how. The course will include a mix of lectures (some recorded for background viewing), readings, discussions, and live interviews with some leading scholars and local activists. Diana Liverman is a geographer who studies and teaches about the human dimensions of global environmental change, especially the social causes, consequences and responses to climate change. Recently elected to the US National Academy of Sciences, she has been a lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and has served on advisory groups to the US government, the United Nations, and business, environmental and cultural organizations. Professor Liverman directs the School of Geography, Development & Environment at the University of Arizona where she holds a faculty appointment as Regents Professor.
    [Show full text]
  • Viscount Frankfort, Sir Charles Burton and County Carlow in the 1840S
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Norton, Desmond A. G. Working Paper Viscount Frankfort, Sir Charles Burton and county Carlow in the 1840s Centre for Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. WP01/20 Provided in Cooperation with: UCD School of Economics, University College Dublin (UCD) Suggested Citation: Norton, Desmond A. G. (2001) : Viscount Frankfort, Sir Charles Burton and county Carlow in the 1840s, Centre for Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. WP01/20, University College Dublin, Department of Economics, Dublin, http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1280 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/72434 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an
    [Show full text]
  • The Asilomar Conference Recommendations on Principles for Research Into Climate Engineering Techniques
    The Asilomar Conference Recommendations on Principles for Research into Climate Engineering Techniques Conference Report Prepared by the Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee November 2010 Climate Institute Washington DC 1 1 The Asilomar Conference Recommendations on Principles for Research into Climate Engineering Techniques: Conference Report November 2010 Prepared by the Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee* Michael MacCracken, Chair Scott Barrett Roger Barry Paul Crutzen Steven Hamburg Richard Lampitt Diana Liverman Thomas Lovejoy Gordon McBean Edward Parson Stephen Seidel John Shepherd Richard Somerville Tom M. L. Wigley Organized by the Climate Institute 900 17th Street, NW, Suite 900 Washington DC www.climate.org * See appendix A for member affiliations. 1 Abstract Despite ongoing efforts to reduce emissions and adapt to the changing climate, global greenhouse gas emissions are far above what is required to reverse the increasing changes in atmospheric composition. In response to growing calls for research to explore the potential for climate engineering to provide additional options for responding, the Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies was held at the Asilomar Conference Center in California from March 22 to 26, 2010. The conference attracted a diverse group of experts from fifteen countries on six continents. Presentations and discussions covered the two major categories of climate engineering: (a) remediation technologies, such as afforestation, carbon removal, and ocean fertilization, that attempt to reduce the causes of climate change, and so represent an extension of mitigation, and (b) intervention technologies, such as solar radiation management, that attempt to moderate the results of having altered atmospheric composition, and so represent an extension of adaptation to climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Degrowth: Necessary, Urgent and Good for You Kallis, G
    real-world economics review, issue no. 93 subscribe for free BOOK REVIEW: Degrowth: necessary, urgent and good for you Kallis, G. Paulson, S. D’Alisa G. and Demaria, F. (2020) The Case for Degrowth. Cambridge: Polity Press, 151pp. (ppk) ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-3563-7. $12.95. 1 Jamie Morgan [Leeds Beckett University Business School, UK] Copyright: Jamie Morgan, 2020 You may post comments on this paper at https://rwer.wordpress.com/comments-on-rwer-issue-no-93/ Introduction Some introductory context is required for the general reader to make sense of Kallis et al.’s important new book, The Case for Degrowth (Kallis et al., 2020). It is now widely recognized that we have entered a period of climate and ecological “emergency” leading to the existential possibility of “ecocide” (e.g. Ripple et al,. 2020; Lenton et al., 2020; Hansen et al., 2017; Steffen et al., 2018, 2015). Complacency and delay have been endemic (see Lamb et al., 2020; Oreskes and Conway, 2010). But it is also recognized that fundamental change is required in order to avert disaster (Spash, 2020a; Newall and Taylor, 2020; Fullbrook and Morgan, 2019; Gills and Morgan, 2020a). What we mean by “change”, however, has remained in dispute. If we dispense with nuance for the moment, there are broadly three positions, each of which blends into the next based on relative emphasis and matters of degree, albeit with some greater disjuncture for the third position with which this essay is chiefly concerned. First, there is the historically dominant position that has informed the majority of state discourses, COP negotiation and UNEP “line of least resistance” policy discussion over the past 30 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Zero Carbon Communities Guide Zero Emissions - Achievable & Affordable Now Support Our Work
    Zero Carbon Communities Guide Zero Emissions - Achievable & Affordable Now Support our work Beyond Zero Emissions is one of Australia’s most respected climate change think-tanks. We produce independent research demonstrating that zero emissions is achievable and affordable now. Our work is carried out by a small staff of experts, with the help of academic institutions and a large network of volunteer scientists, engineers and economists. We are funded by private foundations and concerned individuals. You can be a part of our audacious vision for a Zero Carbon Australia by making a donation to fund our research. Eight-five per cent of our researchers are volunteers, making your donation go a long way. To find out how visit: http://bze.org.au Published by Beyond Zero Emissions Kindness House Suite 16, Level 1 288 Brunswick Street Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 First published July 2017 Zero Carbon Communities should be attributed to Beyond Zero Emissions. This publication is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia License. In essence, you are free to copy, distribute and adapt the work, as long as you attribute the work and abide by the other license terms. To view a copy of this license, visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0 This document is available for download from http://bze.org.au This report was authored by Imogen Jubb, with contributions from many leading Zero Carbon Communities. This work does not necessarily reflect the formal position of each contributing organisation. Requests and inquiries should be directed to [email protected] ISBN 978-0-9923580-3-7 This document is printed with Monza Recycled Digital contains 99% recycled fibre and is FSC® Mix certified pulp, which ensures all virgin pulp is derived from well-managed forests and controlled sources.
    [Show full text]